Gusobanukirwa inzira ya Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ni inkingi ikomeye mu nganda zikora pulasitiki zigezweho, ikaba ari yo shingiro ry’inyubako mu gukora polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Nk’ikinyabutabire cy’ibicuruzwa, VCM ikoreshwa gusa mu gukora polymerization ya PVC, ituma habaho gukora ibintu byose kuva ku bikoresho by’ubuvuzi n’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi kugeza ku bikoresho by’insinga n’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa. Ubusabe bwa VCM bufitanye isano rya bugufi n’umusaruro wa PVC ku isi, bigatuma umusaruro wayo utekanye, ukora neza kandi mu mutekano uba ingenzi cyane mu nganda.
VCM ni gazi idafite ibara, ishobora gushya cyane mu kirere, ikunze gukoreshwa nk'amazi afite umuvuduko mu bikoresho byabugenewe. Imiterere yayo ya shimi, CH₂=CHCl, igizwe n'itsinda rya vinyl rihujwe na atome imwe ya chlorine. Iyi gahunda ya molekile ituma polymerization yoroha, ikimenyetso cy'uburyo polymerization ya vinyl chloride ikorwamo gikenewe mu ntambwe za polymerization ya PVC. Imiterere ya vinyl chloride y'amazi—nk'urugero rwo kubira rwa −13.4°C n'ubucucike bwa 0.91 g/mL kuri 20°C—isaba kugenzura neza inzira n'uburyo bwihariye bwo kubika ibintu butuma iyi mvange iba amazi yo gukora vinyl chloride monomer.
Uburyo bwa Vinyl Chloride Monomer
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Imikoreshereze ya VCM hanze ya PVC ni nto cyane, bishimangira uruhare rwayo nk'ikintu cyihariye cyo gupima polymer. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibintu byose bigize igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer, kuva ku miterere y'inzira y'imashini kugeza ku bicuruzwa.gutunganyano kugarura, byakozwe neza kugira ngo bihindurwe mu buryo bunini kandi buhoraho kugira ngo bitange ikoranabuhanga rya PVC polymerization.
Ariko, uburyo bwo gufata no kubika VCM butera ibyago byinshi. VCM ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cya kanseri, aho hari ibimenyetso bikomeye biyihuza na angiosarcoma y'umwijima n'izindi ngaruka zikomeye ku buzima nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire. Uburozi bwayo burushaho kwiyongera bitewe no kurema metabolites zikora, zifata macromolecules z'uturemangingo kandi zikabangamira imikorere y'ibinyabuzima. Kuyikoresha cyane bitera kwiheba mu mitsi, mu gihe kuyikoresha igihe kirekire bifitanye isano n'indwara ya "vinyl chloride workers' disease" - indwara igizwe n'indwara y'umwijima, ibimenyetso bisa na scleroderma, n'ibisebe by'amagufwa. Imipaka yo kuyikoresha ni minini: guhera mu 2024, Ikigo gishinzwe umutekano n'ubuzima mu kazi (OSHA) gishyiraho igihe ntarengwa cyo kuyikoresha amasaha 8 cya 1 ppm, ndetse n'ibipimo biri hasi cyane byasabwe na ACGIH na NIOSH kugira ngo bigaragaze ko hari ubumenyi bugenda buhinduka mu bijyanye n'uburozi.
VCM nayo ishobora gushya cyane, ifite uburebure buri hagati ya 3.6% na 33% mu kirere. Uruvange rw'uburozi n'ubushyuhe byatumye hashyirwaho ingamba zikomeye z'umutekano muri buri ruganda rukora VCM. Imiyoboro y'ibikorwa irafunze neza kandi ibungabungwa mu kirere kidahumeka—akenshi ni azote—hamwe n'uburyo bwo kubona amazi asohoka buri gihe n'uburyo bwihutirwa bwo guhumeka. Guhumeka mu buryo bwihuse, gufunga inzira, kubuza umuriro ufunguye, n'ahantu hagenzurwa neza bigabanya ibyago. VCM y'amazi ibikwa kandi ikajyanwa munsi y'umuvuduko mu bigega birwanya ingese, akenshi itunganywa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubushyuhe nka phenol kugira ngo irinde ingaruka mbi zishobora guterwa n'ibintu.
Inzira Nkuru zo Gutunganya VCM
Inganda za VCM ziganjemo inzira ebyiri zo mu rwego rw'inganda: chlorination itaziguye na oxychlorination. Zombi zikora ku ikorwa n'ihinduka rya ethylene dichloride (EDC), igice cy'ingenzi gicamo ibice kugira ngo kibone VCM.
