Uduce tw'amazi y'amakara
I. Imiterere n'Imikorere by'umubiri
Igitonyanga cy'amazi y'amakara ni igitonyanga gikozwe mu makara, amazi n'ibindi binyabutabire bike. Dukurikije icyo gikorwa, igitonyanga cy'amazi y'amakara kigabanyijemo ibikomoka ku mavuta y'amakara n'ibikomoka ku mavuta y'amakara kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu itanura rya Texaco. Igitonyanga cy'amazi y'amakara gishobora gukururwa, guhindurwamo atome, kubikwa no gutwikwa no gutwikwa mu buryo buhamye. Toni zigera kuri 2 z'igitonyanga cy'amazi y'amakara zishobora gusimbura toni 1 y'amavuta y'ibikomoka ku mavuta.
Urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rukoreshwa mu gutwika rurusha ubwiza bw'umuriro mwinshi, kuzigama ingufu no kugira akamaro ku bidukikije, kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga ry'amakara meza. Urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rushobora gutwarwa mu ntera ndende hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutwara imiyoboro y'amazi ku gishoro gito kandi amafaranga make yo gukoresha akaba make. Rushobora gutwikwa nta mazi amaze kugera aho indege ihagarara, kandi uburyo bwo kubika no gutwara bugafungwa burundu.
Amazi azatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka kandi ntashobora gutanga ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gutwika. Kubwibyo, ubwinshi bw'amakara bugomba kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru -- 65 ~ 70% muri rusange. Inyongera za shimi ni hafi 1%. Igihombo cy'ubushyuhe giterwa n'amazi kigira hafi 4% by'agaciro ka karori k'amazi y'amakara. Amazi ni igikoresho fatizo kidashobora kwirindwa mu gukwirakwiza gazi. Muri uru rwego, ubwinshi bw'amakara bushobora kugabanuka bukagera kuri 62% ~ 65%, bishobora gutuma umuriro wa ogisijeni wiyongera.
Kugira ngo byorohereze uburyo bwo gutwika no gukwirakwiza umwuka, ururenda rw'amazi y'amakara rufite ibisabwa kugira ngo ururenda rw'amakara rube rwiza. Ingano ntarengwa y'ingano y'utubumbe tw'amazi y'amakara yo gutwika (ingano y'utubumbe dufite igipimo cyo kunyuramo kitari munsi ya 98%) ni 300μm, kandi ingano iri munsi ya 74μm (mesh 200) ntabwo iri munsi ya 75%. Ingano y'ururenda rw'amazi y'amakara yo gutwika umwuka ni ntoya ugereranyije n'ururenda rw'amazi y'amakara yo gutwika. Ingano ntarengwa y'utubumbe yemerewe kugera kuri 1410μm (mesh 14), kandi ingano iri munsi ya 74μm (mesh 200) ni 32% kugeza kuri 60%. Kugira ngo ururenda rw'amazi y'amakara rworoshye kuvoma no gukora atome, ururenda rw'amazi y'amakara rufite ibisabwa kugira ngo rube rwiza.
Ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba n'igipimo cyo gukata cya 100s, ubushyuhe bugaragara muri rusange busabwa kutarenza 1000-1500mPas. Ubushyuhe bw'amazi y'amakara bukoreshwa mu gutwara imiyoboro y'intambwe ndende busaba ubushyuhe bugaragara butarenze 800mPa·s munsi y'ubushyuhe buri hasi (ubushyuhe buri hasi mu mwaka ku miyoboro itwikiriwe munsi y'ubutaka) n'igipimo cyo gukata cya 10s-1. Byongeye kandi, birasabwa ko ubushyuhe bw'amazi y'amakara bugira ubushyuhe buri hasi iyo buri mu rugero rwo gutemba, ibyo bikaba byoroshye gukoreshwa; iyo buhagaritse gutemba kandi buri mu rugero rwo kudahinduka, bushobora kugaragaza ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo byorohe kubibika.
Gutuza kw'amazi y'amakara mu gihe cyo kubika no gutwara ni ingenzi cyane, kuko amazi y'amakara ari uruvange rw'ibice bikomeye n'ibitonyanga, kandi biroroshye gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'ibitonyanga, bityo rero birasabwa ko nta "mvura ikomeye" ibaho mu gihe cyo kubika no gutwara. Icyo bita "imvura ikomeye" bivuga amazi adashobora kugaruka uko yari ameze mbere binyuze mu gukurura amazi y'amakara. Ubushobozi bw'amazi y'amakara bwo gukomeza gukora neza ko adatanga imvura ikomeye bwitwa "gutuza" kw'amazi y'amakara. Amazi y'amakara afite ihindagurika ribi agira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro iyo amazi amaze kugwa mu gihe cyo kubika no gutwara.
