Fosfeti ni uruvange rw'amabuye ya fosfeti yakuwe neza ashyirwa mu mazi. Ni ingenzi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'inganda zikora ifumbire, cyane cyane mu gutwara ibikoresho fatizo biva mu bucukuzi bijya mu nganda zitunganya no mu gukora aside fosfeti. Bitewe n'agaciro kayo mu bukungu no mu bidukikije, gutwara fosfeti neza ni byo bishyigikira uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa mu nzego z'ingenzi z'ubuhinzi n'inganda.
Gutwara fosfeti mu mazi akenshi bibaho binyuze mu miyoboro, aho imikorere myiza, umutekano, no guhuza umusaruro ari ingenzi cyane. Ariko, imiterere yihariye ya fosfeti mu mazi itera imbogamizi zikomeye. Imyitwarire yayo idashingiye kuri Newtonia, yo kugabanya imiterere y’amazi mu mazi ituma imiterere y’amazi mu mazi n’imiyoboro y’amazi bihinduka bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’amazi mu mazi, ingano y’utunyangingo, n’imiterere y’imiti. Imitwaro myinshi ikomeye ishobora kongera ubukana no gutanga umusaruro, bigatuma gutwara imiyoboro bishobora kwiyongera ku ngufu, amazi atembera mu mazi atunguranye, ndetse n’ibyago byo kuziba cyangwa guhagarara.
Ibintu by'ibanze ku myitwarire y'ubururu bwa fosfeti
Imiterere n'Imiterere Bifatika
Uruvange rwa fosfeti rugizwe n'amabuye ya fosfeti agabanijwe neza ashyirwa mu mazi atwara, akenshi mu mazi. Uruvange akenshi rugizwe n'inyongeramusaruro nka reagents za flotation, pH modifiers, cyangwa izindi shimi zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu zijyanye n'ibikenewe mu gutunganya ibintu. Ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi - uduce duto duto, amazi atwara ibintu, n'inyongeramusaruro - bigenga imikoranire y'ibinyabutabire n'imiti byabyo.
Gutunganya Fosfate Rock
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Ingano y'uduce duto n'ingano y'uduce ni ingenzi cyane. Uduce duto twongera ubuso, bikongera uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwa shimi ndetse no mu buryo bworoshye. Iyo ingano y'uduce igabanutse (ni ukuvuga uduce duhinduka kimwe), ubukana bw'amazi buzamuka cyane, bigatuma amazi atembera nabi kandi bikazamura ibyago byo kwimuka kw'imiyoboro. Ikwirakwizwa ryagutse (polydisperse), iyo ryakozwe mu buryo bwakozwe, rishobora kugabanya ubukana bw'amazi bugaragara binyuze mu kunoza imikorere yo gupakira no kugabanya ubukana bw'uduce duto. Urugero, ubukana bw'amazi buterwa n'amazi buterwa n'ishusho ya Rosin-Rammler-Benne cyangwa bugasesengurwa hifashishijwe imiterere ya fractal, bigaragaza itandukaniro mu miterere ya rheological ndetse no mu buryo bwo kwirinda gutwara.
Ubwinshi bukomeye bugena uburyo uduce duto dupakiye. Ubwinshi bwinshi bwongera ubucucike bugaragara n'umuvuduko w'umusaruro, bigahindura imyitwarire y'amazi ava kuri pseudoplastic (ibice biri hagati) ajya kuri pulasitiki ya Bingham cyangwa ndetse no kwaguka bitari Newtonian ku rugero rukabije. Isano iri hagati y'ubwinshi n'ikwirakwizwa ry'uduce ni ingenzi mu kunoza ubwikorezi bw'uduce duto—kugenzura ibi bintu bibiri bituma imiyoboro itembera neza mu buryo bunoze, bigagabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ingufu zangirika.
Imiterere ifatika nk'ubucucike n'ubucucike bishyiraho ibipimo by'ibanze by'imikorere kugira ngo imiyoboro ikore neza. Ubucucike bw'ubucucike bugena uburyo bwo kudakora neza kw'amazi, bigira ingaruka ku bisabwa mu gupompa. Ubucucike bw'ubucucike, buterwa n'ubwinshi bukomeye n'imiterere y'uduce, bugena imiterere y'umuvuduko wa hydrostatic kandi bugagena ubushobozi bwo kuziba no guhagarara kw'imiyoboro. Ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri interineti, ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti, n'uburyo nyabwo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ubucucike birakenewe kugira ngo hagenzurwe mu buryo nyabwo kandi hagenzurwe inzira, bishyigikire uburyo bwo gukumira kuziba kw'imiyoboro no gukumira kuziba kwayo.
Ingaruka za Slurry Rheology ku itunganywa ry'ibinure
Ubusanzwe ingano ya fosfeti igaragaza imyitwarire itari iya Newtonian. Ubunini bwayo ntibuhoraho; biterwa n'umuvuduko w'ubunini bukoreshwa. Inyinshi muri zo zigaragaza imiterere ya pseudoplastic (gukata icyuma hamwe n'umuvuduko w'icyuma) cyangwa imiterere ya pulasitiki ya Bingham. Mu buryo bufatika, amazi atangira gusa iyo umuvuduko w'icyuma urenze urugero; ibirenze ibi, ubunini bugabanuka vuba uko umuvuduko w'icyuma wiyongera.
Imiterere itari iya Newtonian ifite ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere y'imigendekere y'amazi n'imiterere y'imikoreshereze y'imikoreshereze y'amazi:
- Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko:Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko w'umusaruro byongera igabanuka ry'umuvuduko ukenewe ku gipimo runaka cyo gutwara. Ibi bivuze ko hakenewe ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo hakomeze gutembera, cyane cyane ku muvuduko muto cyangwa ku gipimo gikomeye. Imiterere y'imibare nka Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham, cyangwa Ostwald-Power ikunze gukoreshwa mu guhanura iyi myitwarire no gutanga amakuru ku bunini bwa sisitemu.
