I. Akamaro ko gupima ubukana bwa peteroli mu nganda za SBR
Gutunganya neza Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) biterwa no kugenzura neza no kugenzura imiterere yayo ya rheological. Ubukana, bupima ubushobozi bw'ikintu mu guhangana n'amazi atemba, ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi cyane cya fizikikemike kigena uburyo ibinyabutabire bya rubber bitunganywa ndetse n'ubuziranenge bwa nyuma bw'ibicuruzwa byarangiye.
Muriumupira w'ubukorikoriinzira yo gukora, ubunini butanga uburyo butaziguye kandi bupimye bwo gupima imiterere y'ibanze ya polymer, cyane cyane uburemere bwayo bwa molekile (MW) n'ikwirakwizwa ry'uburemere bwa molekile (MWD). Ntabwo bihuye.gupima ubukana bw'umukarabibangamira mu buryo butaziguye uburyo ibikoresho bicungwa n’imikorere y’umusaruro urangiye. Urugero, ibinyabutabire bigaragaza ubukana bwinshi cyane bishyiraho imbogamizi zikomeye ku bikorwa byo mu gice cyo hasi nko gusohora cyangwa gupima, bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa cyane, imbaraga nyinshi mu mikorere, ndetse n’ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika. Ku rundi ruhande, ibinyabutabire bifite ubukana buke cyane bishobora kubura imbaraga zikenewe zo gushonga kugira ngo bigumane ubuziranenge mu gihe cyo gukora cyangwa mu gihe cyo gushonga.
Rubber ya Styrene-Butadiene (SBR)
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Uretse gukoresha ikoranabuhanga gusa, kugenzura ubushyuhe ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho gukwirakwira neza kw'inyongeramusaruro z'ingenzi, nka karuboni umukara na silica. Uburyo uku gukwirakwira kungana ni bwo bugena imiterere y'ibikoresho bya nyuma, harimo ibipimo by'ingenzi nk'imbaraga zo gukurura, kudashwanyagurika, n'imyitwarire ikomeye y'impinduka igaragara nyuma y'ukoinzira yo gukurura irangi.
II. Ishingiro rya Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ni iki??
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) ni elastomer ikoze mu buryo butandukanye, ikoreshwa cyane bitewe n'uko ifite igiciro cyiza cyane ku musaruro ndetse no kuba iboneka cyane. SBR ikorwa nka copolymer ikomoka ahanini kuri 1,3-butadiene (hafi 75%) na styrene monomers (hafi 25%). Izi monomers zihuzwa binyuze mu buryo bw'imiti bwitwa copolymerization, zigakora iminyururu miremire ya polymer ifite ibice byinshi. SBR yagenewe by'umwihariko gukoreshwa isaba kuramba cyane no kudashwanyagurika cyane, bigatuma iba amahitamo meza ku mapine.
Uburyo bwo gukora imipira ikoze mu buryo bwa "synthetic rubber"
Gutunganya SBR bikorwa binyuze mu buryo bubiri butandukanye bwo gupima polymer mu nganda, butuma habaho ibikoresho bifite imiterere itandukanye kandi bigasaba kugenzura viscosity mu gihe cy’amazi.
Emulsion Polymerization (E-SBR):Muri ubu buryo bwa kera, monomer zikwirakwizwa cyangwa zigashyirwa mu gisubizo cy'amazi hakoreshejwe surfactant isa n'isabune. Iyi reaction iterwa n'ibikoresho bitangira radicals yigenga kandi bisaba ibintu bihoraho kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa. E-SBR ishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bushyushye cyangwa ubukonje; E-SBR ikonje, cyane cyane, izwiho kudakomera cyane, gukomera no kudakomera.
Gutunganya umuti wa polymer (S-SBR):Ubu buryo bugezweho bukoresha polymerization ya anionic, akenshi ikoresha alkyl lithium initiator (nka butyllithium) mu munyungugu wa hydrocarbon, akenshi hexane cyangwa cyclohexane. Imiterere ya S-SBR muri rusange ifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile n'uburyo ikwirakwira buhoro, bigatuma habaho imiterere myiza nko koroha, imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura, no kugabanya cyane ubushobozi bwo kuzunguruka mu mapine, bigatuma S-SBR iba ibicuruzwa byiza kandi bihenze cyane.
Mu buryo bw'ingenzi, muri izo nzira zombi, uburyo bwo gukora polymerization bugomba guhagarara neza binyuze mu kwinjiza umuyoboro uhagarika umwuka cyangwa igikoresho cyo guhagarika umwuka mu mwobo w'ingufu. Ibi bigenzura uburebure bw'umuyoboro wa nyuma, intambwe igena uburemere bwa molekile bwa mbere, bityo, ishingiro.ubukana bwa rubbermbere yo kongeramo imvange.
Imiterere ya Styrene Butadiene Rubber
SBR ihabwa agaciro bitewe n'imiterere ikomeye y'umubiri n'imikorere ya mekanike:
Imikorere ya tekiniki:Ingufu z'ingenzi zirimo imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura, ubusanzwe ziri hagati ya 500 na 3.000 PSI, hamwe no kudakomera neza. SBR igaragaza kandi ubushobozi bwo kudakomera neza no kudakomera cyane. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho birwanya uduce duto, ari nabyo bintu by'ingenzi bituma habaho ingano nini y'ibikoresho byo gushimangira, nk'umukara wa karuboni, kugira ngo byongere imbaraga no kudakomera ku mirasire y'izuba.
