Gucunga neza amariba y’amazi mu bigega bitandukanye bishingiye ku kugenzura neza imiterere y’amazi no gukoresha neza ibikoresho bifunga amazi. Ibi bikoresho—nk’ibinyabutabire bya shimi, polyacrylamide (PAM) microspheres, na polyethylene glycol (PEG)—byakozwe kugira ngo bizibire ahantu hashobora kwinjira amazi menshi no kwemeza ko amazi yatewe mu kigega cyose agenda neza. Iyi gahunda ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu mirima aho itandukanyirizo ry’amazi ryarushijeho kwiyongera bitewe n’umusaruro w’igihe kirekire, bigatuma amazi atembera nabi kandi hagagabanuka igipimo cyo kugarura amazi mu mazi.
Ubushobozi bwo kugenzura no kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibikoresho bifunga amazi mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere yabyo no gukwirakwiza. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo bitanga amakuru ahoraho ku miterere y'amazi mu buryo butaziguye mu muyoboro w'amazi, bigatuma habaho impinduka zihuse no kugabanya ibyago byo gukora. Gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo bishyigikira uburyo bwo guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu kigega kandi bigateza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'ibinyabutabire mu byobo bitera amazi.
Mu bikorwa byo mu birombe bya peteroli, kugenzura ubucucike bukwiye bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga—nk'uburyo bwa PAM bwo kongera gukira peteroli—ni ingenzi cyane. Kugera ku bucucike bwiza bw'ibikoresho bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'ibikoresho byo gufunga ndetse no ku kutagira ingaruka mbi mu kigega, mu gihe ubucucike budakwiye bushobora gutuma habaho imikorere mibi no kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gufunga. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gusuzumwa n'urungano bwerekanye ko uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ari ingenzi mu kunoza ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga imiti, kugabanya imyanda y'ibicuruzwa, no kunoza umusaruro wo kugarura peteroli.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo guteza imbere inshinge z'amazi
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Gusobanukirwa amariba yo guterwamo amazi n'ibigega bitandukanye
Amasoko yo guterwamo amazi agira uruhare runini mu kugarura amavuta ya kabiri binyuze mu gukomeza umuvuduko w'ikigega no kuyobora amavuta mu masoko yo gukora. Iyo uburyo bwo gutwara amavuta karemano bugabanutse, amazi yuzuye yongera umuvuduko kandi yongera imbaraga zo kugarura amavuta, akenshi yongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura amavuta kugeza kuri 50% by'amavuta y'umwimerere ariho. Imiterere myiza yo gushyiramo no gutera amavuta—nk'imiterere y'ahantu ha gatanu cyangwa umurongo—bikozwe hakurikijwe imiterere yihariye y'amasoko n'uduce tw'umuvuduko w'amaraso, bikoresha ubushobozi bwo gukurura amavuta mu buryo bugororotse no mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera.
Ibigega bitandukanye bitanga imbogamizi zikomeye zituma amazi aterwa akwirakwira mu buryo bumwe. Ubusanzwe, ibi bigega bifite itandukaniro rikomeye mu buryo amazi ashobora kwinjiramo mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero, ibice bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu buryo bwinshi bitanga inzira nziza zo gutemberamo amazi, mu gihe ibice bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu buryo budahagije bishobora kurebwa cyane. Ubwo budasa butuma amazi adakwirakwira mu buryo bumwe, amazi anyura vuba mu bice bikomeye, ndetse n'amavuta adapfa mu bice bitarakwirakwira.
Ibibazo bikunze kugaragara muri ibi bigega birimo gutera amazi mu buryo bumwe, kuyashyira mu buryo bumwe, no kubura ubushobozi bwo kuyasukura. Gutera amazi mu buryo bumwe bituma amazi yimuka mu buryo butari bumwe, aho amazi yinjijwe mu buryo bumwe akunda guhuzwa neza, kandi ashobora kwinjira mu buryo bwinshi cyangwa kuvunika. Gutera amazi mu buryo bumwe bibaho iyo amazi anyura mu bice by’amazi cyangwa mu miyoboro myinshi, arenga ingano nini yuzuyemo amavuta—nubwo byaba bigaragara ko ahagije mu buryo butandukanye. Ibi bikunze kugaragara mu mirima ifite imiterere igoye, imiterere ihagaze, cyangwa imiterere ikomeye y’ibigega.
Gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gusukura ni ingaruka zitaziguye, kuko kwiyongera k'amazi yatewe mu mazi bishobora kugera ku mariba akora nta kugera ku duce twa peteroli twari tutari twasukura mbere. Urugero, amazi ashobora kunyura vuba mu gace kari kari mu mazi, akagaragaza ko amazi yageze hakiri kare kandi akagabanya ubwiyongere bw'amavuta kuva ku ntera zegeranye. Ibi bintu bisobanurwa mu buryo bw'imibare hakoreshejwe ingero zihuza igipimo cy'amazi aterwa, imiterere y'amazi asohoka, n'amakuru ajyanye n'amazi asohoka mu kigega.
Ingamba nziza zo kugabanya ibi bibazo zihuza igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti, no gucunga inshinge zihuye n’igihe. Ubuhanga nk’ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’amazi, ibikoresho bifunga, n’ibice by’amazi bishyirwa mu byiciro cyangwa bicukurwaho ibyuma bukorerwa ubushakashatsi kugira ngo burwanye ikwirakwizwa n’imiyoboro idahuye. Gupima ubucucike bw’amazi mu gihe nyacyo—hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bihuye n’ibikoresho bifunga cyangwa ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’amazi bikozwe mu nganda nka Lonnmeter—bituma habaho ihinduka ry’ibinyabutabire mu buryo bunoze. Ibi bituma ibikoresho bifunga bigumana imiterere ikenewe, byongera imiterere n’uburyo bihuzwa n’ahantu hagoye kandi hatandukanye.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) n'ibindi bikoresho bigezweho byo gufunga amazi birimo gukoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura imiterere y'amazi mu bigega bitandukanye. Ingufu zabyo ziterwa no gupima neza ubucucike no gukwirakwiza amazi mu miyoboro y'amazi, ishobora gukurikiranwa ku murongo kugira ngo ivugururwe mu buryo nyabwo. Bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga nk'iryo, abakora muri ibyo bigo bakemura ibibazo by'ingenzi bijyanye no gutera amazi mu bigega bitandukanye—bitanga umusaruro mwiza wo kugarura amazi, kugabanya umusaruro w'amazi, no kunoza imikorere.