Mu nzira ya chlorine itaziguye, ethylene ihura na gaze ya chlorine mu buryo bushyuha cyane, muri rusange hejuru ya ferric chloride cyangwa catalyst isa nayo kugira ngo ikore EDC binyuze muri:
C₂H₄ + Cl₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂
Ubundi buryo, inzira ya oksichlorination ihuza ethylene, hydrogen chloride, na ogisijeni hakoreshejwe icyuma gikangura chloride cy'umuringa (II), bigatanga EDC n'amazi:
C₂H₄ + 2HCl + ½O₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂ + H₂O
Ubu buryo butanga inyungu mu bukungu no mu buryo bworoshye bwo koroshya imikorere y’ibikomoka ku bimera binyuze mu kongera gukoresha HCl ikorwa mu gihe cyo gukora VCM, ibyo bikaba byatera ibibazo byo guta imyanda.
Iyo EDC imaze gukorwa, ishyuha cyane ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 500°C, akenshi mu gihe cy'umwuka ushyushye hejuru ya pumice cyangwa ipakiye muri ceramic, kugira ngo ikore VCM na hydrogen chloride:
C₂H₄Cl₂ → CH₂=CHCl (VCM) + HCl
Umusaruro wa VCM uva mu itanura ricukurwamo uvanze n'uruvange rw'ibikomoka ku bimera n'ibiryo bitaravugururwa. Ibyiciro byinshi byo gusukura—cyane cyanegusohora—bikoreshwa mu gutandukanya, hibandwa cyane cyane ku gikorwa cyo gutunganya monomer ya vinyl chloride. Imikorere y'umunara wa VCM wo gusya hamwe na gahunda zo guhuza ubushyuhe binoze kugira ngo birusheho kugira ubuziranenge (ubusanzwe >99.9%), ni ingenzi mu gutuma PVC ikora neza. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'imirongo nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter bikunze gukoreshwa mu kugenzura ubucucike bw'amazi ya VCM ku bushyuhe butandukanye, bigafasha ababikora kubona vuba ibice bitari ngombwa cyangwa ibyanduye.
Inganda zikora zikunda imiterere ihuriweho ihuza ibyuma bitanga chlorine na oxychlorination, kongera gukoresha hydrogen chloride, hamwe n’ingamba zo kugarura ingufu. Iyi miterere y’ibinyabutabire ifasha kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ibiribwa no kunoza ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya vinyl chloride monomer riharanira umusaruro mwinshi, umutekano, no koroshya gutunganya ibintu bitandukanye, mu gihe kugenzura neza imiterere y’ingenzi (harimo n’ubwinshi n’ubuziranenge) ku bice bitandukanye by’imikorere byemeza ko ubuziranenge bwa PVC n’amategeko bikurikizwa mu buzima, umutekano, n’ibidukikije.
Uburyo burambuye bwo gukora Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Imbonerahamwe y'Inzira yo Gutunganya Vinyl Chloride
Umusaruro wa vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ugezweho ushingiye ku ruhererekane rw'inzira, akenshi rugaragazwa n'ishusho yuzuye igena buri ntambwe y'ingenzi. Iyi gahunda itangirira ku bikoresho fatizo byinjiramo—cyane cyane ethylene, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, na ogisijeni. Mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer, ibi bikoresho binyuzwa mu byuma bitanga chlorine na oxychlorination kugira ngo bikore ethylene dichloride (EDC), igice cyo hagati.
Mu gukurura chlorine mu buryo butaziguye, ethylene ihura na chlorine mu bushyuhe bugenzurwa (40–90°C) kugira ngo ikore EDC. Muri ubwo buryo, oxychlorination unit ihuza hydrogen chloride (ikunze kuvugururwa kuva mu ntambwe za nyuma), ethylene, na ogisijeni—ikoresha catalyst ishingiye ku muringa ku bushyuhe bwinshi (200–250°C) kugira ngo ikore EDC n'amazi. Inzira zombi zo gukora zihujwe kugira ngo zisubiranye imyuka idasubiwemo no kunoza umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa, zigakora ishingiro ry'uburyo bwo gukora monomer ya vinyl chloride ingana.
Gusukura EDC y’ibinyabutabire bikubiyemo inkingi zo gusya amazi, ibintu bikomoka kuri hydrocarbon irimo chlorine, n’indi myanda. EDC itunganyijwe hanyuma igakoresha pyrolysis, cyangwa fracture, furnace—igikorwa gikora kuri 480–520°C n’umuvuduko uringaniye. Aha, gushonga kw’ubushyuhe bitanga VCM kandi bigasohora hydrogène chloride, akenshi isubizwa mu muyoboro wa oxychlorination. Kuzimya no gukonjesha vuba imyuka yacitse birinda ingaruka mbi zitari ngombwa no kwangiza ikorwa ry’ibintu byangiritse.