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire n'ubushyuhe:Nubwo muri rusange irwanya amazi, alcool, ketones, na aside organic zimwe na zimwe, SBR igaragaza intege nke zigaragara. Ifite ubudahangarwa buke ku mavuta akomoka kuri peteroli, ibikomoka kuri hydrocarbon bihumura neza, ozone, n'ibintu biyungurura halogenated. Mu bushyuhe, SBR igumana ubworoherane mu buryo bwinshi, aho ikoreshwa buri gihe igera kuri dogere selisiyusi 225 kandi ubushyuhe buke bugera kuri -60℉.
Ubukana nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cy'uburemere bwa molekile n'imiterere y'urunigi
Imiterere ya rheological ya polymer mbisi igenwa ahanini n'imiterere ya molekile—uburebure n'urwego rw'amashami y'iminyururu ya polymer—byashyizweho mu gihe cya polymerization. Uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile muri rusange busobanura ko viscous iri hejuru kandi bivuze ko smelt rates iri hasi (MFR / MVR). Kubwibyo, gupima viscous y'imbere (IV) ako kanya mu gihe cyo gusohora reactor bingana no gukurikirana buri gihe imiterere ya molekile iteganyijwe.
III. Amahame ngenderwaho agenga uburyo bwo gutunganya SBR
Amahame ngenderwaho ya rheological, uburyo bwo gukata umuvuduko w'amaraso, uburyo ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bifatwa.
Rheology, inyigo y'uburyo ibikoresho bihinduka kandi bigahinduka, itanga urwego rwa siyansi rwo gusobanukirwa imyitwarire ya SBR mu bihe byo gutunganya ibintu mu nganda. SBR irangwa nk'ibikoresho bigoye bya viscoelastic, bivuze ko igaragaza imiterere ivangavanze viscous (urujya n'uruza ruhoraho, rumeze nk'amazi) n'ibisubizo byoroshye (bishobora kugaruzwa, bigahinduka nk'ibikomeye). Ingufu z'ibi biranga biterwa cyane n'umuvuduko n'igihe umutwaro ukoreshwa.
Ibinyabutabire bya SBR mu by'ukuri si ibinyabutabire bya Newtonian. Ibi bivuze ko bigaragara muri byoubushyuhe bwa rubberntabwo ari agaciro gahoraho ahubwo kagaragaza ingenzigushingira ku gipimo cyo gukata; ubushyuhe bugabanuka cyane uko igipimo cyo gukata cyongera ikintu kizwi nka shear thinning. Iyi myitwarire itari iya Newtonian ifite ingaruka zikomeye ku igenzura ry'ubuziranenge. Agaciro k'ubushyuhe kaboneka ku gipimo cyo gukata gito, nk'uko bipimwa mu bizamini bya viscometer bisanzwe bya Mooney, gashobora gutanga ishusho idahagije y'imyitwarire y'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukata kinini kiri mu kuvanga, gukaranga, cyangwa gusohora. Uretse gukata, ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka cyane ku bushyuhe; ubushyuhe bwo mu buryo bugabanya ubushyuhe, ibyo bigafasha gutemba. Nubwo igitutu nacyo kigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe, kugumana ubushyuhe buhamye no kugumana amateka ahoraho yo gukata ni ingenzi cyane, kuko ubushyuhe bushobora gutandukana bitewe no gukata, igitutu, n'igihe cyo gutunganya.
Ingaruka z'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, ibyuzuza, n'ibikoresho bifasha gutunganya ibintu ku bucucike bwa SBR
Itsindagutunganya kabuturaIcyiciro, kizwi nka compounding, gikubiyemo guhuza inyongeramusaruro nyinshi zihindura cyane rheology ya polymer ya SBR y'ibanze:
Imashini zikora pulasitiki:Amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa "process" ni ingenzi cyane mu kunoza uburyo SBR ikora neza kandi ikanayitunganya muri rusange. Akora mu kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire, ibyo bikaba byoroshya ikwirakwira ry'ibinyabutabire kandi bigatuma polymer matrix igenda neza.
Ibikoresho byuzuza:Ibintu bikomeza imbaraga, cyane cyane umukara wa karuboni na silica, byongera cyane ubukana bw'ikintu, biganisha ku bintu bigoye bikomoka ku buryo bw'umubiri bivangwa n'umunyururu n'umunyururu. Kugira ngo umuntu agere ku gukwirakwira neza ni uburinganire; ibintu nka glycerol bishobora gukoreshwa mu koroshya ubunyururu bwa lignosulfonate, bigahindura ubukana bw'ubunyururu bwegereye ubunyururu bwa SBR, bityo bigabanye imiterere y'ubunyururu no kunoza imiterere y'ubunyururu.
Ibikoresho bifasha mu gukurura abantu:Iyi miti, harimo na sulfur na accelerators, igira impinduka zikomeye ku mikorere y’uruvange rw’ibintu bitaravurwa. Igira ingaruka ku bintu nko kwirinda gutwika (kurwanya guhuza imburagihe). Izindi nyongeramusaruro zihariye, nka fumed silica, zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bw’umwihariko nk’ibintu byongera ubukana kugira ngo bigere ku ntego zihariye za rheological, nko gukora filime nini zidahinduye ingano y’ibintu bikomeye.