- Uburyo umuyoboro w'amazi uhagaze:Iyo ubushyuhe n'umusaruro bizamutse birenze urugero runaka (bitewe n'impinduka mu bunini bw'uduce cyangwa ubwinshi bwatwo), ibyago byo guhagarara kw'amazi, kuziba kw'imiyoboro, cyangwa guhagarara nabi byiyongera. Kugenzura neza ingano n'ubwinshi bw'uduce, ndetse no kugenzura ubushyuhe n'ubwinshi bw'uduce mu gihe nyacyo hakoreshejwe ibisubizo bivuye muriabakora ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri interinetikimwe na Lonnmeter, ni ingenzi kugira ngo ikore neza.
- Kunoza ubwikorezi:Imyitwarire yo gukata icyuma (pseudoplastic) ifasha mu gukamura icyuma kuko ubushyuhe bugabanuka ku gipimo cyo gukata kinini. Iki kimenyetso gituma ingufu zikoreshwa nke mu gihe cyo gutwara imiyoboro mu buryo buhamye, mu gihe igipimo cyo gukata icyuma gikoreshwa gihuye neza n'imiterere y'urubura.
- Igishushanyo mbonera cya Reactor:Mu gusukura no gusukura fosforasi, rheology itari iya Newtonian igira ingaruka ku kuvanga reaktari, kwimura ubwinshi bw'ibintu, no gukwirakwiza igihe cyo gutura. Ubukana bugaragara n'umuvuduko w'umusaruro bigenzura ingufu zikenewe mu kuvanga ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'ibikorwa bya chemical bikomoka ku bidukikije muri reaktari.
Ibisubizo bifatika bishingiye ku miterere nyayo ya rheological. Ibikoresho nka rheometry izenguruka, viscometer zizunguruka, na moderi za CFD zigezweho bikoreshwa mu kubaka moderi zijyanye n'amazi neza. Ibipimo bya laboratwari n'inganda bipima imikorere y'imiyoboro myinshi bigenzura imikorere, biganisha ku mikorere kugira ngo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ingufu zangiritse. Ibisubizo byo gupima mu gihe nyacyo, nko gupima ubunini bw'ibice binini bya viscosity kuri interineti n'ingano y'uduce duhagaze, bishyigikira ingamba zo kugenzura imikorere—bifasha mu gukumira ibibazo nko gukemura ikibazo cy'uburibwe no kunoza imikorere rusange y'ubwikorezi bw'uburibwe mu miyoboro y'inganda.
Muri make, imiterere y’urusenda rwa fosfeti—cyane cyane ibigenzurwa binyuze mu guhuza uduce duto duto, ubwinshi bw’ibice, inyongeramusaruro, n’urwego rw’amazi—bisobanura imikorere y’ubwikorezi n’uburyo ibintu bihora. Kugenzura uduce duto duto mu rusenda, kugenzura ingano y’uduce duto, no gucunga ubwinshi bw’ibice bikomeye ni ingenzi mu kunoza urujya n’uruza rw’imiyoboro, gukumira gutuza, no kunoza ubwikorezi bw’urusenda mu nzira zo kongerera phosphate mu nganda.
Gukuraho isukari no Gukuraho phosphori hakoreshejwe Fosfeti Slurry
Amahame ngenderwaho
Gukuraho isukarin'uburyo bwo gusukura fosifore hakoreshejwe phosphate slurry bikora ku mahame y'uburyo bwo kwinjiza gaze-liquid-solid phase mu byuma bitose.Diyozede ya sulfure (SO₂)Mu nganda, umwuka utangira gushonga mu gice cy’amazi cya fosifeteri. Aho ngaho, ukora vuba hamwe na fosifeteri iyoni n’amazi, bigakora aside fosifeteri n’ibikomoka kuri fosifeteri bikomeye, mu gihe kandi binatuma fosifeteri isubirana. Uburyo bwo kwinjiza umwuka burangwa no guhinduka buhoro buhoro: SO₂ ikwirakwira mu gice cy’umwuka, ikinjira mu gice cy’umwuka, hanyuma igakurwamo imiti. Gusohora manyeziyumu mu gice cy’umwuka bishobora kubaho, bitewe n’ibidukikije byihariye bya shimi n’umuvuduko wo kohereza ubwinshi bw’amazi. Igenzura ry’umuvuduko wo kwinjiza umwuka rikorwa no kudashyira umwuka mu kirere, bigatuma umuyaga n’imvange ari ingenzi kugira ngo habeho umusaruro mwinshi.
Uburyo ibintu bifatika bikorana n’imashini ikora ni ingenzi mu gutanga umusaruro. Ibitonyanga by’amazi bihagaze mu mugezi wa gazi byongera ubuso bwo hagati kugira ngo SO₂ ihure kandi inyurwe, hamwe n’igipimo cyo kohereza gazi hagati y’amazi n’amazi bigengwa n’ingano y’ibitonyanga, umuvuduko wo kunyerera, urugero rw’ihindagurika ry’amazi n’ubushyuhe. Kohereza neza gazi bishingiye ku gukwirakwira kw’ibitonyanga mu buryo bufatika ndetse n’uburyo bikorana na SO₂. Kongera imikoranire y’ibitonyanga hagati y’amazi n’imyuka ntibyongerera gusa imbaraga zo gukuraho SO₂ ahubwo binafasha mu kugarura phosphate neza, bikaba ari ingenzi mu kugenzura ihumana no kongera gukoresha umutungo kamere.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'ibisubizo
Imiterere y'ikinyabutabire ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kigena uburyo gazi n'ibinyabutabire bikoreshwa mu kwinjiza amazi. Ibisobanuro birambuye nko kwinjira no kuvanga gazi n'ibinyabutabire bigenzura uburyo gazi n'ibinyabutabire byinjira kandi bikivanga muri mashini. Urugero, inguni nto n'ibinyabutabire bifasha mu kuzura no gukwirakwira neza kw'ibitonyanga, bikongera uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu byinshi no kongera SO₂. Ibinyabutabire binini bikunda kugabanya imikorere binyuze mu kugabanya umuyaga no kugabanya igihe cyo guhuza gazi n'ibinyabutabire. Bitandukanye n'uburyo umuntu yumva ibintu, kongeramo ibinyabutabire imbere bigira ingaruka nke ku gipimo cyo kuvanga gazi ugereranije n'ingaruka zikomeye z'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire n'imiterere rusange.