Umugezi wa gaze uvamo utandukana no gusukurwa hakoreshejwe izindi nkingi zo gusya no gutandukanya ibice. Uburyo bwa VCM bwo gusukura, harimo no gusya no gukurura ibintu mu byiciro byinshi, butuma isuku y'ibicuruzwa irushaho kuba nziza birenga 99.9%. EDC idakora neza irasubirwamo, bigatuma ihinduka ry'ibicuruzwa rirushaho kwiyongera mu gihe igabanya imyuka ihumanya. Uburyo bukomeye bwo kubika no kugenzura ibikorwa kenshi birinda amazi kuva kandi bikubahiriza amabwiriza y'umutekano ku mazi ya vinyl chloride ashobora gushya kandi agatera kanseri.
Mu gihe cyose cyo gukora vinyl chloride monomer, gucunga ingufu no kugarura ubushyuhe ni ingenzi kugira ngo bikomeze kubaho. Ubushyuhe buturuka kuri chlorine na oxychlorine burongera gufatwa, bugashyushya mbere y’uko ibiryo bitangira cyangwa bugatanga umwuka ushyushye. Uburyo bwo gusesengura no guhuza ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu miyoboro ihindura ubushyuhe, bigabanura ikoreshwa rya lisansi n’ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Uburyo bwo kwigana inzira—cyane cyane Aspen Plus—ni ingenzi mu gushushanya, kwagura no kunoza. Izi moderi za digitale zigaragaza uburinganire bw'ibikoresho, uburyo bwo gukora reaction, imyitwarire y'ibyiciro, n'urujya n'uruza rw'ingufu kuri buri ntambwe, bigatuma hubahishwa kwemeza vuba imikorere y'ibimera mu bihe bitandukanye. Ingufu zikoreshwa neza, umusaruro wa EDC-to-VCM, n'imitwaro y'ibidukikije bihora bivugururwa hakoreshejwe amakuru ajyanye no kwigana, bishyigikira intego z'ubukungu n'amategeko agenga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya vinyl chloride monomer.
Ibikorwa by'ingenzi mu ruganda rwa VCM
Gutunganya no Gutunganya EDC
Gutunganya EDC bikoresha inzira ebyiri zuzuzanya—klorinasiyo itaziguye na oksichlorinasiyo—buri imwe ifite ibisabwa bitandukanye mu mikorere. Mu gukusanya klorinasiyo itaziguye, kuvanga neza kwa ethylene na chlorine bibaho muri reactor y’amazi, hamwe n’ubushyuhe bugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bivamo bikabije. Iyo ishyushye mu buryo bwa exothermic, iyi reactor isaba gukonjesha hamwe no gutandukanya gaze kugira ngo irinde ko ibintu bihinduka neza.
Oxychlorination ikoresha icyuma gifata umwanya uhoraho cyangwa urimo amazi, gikoresha icyuma gifata chloride y'umuringa gishyigikiwe na alumina. Ethylene, hydrogène chloride isubiramo, na ogisijeni bivangwa bigakorwa kuri 200–250°C. Iyi nzira ikora EDC n'umwuka w'amazi. Gucunga neza ubushyuhe no kuringaniza stoichiometric bigabanya ibintu bishobora guteza akaga birimo chlorine.
Imigezi ya EDC ivanze iva mu nzira zombi isukurwa mu byiciro. Intambwe za mbere zikuraho amazi yakozwe mu gihe cyo gusiga oksijeni binyuze mu gutandukanya ibice no kuyasukura. Inkingi za kabiri zigabanya ibinyabutabire byoroheje (nk'ikloroforu) n'intambwe ziremereye, bigatuma EDC isukura neza kugira ngo ikoreshwe neza. Gusubiramo imiyoboro igarura ibikoresho bitahinduwe n'ibikomoka ku bimera, binoza ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho fatizo muri ubu buryo bufunze.
Gushyuha cyane biva kuri Vinyl Chloride
Gucika kw'ubushyuhe, cyangwa pyrolysis, ni inzitizi yo gukora VCM. Aha, umwuka wa EDC ushyushye cyane ushyushye kugeza kuri 480–520°C mu itanura ry'umuyoboro, akenshi ugashyushya mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo ubushyuhe bukomeze kandi hirindwe ahantu hashyushye. Iyi reaction ikomeye cyane igabanya EDC igakora monomer ya vinyl chloride na hydrogen chloride binyuze mu buryo bwa free-radical.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere—ubushyuhe, igihe cyo gutura, n'umuvuduko—biranozwa hakoreshejwe sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura imikorere n'uburyo bwo kwigana. Ubushyuhe bukabije bushobora gutuma habaho ihumana rya polymeric no kwirema kw'ibikomoka kuri polymer nk'ibinyabutabire cyangwa ibintu biremereye bya chlorine. Kuzimya vuba ako kanya nyuma yo gucika bihagarika ingaruka mbi kandi bigatera ibice by'ingirakamaro by'ibicuruzwa. Isesengura ry'imikorere rikurikirana ikorwa rya HCl, rikunze kugaruzwa rigasubizwa muri oxychlorination.