Guhuza Rheology na Vulcanization y'imikorere ya rubber na Final Cross-Link Density
Uburyo bwo kuvura indwara ya rheological butangwa mu gihe cyo kuvanga no gukora ibintu bifitanye isano itaziguye n'imikorere ya nyuma y'umusaruro wa vulcanized.
Ubumwe n'ugutatana:Imiterere idahuye y’ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo kuvanga—akenshi ifitanye isano n’ingufu zitari nziza—bitera gukwirakwira nabi no gukwirakwira mu buryo bunyuranye kw’ipaki ihuza (sulfure na accelerators).
Uburyo bwo guhinduranya irangi:Iyi gahunda ya shimi idasubirwaho ikubiyemo gushyushya imvange ya SBR, akenshi ikoresheje sulfur, kugira ngo habeho imikoranire ihoraho hagati y’iminyururu ya polymer, byongere imbaraga za rubber, ubukana, no kuramba kwayo. Iyi gahunda ikubiyemo ibyiciro bitatu: icyiciro cyo gutwika (gutwika) aho haboneka imiterere ya mbere; icyiciro cyo guhuza cyangwa gukosora (gukora vuba kuri 250 ℉ kugeza 400 ℉; n'imiterere myiza.
Ubucucike bw'ibice bihuriramo:Imiterere y'ibanze ya mekanike igengwa n'ubucucike bwa cross-link bwagezweho.cIndangagaciro zibangamira imikorere y’uruhererekane rwa molekile, zikongera uburyo bwo kubika ibintu kandi zikagira ingaruka ku buryo ibintu bidashobora guhindagurika (bizwi nka Payne effect). Kubwibyo, kugenzura neza rheological mu byiciro bitaravurwa no gutunganya ni ngombwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko molekile ziteguye neza uburyo bwo gusubiza nyuma.
IV. Ibibazo biriho mu gupima ubucucike
Imbogamizi z'ibizamini gakondo byo hanze
Kuba abantu benshi bakoresha uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, budahoraho kandi busaba abakozi benshi, bibangamira cyane imikorere y’umusaruro wa SBR udashira, bigatuma habaho kunoza imikorere vuba.
Guhanura ubukana bwa Mooney n'ubutinda:Igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ibanze, Mooney viscosity, gisanzwe gipimwa utari kuri interineti. Bitewe n'ubuhanga buhanitse n'ubukana bwinshi bw'inganda.inzira yo gukora kabutura, ntibishobora gupimwa mu buryo butaziguye mu buryo bufatika mu mvange y'imbere. Byongeye kandi, guhanura neza iyi gaciro hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo bwo gupima biragoye, cyane cyane ku bintu birimo ibikoresho byuzuza. Igihe gito gifitanye isano n'ibizamini bya laboratwari bitinza ibikorwa byo gukosora, byongera ibyago by'amafaranga byo gukora ibikoresho byinshi bitari ngombwa.
Amateka ya Tekiniki Yahinduwe:Nubwo gupima imiyoboro y'amaraso mu miyoboro y'amaraso, bishobora kugaragaza imiterere y'imiyoboro y'amaraso, bisaba gutegura icyitegererezo kinini. Ibikoresho bigomba kongera gukorwa mu bipimo byihariye bya silinda mbere yo gupimwa, inzira ihindura amateka y'imikorere y'ibice. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubukana bwapimwe bushobora kudagaragaza neza imiterere nyayo y'ibice mu gihe cy'inganda.gutunganya kabutura.
Amakuru y'ingingo imwe adahagije:Ibizamini bisanzwe by'umuvuduko w'amazi ashongeshejwe (MFR) cyangwa umuvuduko w'amazi ashongeshejwe (MVR) bitanga igipimo kimwe gusa cy'amazi ashongeshejwe ku buryo buhoraho. Ibi ntibihagije kuri SBR itari iya Newtonian. Amatsinda abiri atandukanye ashobora kugaragaza agaciro ka MVR kamwe ariko afite ubukana butandukanye cyane ku muvuduko wo hejuru ujyanye no gusohora. Iri tandukaniro rishobora gutuma habaho kunanirwa gutunganya ibintu mu buryo butunguranye.
Ikiguzi n'umutwaro w'ibikoresho:Gushingira ku isesengura rya laboratwari rikorerwa ahandi bitanga ikiguzi gikomeye cy'ibikoresho n'igihe cyo gutinda. Gukurikirana buri gihe bitanga inyungu mu bukungu kuko bigabanya cyane umubare w'ingero zisaba isesengura ryo hanze.
Imbogamizi yo gupima ibinyabutabire bya SBR bifite ubukana bwinshi n'ibice byinshi
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bya kabutura mu nganda bukubiyemo ibikoresho bigaragaza ubukana bwinshi cyane n'imyitwarire igoye ya viscoelastic, bigatera imbogamizi zidasanzwe zo gupima mu buryo butaziguye.
Kunyerera no kuvunika:Ibikoresho bya rubber bifite ubukana bwinshi kandi bivanze n’ubushyuhe bwinshi bikunze guhura n’ibibazo nko kunyerera ku rukuta no kuvunika kw’icyitegererezo bitewe n’ubudahangarwa iyo bipimwe mu byuma bisanzwe bifunguye. Ibikoresho byihariye, nka rheometer izunguruka ifite imiterere y’umupaka ufunze, birakenewe kugira ngo bitsinde izi ngaruka, cyane cyane mu bikoresho byuzuye aho habaho imikoranire ikomeye ya polymer-filler.