Imiterere ifatika y'urusobe rwa fosfeti ubwarwo—cyane cyane ubucucike, ubucucike, n'ingano y'uduce—bigira ingaruka ku buryo bugaragara ku mikorere y'ibisubizo. Ubucucike bwinshi bw'urusobe bugabanya urujya n'uruza rw'ibitonyanga, bikabangamira inzira yo kuvanga no kwinjiza amazi. Ku rundi ruhande, ubucucike buke butuma amazi anyura neza ariko bushobora kongera uburyo uduce duhagarara ndetse n'ibyago byo kwaguka mu gace runaka. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike rigira ingaruka ku buryo amazi ahagarara neza n'uburyo ahagarara; ubucucike bufite ubucucike bukwiye butanga ubudahangarwa bwiza ku buryo butuma amazi ahagarara neza, bugakomeza gukorana neza kugira ngo bunyurwe.
Ingano y'uduce duto ifite ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere yo kwinjiza. Uduce duto dutanga ubuso bunini, twongera ihererekanya rya SO₂, mu gihe uduce duto cyane cyangwa duto cyane dutuma duhagarara vuba, ingano y'utundi, no kuziba. Guhagarara neza kw'uduce ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo nk'ibyo. Gupima no kugenzura imiterere y'utu duce - hakoreshejweibipimo by'ubushyuhe bw'urutare kuri interineti, ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti, n'ibikoresho biva mu nganda zikora ibipimo by'ubucucike bya interineti—ni ibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu nganda zigezweho.
Guhagarika neza no gukwirakwiza neza uduce tw’ibice bikomeye mu gishanga birwanya imiterere y’aho hantu no kwangiza icyuma gitera ubushyuhe. Gukomeza kuzunguruka bihagije kugira ngo uduce dukomeze guhagarara, mu gihe ukurikirana kandi ugahindura ubushyuhe, bifasha gukumira ko ibintu bikomeye bishyirwa ku byuma bitera ubushyuhe n’imiyoboro ya icyuma. Ikoranabuhanga nka Lonnmeter online metres ni ingirakamaro mu gupima ubushyuhe n’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo, bigatuma habaho gucunga neza imiterere y’igishanga no gukomeza kunoza imikorere yacyo yo gukuraho sulfur no gukuraho phosphor.
Kugabanya ibyago byo kwaguka no kuziba kw'ibicuruzwa
Gukumira ko ingano n'ibura ry'uturemangingo twa fosfeti bishingira ku miterere myiza y'uturemangingo ndetse no ku miterere yakozwe neza. Gukora ku buryo bugenzurwa no kubungabunga ingano y'uturemangingo neza bigabanya amahirwe yo gutuza kw'uturemangingo kandi bigatuma habaho kwihagarika kimwe. Imiterere ya rektore igenewe gutuza cyane cyane ku mazi yinjira mu mwuka no mu mazi—bitera imbaraga gukwirakwiza uturemangingo, bikarinda ahantu hashobora gutemba cyane aho gutuza no gushingwa kw'uturemangingo.
Ingamba zifatika zavuye mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu nganda no mu bushakashatsi bwo kwigana ibintu bigaragaza ko gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwinjira mu byuma bitanga umwuka kugira ngo bigire umuyaga ukomeye kandi uhuye no gukoresha ubucucike bw'ibice by ...
Kugenzura ubunini bw'ibipimo bishyigikiwe kandi n'ingamba za chimique: gukoresha neza imiti irwanya uburozi—cyane cyane imiti igenewe sisitemu ifite fosifate nyinshi—bigabanya uburyo fosifate ya kalisiyumu idasaba aside ikomeye cyangwa impinduka zikomeye mu buryo bw'imikorere. Guhitamo no guhindura ibi bipimo bishingiye ku kugenzura amazi n'ibinyabutabire by'amazi kuri interineti, bigatuma habaho uburinzi buhoraho ku burozi mu gihe cy'imikorere nyayo.
Gukoresha neza izi ngamba zo kugenzura ibintu n’imiti byongera imikorere myiza yo gutwara imiyoboro, kunoza imikorere myiza y’imiyoboro, kandi bigashyigikira imikorere ihoraho ya reactor mu gihe kirekire nta mvururu ziterwa no kuziba no gutuza. Ibipimo nyabyo by’ubucucike bw’imiyoboro, ubucucike, n’ingano y’uduce duto—bishyigikiwe n’ibipimo byiza cyane byo kuri interineti—ni ingenzi mu kugera kuri ibi bisubizo no gukomeza uburyo bwo gukuramo sulfurization no gukuramo phosphorization mu buryo bwo gufata phosphate.
Kongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara imiyoboro mu buryo bwiza ku bijyanye n'ubushyuhe bwa fosfeti
Imiterere y'Iterambere mu Gutwara Imiyoboro
Ubushobozi bwo gutwara fosfeti bushingiye ku bintu bine by'ingenzi: umuvuduko, ubucucike, ubucucike, n'imiterere y'uduce duto duto. Umuvuduko w'uduce duto ugena neza ibyago byo kwishyira mu kirere—umuvuduko mwinshi utuma ibintu bikomeye bihagarara kandi bigabanya ibyago byo kuziba, ariko nanone byongera ingufu zisabwa n'ikiguzi cyo gukora. Hari umuvuduko w'ingenzi w'uduce duto dutangira kwishyira mu kirere, bikabangamira umuvuduko mwiza w'amazi n'ubuzima bw'imiyoboro.
Ubushyuhe, bufitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubwinshi bw'ibinure n'ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka ku kuba amazi akora nk'agakingirizo cyangwa agakurikira amazi atemba cyane. Ubushyuhe bwa fosfeti bukunze kugaragaza imiterere ya pulasitiki itari iya Newtonian, pseudoplastic, cyangwa Bingham, aho ubushyuhe bwiyongera uko ingano ikomeye yiyongera. Gupima neza ubushyuhe bwa ibinure hakoreshejwe ibipimo by'ubushyuhe kuri interineti cyangwa sisitemu zabugenewe, nk'ibipimo byiza by'ubushyuhe kuri interineti kuri ibinure, ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze kubaho ubwikorezi buhamye no kwitegura impinduka mu mikorere.
Ubucucike bw'ibinyabiziga, urwego rw'ubwinshi bw'ibintu bicucitse, buhindura igabanuka ry'umuvuduko ku muyoboro, bigira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ndetse no ku kudahinduka kw'ubwikorezi. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike, iyo ridakurikiranwe, rishobora gutuma habaho impinduka mu mikorere y'amazi no kongera ibyago byo gupfundika. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti, harimo n'iby'inganda zikora ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri interineti, bitanga ubumenyi ku bucucike mu gihe nyacyo, bifasha mu kubungabunga uburinganire bw'imikorere y'ibinyabiziga.
Ingano y'uduce duto n'ikwirakwizwa ryatwo nabyo bigira uruhare runini. Uduce duto cyangwa ingano nini y'uduce twose byongera ibyago byo gutuza, cyane cyane mu bice bifite umuvuduko muto cyangwa impinduka z'umurambararo w'imiyoboro. Sisitemu zo gupima ingano y'uduce duto zituma ingano y'uduce duto iguma mu rwego rwo gukora neza, bigafasha kugenzura neza uduce duto duto mu rurerure no kugabanya ibyago byo gupfundika.
Ibipimo by'imiterere y'imiyoboro—umurambararo, ubukana bw'imbere, n'inzira rusange—bigira ingaruka ku kudahungabana kw'amazi no kunoza ubwikorezi. Kongera umurambararo w'imiyoboro bigabanya umuvuduko ku muvuduko runaka w'amazi, byongera ibyago byo kugabanuka keretse iyo byishyuwe umuvuduko mwinshi wo kohereza amazi. Ubukana bwinshi bw'imbere cyangwa ubukana bukabije butera imvururu, bishobora gufasha kongera guhagarika amazi mu gace runaka ariko bishobora no guteza imbere ishingwa ry'amazi no gutura ahantu hamwe, bikongera ikiguzi cy'ingufu n'ibikenewe mu kubungabunga.
Kurinda ko imiyoboro y'amazi ihagarara no kuziba imiyoboro y'amazi
Guhagarara kw'ibitaka no kuziba kw'imiyoboro bibaho cyane cyane iyo umuvuduko w'amazi ugabanutse munsi y'umurongo ugena aho ibintu bikomeye bihagarara. Ibi bituma ibintu bikomeye bihagarara hasi ku muyoboro, bigatera ahantu hadahinduka cyangwa hagahagarara amazi. Guhurirana kw'uduce duto tw'ibimera - aho ibintu bikomeye bihurira bitewe n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi cyangwa imiti - bishobora kwihutisha kugumana, cyane cyane iyo hari ibintu bivangwa n'imiti cyangwa dolomite nyinshi.
Uburyo bwo guhuza no gutuza ibintu buterwa n’umuvuduko gusa, ahubwo bunaterwa n’ingano y’uduce, imiterere, n’ubucucike bw’uduce. Uduce tw’ibumba cyangwa utunini twinshi dushobora kwibasirwa cyane no kwibumbira hamwe nk’utubuyenge, mu gihe uduce tw’ibumba dufite uduce twinshi cyangwa twinshi dushobora kwibasirwa n’utundi duce, bigatuma habaho uduce duto ku muyoboro. Kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe mu gace runaka bishobora no kongera ubushyuhe bw’uduce, bigatuma dufunga, cyane cyane ku miyoboro cyangwa ku miyoboro.
Isesengura riherutse gukorwa hifashishijwe akajagari ka polynomial rigaragaza ko umuvuduko n'ingano y'uduce ari byo bintu by'ingenzi bigena imikorere y'imiyoboro n'ubwikorezi. Ibi bintu bigomba gukurikiranwa buri gihe no kugenzura imikorere y'imiyoboro kugira ngo imiyoboro ikore neza. Ibikoresho byo mu murongo—nk'ibipimo bya viscosity kuri interineti n'ibisesengura by'ingano y'uduce—bitanga amakuru ashobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hakosorwe imikorere, nko kongera umuvuduko wa pompe cyangwa ibitera gukwirakwiza dose iyo hagaragaye imiterere mibi.
Hakozwe udushya turimo n'udupira tw'imiyoboro igezweho kugira ngo tugabanye gufatana no kugabanya imbibi aho uduce dushobora gutura, bikongera ingamba zo gukumira kuziba kw'imiyoboro. Imiterere y'imiyoboro n'ingengabihe y'imikorere bigomba kandi kubara igihe cyo kugabanuka k'amazi, kuko n'igihe gito kiri munsi y'umuvuduko ukomeye gishobora gutuma habaho ishingwa ryihuse ry'imiyoboro.