Gusukura no gusya VCM
Gusukura amazi mu mazi ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo monomer ya vinyl chloride igerweho neza. Gutandukanya gazi n'amazi bikuraho amazi n'ibisigazwa bikomeye mbere y'inkingi z'ingenzi zo gutobora. Uburyo bwo gutobora vinyl chloride monomer bukora neza bugenzurwa n'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe, butuma bitandukanywa na EDC, HCl, na azeotropes bitarafatwa hamwe n'ibindi binyabutabire bya chlorine.
Igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'inkingi n'igipimo cya reflux byakozwe neza kugira ngo bihuze ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ugereranije n'intego z'ubuziranenge—reflux nyinshi irushaho gutuma itandukana ry'amashanyarazi rigabanuka ku giciro cy'ingufu z'umwuka n'ubukonje. Sisitemu zo kongeramo umwuka n'izikoresha amashanyarazi menshi zinoza imikorere, cyane cyane iyo zihujwe no kugarura ubushyuhe.
Uretse gutandukana kw'umubiri, ingamba zigezweho zo kugenzura inzira zituma habaho ihinduka ry'imiterere y'inkingi mu buryo bwihuse, bisubiza ihindagurika ry'ibikomoka ku bimera cyangwa ibintu bitari ngombwa. Isuzuma ry'ibyago by'ingano rishingira ku mutekano w'imikorere, rishyigikira kubona amazi asohoka no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere by'ingenzi kuri iki kinyabutabire gihindagurika. Gushyira mu bikorwa ibisubizo byo gupima kuri interineti, nka metero zipima ubucucike n'ubukana bw'ibicuruzwa bivuye muri Lonnmeter, bitanga igenzura ryizewe kandi ry'igihe nyacyo ry'ingenzi ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa no gukora neza.
Imiterere ifatika n'iya chimique bifitanye isano n'umusaruro wa VCM
Ubucucike bw'amazi ya VCM n'uburyo bwo gucunga amazi ya VCM
Ubucucike bw'amazi bwa VCM buratandukana cyane bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko—impinduka y'ingenzi mu mikorere mu gucunga no kubika monomeri ya vinyl chloride. Mu bihe bisanzwe (20°C), ubucucike bwa monomeri ya vinyl chloride bukunze kuvugwa ko ari 0.911–0.913 g/cm³. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ubucucike buragabanuka, bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'amazi n'uburyo ibigega bibikwamo bikoreshwa.
Urugero, kuri 0°C, ubucucike bushobora kwiyongera bukagera kuri 0.930 g/cm³, mu gihe kuri 50°C bugera kuri 0.880 g/cm³. Impinduka nk'izo zisaba kongera gupima ibikoresho byo kwimura no gukurikirana neza ibikorwa, kuko impinduka zigira ingaruka ku ntambwe zo hasi mu gikorwa cyo gupima polymerization ya PVC. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi bya Lonnmeter bikunze gushyirwa muri izi nzira kugira ngo bigenzurwe buri gihe, bishyigikire kugenzura ububiko bw'ibikoresho no kohereza amakuru mu gihe cyo kubibika binyuze mu gutanga isuzuma ryihuse mu bihe bihinduka by'imikorere.
Ibiranga uburyo vinyl chloride y’amazi ishonga nabyo ni ingenzi cyane. VCM ishonga gake cyane mu mazi ariko ivangwa cyane n’ibintu bishongesha mu buryo bw’umwimerere, bigira ingaruka ku mahitamo y’ibikoresho biyifata ndetse n’ingamba zo kugabanya ibibazo mu gihe cyo kuyifata no kuyibika.
Igenzura ry'Umutekano n'Ibidukikije
Chloride ya vinyl ni amazi n'umwuka bishobora gushya cyane, bifite aho bihurira na -78°C kandi bishobora guturika cyane. Uburozi bwayo bukabije n'ingaruka za kanseri zizwi bisaba ingamba zikomeye zo kwirinda vinyl chloride monomer. Mu gushushanya, imiyoboro ibiri ifite inkuta ebyiri, gupfuka azote, n'imiyoboro minini yo gutahura imyanda ikoreshwa mu gihe cyose cyo gukora vinyl chloride monomer.
Gutwara no kubika ibintu bikoresha amato afite igitutu afite sisitemu zo gufasha no gukonjesha kugira ngo agabanye igitutu cy’umwuka bityo bikureho ibyago. Amabwiriza yo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gihe nyacyo no kuyicunga afasha mu kubahiriza umutekano w’aho bakorera no mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ku migezi irimo umwuka, sisitemu zo gutwika n’ibikoresho bigabanya irekurwa rya hydrocarboni ifite chlorine, bikurikiza amahame agenga ibikorwa by’inganda. Gutegura ibiza n’imyitozo ihoraho biracyari itegeko mu nganda zose zigezweho za VCM, bitewe n’uko bishoboka ko habaho ibyago bikomeye n’ibyago bidakira bifitanye isano n’iki kintu.