Kubungabunga no Gusukura:Sisitemu zisanzwe zo gukoresha amazi cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso (capillary systems) zikunze kugira ikibazo cyo kuziba bitewe n'uko polymers n'ibikoresho byuzuza amazi bifatana kandi bikagira ubukana bwinshi. Ibi bisaba ko habaho gahunda zinoze zo gusukura kandi bigatera igihe gito cyo kudakora, ibyo bikaba ari ikibazo gikomeye mu mikorere ihoraho.
Hakenewe igikoresho gikomeye cyo mu bwoko bwa viscosity mu bisubizo bya polymer.
Mu gice cya mbere cy’umuti cyangwa slurry, nyuma ya polymerization, igipimo cy’ingenzi ni viscosity ya intrinsic (IV), ifitanye isano itaziguye n’uburemere bwa molekile n’imikorere ya polymer. Uburyo gakondo bwo muri laboratwari (urugero: GPC cyangwa capillaries z’ikirahure) buratinda cyane ku buryo bwo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo.
Ibidukikije by'inganda bisaba ikoranabuhanga rikora kandi rihamyeigikoresho cy'ubushyuhe bw'imbereIbisubizo bigezweho, nka IVA Versa, bikora mu buryo bwikora byose hakoreshejwe viscometer ifite imirasire ibiri kugira ngo ipime ubukana bw'umuti, igabanye imikoranire y'umukoresha n'ibintu biyungurura kandi igere ku buziranenge bwo hejuru (agaciro ka RSD kari munsi ya 1%). Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'umurongo mu cyiciro cyo gushonga, Side Stream Online-Rheometers (SSR) ishobora kugena agaciro ka IV-Rheo hashingiwe ku bipimo by'ubukana bw'umuti bihoraho ku gipimo cyo gushonga gihoraho. Iki gipimo gishyiraho isano ifatika yemerera gukurikirana impinduka za MW mu mugezi ushonga.
V. Intambwe z'ingenzi mu gukurikirana ubucucike
Akamaro ko gupima kuri interineti mu gihe cyo gusohora icyuma gipima polymerization, kuvanga/guteranya, no gukora mbere yo gusohora.
Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gupima ubukana bw'amaraso kuri interineti ni ingenzi kuko ibice bitatu by'ingenzi by'imikorere - polimeri, ivangavanga (kuvanga), n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya nyuma (extrusion) - buri kimwe gishyiraho imiterere yihariye kandi idahinduka ya rheological. Kugenzura kuri izi ngingo birinda inenge z'ubuziranenge ko zitanyuzwa mu mazi.
Ugusohora kwa polymerization Reactor: Gukurikirana ihinduka, uburemere bwa molekile.
Intego y'ibanze muri iki cyiciro ni ukugenzura neza igipimo cy'ingaruka z'ingufu z'ingufu n'ikwirakwizwa rya nyuma rya polimeri ya SBR.
Kumenya uburemere bwa molekile bugenda buhinduka ni ingenzi cyane, kuko bigena imiterere ya nyuma y’umubiri; icyakora, tekiniki gakondo zikunze gupima MW gusa iyo reaction irangiye. Gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo slurry cyangwa solution viscosity (hafi viscosity intrinsic) bikurikirana mu buryo butaziguye uburebure bw’urunigi n’imiterere y’imiterere.
Bakoresheje uburyo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ku buryo bworoshye, abakora bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu buhora buhindagurika kandi bukora neza. Ibi bituma habaho uburyo bwo guhindura neza uburyo ibintu bigenda bihinduka cyangwa uburyo bwo guhagarara buhoro buhoro.mbereIhinduka rya monomer rigera ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ubu bushobozi bwo kuzamura uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa kuva ku gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’ingufu (bikubiyemo gusiba cyangwa kongera kuvanga ibice bitari ibyagenwe) kugeza ku kugenzura imiterere y’ibanze ya polymer. Urugero, gukurikirana imikorere bihoraho byemeza ko ubushyuhe bwa polymer Mooney buhuye n’ibyagenwe iyo igipimo cyo guhindura kigeze kuri 70%. Gukoresha probes zikomeye, zikora ku murongo wa torsional resonator, zagenewe kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi n’umuvuduko ugaragara mu myanda ya reactor, ni ingenzi cyane hano.
Kuvanga/Gukaranga: Gutunganya uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza inyongera, kugenzura uburyo bwo gukata, gukoresha ingufu.
Intego y'icyiciro cyo kuvanga, gikunze gukorwa mu cyuma cyo kuvanga imbere, ni ukugira ngo polymer ikwirakwizwe neza, inyunganire z'ibinyabutabire, n'ibikoresho bifasha mu gutunganya, mu gihe hagenzurwa neza ubushyuhe n'ubukonje bw'ibinyabutabire.
Imiterere y'ubuso bw'ingufu ikora nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwiza bwo kuvanga. Imbaraga nyinshi ziterwa na rotors zisenya rubber kandi zigakwirakwira. Mu gukurikirana impinduka z'ubuso bw'ingufu (akenshi bifatwa hakurikijwe imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo n'ingufu zikoreshwa), ni byo bigaragaza neza ubuziranenge bw'ubuso bw'ingufu.aho kurangizaUburyo bwo kuvanga bushobora kumenyekana neza. Ubu buryo ni bwiza cyane kuruta gukoresha igihe gihamye cyo kuvanga, gishobora kuva ku minota 15 kugeza kuri 40 kandi gikunze kubaho impinduka mu mikorere n'ibintu biturutse hanze.