Abakozi bashinzwe kugenzura imiterere y'iporogaramu: Ubwoko, imikorere, n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo
Ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'amazi (PCAs) bigira uruhare runini mu gucunga amariba y'amazi, cyane cyane mu bigega bitandukanye aho imiyoboro y'amazi ishobora gutuma amazi agabanuka cyane kandi agace ka peteroli kakarenga. Ibikoresho bishyirwa mu byiciro bya gels—cyane cyane Polyacrylamide (PAM), microspheres, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri PEG, na sisitemu zivanze cyangwa zivanze, buri kimwe cyagenewe ibibazo byihariye by'ibigega.
Jeli za Polyacrylamide zikoreshwa cyane kubera ubushobozi bwazo bukomeye bwo kuziba. PAM ishobora gukorwa nk'iziboneka muri jeli cyangwa jeli za particles (PPGs), ziyongera mu mazi y'umunyu, zigatanga ingano igenzurwa kandi zigatuma ziguma neza. Jeli za PAM zahinduwe zirimo nano silica, cellulose, grafiti, n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo zongere imbaraga za mekanike kandi zirwanye kwangirika mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umunyu. Izi ntambwe zagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kuziba neza, aho gukwirakwiza jeli bigera ku kigero kiri hejuru ya 86% mu buryo bwo kuziba umucanga kandi bigatanga umusaruro wo kugarura amavuta kugeza kuri 35%, cyane cyane ingirakamaro ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye bya peteroli.
Uduce duto tw’amazi twakozwe mu rwego rwo gufunga amazi neza no kuyahindura. Tuva mu myenge minini tujya mu mito, tugenda dufunga, duhindura imiterere, kandi tunyura mu mihogo y’imyenge. Iyi gahunda yo gufunga amazi ihindura imiterere y’amazi, ihindura imiterere y’amazi, ihindura imiterere y’amazi, bityo ikongera ubushobozi bwo kuyajyana. Igerageza ryakozwe kuri NMR na CT ryagaragaje ko rigira ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya gukata amazi no kunoza ubushobozi bwo kuyasukura binyuze mu kwibanda ku miyoboro iyobora amazi cyane mu kigega.
Ibintu bishingiye kuri PEG bihabwa agaciro kubera ko bihamye kandi birushaho kuzura, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'imiti itandukanye y'ibigega. Imikorere yabyo yo gufunga akenshi ikorwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwo guhuza, bigatanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoreshwa mu bice by'imiterere cyangwa ibyacitse. Ibintu bivanze, bishobora kuba birimo ibintu bya gels, microspheres, na PEG, bitanga uburyo bwinshi bwo kugenzura imiterere y'ibigega, cyane cyane aho itandukaniro ry'ibigega ribangamira gukira kw'amavuta.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura imiterere y'ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi busanzwe bukubiyemo gufunga ahantu hashobora kwinjira cyane, kuyobya amazi yatewe mu nzira zahoze zikoreshwa, no kongera kwimura amavuta yari yafashwe. Gel za polymer, nka PAM, zigira imiterere cyangwa uduce twashyizwemo ibintu bifunga kandi bigatuza uturere twagenewe. Microspheres zikoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo kwimuka no gufunga neza, mu gihe ibikoresho bya PEG bitanga uburyo burambye bwo guhuza ibintu bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bwabyo mu bya shimi no mu bushyuhe.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo PCA bigenwa n'uko bihuye n'amazi yo mu kigega, uko ahagaze mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'imiti, uko amazi akoreshwa mu gufunga ugereranyije n'imiterere y'ikigega, no kwihanganira imiterere y'ingufu ziterwa. Uko bihuye ni ko byemeza ko iki gikoresho gikorana neza n'amazi yo mu kigega nta gushonga cyangwa ngo gisenyuke. Gukomera—haba mu bya shimi no mu bushyuhe—ni ingenzi mu kwihanganira ibidukikije bikomeye, nk'uko bigaragazwa no kongera imbaraga muri PAM hamwe n'inyongera za nano hamwe n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byihanganira ubushyuhe n'umunyu.
Ubushobozi bwo gufunga bupimwa hakoreshejwe igerageza rya laboratwari rijyanye n'amazi, ibipimo by'umuvuduko w'amazi, no kugenzura ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bya Lonnmeter hamwe na sisitemu zo mu murongo bigira uruhare mu kunoza ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga ibinyabutabire, bigatuma ababikora bashobora guhindura imiterere mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo bigire ingaruka nziza. Guhuza n'imimerere bifitanye isano rya hafi n'ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho byo gukomeza gufunga mu gihe cy'ubucucike bw'ikigega, imiterere y'imyobo ihindagurika, ndetse n'umuvuduko uhindagurika w'ingufu.
Igenzura ryiza ry’imiterere y’amazi akoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amazi rishingiye ku isesengura ryimbitse ry’ubusumbane bw’ibigega, guhuza neza ubwoko bw’ibikoresho n’ingamba zo kuyakoresha, nogupima ubucucike buhorahoGutera imiti kugira ngo binoze guhitamo no gutanga umusaruro mu gihe kirekire. Ikoreshwa rya PAM mu bigega bitandukanye, ibisubizo bya PEG, n'ikoranabuhanga rya mikorosife rikomeje gutera imbere, rishyigikiwe na sisitemu zo gukurikirana no kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibikoresho mu ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu gihe nyacyo.
Ibikoresho byo Gucomeka Imashini n'Uruhare rw'Ubucucike mu Ikoreshwa Rinoze
Ibintu bifasha mu gufunga amazi bikoreshwa nk'ibintu by'ingenzi mu kugenzura imyobo ikoreshwa mu gufunga amazi, cyane cyane mu bigega bitandukanye. Imirimo yabyo y'ingenzi irimo gucunga uburyo bwo kujyana gazi, kugenzura uburyo ikoreshwa mu gufunga amazi n'umuvuduko w'amazi mu bigega, no kongera igipimo cyo kugarura amavuta. Mu kwibanda ku turere dushobora kwinjiramo amazi menshi cyangwa "abajura", ibi bintu bifasha mu kongera amazi cyangwa gazi biva mu miyoboro ikoreshwa mu gufunga amazi mu turere tudasukuye, dukoresha amazi make, kongera ubushobozi bwo gufunga no kwimura amavuta menshi asigaye. Urugero, utubumbe duto twa polymer turwanya aside dushobora kugera ku gipimo cyo gufunga kugeza kuri 95% no kunoza uburyo amavuta asubizwamo ku kigero kirenga 21%, ndetse no mu gihe hari aside nyinshi kandi CO₂ ikomeye cyane. Ibintu bifasha mu gufunga bishingiye kuri gel bigabanya imvune bitewe n'umusaruro mwinshi w'amazi cyangwa gazi mu gihe bigatuma ahantu hakungahaye kuri peteroli hadahinduka cyane, cyane cyane bishyigikira umusaruro urambye n'ubuzima bw'ibigega.