Uburyo bwo Kubara no Gusesengura Kugira ngo Urusheho Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga mu Kunoza Imikorere y'Iterambere
Gutunganya urujya n'uruza rwa fosfeti bisaba gusobanukirwa neza no gucunga ibipimo byinshi bifitanye isano mu bihe nyabyo bitazwi. Isesengura ry’ubwiyongere bw’isi (GSA) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa polynomial chaos expansions (PCE) ryagaragaye nk'uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima uburyo ibintu bitazwi mu bintu byinjira—nk'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ingano y'uduce, cyangwa imiterere y'urujya n'uruza rw'ibihe—bigira ingaruka ku bipimo by'ingenzi by'ubwikorezi nko kugabanuka k'umuvuduko, umuvuduko, n'ibyago byo kwimuka.
GSA igaragaza ko, mu buryo butandukanye bw’ibice by’umucanga wa fosfeti n’imiterere y’imikorere, ihindagurika ry’umuvuduko n’ingano y’uduce ari byo bigira ingaruka zikomeye; bityo, kwibanda ku mikorere bigomba gushyira imbere isuzuma n’igenzura ryabyo. Ubucucike n’ubucucike biracyari ingenzi mu kubara imipaka, bifasha abakora gushyiraho inzira z’imikorere kugira ngo amazi atemba neza kandi agire umutekano.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera, cyane cyane hamwe no gusesengura neza imiyoboro no gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bishingiye kuri PCE, bituma habaho uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera no kunoza neza. Izi moderi zo mu rwego rwo hasi zigana ibintu by'ingenzi bya simulation za CFD zifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukora isuzuma ryihuse, bigafasha gufata ibyemezo byihuse mu guhindura inzira no gushushanya imiyoboro.
Ubu buryo bwo gusesengura bwemezwa ukurikije amakuru nyayo: ibipimo bishingiye ku muvuduko w'amazi, igihombo cy'umutwe, n'ibikorwa byo gushyiramo ibintu bihuzwa mu buryo bwo gupima icyitegererezo no kunoza imikorere. Mu guhuza sensor zigezweho (nk'abapima ubukana bwa Lonnmeter kuri interineti n'abapima ubucucike) hamwe na dynamic modelling, abakora bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kunoza imikorere y'amazi zisubiza mu buryo buhuye n'impinduka mu gipimo cy'amabuye, ikwirakwizwa ry'ingano y'uduce, n'imiterere y'ibidukikije.
Uburyo bwo gupima no gukurikirana buhanitse
Akamaro ko kugenzura imitungo y'urutare mu gihe nyacyo
Nibyo,gupima ubucucike mu buryo buhorahonaubushyuheni ingenzi mu gutwara neza fosfeti no kuyikuraho no kuyikuraho. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse bituma habaho guhindura byihuse ibipimo by'imikorere bitewe n'impinduka mu miterere y'ibice. Uku kugenzura ibikorwa bigamije kugabanya cyane igihe cyo kubura amazi giterwa no kwihagarika no kuziba kw'imiyoboro y'amazi—ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu miyoboro y'ibice by'amazi ya fosfeti.
Amakuru ahoraho ku bucucike bw'ibinure n'ubucucike bifasha abakora akazi ko mu mazi kubona vuba ibimenyetso by'uko hari ibyago byinshi byo guhagarara cyangwa kuziba kw'uduce. Urugero, iyo hagaragaye ukwiyongera k'ubucucike cyangwa ubucucike, igipimo cy'amazi gishobora guhindurwa, cyangwa hagakorwa imiti kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara imiyoboro. Gukurikirana kenshi binashyigikira uburyo bwo gukumira ubucucike, bigatuma abakora akazi bashobora kwinjiramo mbere yuko ibintu bikomeye bitangira kwirundanya no gukora ibisigazwa.
Kubungabunga ubukana bukwiye bw'urubura n'uduce duto ni ingenzi mu gukumira ubukana bw'amazi. Ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima kuri interineti rituma imiyoboro y'amazi irushaho kuzamuka, ubwikorezi bwiyongera, ndetse n'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kigabanuka.
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti n'ibipimo by'ubucucike
Amahame y'imikorere y'ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti, nka umuyoboro unyeganyega wa Coriolis metero, ni ibipimo ngenderwaho by’inganda mu gupima ubucucike buhoraho mu miyoboro y’ibitaka. Ibi bikoresho bikora binyuze mu kunyuza ibitaka mu muyoboro unyeganyega; impinduka mu cyiciro cyangwa inshuro z’ihindagurika ry’ibitaka, biterwa n’umuvuduko w’ibitaka, ziraboneka kandi zigatunganywa kugira ngo haboneke isuzuma ry’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo. Ibipimo bya none bikoresha ingufu za elegitoroniki cyangwa gushyushya imiyoboro kugira ngo bikomeze guhindagurika kw’ibitaka.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo gushyiraho zirimo imyanya iri hagati y’imirongo minini y’ibinyabiziga n’aho hafi y’aho ibinyabiziga bikomeye bihurira—ahantu hari ibyago byinshi byo gutuza cyangwa guhungabana kw’amazi. Kugira ngo imikorere myiza ikore neza, ibinyabiziga bigomba kwinjizwa mu mazi yose kandi bigashyirwa mu byiciro kugira ngo bipime ahantu havanze neza, bigabanye amakosa aturuka ku gukwirakwiza uduce dutandukanye tw’ibinyabiziga.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi mu guhitamo icyuma bikubiyemo:
- Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko,
- Ubudahangarwa bw'ibice byatose,
- Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibinure byinshi,
- Ubushobozi buke bwo kwanduzwa cyangwa gutwikirwa n'uduce duto duto.