Kugenzura ubukana bw'ibice biri mu rugero rwagenwe ni ingenzi cyane ku bwiza bw'ibikoresho. Kudacunga neza bitera gukwirakwira nabi no kugira inenge mu miterere y'ibikoresho bya nyuma. Ku rubunda rufite ubukana bwinshi, umuvuduko uhagije wo kuvanga ni ingenzi kugira ngo rubunde rushyirwemo. Bitewe n'ingorane zo gushyira sensor ifatika mu kirere cy'imbere cy'umuvuduko ukabije, ubuyobozi buhanitse bushingiye kuutwuma tworohejeIzi moderi zikoresha amakuru zikoresha ibintu bitandukanye (umuvuduko wa rotor, ubushyuhe, ingufu zikoreshwa) kugira ngo zimenye ubwiza bwa nyuma bw'itsinda, nko kuba Mooney ari mwiza, bityo bigatanga isuzuma ry'ubwiza mu gihe nyacyo.
Ubushobozi bwo kumenya aho gusoza neza imvange hashingiwe ku miterere y’ubuso mu gihe nyacyo butuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi n’ingufu. Iyo itsinda rigeze ku miterere y’ubuso mu buryo bwihuse kurusha igihe cyagenwe cyo gusimbuka, gukomeza inzira yo kuvanga bitakaza ingufu kandi bigatera kwangiza imiyoboro ya polymer binyuze mu kuvanga cyane. Gukoresha neza inzira hashingiwe ku miterere y’ubuso bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo kuvanga ho 15-28%, bigahindura mu buryo butaziguye umusaruro n’inyungu z’ikiguzi.
Mbere yo Gusohora/Gushyiraho: Gutanga icyizere cy'uko amazi ashonga neza, kandi agatuma ahora ahindagurika.
Iki cyiciro gikubiyemo gushyira plastike ku gice cy’umugozi ukomeye no kuwushyira mu cyuma gipfundikiye kugira ngo ukomeze gukora ishusho ihoraho, akenshi bigasaba gukururwa mu buryo buhuriweho.
Kugenzura ubushyuhe hano ni ingenzi cyane kuko bigenzura mu buryo butaziguye imbaraga zo gushonga kwa polymer no kugenda neza. Ubushyuhe buke (ubushyuhe bwinshi) muri rusange ni bwo bukundwa cyane mu gusohora, kuko butanga imbaraga nyinshi zo gushonga, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu gucunga imiterere (uburyo buhamye) bw'imiterere no kugabanya kubyimba kw'ibice. Gushonga budahindagurika (MFR / MVR) bitera inenge mu musaruro: amazi menshi ashobora gutera urumuri, mu gihe amazi make ashobora gutuma ibice byuzuye cyangwa bitagira ingano.
Uburyo bugoye bwo kugenzura ubucucike mu gusohora, bushobora kwibasirwa cyane n’ibintu biva hanze ndetse n’imyitwarire idashingiye ku murongo, bisaba uburyo buhanitse bwo kugenzura. Ubuhanga nka Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) bushyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo bucunge impinduka mu bucucike, bugere ku musaruro mwiza mu kubungabunga ubucucike bugaragara ugereranije n’uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura ubucucike (PI).
Ubushobozi bwo gushonga ku mutwe w’icyuma ni cyo kintu cya nyuma kigaragaza ubwiza bw’umusaruro n’uko wemerwa. Gusohora birushaho kugira ingaruka nziza ku buryo bworoshye, kandi ubuziranenge bw’ibipimo buterwa cyane n’impinduka mu gushonga, cyane cyane iyo bikozwe ku gipimo cyo hejuru. Gupima ubushyuhe bwo gushonga kuri interineti mbere gato y’uko icyuma gishonga bitanga uburyo bwo guhindura vuba ibipimo by’imikorere (urugero: umuvuduko wa screw cyangwa imiterere y’ubushyuhe) kugira ngo hakomeze kubaho ubushyuhe bugaragara neza, hagafatwa ingamba zo kwemeza ubuziranenge bw’ibipimo no kugabanya ibisigazwa.
Imbonerahamwe ya II igaragaza ibisabwa mu igenzura mu ruhererekane rw'umusaruro wa SBR.
Imbonerahamwe ya II. Ibisabwa mu kugenzura ubukana bw'amazi mu byiciro byo gutunganya SBR
| Icyiciro cy'Ibikorwa | Icyiciro cy'ubucucike | Igipimo cy'intego | Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima | Igikorwa cyo Kugenzura cyashyizweho |
| Gusohora umwuka wa Reactor | Umuti/Ubushyuhe | Ubucucike bw'imbere(Uburemere bwa Molekuli) | Rheometer yo mu gice cyo ku ruhande (SSR) cyangwa Automated IV | Hindura umuvuduko w'amazi uhagarara vuba cyangwa umuyoboro ugenzura. |
| Kuvanga/Gukaranga | Ihuriro ry'ubushyuhe bwinshi | Mooney Viscosity (Ubuhanuzi bw'ingufu bugaragara) | Sensor yoroshye (Gushushanya Torque/Ingufu) | Ongera igihe cyo kuvanga n'umuvuduko wa rotor ushingiye ku bucucike bw'aho ibintu bigarukira. |
| Mbere yo Gusohora/Gutunganya | Kumena kwa polymer | Ubukana bugaragara bwo gushonga (MFR/MVR) | Inline Torsional Resonator cyangwa Capillary Viscometer | Hindura umuvuduko/ubushyuhe bwa screw kugira ngo urebe ko urwego rw'ingufu rudahinduka kandi ko icyuma gikomeza kubyimba. |
Menya byinshi ku bipimo by'ubucucike
Ibindi bipimo by'imikorere kuri interineti
VI. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubukana kuri interineti
Ipima ry'ubukana bw'amazi rya Lonnmeter ku murongo
Kugira ngo harebwe imbogamizi zishingiye ku gupima muri laboratwari, hakenewe uburyo bwa none bwogutunganya kabuturabisaba ibikoresho bikomeye kandi byizewe. Ikoranabuhanga rya Torsional resonator rigaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu buryo buhoraho bwo kumva rheological, bushobora gukora mu bihe bigoye byo gukora SBR.