Kunoza Imikorere no Guteza Imbere Imikorere
Kunoza no Guhuza Ingufu
Guhuza ubushyuhe byabaye ingamba y'ingenzi mu gushushanya inzira yo gukora vinyl chloride monomer. Isesengura rya pinch ni bwo buryo bw'ibanze bwo gushushanya inzira z'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje, bigaragaza aho ubushyuhe bugarukira - aho ubushyuhe bugarukira cyane. Mu ruganda rusanzwe rwa vinyl chloride monomer, inzira nini zikenera gukonjeshwa, nka EDC pyrolysis effluent, zihuzwa n'inzira zikenera gushyuha, nka reboilers mu ntambwe zo gusukura VCM. Imirongo ihuza iboneka ifasha kumenya ibisabwa byibuze mu gukoresha ubushyuhe n'ubukonje, bigatuma inzira ikora hafi y'aho igarukira mu gukoresha thermodynamic.
Imiyoboro yabugenewe yo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe (HENs) igarura ubushyuhe buva mu migezi ishyushye isohoka ikajya ishyushya mbere y’uko ikoreshwa mu gushyushya ibiryo bikonje. Uku gukoresha ingufu mu buryo busanzwe bigabanya ikiguzi cy’umwuka n’ubukonje ku kigero cya 10–30% iyo bikoreshejwe neza, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku nganda za VCM. Gutunganya ibikoresho bishya ni ibintu bisanzwe, bifasha ibikoresho bihari kongeramo ibikoresho bihuza cyangwa guhindura uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi nta gihe kinini cyo kuruhuka. Uku gushyira mu bikorwa mu byiciro, kwemejwe hakoreshejwe simulation ihamye, bituma kuzigama ingufu bifatika mu gihe ikiguzi cy’imari giciriritse kigabanuka.
Guhuza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Pinch bigira ibirenze kugabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere. Binahindura imikorere rusange y'ibidukikije—gutwika ibikomoka kuri peteroli bike bivuze ko imyuka ya CO₂ ihumanya ikirere igabanuka, bigashyigikira iyubahirizwa ry'amabwiriza yo gukaza imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Kuzigama imyuka ihumanya ikirere akenshi bingana n'ingufu zibungabungwa; inganda zigaragaza ko zagabanutseho CO₂ kugeza kuri 25% bivuye mu gice cya VCM gusa nyuma y'isuzuma rya HEN ryemejwe n'isesengura ry'imirongo ivanze.
Uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere buhanitse
Imiterere y’imikorere ishyigikira uburyo bwo kunoza imigendekere y’imikorere ya vinyl chloride monomer. Hakoreshejwe imiterere ihamye, injeniyeri zishushanya kandi zigatera imbere ibikoresho bishya, zigerageza uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora, kandi zikareba ko ingufu n’ibikoresho biringaniye. Ibi bitanga umusaruro mwiza mu mikorere itandukanye n’umusaruro witezwe.
Gutunganya ibintu mu buryo butandukanye, hakoreshejwe uburyo nka algorithme z’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, bihuza ibyo gushyira imbere mu byiciro. Mu bikorwa bya VCM, intego nyamukuru ni umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nke, no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Uburyo bugezweho buvanga porogaramu z’imibare n’ubumenyi bw’imikorere y’ibimera kugira ngo haboneke imiterere y’ibimera ifatika kandi ikora neza. Ubu buryo bukunze gutanga ibisubizo hamwe no kongera ubushyuhe mu gihe hagumaho amahame y’isuku y’ibicuruzwa n’ay’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa ingenzi cyane mu ntambwe zo gupima polymer ya PVC.
Guhindura imiterere ya HEN ni ngombwa. Nyuma yo guhitamo imiterere ya mbere ya HEN binyuze mu kwigana, isesengura ry'amakuru y'inganda no gukurikirana ikoranabuhanga bitanga isuzuma ry'imikorere mu gihe nyacyo. Abakoresha bashobora gukora impinduka nto—nk'ivugurura ry'umuvuduko w'imikorere cyangwa igabanywa ry'inshingano zo guhanahana ubushyuhe—bashingiye ku bushyuhe nyabwo n'amakuru y'imiterere. Iyi gahunda yo gusubiza ibibazo igenzura imikorere ihoraho hafi y'aho imiterere y'ibikoresho igeze ndetse n'igihe ibiribwa cyangwa umusaruro bihinduka.
Ibikoresho nka metero zipima ubucucike bw'amazi n'ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bipima mu buryo butaziguye imiterere y'amazi mu gihe nyacyo. Ibi bipimo bigaragaza ibitagenda neza bishobora guterwa n'umwanda, imvururu mu mikorere, cyangwa ibikoresho bidafite imiterere yihariye. Hamwe n'amakuru nyayo kandi y'ubucucike bw'amazi n'ubucucike, abakora bakomeza intego z'imikorere zishyirwaho mu gihe cyo gushushanya no gushyiraho uburyo.