Ubucucike bw'ibintu bifunga—bigaragazwa nk'ubwinshi cyangwa uburemere kuri buri gipimo—bigira uruhare rutaziguye mu mikorere y'inyongera no kugenzura ubwinshi bw'ibigega. Ibikoresho bifunga ubwinshi bw'ibigega bigenzura imiterere y'ibigega akenshi byongera ubushobozi bw'ibintu byo kwinjira no kuziba ahantu henshi hashobora kwinjira mu bigega mu gihe bigenzura ko ibikoresho bidahungabanya cyane imiterere y'ibigega bifite peteroli nkeya. Urugero, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri polymer bifite imiterere y'ubucucike yagenwe (biterwa n'ingaruka zo gukata ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyo gutera) byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka ku ishyirwa, uburebure bw'ibigega, no ku mikorere myiza. Gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo ku bikoresho bifunga ni ingenzi mu mikorere; bituma habaho gukurikirana ubucucike bw'ibintu bya shimi mu gihe nyacyo, bikareba ko ingano ikwiye n'imiterere ihoraho ya rheological kugira ngo byoroshye imikorere y'ubwinshi bw'ibigega no kwirinda kwangirika kw'imiterere. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo bya Lonnmeter byo gutera imiti bitanga amakuru yihuse mu gihe cyo gushyiraho ibikoresho, bishyigikira abakora bagamije kongera imikorere y'ibikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y'ibigega bifunga amazi.
Uruvange rw'ibikoresho byo gupfundika rwahindutse kugira ngo rutange ingaruka zihuriweho, cyane cyane mu bidukikije bigoye byo mu kigega. Gel za polymer, microspheres, na polymer zifatanye nka Polyacrylamide (PAM) akenshi bivangwa kugira ngo bikoreshe uburyo bwinshi—gufunga physique, clogging viscoelastic, no kwivura. Urugero, sisitemu za hydrogel/microsphere zikoresha PAM kugira ngo zihuze kubyimba, kwinjiza amazi, no kwisana; ibi bifasha kugumana ubusugire bw'ibikoresho no kwihuza n'imiyoboro mishya cyangwa imiyoboro. Sisitemu za chemical zihuriweho akenshi zihuza nanoemulsions cyangwa imiyoboro ya polymeri igezweho ishobora guhindura ubukana n'ubucucike bushingiye ku miterere y'amazi mu kigega. Inyigo z'ibanze zigaragaza ko ibikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y'ibice byinshi bikozwe nk'ibivange by'ibice byinshi bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gupfundika, kugenzura amazi neza, no gukwirakwiza amazi mu buryo bwimbitse, cyane cyane mu bihe bigoye bigaragazwa n'imiterere y'ubutaka yavunitse cyangwa irimo karubone nyinshi.
Bishimangiwe no gukurikirana mu buryo buhoraho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibikomoka ku mavuta, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bifasha mu gufunga amazi mu byobo bishyirwamo amazi ubu ryakozwe neza mu guhangana n'ibibazo bigoye kandi bitandukanye by'ibigega. Iri koranabuhanga ritanga icyizere cy'imikorere, rigabanya imyanda y'ibikoresho, kandi rigatuma ibikomoka ku mavuta byiyongera binyuze mu gukoresha uburyo bwo kunoza ubucucike n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho bikoresha imiti mu gufunga ibikomoka ku mavuta.
Gupima Ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo gucomeka: Urufunguzo rwo kunoza imikorere
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga ni ingenzi mu gutegura, kuvanga no gutera, cyane cyane mu bihe bigoye byo mu bigega by'amazi birebire kandi bitandukanye. Amasoko yo gufunga amazi yishingikiriza ku bikoresho byo gufunga neza—nka polyacrylamide (PAM), gel zahinduwe, hamwe n'uduce dushobora kwaguka—kugira ngo bigenzure imiterere y'amazi no kunoza ubwiyongere bw'amavuta. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike bw'ibikoresho rishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bwihuse bwo gushyiramo ibintu, ndetse no ku mikorere y'igihe kirekire y'ibikoresho byatewe mu bigega bikomeye.
Mu bigega by’amazi byimbitse kandi bitandukanye, kubungabunga ubucucike bukwiye bw’ibintu bifunga amazi bituma imiterere y’umuti ihura n’uturere tw’ingenzi, bikarinda ko amazi atangira gukwirakwira vuba cyangwa ko atakwirakwira neza. Urugero, ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere ya PAM akenshi bisaba impinduka z’ubucucike kugira ngo bihuze imbaraga zo gufunga amazi n’ubujyakuzimu bw’amazi, cyane cyane aho itandukaniro ry’impinduka rituma amazi anyura vuba. Mu by’ukuri, ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’amazi bikora neza cyane—bikurikije ubucucike n’ubwinshi bw’amazi—bituma amazi anyura neza, kuko udusimba twinshi hafi y’aho amazi anyura amazi atanga ingufu zo gufunga amazi, mu gihe ibikoresho bivanze bigenda byimbitse kugira ngo bikore neza.
Imiterere y'imikorere isaba byinshi mu bya tekiniki. Ibikoresho byo gupfunyika nk'ibice bya starch byahinduwe hamwe na ethylenediamine, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa muri laboratwari, byongera vuba umuvuduko w'irema kandi bigabanya amazi iyo bipimwe neza hakurikijwe ubucucike bwabyo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce twa grafiti dushobora kwaguka, twagenewe ibigega bya karubone bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi byuzuye umunyu, tugira impinduka zikomeye—inshuro 3 kugeza kuri 8—bihindura ubucucike bwabyo bityo bigatuma bipfunyika neza. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo bihuze n'izi mpinduka zihuse z'imiterere, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gutera amazi menshi.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima no gupima ubucucike butari kuri interineti butanga imbogamizi zikomeye mu mikorere. Kuba isuzuma rikorwa n'intoki rimwe na rimwe rituma ritagomba gupimwa vuba mu gupima ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cy'ibikorwa byo mu murima. Gutinda hagati yo gukusanya ingero, gusesengura muri laboratwari, no gusubiza ibitekerezo mu cyumba cy'igenzura bishobora kurenza igihe cyo gusubiza, bigatera ibyago byo gutera ibiyobyabwenge bitari kuri interineti no kwangiza ingamba zo kugenzura imiterere y'ibigega. Kwangirika kw'ingero, impinduka z'ubushyuhe, n'ihindagurika ry'umukoresha birushaho kwangiza ubusugire bw'amakuru y'ubucucike butari kuri interineti, bikabuza kunoza neza ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa bikoresha imiti mu gusohora peteroli.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw’imitsi bishyizwe ku bikoresho byo guterwamo imiti cyangwa mu bikoresho byo kuvanga bitanga agaciro k’ubucucike bw’imitsi mu gihe nyacyo. Iki gitekerezo gihoraho ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana ubucucike bw’imitsi ifunga mu miyoboro y’amavuta uko imiterere n’imiterere bihinduka, bigatuma habaho gushyirwaho neza kandi neza. Ku buryo bukoresha ibikoresho byinshi n’ibikomeza kwaguka nk’uko WMEG ibikora, ibikoresho bishobora kugenzura ubucucike bw’imitsi yose n’igice mu gihe cyo kwaguka no kuvanga, bigaha abahanga mu by’imikorere umwanya wo kureba ubwiza bw’imikorere no kugaragaza aho ibintu bitandukaniye mbere yuko bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’imitsi.