Ibikoresho nkaIpima ry'ubukana bw'amazi rya Lonnmeter ku murongokoresha resonator ikora nk'iy'umwuka (ikintu kizunguruka) cyinjijwe mu mazi y'imikorere. Igikoresho gipima ubukana bw'amazi binyuze mu gupima ubukana bw'amazi akoreshwa n'imashini ikora nk'iy'umwuka bitewe n'amazi. Iki gipimo cyo gupima ubukana bw'amazi gikurikiranwa, akenshi hamwe n'ibipimo by'ubucucike, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye bwo gutanga ibisubizo nyabyo, bishobora gusubiramo, kandi bihamye by'ubukana bw'amazi.
Iri koranabuhanga rikwiriye byihariye porogaramu za SBR kubera ubushobozi bwaryo bukomeye bwo gukora:
Ubudahangarwa n'Ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri:Ubusanzwe, ibyo byuma bipima ubushyuhe bwinshi (urugero: 316L Stainless Steel) n'ibyuma bifunga by'icyuma biva ku cyuma bidafite ubushyuhe, bigatuma hatabaho gukenera elastomer zishobora kubyimba cyangwa kwangirika iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imiti bihuye nabyo.
Uburyo bwagutse bwo gukora no guhuza amazi:Izi sisitemu zishobora gukurikiranaubukana bwa rubberIbinyabutabire mu buryo bwagutse, kuva ku gaciro ko hasi cyane kugeza ku gaciro ko hejuru cyane (urugero, kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 1.000.000+ cP). Bifite akamaro kangana mu kugenzura amazi atari aya Newtonian, amwe, n'ay'ibice byinshi, bikaba ari ingenzi kuri SBR slurry na polymer melts zuzuye.
Imiterere ikabije y'imikorere:Ibi bikoresho byemejwe ko bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bw'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe.
Ibyiza byo gukoresha sensors za viscosity mu buryo bwihuse, kuri interineti, kandi zifite imiterere myinshi (ubudahangarwa, guhuza amakuru)
Gukoresha uburyo bwo kumenya ibintu mu buryo bwihuse kandi bugezweho bitanga amakuru ahoraho yo kugaragaza ibintu, bigatuma umusaruro uva ku igenzura ry’ubuziranenge rikorwa rimwe na rimwe ukagera ku igenzura ry’imikorere y’umuntu ku buryo bwihuse.
Gukurikirana buri gihe:Amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo agabanya cyane kwishingikiriza ku isesengura rya laboratwari ryatinze kandi rihenze. Atuma hamenyekana ako kanya itandukaniro ry’imikorere cyangwa impinduka mu bikoresho fatizo byinjira, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu gukumira ibibazo by’ubuziranenge.
Gusana bike:Imiterere ikomeye kandi itunganye ya resonator yagenewe gukoreshwa igihe kirekire nta gusana cyangwa kongera kuyitunganya, bigagabanya igihe cyo gukora.
Guhuza amakuru mu buryo bunoze:Ibikoresho bigezweho bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo guhuza amashanyarazi n'amabwiriza y'itumanaho akoreshwa mu nganda, byoroshya guhuza amakuru y'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje muri sisitemu zigenzura amashanyarazi (DCS) kugira ngo bikosore imikorere yazo.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gupima ubukana mu byiciro bitandukanye bya SBR.
Guhitamo ibikwiyeigikoresho gikoreshwa mu gupima ubukanabiterwa cyane n'imiterere y'umubiri w'ibikoresho kuri buri gice cyoinzira yo gukora rabu:
Umuti/Igice cy'amazi (Reactor):Igisabwa ni ugupima ubukana bw'ibinure by'imbere cyangwa bigaragara. Ikoranabuhanga rikubiyemo Side Stream Rheometers (SSR) zisesengura buri gihe ingero zishonga, cyangwa ibikoresho byo gupima ubukana bw'ibinure by'amazi n'ibinure bikozwe mu buryo bwa "high-sensitivity torsional probes" byakozwe mu rwego rwo kugenzura ibinure n'ibinure.
Imvange ifite ubukana bwinshi (Kuvanga):Gupima ibintu mu buryo butaziguye ntibishoboka mu buryo bwa tekiniki. Igisubizo cyiza ni ugukoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima ibintu buhuza neza cyane uburyo bwo gukora ibintu (torque, ingufu, ubushyuhe) by'imvange y'imbere n'ubuziranenge bukenewe, nka viscosity ya Mooney.