Ibiranga n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ibipimo by'ubucucike buhamye kuri interineti
Gukomera ni ingenzi kuri serivisi ya fosfeti. Hitamo moderi, nka Lonnmeter, zifite imiyoboro ya sensor idashobora kwangirika, imiterere ikomeye, n'uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso kugira ngo bihuze n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibice bitandukanye. Shaka imiterere y'ibice bidahinduka kugira ngo ugabanye kwangirika, hamwe n'imitwe ya sensor yubatswe mu bikoresho nk'icyuma kitagira umugese cyangwa iseramike.
Ibintu by'ingenzi birimo:
- Igihe cyo gusubiza vuba (cyane cyane mu masegonda make),
- Uburyo bworoshye bwo kugenzura,
- Guhuza ikoranabuhanga na sisitemu za SCADA cyangwa PLC,
- Kwandika amakuru mu buryo bufatika.
Ibipimo by'ibipimo byakunzwe bishobora gushyirwa mu cyerekezo kimwe, bigabanya umuvuduko muke, kandi bigaragaza ubudahangarwa ku gipimo. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima butari ubw'ingufu nka ultrasound cyangwa electromagnetic density metres birakundwa cyane kubera umutekano w'imikorere n'amabwiriza.
Ibisabwa mu gupima ubukana bw'urutare mu gihe cy'indege
Gupima ubukana bw'urutareMu gihe nyacyo biragoye bitewe n’imiterere idasa n’iya Newtonian, itandukanye cyane y’ibice bya fosfeti. Ibipimo by’ubushyuhe kuri interineti bigomba kwihanganira imiterere mibi no gukumira kwirema cyangwa kuziba. Ibipimo by’ubushyuhe bizenguruka cyangwa bihindagurika, bishyirwa mu nzira, bitanga ibitekerezo ku mpinduka z’ubushyuhe uko imiterere y’imikorere ihinduka.
Ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti—aho ingero zikurwamo n'intoki kandi zigapimirwa muri laboratwari—ibipimo by'ubushyuhe kuri interineti bitanga igenzura rihoraho kandi bishyigikira uburyo buhoraho bwo kunoza imikorere. Ubu bushobozi ni ingenzi mu guhindura umuvuduko w'amazi, inyongeramusaruro za chimique, no gukurura ibyuma kugira ngo bikomeze gutwara ibintu mu buryo bugenzurwa no kugabanya kuziba kw'amazi.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima ubukana bw'ibinure bisaba:
- Ibikoresho bipima ibintu bidashira cyane,
- Inyubako zirinda ahantu hapfuye cyangwa ibyumba byo guturamo,
- Politike zo gupima ibintu zigaragaza impinduka mu bidukikije n'uburyo ibintu bihinduka.
Guhitamo ibipimo by’ubucucike n’ubukana bikwiye kuri interineti—hamwe n’uwabikoze neza—bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bushobozi bwo kugenzura imiterere y’ubucucike bwa fosfeti, kugabanya kuziba kw’imiyoboro, gushyigikira uburyo bwo gutwara ubucucike, no gutanga ireme ry’umusaruro mu gihe cyose cy’imiyoboro.
Ubucukuzi bwa Fosifore
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Ingamba zo kunoza imikorere mu gucunga ubutayu
Gushyira amakuru yo gupima mu kugenzura ibikorwa
Guhuza amakuru yo gupima mu buryo nyabwo ni ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo bwo gucunga urutare.Ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri interinetinaibipimo by'ubushyuhe kuri interineti—nk'uko bitangwa na Lonnmeter—bitanga isuzuma ryihuse kandi rihoraho ry'ubucucike bw'ibitunguru, ubukana, n'impinduka mu buryo butaziguye mu miyoboro y'amazi. Mu gushyira izi sensor mu mirongo y'imikorere, ibikoresho bigumana imiterere myiza y'ibitunguru kandi bigasubiza impinduka ako kanya.
Imirongo y’ibitekerezo ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ihuza ibi bipimo byo kuri interineti na sisitemu zo kugenzura imikorere. Iyo hagaragaye ko hari ikintu kinyuranyije n’amahame—urugero, kwiyongera k’ubushyuhe bw’ibinure cyangwa kugabanuka k’ubucucike bigaragaza ko bivanze cyane—imirongo y’ibitekerezo ihita itera ibikorwa byo gukosora. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo guhindura amazi cyangwa ibiryo bikomeye, kongera ubwiyongere bw’ibiryo, cyangwa guhindura ingano y’ibinyabutabire. Ubu buryo bugabanya kwishingikiriza ku gupima intoki no gupima muri laboratwari rimwe na rimwe, akenshi bibura impinduka zihuse z’imikorere.
Ibipimo byo kuri interineti birinda kuziba imiyoboro no gukwirakwiza amazi binyuze mu gutuma habaho impinduka zihindagurika. Urugero, gukomeza umuvuduko muto w’amazi ni ingenzi; ibyuma bishobora gutanga ibimenyetso ku mapompo kugira ngo byongere umuvuduko w’amazi niba umuvuduko urenze urugero ushobora kugabanuka. Imiterere y’amakuru yemejwe mu gutwara ibintu mu buryo bunini bwa fosifeteri igaragaza ko ibitekerezo by’igihe nyacyo bishingiye ku bipimo byapimwe, nk’ingano y’uduce duto n’umuvuduko w’amazi, binoza ikoreshwa ry’ingufu kandi bikarinda kuziba. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura bushingiye ku makuru bugabanya igihombo cy’ibikoresho, bukarinda kuziba kw’imiyoboro, kandi bukagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, cyane cyane mu bice bikoresha phosphate nyinshi n’imiyoboro itwara amabuye y’agaciro.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gutegura no gufata ibiryo by'urusenda
Kugenzura ubwinshi bw'ibinure, gukwirakwira kw'uduce duto, no kudahindagurika kw'ibice bito bitangira mu gihe cyo gutegura. Kugira ngo habeho guhuza no gukumira guhagarara imburagihe, hari uburyo bwiza bwo gukora mu nganda burimo:
- Gupima no gukwirakwiza ibintu bikomeye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro mwinshi cyangwa gravimetric hamwe no kuvanga neza ibintu bikomeye.