Ubu bushobozi bwo gukoresha mu gihe nyacyo bushyigikira uburyo bwo gupima neza, guhindura byihuse formula, no gufata ingamba zo gukosora ako kanya, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe polymer slugs zigezweho mu miterere y’amariba igoye. Guhuza uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi mu buryo butaziguye bitanga umusaruro mu gufata ibyemezo mu gutera amazi, kugenzura imiterere y’amazi, no gucunga ibigega bitandukanye.
Ku bakoresha peteroli, gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike bw’amazi mu murongo—nk’ubwakozwe na Lonnmeter—bituma habaho kunoza uburyo bwo gutera imiti mu buryo buhoraho, bigakemura ibibazo byo gupima ibya kera, kandi bigashyiraho urufatiro rwo kugenzura ibikorwa by’ejo hazaza mu bigega bigoye.
Igipimo cy'Ubucucike bw'Umurongo: Amahame, Ibyiza, n'Imikoreshereze
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bw'umurongo ni ugusuzuma mu buryo butaziguye, mu buryo bwihuse, ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe agenda mu miyoboro, bigakuraho ko hakenewe gupimwa n'intoki. Ku mariba aterwamo amazi n'ibigega bya peteroli bikoresha icyuma gifunga amazi mu kugenzura imiterere y'ibigega n'ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'ibigega, iri hame rituma habaho gusobanukirwa byihuse kandi bihoraho imiterere n'imyitwarire y'ibikoresho.
Amahame yo gupima ubucucike bw'umubare
Uburyo bw'ingenzi bushingiye ku bikoresho bibiri by'ibanze: igipimo cy'amazi cya Coriolis n'ikimenyetso cy'amazi gihindagurika. Ibipimo bya Coriolis bipima ihinduka ry'ibyiciro mu miyoboro ihindagurika, bigahuza iri hinduka n'umuvuduko w'amazi menshi n'umuvuduko w'amazi menshi n'ubucucike bw'amazi. Ibipimo by'amazi bihindagurika bikora binyuze mu kugenzura impinduka mu muvuduko w'amazi menshi; kugabanuka kw'umuvuduko bingana n'ubwiyongere bw'amazi mu muyoboro.
Ibyiza byo gupima ubucucike bw'umurambararo
- Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu gihe nyacyo bitanga inyungu zikurikira:Kunoza Imikorere:Abakoresha bashobora kureba ako kanya ubwinshi n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bifunga amazi, bigatuma habaho gukosora ibipimo no kugabanya ubusa bw'ibikoresho bifunga amazi. Gupima ubucucike bw'ibikoresho bifunga amazi bituma habaho kwibanda ku buryo buboneye ahantu hashobora kwinjira amazi menshi mu bigega bitandukanye, bityo bigatuma ibikoresho bigenzura amazi birushaho gukora neza.
- Igenzura Rinoze:Gutanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku bucucike bw'ibikoresho byo kugenzura imiterere y'aho amazi anyura n'aho anyura bituma abahanga mu by'ubuhinzi bahindura igipimo cyo gutera amazi bitewe n'impinduka mu miterere y'ikigega, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza yo gusukura amazi.
- Gukemura ibibazo ako kanya:Ubusumbane mu bucucike bushobora kugaragaza ibibazo bya tekiniki, kuvanga ibikoresho nabi, cyangwa imikorere mibi y'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gutera inshinge, bigatuma habaho kwihuta no kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora.
Imikoreshereze myiza y'abakozi:Gukoresha neza ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho byo gucomeka mu bicuruzwa bya peteroli hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugenzura buri ku murongo bigabanya uburyo bwo guterwa cyane no gusigwa buhoro buhoro—ibi bitera imikorere myiza yo gucomeka, kugabanuka kw'imyanda ya polymer, ndetse n'inyungu z'ubukungu n'ibidukikije.
Ingero zo gukoresha mu bijyanye n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli
Gukurikirana buri gihe mu gihe cyo gutera imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'imiti bikoreshwa cyane mu gihe cyo kugenzura imiterere y'amazi no gutera PAM mu byobo bitera amazi. Mu igerageza rimwe ryakozwe mu bushakashatsi, sisitemu ya Lonnmeter yakomeje imiterere y'ubucucike bw'amazi ya PAM yashyizwe mu miterere yayo, itanga amakuru mu gihe gito. Abakoresha bahise bakosora uburyo amazi yakoreshejwe, banonosora ikoreshwa ry'imiti, kandi barushaho gufunga amazi mu bigega by'amazi.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibigega binini mu bigega bitandukanye
Mu bigega bitandukanye, kugenzura ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bwihuse hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bituma habaho uburyo bwo guhuza inzira zigoye. Mu gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo butaziguye, abahanga mu by'imashini bagenzura ko ibikoresho bifasha mu gufunga amazi mu byobo bitera amazi—cyane cyane aho imiterere y'amazi ihinduka isaba ubuhanga buhanitse. Ubushakashatsi bwo kugenzura ibya laboratwari bwemeza ko ibyuma bipima ubucucike bw'amazi bishobora gukurikirana impinduka z'ubucucike mu gihe cy'amazi ahinduka, avangavanze, bigashyigikira uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa haba ku gipimo cy'igerageza n'icy'ubutaka bwose.
Imiterere y’ubucucike yakusanyijwe ifasha kunoza uruvange n’itangwa ry’ibinyabutabire, koroshya imibare y’ubucucike, kandi ikemeza ko iyubahirizwa ry’ibipimo bya tekiniki. Guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike ntibishyigikira gusa ubwiza bw’ubuziranenge ahubwo binatanga isesengura rifatika kugira ngo hakorwe neza imikorere y’ikigega.