Isuzumabumenyi ry'Ubukungu n'Ibipimo by'Uburambe
Isuzumabumenyi ryuzuye ry’ubukungu ku ruganda rwa VCM ripima ishoramari ry’imari, amafaranga akoreshwa mu mikorere, n’igihe cyo kwishyura. Amafaranga akoreshwa mu ntangiriro y’imari akubiyemo ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho bishya bihindura imari, imiyoboro y’amazi, na sisitemu zo kongera kuzunguruka zikenewe kugira ngo hashyirwe mu bikorwa cyangwa hakosorwe umuyoboro w’ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe. Ku bijyanye no kongera kuvugurura imari, ikiguzi cy’imari gikomeza kuba gito kuko ibikoresho bikomeye bikoreshwa mu gutunganya imari bikoreshwa cyangwa bigakoreshwa bundi bushya. Kuzigama amafaranga akoreshwa mu mikorere—cyane cyane ingufu—akunze kugabanya ishoramari mu gihe cy’imyaka 1-3, cyane cyane mu turere dufite ibiciro biri hejuru bya gaze cyangwa umwuka w’umwuka.
Ibipimo by'ubudahangarwa mu ikorwa rya monomer ya vinyl chloride bikubiyemo ibirenze ikoreshwa ry'ingufu gusa. Ingamba z'ingenzi zirimo gukoresha neza umutungo rusange, imyuka ya CO₂ kuri toni y'ibicuruzwa, n'ikoreshwa ry'amazi mu miyoboro ikonjesha. Isesengura ry'inyigo ziherutse gukorwa ryemeza ko gukoresha neza HEN bihora bitera intambwe muri ibi bipimo. Amafaranga yose yinjira kuri toni ya VCM aragabanuka, imyuka ihumanya iragabanuka, kandi kubahiriza gahunda zo gutanga raporo ku budahangarwa birarushaho kuba byiza.
Uburyo bwo kwishyura bukunze kugira uruhare mu kuzigama ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye ndetse no mu nyungu zitaziguye nko kugabanya imisoro ku misoro ya karuboni no kugabanuka kw’ibiciro by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Mu turere dufite igitutu cy’amategeko kigenda cyiyongera, ubushobozi bw’uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer bwo kugaragaza iterambere rihoraho kuri ibi bipimo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho myiza no mu guhangana mu gihe kirekire.
Muri make, kunoza imikorere no guhuza ingufu—bishingiye ku buryo bwo kwigana ibintu bugezweho, kunoza ibintu mu buryo butandukanye, no gupima mu buryo butaziguye (nk'uko bikoreshwa n'ikoranabuhanga rya Lonnmeter)—ni byo bigize inkingi y'igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer kigezweho, gikora neza kandi kirambye.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polymerization ikoresha VCM
Intangiriro ku buryo bwo gutunganya PVC Polymerization
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ni ingenzi mu gukora polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Uburyo vinyl chloride polymerization reaction ihindura iyi fluid ihindagurika kandi idafite ibara ikaba imwe muri pulasitiki zikoreshwa cyane ku isi. Polymerization ya PVC ikorwa cyane cyane hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusunika no gusya.
Muriinzira yo gufunga polymeri, VCM ikwirakwizwa mu mazi hifashishijwe ibintu bihagarika nka polyvinyl alcohol cyangwa methyl cellulose. Iyi gahunda itangirira ku gukurura cyane kugira ngo habeho uduce duto twa VCM duhagaze mu gice cy'amazi. Hanyuma hashyirwamo ibikoresho bitegura polymerization, akenshi peroxides organic cyangwa azo compounds. Mu gihe ubushyuhe bugenzurwa neza (ubusanzwe 40–70°C), uduce twa VCM turakora polymer, tugakora uduce twa PVC. Agace gafatwa munsi yo gukurura, kandi igipimo cy'ibizamini gishyirwaho n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bitangira, urugero, n'ubushyuhe. Gutunganya neza ibi bipimo ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho gukwirakwira kw'uduce duto kandi duhuye. Iyo birangiye, uruvange rw'ibisubizo rurakonjeshwa, VCM itarakira irakurwaho, kandi ibikoresho bishimangira bishobora gushyirwaho mbere y'uko hakurikiraho intambwe zo kuyungurura, gukaraba no kumisha.
Itsindainzira ya polymerization ya emulsionIkora ku buryo butandukanye bw'ibisabwa. Aha, VCM ishyirwa mu mazi hakoreshejwe surfactants (molecules zimeze nk'isabune), ikora ibitonyanga bito cyane ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuyihagarika. Ubu buryo butanga latex ya PVC—uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ibintu mu buryo bwa colloidal bwiza cyane mu bikorwa byihariye, nko gusiga cyangwa uruhu rw'ubukorikori. Sisitemu zitangira akenshi zishingira ku mabara ya redox, zikora ku bushyuhe buri hasi ugereranyije. Emulsion polymerization ituma habaho kugenzura neza imiterere y'uduce, nk'imiterere na porosity, nubwo bisaba intambwe zikomeye zo kugarura ibicuruzwa.
Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya PVC polymerization rikunze gushyira mu bikorwa ibikoresho byo kugenzura ahantu runaka, nk'ibipimo by'ingano y'uduce cyangwa ibipimo by'ubucucike (nk'uko byakozwe na Lonnmeter). Ibi bikoresho bitanga ibitekerezo by'igihe nyacyo, bigatuma habaho impinduka zihoraho ku muvuduko wo gukurura, ubushyuhe, n'uburyo bwo gutangiza, bityo bikanoza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa no kugabanya imyanda.
Ibipimo by'ubuziranenge bwa VCM kugira ngo PVC ikore neza
Ubushobozi n'ubwiza bw'inganda za PVC bifitanye isano rya bugufi n'imiterere y'umubiri n'iya chimique ya VCM. VCM ifite isuku nyinshi ni ingenzi kugira ngo polymer ikore neza kandi ikore neza cyane.
Imyanda iboneka muri VCM—nk'amazi asigaye, acetylene, organics chlorine, cyangwa iyoni z'icyuma—ishobora kwangiza ibintu bitangira, igatuma igipimo cya polymerization kigabanuka, kandi igashyira inenge muri resin ya PVC. Urugero, kuba hari hydrocarbons za chlorine, ndetse no mu bice bya miliyoni imwe, bishobora guhindura imikorere y'ibisubizo cyangwa bigatuma umusaruro udakora neza. Uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura monomer ya vinyl chloride bushyirwa mu bikorwa hejuru y'amazi, hakoreshejwe uburyo nka multi-stage distillation (ikorerwa mu minara ya VCM distillation) kugira ngo bigabanye imyanda ku rugero rwemewe.
Imiterere ifatika—cyane cyane ubucucike bwa VCM n'uburyo igenzurwa—bigira uruhare rutaziguye mu mikorere no mu buryo bwo kongera umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa. Ubucucike bw’amazi ya VCM buratandukanye cyane bitewe n’ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka ku buryo buboneye bwo gutanga, imyitwarire y’icyiciro mu gihe cyo gupima, no gukora neza kw’ibicuruzwa. Urugero, kuri 0°C, ubucucike bwa VCM ni hafi 1.140 g/cm³, bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwizewe kandi mu buryo nyabwo ubucucike bw’amazi ya VCM (hakoreshejwe metero zipima ubucucike nk’iza Lonnmeter) bitanga ingano nziza y’ibiryo, bigatuma habaho kubara neza ubushyuhe, kandi bigashyigikira uburinganire bukomeye bw’ibicuruzwa hagati y’ibicuruzwa.
Ibintu bisigaye byanduza, cyane cyane VCM idakoreshejwe, bishobora kwangiza umutekano n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Ingano iri hejuru ya VCM yigenga muri PVC yuzuye itera ibyago by'uburozi kandi ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku miterere nk'imyenge, imbaraga za mekanike, no kudahinduka kw'amabara. Amategeko asanzwe ategeka intambwe zirambuye zo gukuraho no gukurikirana VCM buri gihe mu gihe cyose cyo gukora kugira ngo habeho umusaruro mwiza kandi wujuje ibisabwa.
Ingaruka z'ubuziranenge bwa VCM kuri PVC zigaragazwa neza mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:
| Ikiranga Ubwiza bwa VCM | Ingaruka ku mikorere ya PVC n'ibicuruzwa byayo |
| Ubuziranenge (ibinyabutabire) | Igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gipimo cya polymerization, ikwirakwizwa ry'uburemere bwa molekile, ibara, n'ubushyuhe |
| Imiterere y'umubiri (ubucucike bw'amazi) | Igira ingaruka ku buryo buboneye bwo gupima, imikorere myiza yo kuvanga, n'imiterere ya polimeri |
| Ibirimo umwanda | Bitera guhagarika ibikorwa byabyo, gukumira imikorere y'ibisubizo, ndetse no kudakora neza kw'imikorere yabyo/ikoreshwa ryayo. |
| Ibisigazwa (urugero: amazi, ibikomoka ku bimera) | Bishobora gutera inenge z'imirongo, imiterere y'uduce duto, n'ibibazo byo gutunganya ibintu mu buryo bukurikira |
Gugenzura neza ubuziranenge bwa VCM binyuze mu gutunganya neza, kubika neza, no gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu gushushanya neza uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer no mu kubahiriza ingamba zikomeye z’umutekano zisabwa mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gutunganya vinyl chloride monomer.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Uburyo bwa vinyl chloride monomer ni ubuhe?