- Gukoresha imiti igabanya ubushyuhe cyangwa imiti irwanya ubushyuhe. Ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe bya polymeri byashyizwe mu nganda, nka copolymeri za acrylamide-SiO₂, bitanga uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo guhagarika uduce tw’ibintu mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi no kumara igihe kirekire.
Gukomeza gukurura ni ingenzi cyane—ibigega bihagaze bifite impellers zikoresha umuvuduko w’amazi, bishyigikiwe n’ibice by’imbere, bitanga uburyo bwo kuvanga neza no kugabanya uturere twapfuye aho uduce dushobora gutura. Umuvuduko w’ingufu n’ingano ya impeller bitoranywa kugira ngo bihuze n’ubukana bw’urutare n’ingano y’uduce; gukurura cyane bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi, bityo sisitemu zikunze gukoresha imvange yoroheje mu gihe cyo gufata.
Sisitemu zo kurwanya gutuza mu nganda zishobora kongeramo uburyo bwo gukurura imiyoboro y’amazi hakoreshejwe imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa gahunda zo gusubiramo amazi mu buryo bwa porogaramu. Kugira ngo ibintu bikomeze guhagarara neza igihe kirekire, inyubako zishobora gushyiramo uburyo bwo guhagarara neza mu buryo bwa sterique cyangwa electrostatic, hakoreshejwe polymer cyangwa surfactants kugira ngo habeho inzitizi ku bice bimwe na bimwe by’amazi. Ibi bigabanya kwishyira hamwe no kunoza imiterere y’amazi, bikongera imikorere myiza yo gutwara imiyoboro y’amazi ndetse no guhuza neza kw’ibicuruzwa.
Gupima ingano y'uduce duto duto hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo kuri interineti bigenzura ikwirakwizwa ry'uduce duto—ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ubunini bw'uduce, kwangirika, n'ingaruka zo kwimuka. Gusoma kuri interineti biyobora guhindura uburyo bwo kuvanga uduce duto duto duto mu nzira, hirindwa ko imiyoboro yangirika cyangwa ifungana.
Urugero: Mu gutwara fosfeti, guhuza uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu buri gihe, inyongeramusaruro zigamije imiti, no gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse byagabanyije cyane ibikorwa byo gutura no gutakaza ingufu z'imiyoboro, mu gihe biha icyizere imiterere y'uburyo ibintu bikurura ibintu kuva ku ruganda kugera ku cyoherezwa mu mahanga.
Kwita kuri izi ngamba—guhuza gupima mu buryo bwihuse, gutanga ibitekerezo byikora, gukurura neza no gutuza—byongera ubushobozi bwo gutembera neza kw'ibice by'amazi, bigabanye imbogamizi zo gutwara ibice by'amazi mu nganda, ndetse no kurinda inzira zihagarara.
Umwanzuro
Gukoresha neza fosfeti ni ingenzi mu gutuma inzira zo gusohora no gusohora fosfeti zigenda neza ndetse no gutwara neza imiyoboro y'amazi. Isano igoye iri hagati y'imiterere y'amazi nk'ubucucike, ikwirakwizwa ry'uturemangingo, n'imyitwarire ya rheological - ndetse n'imikorere myiza y'imiyoboro bivuze ko n'itandukaniro rito rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cyo gukuraho umwanda no gutembera kw'ibintu. Urugero, ubucucike bwinshi bw'amazi bitewe n'ubunini bw'uturemangingo duto cyangwa kwiyongera kw'ibikomeye bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gukuramo SO₂ cyangwa fosfeti mu buryo bubangamira imikoranire y'ibinyabutabire n'ihererekanya ry'ibintu, mu gihe binatuma habaho gufungana no gukemura ibibazo by'imiyoboro.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Ni uruhe ruhare rw'ingano y'uduce mu gutwara fosfeti?
Ingano y'uduce ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kigenzura imiterere y'urusobe rwa fosfeti mu gihe cyo gutwara imiyoboro. Uduce duto cyane dufasha gukora imiyoboro ihamye, bikagabanya ibyago byo kwimuka no gushyigikira urujya n'uruza rudashira. Ariko, uko uduce tugenda tuba duto cyane, ubukana bw'urusobe buriyongera; ibi bishobora gutera ingufu nyinshi zo kuvoma no kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kuziba.
Uduce duto muri rusange dutuma imiyoboro y'amazi ihagarara vuba kandi igatakaza imbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma imiyoboro y'amazi ifungana kandi igasaza cyane. Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ingano y'uduce duto (PSD) - akenshi bugerwaho no kuvanga uduce duto n'uduto - butanga uburinganire bugabanya ubukana n'umusaruro. Ibi bigabanya ingufu zisabwa mu miyoboro n'ibyago byo kuziba, mu gihe bifasha kugumana ibintu bikomeye mu gihe kirekire, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu gutuma imiyoboro y'amazi igenda neza kandi ikanakoresha uburyo bwose bwo kuyitwara.
Gupima no kugenzura neza ingano y'uduce duto duto, akenshi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo kuri interineti cyangwa kuri interineti, bifasha imikorere ihamye no kunoza ubwikorezi bw'imiyoboro y'amazi. Inyigo zo kwigana no gusuzuma ibyavuye muri laboratwari byombi byemeza ko: kugumana PSD mu byiciro by'ingenzi birinda ibibazo by'imikorere kandi bigatuma ikiguzi gishoboka.
Ni gute ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti bigira uruhare mu mikorere myiza y'imiyoboro?