Muri make, gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo ni inkingi yo kunoza ubucucike no kugenzura inzira zo gutera imiti mu bicuruzwa bya peteroli. Ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bitanga ubushobozi bwo gukora, kwizerwa no kwihuta bikenewe mu bikorwa bya peteroli muri iki gihe, bigamije kugenzura mu buryo bufatika no gukoresha neza imiti mu mishinga yo gutera amazi no kongera kugarura peteroli.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike: Ibisubizo byo gukoresha mu kugenzura imiterere y'imashini
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi neza ni ingenzi mu kunoza amariba y'amazi ashyirwamo amazi, cyane cyane mu gucunga ibigega bitandukanye no gushyiraho neza ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'amazi cyangwa ibikoresho bifunga. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo bishyigikira uburyo nyabwo bwo gukoresha imiti nka Polyacrylamide (PAM), bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza mu ikoreshwa ry'ibikomoka kuri peteroli aho ubucucike bw'ibintu bifunga bugomba kugenzurwa cyane.
Ibisubizo bigezweho byo gupima ubucucike muri ibi bihe ahanini bikoresha ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis na densitometero za tube zizunguruka. Ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis bifite agaciro cyane cyane kubera uburyo bizenguruka buziguye n'ubucucike. Ibi bikoresho bikora bipima imbaraga za Coriolis zikorwa mu gihe amazi anyura mu miyoboro izunguruka, aho inshuro n'impinduka mu cyiciro bifitanye isano mu mibare n'ubucucike bw'amazi n'ubucucike bw'amazi. Iri hame rituma habaho gukurikirana neza impinduka z'ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo, bigatuma biba byiza cyane ku masoko y'amazi hakoreshejwe imiti ihindura ibintu.
Ubuziranenge bwa Coriolis flow metters busanzwe bugera kuri ±0.001 g/cm³ cyangwa irenga, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gihe ugenzura ubucucike bw'igikoresho gifunga kugira ngo ugenzure imiterere y'ikigega. Urugero, iyo ushyize PAM-based cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'ikigega mu buryo bunyuranye, ndetse no kunyuranya guto kw'ubucucike bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kugenzura imiterere y'ikigega, imikorere myiza yo gusukura, ndetse amaherezo, no ku gipimo cyo kugarura amavuta. Ubushobozi bwo gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo mu bigega bya peteroli butuma habaho kwihuta no guhindura vuba igipimo cyo gutera imiti, birinda ko imiti idakoreshwa cyangwa irenze urugero.
Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupima ubucucike mu gutera imiti bisaba gusuzuma ibintu byinshi. Ingano y'ibipimo igomba guhuza ubucucike butandukanye bw'amazi n'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gutera imiti, rimwe na rimwe uhereye ku mazi yoroheje kugeza ku bisubizo bya PAM byuzuye. Ubunyangamugayo ni ingenzi cyane, kuko gusoma nabi ingano y'ibintu bishobora gutuma habaho kuziba cyangwa kwangirika kw'ikigega. Kuba imiti ihuye ni ikibazo gikomeye; Ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bikoresha ibikoresho byatose kugira ngo birwanye ingese n'ubunini, bigatuma bikora neza mu mazi cyangwa ahantu harangwa n'imiti.
Ibisabwa mu gushyiraho bigira uruhare runini mu guhitamo ibikoresho. Ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis ni ingirakamaro kubera ko byoroshye mu miterere y'imiyoboro—muri rusange ntibishobora kwangirika mu miterere y'amazi kandi bisaba ko imiyoboro igororotse igenda buhoro, ibyo bikaba byoroshya ishyirwa mu miyoboro ikomeye n'aho itembera. Ariko, gushyiraho bigomba kugabanya imitingito y'ibidukikije kugira ngo bigumane ubuziranenge bwo gupima, cyane cyane mu bikoresho byo mu mazi biri kure, hanze, cyangwa bigendanwa.
Ibigomba kwitabwaho mu kubungabunga ni ukutagira ibice byimuka muri metero za Coriolis ndetse no mu byuma bipima umuyoboro bihindagurika, bigabanye kwangirika no kwangirika kw'ibipimo by'amazi. Nyamara, gupima amazi asanzwe biracyakenewe, cyane cyane iyo imiterere y'amazi yatewe ihinduka uko igihe kigenda bitewe n'impinduka mu musaruro cyangwa ibikorwa byo mu kigega.
Ibi bisubizo byo gupima ubucucike bikunze guhuzwa na sisitemu zo gukora oilfield automation. Gushakisha amakuru y’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bishyigikira uburyo buhoraho bwo gusubiza ibibazo, bigatuma habaho kugenzura closed-loop of closed control agents dosing cyangwa plugging agents. Uku guhuza gukurikirana ubucucike bw’ibintu bya shimi mu gihe bishyirwa mu nganda, bigatahura ihinduka ryose rishobora kwangiza imiterere y’ikigega, kandi bigahindura mu buryo bwikora ibipimo bya sisitemu kugira ngo bikomeze kuvurwa neza. Ibisubizo ni ugupima neza ubucucike bw’ibintu bya plugging na PAM dosing mu byobo bitandukanye by’amazi—ikintu cy’ingenzi mu ngamba zigezweho zo kugarura peteroli.
Gukomeza gukurikirana ubucucike mu buryo bunoze kandi bwizewe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter inline density meters bituma ibikoresho byo gucomeka bishyirwa neza, bigabanya imyanda ya shimi, kandi bigakomeza gukora neza. Ikoreshwa rihera ku bikorwa byoroshye byo mu mwobo umwe kugeza ku miyoboro igoye yo guteramo inshinge mu bice byinshi, aho gukurikirana ubucucike bw’ibikoresho bya shimi mu gihe nyacyo bishyigikira neza intego z’ibikorwa byo mu gasozi.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo
Amabwiriza yo gushyira, gupima, no kubungabunga ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo ni ingenzi mu gupima neza kandi mu buryo buhamye—cyane cyane mu bikorwa byo mu bigega bya peteroli nko mu byobo bishyirwamo amazi n’ibigega bitandukanye. Ibikoresho nk’ibya Lonnmeter bigomba gushyirwa mu bice by’imiyoboro aho amazi atemba ari amwe kandi ari make. Ibi bivuze gutandukanya metero kure y’aho amazi anyura, valve, pompe, n’aho umwuka uturuka hose kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka ujya mu kirere cyangwa aho umwuka unyura, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo buboneye kugeza kuri 5% niba bitaragaragajwe. Ubushakashatsi busanzwe busaba ko umurambararo w’umuyoboro ujya hejuru ujya hejuru ujya hasi ujya hasi ujya hasi ujya hasi ujya hasi uturutse ku cyuma gipima nibura inshuro 10 z’umurambararo, bishyigikira gupima neza ibikoresho bifunga cyangwa ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’ibigega bishyirwa mu gucunga ibigega.
Uburyo bwo kugera ku kintu no kurengera ibidukikije ni ingenzi cyane. Shyiramo ibikoresho aho igenzura risanzwe n'uburyo bwo kubigenzura bishobora gukorwa mu mutekano, aho kugira ngo hatabaho guhindagura cyangwa ubushyuhe bukabije. Icyerekezo cy'igikoresho—cyaba gihagaze cyangwa gihagaze—kigomba gukurikiza amabwiriza yihariye ya Lonnmeter kugira ngo kigumane ubuziranenge bw'icyuma gipima ikirere n'igihe kirekire.