Uburyo bwo gukora monomer ya vinyl chloride ni uruhererekane rw'inganda ruhindura ethylene muri monomer ya vinyl chloride (VCM), ikaba ari yo shingiro ry'inganda zikora resin ya PVC. Itangirana na chlorine ya ethylene, igakora ethylene dichloride (EDC), akenshi binyuze muri chlorine itaziguye cyangwa oxychlorination. Hanyuma, EDC ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi irashwanyagurika mu itanura kuri 480–520°C, igatanga VCM na hydrogen chloride (HCl). Munsi y'amazi, iminara myinshi yo gusya isukura VCM, ikuraho imyanda n'amazi kugira ngo itange ubuziranenge burenze 99.9% bw'ingenzi mu gusya. Uburemere n'imiterere y'imbonerahamwe y'umusaruro wa monomer ya vinyl chloride biterwa n'imiterere y'ibimera, intego z'imikorere myiza, no guhuza imyanda.
Ni gute uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer rugenzura umutekano n'iyubahirizwa ry'ibidukikije?
Kubera ko VCM ishobora gushya, itera kanseri, kandi ikaba yangiza ibidukikije, igishushanyo mbonera cy’uruganda rwa vinyl chloride monomer gishyira imbere uburyo bwo gukumira no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya. Ibikoresho bishyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gukumira imyuka ya organochlorine. Uburyo bwo gutahura imyuka bwikora n’amabwiriza yo kuzimya imyanda birinda kurekurwa ku bw’impanuka. Ahantu hakomeye hakoreshwa imyenge idafata umwuka n’ibikoresho byabugenewe byo kugabanya imyotsi. Ibikomoka kuri HCl bisubirwamo cyangwa bigatunganywa kugira ngo bigabanye imyanda. Kuzimya nyuma yo gucika kwa EDC bihagarika ikorwa rya dioxin. Iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko ryemezwa binyuze mu kugenzura mu buryo bufatika no kubahiriza amategeko agenga imyuka ihumanya ikirere n’amazi.
Chloride y'amazi ya vinyl ni iki, kandi kuki ubucucike bwayo ari ingenzi?
Chloride y'amazi ya vinyl ni ubwoko bwa VCM bufunze kandi bufite umuvuduko mwinshi—bubikwa kandi bugatwarwa ku bushyuhe buke cyangwa umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo budahinduka umwuka. Ubucucike bwa vinyl chloride y'amazi, ubusanzwe buri hagati ya 0.910 na 0.970 g / cm³ bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gushushanya amato yo kubikamo, amato yo mu muhanda, n'imiyoboro yo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Amakuru y'ubucucike bw'amazi ya VCM nayo ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana ububiko, kuvanga ibikorwa, kuringaniza neza uburemere, no kugenzura umusaruro w'ibikorwa mu mikorere yose y'inganda. Ibipimo by'ubucucike biri ku murongo, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga igenzura rihoraho rikenewe kugira ngo habeho umutekano n'imikorere myiza.
Kuki umunara wo gutonora ari ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gusukura VCM?
Iminara yo gusya ni ingenzi mu gutunganya monomer ya vinyl chloride. Itandukanya VCM na EDC isigaye, imyanda ya chlorine ishyushye cyane, n' "impande zikomeye" ziba mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya. Imikorere myiza y'umunara wo gusya VCM ituma monomer yo gusya polymerization yujuje ibisabwa by'ubuziranenge. Umwanda uwo ari wo wose, nk'ibintu bidafite amazi cyangwa ubushuhe, ushobora kubangamira intambwe zo gutunganya PVC polymerization, bigatera resin idasobanutse, cyangwa bikangiza catalysts zo hasi. Ubuhanga bugezweho bwo gutunganya VCM bukoresha ibikoresho bihindura ibintu byinshi n'udupira twihariye kugira ngo binoze gutandukanya, kugarura ibintu bivamo, no kugabanya umwanda wo kongera gusya.
Ni gute inzira yo gupomera PVC ifitanye isano n'ikorwa rya monomer ya vinyl chloride?
Ubuziranenge n'ubudahangarwa bya VCM ni ibintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo habeho resine nziza za polyvinyl chloride. Uburyo bwa polymerization bwa PVC bukoresha VCM mu buryo butaziguye mu byuma bipima polymerization (bikunze gukoreshwa mu gusunika, emulsion, cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rinini). Kugenzura neza imiterere ya VCM bigira ingaruka ku miterere ya molekile, imiterere y'umwanda, n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bya PVC bya nyuma. Isano ya hafi iri hagati y'uburyo bwo gukora vinyl chloride monomer n'ikoranabuhanga rya polymerization rya PVC bivuze ko ihindagurika ry'imikorere muri VCM—nk'ihindagurika ry'ubucucike, imyanda y'ibice, cyangwa ingendo z'ubushyuhe—bishobora kwiyongera kugeza ku rwego rwa polymerization, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2025