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga ibipimo by'ubucucike buhoraho mu buryo butaziguye. Ibi bipimo by'igihe nyacyo bifasha abakora mu kazi guhindura vuba umuvuduko w'amazi, ingano y'ibintu bikomeye, cyangwa ingano y'amazi kugira ngo bakomeze kugira imiterere myiza yo gutwara ibintu mu mazi.
Guhindura ku gihe—biyobowe n'amakuru nyayo y'ubucucike—bigabanya ibyago byo kunyura mu miyoboro, bifasha kugera ku ntego, kandi birinda kwangirika cyangwa kuziba bitari ngombwa. Gukurikirana buri gihe hakoreshejwe icyuma cyizewe cyo kuri interineti gipima ubucucike bw'amazi bituma habaho gukosora neza inzira, bigabanura uburyo bwo kubungabunga no gukoresha ingufu bitateganyijwe, kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo gutembera neza mu miyoboro. Ibikoresho bidakoresha ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic cyangwa accelerometer, bitanga imikorere ikomeye igihe kirekire ndetse no mu miyoboro igoye kandi ikoresha phosphate.
Ni ibihe bintu bishobora gutuma imiyoboro ifungana mu gihe cyo gutwara fosfeti?
Ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare mu kuziba imiyoboro y'amazi:
- Ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bw'urubura, butuma amazi atemba.
- Ingano y'utunyangingo idakwirakwira neza, bigatuma utunyangingo twihuta.
- Umuvuduko udahagije, bigatuma ibintu bikomeye byiyongera kandi bikubana.
- Kuvanga cyangwa gukurura bidahagije, bituma uduce twinshi dusohoka mu gice cyo hejuru.
Kugira ngo bigabanye cyangwa birinde kuziba, kugenzura mu buryo bwihuse hamwe no kugenzura umuvuduko w'urubura, ubukana, n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ingano y'uduce ni ingenzi cyane. Ibikoresho n'ubuhanga bugezweho—nk'ugukoresha icyuma gipima ubucucike bw'amazi kuri interineti kugira ngo hamenyekane mu buryo bwihuse kandi hakosorwe imikorere yikora—bishobora kugabanya cyane igihe cyo kudakora no kubungabunga bifitanye isano no kuziba.
Ni gute gupima ubukana bw'ibinure bifasha mu gukumira kwishyira mu mwanya wabyo?
Gupima ubukana bw'ubukonje bw'ubukonje buhamye bitanga igisubizo cyihuse ku myitwarire y'ubukonje bw'ubukonje. Ubukana bwinshi bushobora kugaragaza ko ibintu bikomeye byuzuye cyangwa kuvanga neza, byombi byongera ibyago byo kwishyira mu mwanya wabyo. Ubukana buke bushobora kugaragaza ko bivanze cyane, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukora.
Ibipimo byiza byo gupima ubushyuhe kuri interineti ku bicuruzwa bito bitanga ingero zihoraho, zikoreshwa mu buryo buhoraho, bityo ababikora bashobora kwihutira kubikora—guhindura umutwaro w’ibintu bikomeye, umuvuduko wo kuvanga, cyangwa kongeramo amazi. Kugumana ubushyuhe bukwiye bituma ubushyuhe bukomeza kuvomwa kandi bigagabanya gutandukana kw’ibintu bikomeye n’amazi. Ibi ni ingenzi mu gukumira kwishyira hamwe no kugera ku miterere yo kugenzura ingano y’uduce duto duhuye n’intego z’imikorere.
Ni iki umuntu yakwitaho mu nganda zikora ibipimo by’ubucucike kuri interineti ku birebana no gukoresha urusenda rwa fosfeti?
Ku bijyanye n'urusobe rwa fosfeti, ubwizerwe bwa metero no gukomera ni ngombwa. Mu gusuzuma abakora metero zipima ubucucike kuri interineti, hagomba kwitabwaho cyane:
- Utwuma turwanya kwangirika: Uduce duto twa fosfeti turakomeye; ibipimo bigomba kwihanganira kwangirika igihe kirekire.
- Imiterere ikomeye: Ibikoresho bigomba gufata ahantu hakomeye, hatemba cyane, kandi akenshi hashobora kwangiza.
- Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima: Uburyo budakoresha imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi (ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic, ikoresha accelerometer) ni bwo bwiza kubera impamvu z'umutekano no kubungabunga.
- Ubufasha bugaragara: Gusuzuma neza no gutanga ubufasha bwihuse mu bya tekiniki ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu bigo aho igihe cyo kuruhuka gihenze.
- Indirimbo: Hitamo abacuruzi bagaragaje imikorere myiza mu gusya ibintu bikozwe mu buryo bwa "abrasive", nka Lonnmeter, yihariye mu nganda zirimo ibintu bikomeye bimanitse kandi itanga inkunga ikomeye mu gukoresha gusya ibintu.
Kuki gusukura no gusukura fosifore ari ingenzi mu gutunganya fosifore?
Gukuraho sulfure no gukuraho phosphore ni inzira z'ingenzi mu gihe cyo gutunganya phosphate. Bikuraho sulfure na fosifore nyinshi zishobora kwangiza ubwiza bw'umusaruro cyangwa bigatera ibibazo ku bidukikije.
Gukuraho neza isurufu na fosifate bituma umusaruro uvamo wuzuza ibisabwa ku ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa ibindi bikoreshwa mu nganda kandi bigahuza n'amabwiriza agenga iyubahirizwa ry'ibidukikije. Ibi bifasha kugabanya ingese, umwanda, n'ingaruka ku bidukikije biva mu migezi y'imyanda. Kugenzura iyi myanda ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga imikorere no kwemeza amategeko agenga ubucukuzi bwa fosifate no gukora imiti ikomoka ku bimera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-28-2025