Gupima bigomba gutangirira igihe cyo gushyiraho, hakoreshejwe amazi yemewe nk'amazi yakuwemo ioni cyangwa andi mabwiriza ajyanye n'inganda ajyanye n'ubucucike bw'ikintu gikoreshwa mu gucomeka. Ibi bituma isuzuma rya mbere riba ryiza kandi rishyiraho ishingiro ryo gukurikirana buri gihe. Mu bikorwa, teganya isuzuma risanzwe—rikunze gukorwa mu mezi atandatu cyangwa mu mwaka—rijyanye n'ubudahangarwa bw'igikoresho n'ibikenewe mu mikorere. Gupima bigomba kuba birimo kwishyura ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe sensor na telemetri, kuko isuzuma ry'ubucucike bwa PAM cyangwa izindi mashini zikoreshwa mu kongera kugarura amavuta rigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri izi mpinduka.
Kugenzura ibipimo biri ku murongo bigomba gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima amazi buri gihe no gusesengura ubucucike muri laboratwari, ibisubizo bikagereranywa n'ibipimo biri aho biri. Ubu buryo, bushyigikiwe n'inama zashyizweho nka API RP 13B-2, bufasha kwemeza ko imikorere ari myiza kandi ko igenzura rihoraho rikora neza.
Imikorere ihoraho yo kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibikoresho ishingiye ku guhuza amakuru yo gupima mu murongo hamwe na sisitemu zo kugenzura. Gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga mu buryo bwo kugenzura imiterere y'ibigega bituma ababikora bashobora guhita basubiza ku buryo butunguranye ku bijyanye n'imiterere cyangwa ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho, bigakoresha ingamba zo gutera ibigega bitandukanye. Urugero, gupima ubucucike mu buryo nyabwo bigaragaza iyo imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gufunga mu buryo bw'imiti itandukanye n'ibiteganywa, bigatuma habaho igikorwa cyo gukosora ako kanya.
Gucunga amakuru y’ubucucike ni ingenzi cyane. Sisitemu zo gupima mu murongo zigomba gufata buri ngingo y’amakuru mu buryo bwikora, kugaragaza imiterere y’ibitagenda neza, no gupima ibyabaye mu nyandiko. Isesengura ry’amakuru rikora neza—binyuze mu mashusho y’ibikorwa na raporo z’ibarurishamibare—rishyigikira gufata ibyemezo byihuse, rituma habaho kunoza imikorere, kandi rigatanga inyandiko z’uko imishinga yo gutera amazi yubahirizwa. Abakora bagomba gukoresha aya makuru y’ubucucike kugira ngo bongere ubwiyongere bw’amavuta mu bigega bitandukanye, bahindure ingano y’ibicuruzwa, kandi bemeze imikorere y’ibicuruzwa bigenzura imiterere y’ibicuruzwa.
Gukoresha ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bigezweho mu gupima ubucucike bw'imiti bifasha mu kunoza ubucucike bw'imiti ikoreshwa mu gufunga, bigatuma amakipe akoresha peteroli agumana ubushobozi bwo gufunga n'imiti ikoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere y'imiti, cyane cyane mu mikorere igoye yo gutera amazi mu mwobo. Gusuzuma no kubungabunga ibikoresho byo gupima buri gihe, hamwe no gupima neza no gukoresha amakuru, bishimangira ko sisitemu zo kugenzura ubucucike bw'imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y ...
Polyacrylamide (PAM) n'indi miti irwanya imiterere y'umubiri: Gukurikirana no gupima
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu mazi arimo polyacrylamide (PAM) n'ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'amazi mu byuma bitera amazi bisaba ingamba zijyanye n'imiterere yihariye y'ibi bikoresho. PAM—polymer ikoreshwa cyane nk'igikoresho cyo gufunga imiterere y'ibigega no kongera kwegeranya amavuta—igaragaza ko ifite ubushobozi bwo kuzamuka.ubushyuhen'imyitwarire igoye y'icyiciro, ibyo bigatuma igenzura ry'ubucucike ryimbitse kandi mu buryo nyabwo rigorana.
Ibitekerezo ku Itangazamakuru Rifite Ubukana Bunini n'Ibyerekeye Itangazamakuru Rikora
Ibisubizo bya PAM, cyane cyane iyo bivanze n'ibihuza nka polyethylenimine (PEI), bihinduka vuba kuva ku mazi bijya kuri gel, biganisha ku bucucike n'ubucucike buhinduka. Gupima ubucucike bw'inline ku bikoresho bifunga mu bikoresho bya peteroli bigomba kuba bifite gel, urujya n'uruza rw'amazi, n'uturere twinshi. Uko PAM ikora cyangwa gel bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'ibidukikije bya shimi, ahantu hamwe hashobora kugaragaza ubucucike n'ubucucike butandukanye icyarimwe, bigatuma gupima kimwe bigorana. Ubucucike butunguranye bwongera uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushobozi bwa sensor, kandi gutandukanya ibice (kuva ku mazi kugera ku bicucu) bibangamira amahame asanzwe ya sensor nka Coriolis cyangwa uburyo bwa vibrating tube, akenshi bigatera guhindagurika cyangwa gutakaza ikimenyetso.
Ubushyuhe mu mikorere y’amazi mu gutera amazi no mu buryo butandukanye bwo mu kigega bushobora kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 150, bikongera imbogamizi zo gupima. Ubushyuhe buri hejuru ntibutuma gusa habaho gel ahubwo bunatuma polymer igabanuka, bigira ingaruka ku bucucike no ku bucucike. Kuba hari amazi y’umunyu, glycerol, cyangwa ibindi binyobwa bihindura imikorere ya rheological, bityo ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bwo gutera imiti bigomba kuba bikomeye mu gihe habayeho impinduka zihoraho mu bidukikije. Ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze bwerekana ko sensor z’ubucucike bw’imirongo zishobora gukenera gusubirwamo cyangwa kubungabungwa buri gihe kugira ngo bigabanye kwangirika kw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga no gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kumva bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’ibikubiye mu bikoresho bikomeye no guteranya gel.
Gukemura ibibazo by'ubucucike n'ibibazo by'ibirimo bifatika
Igipimo cy’ubucucike bw’imirongo ku bikoresho bifunga bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mutwaro w’uduce tw’ingenzi mu mazi ya PAM/PEI. Uko ibintu bikomeye cyangwa flocs byirema kandi bigatura mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa mu bicukurwa bya peteroli, ubucucike bw’aho hantu—n’ubucucike—birahindagurika uko igihe kigenda gihita, bigatuma imikorere ya sisitemu zo kugenzura ubucucike bw’imirongo ya peteroli igorana. Urugero: mu gihe cyo gutera ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere ya PAM mu bigega bitandukanye, imiterere ya gel zikomeye n’izikomeye ishobora gutera gutandukana vuba. Ibi bishobora guhagarika cyangwa kubangamira ubwinshi bw’ibinyabutabire bishyizwe mu muyoboro, bigatera ingaruka ku bwizerwe bw’amakuru.
Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu gihe nyacyo bisaba uburyo bwo gupima bushobora gukemura izi mpinduka vuba. Ibikoresho bigezweho bishobora gukoresha uburyo bwa ultrasound cyangwa nucleus kugira ngo bikureho imbogamizi z'ikoranabuhanga risanzwe, nubwo kuba ikoranabuhanga rikora neza mu miyoboro ya PAM ikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ikomeje kuba ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere yayo.
Ingaruka zo gushyiramo amakuru, kugenzura porogaramu, no kongera ubwikorezi
Kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza imiterere y'amazi mu byobo bishyirwamo amazi hakoreshejwe PAM n'ibindi bikoresho bifunga imiti, kubungabunga ubucucike bukwiye ni ingenzi mu kumenya uburebure bw'ibyo bifunga no gukoresha neza ibyo bifunga. Gutunganya ubucucike bw'ibyo bifunga bigena uko bigenda binyuze mu gice cy'amazi gitandukanye, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bihuzwa n'uburyo bisubira mu buryo rusange. Gucunga ubucucike budahagije bishobora gutuma amazi asohoka vuba mu miyoboro y'ibifunga cyangwa bigatuma amazi yinjira nabi mu buryo buhagije.
Mu gihe cyo kongera ingufu no kugenzura imiterere y’amazi, gukoresha PAM mu bigega bitandukanye bigira akamaro mu gutanga ibitekerezo bihoraho kandi nyabyo ku bucucike bw’amazi. Kunanirwa gukemura ihindagurika ry’ubucucike bitewe n’ubucucike n’ibintu bikomeye bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’amazi bifite imikorere myiza. Sisitemu zo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi mu murongo zituma habaho ingamba ku gihe—nk’impinduka mu gipimo cy’inyo cyangwa guhindura uburyo bwo kuyikoresha—hashingiwe ku bipimo by’igihe nyacyo. Ubucucike bw’ibikoresho bifunga mu bigega bikoresha peteroli buba ikintu cy’ingenzi kugira ngo amazi akoreshwe neza kandi acungwe neza.
Imibare y’incamake yavuye mu bushakashatsi igaragaza ko ikosa ryo gusoma ubucucike rishobora kurenga 15% mu gihe cyo gupima vuba cyangwa guhinduranya ibikubiye mu bubiko, bigaragaza ko hakenewe gupima buri gihe no kubungabunga sensor kugira ngo habeho ubwiza. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike n’amabwiriza ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho ibikoresho bifasha mu gufunga amazi mu mwobo no mu gukoresha PAM mu kugenzura imiterere y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli.
Kunoza imiterere y'ibikoresho n'ingamba zo gutera inshinge hakoreshejwe amakuru y'ubucucike
Gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu kugenzura imiterere n'ingamba zo gutera imiterere y'ibice bikoreshwa mu kugenzura no gufunga ibice bikoreshwa mu mazi, cyane cyane mu bigega bitandukanye. Amakuru y'ubucucike bw'ibice aturuka mu bikoresho nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter atuma ababikora bashobora kunoza ubwinshi bw'ibice bikoreshwa mu gukora imiti nka Polyacrylamide (PAM) na microspheres za polymer zigezweho mu gihe bishyirwamo, bigatuma bigezwa neza hakurikijwe imiterere y'ibigega.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu guhindura uburyo bwo gushushanya. Abakoresha bashobora guhindura ingano y'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gushushanya no gukoresha imiti mu buryo buhoraho bakurikirana ubucucike bw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gufunga mbere no mu gihe cyo gutera. Urugero, niba gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo w'amazi byabonye ko hari ukugabanuka gutunguranye mu muyoboro w'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gufunga amazi, sisitemu yo kugenzura ishobora kongera ingano y'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gufunga amazi mu buryo bwikora cyangwa igahindura uruvange rw'ibintu kugira ngo bigaruke ku bipimo by'ingenzi. Ubu buryo bukomeza ubushobozi bwa PAM cyangwa imiterere ya polymer microsphere, byongera imikorere yabyo mu gufunga amazi mu byobo bishyirwamo amazi no kugabanya amazi atembera mu turere tudakunze kwinjiramo.
Gupima ubucucike bw’amazi neza byongera ingamba zo kuzura mu buryo bwinshi. Mu gukurikirana impinduka mu buryo bufatika mu bucucike bw’ibintu mu gihe cy’ikoreshwa ry’amazi mu buryo bukurikiranye, injeniyeri zishobora kunoza buri ruziga—zigabanye uburyo bwo kugabanya cyangwa gukoresha cyane ibice runaka by’amazi. Ku bijyanye n’imyuzure ihuriweho, nko gukoresha microspheres za polymer zikurikirana n’ibikoresho bya gel, kugenzura ubucucike bw’amazi bigaragaza ubushobozi bwo kuvanga amazi kandi bigatera impinduka mu gihe cyo kuzenguruka kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza uko ibintu bimeze.
Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza isano iri hagati y’ubucucike bw’ibikoresho, umuvuduko w’inshinge, n’igipimo cyo kugarura amavuta mu bikorwa byinshi:
Igipimo cyo Kugarura Ubushobozi Ugereranije n'Ubucucike bw'Inshinge n'Umuvuduko w'Inshinge | Ubucucike bw'Inshinge (g/cm³) | Umuvuduko w'Inshinge (MPa) | Igipimo cyo Kugarura Ubushobozi (%) |
|------------------------|- ...|
| 1.05 | 12 | 47 |
| 1.07 | 13 | 52 |
| 1.09 | 14 | 56 |
| 1.11 | 15 | 59 |
Ubuhanga buhanitse mu gupima ubucucike no gusubiza neza mu buryo bugezweho, nk'uko bigerwaho hakoreshejwe sisitemu zo kugenzura ubucucike bw'amazi zituruka kuri Lonnmeter, bibuza inzira yo gufunga. Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo bituma igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi gishyirwamo amazi menshi bihagije, bigahagarika iterambere ry'imiyoboro y'amazi ikoreshwa cyane, ibyo bikaba byabangamira imikorere myiza yo gukwirakwiza amazi. Gutanga raporo y'ubucucike bw'amazi ako kanya bituma abakoresha bongera umuvuduko w'amazi cyangwa kongera gukoresha ingano y'amazi, bagafata neza uburyo bwo gufunga amazi no kurinda uturere tw'amazi dufite intege nke.