Kumena kwa polymer (mbere yo gusohora):Kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwiza bw'amazi hakenewe sensor ifite umuvuduko mwinshi mu muyoboro ushonga. Ibi bishobora kugerwaho binyuze mu bikoresho bikomeye bya torsional resonator probes cyangwa viscometers zihariye za inline capillary (nka VIS), zishobora gupima ubukana bugaragara bw'amazi ku gipimo cyo hejuru cy'ubushyuhe bujyanye no gusohora amazi, akenshi bigahuza amakuru na MFR/MVR.
Iyi ngamba yo kumenya ibintu bitandukanye, ihuza ibikoresho bikomeye byo mu bwoko bwa “hardware sensors” aho inzira inyuramo ifunze neza n’ibikoresho byoroshye byo guhanura aho uburyo bwo kwinjira mu buryo bwa “mechanical” bufunze neza, itanga uburyo bwo kugenzura bukenewe kugira ngo bigire akamaro.gutunganya kabuturaimicungire.
VII. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingamba n'ibarura ry'inyungu
Ingamba zo kugenzura kuri interineti: Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gusubiza ibibazo mu buryo bwikora bushingiye ku buryo bworoshye bushingiye ku buryo ibintu bihinduka mu gihe nyacyo.
Sisitemu zo kugenzura zikoresha amakuru y’ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gusubiza ibitekerezo, bigamije kwemeza ko umusaruro uhamye kandi uhoraho urenze ubushobozi bw’umuntu.
Gupima mu buryo bwikora:Mu guhuza, sisitemu yo kugenzura ishobora gukurikirana buri gihe imiterere y’ibinyabutabire no gutanga ingano nyayo y’ibice bifite ubukana buke, nka pulasitiki cyangwa ibinyabutabire, mu rugero nyarwo igihe bikenewe. Iyi ngamba ikomeza imiterere y’ubukana mu rugero ruciriritse rw’icyizere, ikarinda guhindagurika.
Kugenzura Ubucucike Buhanitse:Kubera ko SBR melt atari Newtonian kandi ikunze kugira ingaruka mbi mu gusohora, igenzura risanzwe rya Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) akenshi ntirihagije mu kugenzura ubukana bw'ubu ...
Gutunganya uburemere bwa molekile:Kuri reactor ya polymerization, amakuru ahoraho ava muriigikoresho cyo gupima ubukana bw'umubiriisubizwa muri sisitemu yo kugenzura. Ibi bituma habaho impinduka zijyanye n'umuvuduko w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bigahita byishyura ihinduka rito mu mikorere y'ibisubizo no kwemeza ko uburemere bwa molekile ya polima ya SBR buguma mu murongo muto ukenewe ku rwego rwa SBR.
Ubushobozi n'inyungu ku giciro: Gupima iterambere ry'igihe cy'imyitozo, kugabanya ivugurura, gukoresha neza ingufu n'ibikoresho.
Ishoramari mu buryo bwa rheology kuri interineti ritanga inyungu zitaziguye kandi zipimye zikongera inyungu rusange yainzira yo gukora kabutura.
Amasaha meza yo gukora ingendo:Mu gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ibintu hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe mu mashini ivangavanga imbere, abakora ibintu bikuraho ibyago byo kuvanga cyane. Uburyo busanzwe bushingiye ku minota 25-40 bushobora kunozwa kugira ngo bugere ku bushyuhe bukenewe mu minota 18-20. Iri hinduka ry'imikorere rishobora gutuma igihe cyo kuvanga kigabanukaho 15-28%, bigatuma umusaruro n'ubushobozi byiyongera nta gishoro gishya gishowe.
Kugabanya imirimo yo kongera gukoresha no gutakaza imyanda:Gukurikirana buri gihe bituma hakosorwa vuba ibitagenda neza mbere yuko bivamo ibikoresho byinshi bitari ngombwa. Ubu bushobozi bugabanya cyane ibiciro byo kuvugurura no gukoresha ibikoresho byangiritse, bigatuma ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho rirushaho kuba ryiza.
Ikoreshwa ry'Ingufu Rinoze:Mu kugabanya neza icyiciro cyo kuvanga hashingiwe ku rugero rw'ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo, ingufu zishyirwa mu bikorwa neza kugira ngo haboneke ikwirakwizwa rikwiye. Ibi bikuraho imyanda y'ingufu ziterwa no kuvanga cyane.
Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ibikoresho:Guhindura ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo bwifuzwa ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibiryo bihinduka cyangwa bitari ibya kera, nka polymeri zasubiwemo. Gukurikirana buri gihe bituma habaho ihinduka ryihuse ry'ibipimo byo gushimangira imikorere no guhindura ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo bwifuzwa (urugero, kongera cyangwa kugabanya uburemere bwa molekile binyuze mu nyongeramusaruro) kugira ngo bigere ku ntego zifuzwa za rheological, birusheho gukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye kandi bishobora kugabanuka.
Ingaruka z'ubukungu ni nini cyane, nk'uko bikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya gatatu.