II. Incamake y'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutegura urusenda rw'amakara n'amazi
Urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rusaba ubucucike bwinshi bw'amakara, ingano nto y'uduce duto, ubucucike bwiza, no kudahindagurika neza kugira ngo hirindwe imvura ikomeye. Bizagorana kuzuza imiterere yose yavuzwe haruguru icyarimwe, kuko imwe muri yo iba idafite aho ihuriye. Urugero, kongera ubucucike bizatuma ubucucike bwiyongera kandi ubucucike bugashira. Ubucucike bwiza n'ubucucike buke bizatuma kudahindagurika birushaho kuba bibi. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gukurikirana ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo.Lonnmeterigipimo cy'ubucucike gikoreshwa mu ntokiifite ubuziranenge bwa 0.003 g/ml, ishobora gupima ubucucike neza no kugenzura neza ubucucike bw'ibinure.
1. Hitamo neza amakara mabi yo gukaraba
Uretse kuba byujuje ibisabwa n'abakoresha amazi yo hasi, ubwiza bw'amakara yo gucukura bugomba kandi kwitondera imiterere yayo yo gucukura - ingorane zo gucukura. Amakara amwe yoroshye gukora urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rufite imbaraga nyinshi mu bihe bisanzwe. Ku yandi makara, biragoye cyangwa bisaba uburyo bugoye bwo gucukura kandi bihendutse gukora urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rufite imbaraga nyinshi. Imiterere yo gucukura ibikoresho fatizo byo gucukura bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ishoramari, ikiguzi cy'umusaruro n'ubwiza bw'urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rw'uruganda rucukura. Kubwibyo, itegeko ry'imiterere yo gucukura amakara rigomba kwitabwaho, kandi amakara akoreshwa mu gucukura agomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibyo akeneye nyabyo n'amahame y'ubushobozi bwa tekiniki n'ubushobozi bw'ubukungu.
2. Gutanga amanota
Urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara ntirusaba gusa ingano y'uduce tw'amakara kugira ngo rugere ku rugero rwagenwe, ahubwo runasaba ikwirakwizwa ryiza ry'uduce tw'amakara, kugira ngo uduce tw'amakara tw'ingano zitandukanye twuzuze, tugabanye icyuho kiri hagati y'uduce tw'amakara, kandi tugere ku "bushobozi bwo gushyira hamwe". Icyuho gito gishobora kugabanya ingano y'amazi akoreshwa, kandi biroroshye gukora urusenda rw'amazi y'amakara rwuzuyemo imbaraga nyinshi. Iri koranabuhanga rimwe na rimwe ryitwa "gushyira mu byiciro".
3. Uburyo bwo gukurura no gukoresha ibikoresho byo gukurura
Dukurikije imiterere y’ingano y’uduce tw’amakara n’imiterere yo gusya, uburyo bwo gutuma ingano y’uduce tw’amakara n’amazi bikwirakwira mu buryo bworoshye mu "gutunganya neza" bisaba guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusya no gukoresha uburyo bwo gusya.
4. Guhitamo Inyongera zijyanye n'Imikorere
Kugira ngo urutare rw'amazi y'amakara rugere ku rugero rwo hejuru, ubushyuhe buke, kandi rugire imiterere myiza kandi ruhamye, hagomba gukoreshwa ingano nto y'ibinyabutabire, byitwa "inyongeramusaruro", bikoreshwa. Molekile z'inyongeramusaruro zikora ku buryo ubushyuhe buhuza uduce tw'amakara n'amazi bushobora kugabanya ubushyuhe, kunoza uburyo uduce tw'amakara dukwirakwira mu mazi, no kunoza ubushyuhe bw'amazi y'amakara buhagaze neza. Ingano y'inyongeramusaruro akenshi iba hagati ya 0.5% na 1% by'ingano y'amakara. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bw'inyongeramusaruro, kandi formula ntabwo ihamye kandi igomba kugenwa binyuze mu bushakashatsi bw'igerageza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-13-2025