Gukoresha neza amakuru y’ibimenyetso by’ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi byongera uburyo bwo kugenzura umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi. Abakoresha bashobora kugira icyo bakora ku mpinduka mu bucucike bw’amashanyarazi zigira ingaruka ku bucucike bw’amazi n’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, bityo bagakomeza gukoresha neza pompe no gukumira umuvuduko ukabije cyangwa imikorere idahwitse. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku makuru bwongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura amavuta muri rusange mu gihe bugabanya ikiguzi cy’imikorere gifitanye isano no gukoresha imiti irenze urugero cyangwa kuyicomeka nabi.
Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa mu bigega bitandukanye, gukoresha neza ubucucike bw'ibintu bihumanya ikirere—cyane cyane PAM cyangwa uduce duto twa polymer—bihuza imiterere ya mekanike n'iya shimi y'ikintu gifunga amazi hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'imyenge iri mu rutare. Ingaruka ni ukwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwo gukurura amavuta no kunoza igihe kirekire mu kugarura amavuta mu byuzi bitera amazi. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi biracyari ikoranabuhanga ry'ibanze mu mikorere y'ibintu bihumanya ikirere, guhindura mu buryo bwihuse, no kugenzura ingamba mu bikorwa bya none byo mu bigega bya peteroli.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni akahe kamaro ko gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo ku bikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'imashini?
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bw'umurongo bigira uruhare runini mu gucunga amariba y'amazi binyuze mu gutuma abayakoresha bashobora gukurikirana imiterere n'imikorere y'ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'amazi mu gihe nyacyo. Hamwe n'urujya n'uruza rw'amakuru ruhoraho, abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga bashobora kugenzura niba ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y'amazi, nk'ibikoresho bifunga imiti, bivanze kandi bigaterwa ku rugero rwabigenewe. Ibi bifasha guhindura vuba ibipimo by'ishyirwamo ry'amazi, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'amazi menshi cyangwa ikoreshwa rito, kandi byongera imikorere myiza. Gusobanukirwa ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bw'umurongo kandi bituma hamenyekana vuba uko ibintu byose bigenda mu mazi bihinduka, bigatuma habaho kwihuta mu mikorere no kugera ku buryo bwiza mu kigega. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo bifasha gukumira ibibazo nko kujyana amazi mu turere twagenewe, kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga ikigega no kugarura peteroli.
Ni gute ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga bigira ingaruka ku mikorere yabyo mu bigega bitandukanye?
Ubucucike bw'ikintu gifunga bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku myitwarire yacyo mu bigega bigoye kandi bitandukanye. Kugenzura neza ubucucike ni ingenzi kugira ngo iki kintu kigere mu turere kigenewe, kuko ibintu bidapfukiranye bishobora kunyura mu nzira zituma amazi yinjira cyane, mu gihe ibintu bipfukiranye cyane bishobora gutura imburagihe no kuziba uturere tutagenewe. Uku guhuza ubucucike bituma iki kintu gifunga gikora neza, bigabanyiriza inzira y'amazi idakenewe kandi bikanoza imikorere myiza yo gukaraba. Kugira ngo ikoreshwe neza, gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bituma hamenyekana kandi hakosorwa ubucucike bw'ikintu, bityo bikongera ubushobozi bwo kugifunga no kongera gukira kw'amavuta binyuze mu kwemeza ko gikora nk'uko byagenwe mu byiciro bitandukanye.
Ni ibihe bikoresho bikwiriye gupimwa ubucucike mu byuma bishyirwamo amazi mu gihe nyacyo?
Ibipimo byizewe by’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo mu miyoboro ikoreshwa mu mazi bisaba ibikoresho bikomeye kandi birwanya imiti. Ibipimo by’amazi bipima umuvuduko wa Coriolis na densitometre z’imiyoboro ihindagurika bikunze gukoreshwa bitewe nuko bigaragara ko ari inyangamugayo kandi ko bikwiye gukoreshwa mu murongo. Ibi bikoresho bihangana n’umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe butandukanye, n’ibidukikije bikomeye bya shimi bisanzwe mu bikorwa byo gutera, bitanga igenzura rihoraho ry’ibikoresho bifunga n’ibikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’amazi nta gusubirwamo kenshi. Amakuru atangwa n’ibi bipimo ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana inzira no gukosora ako kanya, kugenzura imikorere no kugabanya ibyago by’imikorere mu murima.
Kuki gupima ubucucike bwa Polyacrylamide (PAM) bigoranye mu ikoreshwa ryo kugenzura imiterere y'ibipimo?
Gupima ubucucike bwa Polyacrylamide (PAM), uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura imiterere y'amazi mu byuzi bitera amazi, bitanga imbogamizi zidasanzwe mu mikorere. Ubucucike bwinshi bwa PAM n'uburyo ikoresha mu gutandukanya ibice no gupima mu buryo runaka bishobora kubangamira uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ubucucike. Ibi akenshi bitera imiterere idasobanutse neza. Kugira ngo hakomeze kuba umwimerere, ibikoresho byihariye biri mu murongo bifite imiterere myiza—nk'ibipimo byisukura byikora—hamwe n'ibikorwa byo kubungabunga buri gihe birakenewe. Gusuzuma buri gihe no kwitonda ku guhumanya cyangwa gufunga umwuka bituma amakuru y'ubucucike aguma yizewe, bishyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibisubizo bishingiye kuri PAM mu bigega bitandukanye.
Ese amakuru y’ubwinshi bw’ibice ashobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza ingamba zo gutera imiti ku bikoresho bigenzura imiterere y’ibice?
Yego, gushyira amakuru y’ubucucike mu buryo bw’igihe nyacyo mu gucunga inshinge biha abakora mu buryo bufatika ubushobozi bwo guhindura ingano, ubwinshi, n’umuvuduko w’amazi akoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere y’amazi n’ay’ibikoresho bifunga. Uku kugenzura ingano y’amazi bituma igikoresho gishyirwa neza kandi kigafunga neza imiyoboro inyuramo amazi menshi mu bigega bitandukanye. Ingamba zo guhindura imiterere y’amazi zishingiye ku bucucike bw’amazi zituma igikoresho gikomeza gukora neza, zigakomeza gukwirakwiza igitutu cyifuzwa, kandi zikagabanya gusesagura kwa shimi. Ingaruka ni uburyo bwiza kandi bunoze bwo kongera ubwiyongere bw’amavuta—cyane cyane ingirakamaro mu bigega bikomeye cyangwa bikuze by’amavuta—bigamije kwemeza ko buri gace gahabwa uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura imiterere y’amazi uko ibintu bigenda bihinduka mu gihe cyose cyo gutera amashanyarazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 12-2025