Imbonerahamwe ya III. Inyungu ziteganijwe mu bukungu n'imikorere zikomoka ku kugenzura ubucucike kuri interineti
| Igipimo | Umurongo w'ibanze (Igenzura ritari kuri interineti) | Intego (Igenzura ryo kuri interineti) | Inyungu/Ingaruka Bishobora Kubarwa |
| Igihe cy'urugendo rw'itsinda (Guvanga) | Iminota 25–40 (Igihe cyagenwe) | Iminota 18–20 (Iherezo ry'Ubucucike) | Ubwiyongere bwa 15–28% mu musaruro; Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu rigabanuka. |
| Igipimo cy'itsinda kitagenwe | 4% (Igipimo cy'Inganda Zisanzwe) | <1% (Gukosora Guhoraho) | Kugeza kuri 75% ku kugabanya imirimo/ibisigazwa; kugabanuka kw'igihombo cy'ibikoresho fatizo. |
| Igihe cyo Gutuza Imikorere (Ibyakoreshejwe Bisubiwemo) | Amasaha (Bisaba ibizamini byinshi byo muri laboratwari) | Iminota (Kwihuta IV/Rheo Guhindura) | Imikoreshereze myiza y'ibikoresho; ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibiryo bihinduka bunoze. |
| Gusana Ibikoresho (Imashini zivanga/Izikuramo ibikoresho) | Kunanirwa kwangirika | Gukurikirana Ingendo Ziteganyijwe | Gutahura amakosa hakiri kare; kugabanya igihe cyo gukora ikosa gikabije n'ikiguzi cyo gusana. |
Kubungabunga Ibizaba: Gukoresha igenzura rihoraho kugira ngo hamenyekane amakosa hakiri kare kandi hakorwe ingamba zo kuyakumira.
Isesengura ry’ubukana kuri interineti rirenze kugenzura ubuziranenge, rikaba igikoresho cyo kugenzura imikorere myiza no gukurikirana ubuzima bw’ibikoresho.
Gutahura amakosa:Impinduka zitunguranye mu gupima ubukana buhoraho budashobora gusobanurwa n'impinduka z'ibikoresho byo hejuru zishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy'uburinzi bw'imashini zangiritse, nko kwangirika kw'ibice byo hanze, kwangirika kwa rotor, cyangwa gufunga ibyuma. Ibi bituma habaho kubungabunga no gukumira, bigabanura ibyago byo kwangirika gukabije.
Kwemeza uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima imiterere y'ibinyabiziga:Amakuru ajyanye n'imikorere ihoraho, harimo ibimenyetso by'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byinjizwa mu byuma bipima, ashobora gukoreshwa mu guteza imbere no kunoza moderi zihanura (sensors zoroshye) ku bipimo by'ingenzi nka viscosity ya Mooney. Byongeye kandi, izi data zikomeza zishobora no gukora nk'uburyo bwo gupima no kwemeza imikorere y'ibindi bikoresho bipima mu murongo.
Gusuzuma Ihindagurika ry'Ibikoresho:Uburyo ibintu bihinduka mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe butanga ubwunganizi bw'ingenzi ku bintu bidahuye n'uburyo ibintu fatizo bigenzurwa n'igenzura ry'ubuziranenge. Ihindagurika ry'imiterere y'ubushyuhe rihoraho rishobora guhita rigaragaza ihinduka ry'uburemere bwa molekile ya polymer y'ibanze cyangwa ubushuhe cyangwa ubwiza budahuye mu byuzuza.
Gukusanya amakuru arambuye ya rheological—ava mu byuma bipima ibintu biri mu murongo n'ibipima ibintu byoroshye—bitanga ishingiro ry'amakuru yo gushyiraho ishusho y'ikoranabuhanga y'urusenda. Iri tsinda ry'amakuru ahoraho kandi y'amateka ni ingenzi mu kubaka no kunoza moderi zigezweho zigaragaza neza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa, nk'imiterere ya viscoelastic cyangwa kurwanya umunaniro. Uru rwego rw'igenzura ryuzuye ruzamuraigikoresho cyo gupima ubukana bw'umubirikuva ku gikoresho cyoroshye cy’ubuziranenge kugeza ku mutungo w’ingenzi w’ingamba zo kunoza imikorere no gukomera kw’imikorere.
VIII. Umwanzuro n'ibyifuzo
Incamake y'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gupima ubukana bw'umukara.
Isesengura ryemeza ko kwishingikiriza ku isuzuma rya rheological rihoraho kandi ritari kuri interineti (Mooney viscosity, MFR) bitanga imbogamizi nyamukuru ku kugera ku buhanga bwo hejuru no kunoza imikorere mu musaruro wa SBR ugezweho kandi mwinshi. Imiterere ya Styrene Butadiene Rubber, itari Newtonian, na viscoelastic, bisaba impinduka z'ibanze mu ngamba zo kugenzura—kuva ku bipimo bya 'single-point', bitinze bijya mu gukurikirana buri gihe ubukana bugaragara n'imiterere yose ya rheological.
Guhuza ibikoresho bikomeye byubatswe mu murongo, cyane cyane ibikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya torsional resonator, hamwe n'ingamba zigezweho zo kugenzura (nk'uburyo bwo kumenya ibintu mu buryo bworoshye bwo guhanura mu mashini zivangavanze na ADRC mu bikoresho bisohoka), bituma habaho impinduka zikozwe mu buryo bwikora mu byiciro byose by'ingenzi: kwemeza ko uburemere bwa molekile buhagaze neza mu gihe cyo gupima, kongera ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ibintu mu gihe cyo kuvanga, no kwemeza ko urwego rw'ibipimo rudahinduka mu gihe cyo gushonga burundu. Impamvu z'ubukungu kuri iyi mpinduka y'ikoranabuhanga zirashishikaje, zitanga inyungu zishoboka mu gutanga umusaruro (kugabanya igihe cyo kuzenguruka 15-28%) no kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ibisigazwa n'ingufu. Hamagara itsinda rishinzwe kugurisha kuri RFQ.
