Ishingiro ry'isukurwa ry'umuringa ni ugukoresha ikintu gikuraho (nk'umuti wa aside, alkali, cyangwa umunyu) kugira ngo gikoreshwe mu buryo bwa shimi n'imyunyu ngugu y'umuringa mu mabuye y'agaciro (nk'amalachite mu mabuye y'agaciro ya oxide na chalcopyrite mu mabuye y'agaciro ya sulfide) kugira ngo umuringa ukomeye uhindurwemo iyoni z'umuringa zishonga mu mazi (Cu²⁺), bikore "isukurwa" (umuti urimo umuringa). Nyuma yaho, umuringa w'umwimerere (nk'umuringa w'amashanyarazi) uvanwa mu isuku binyuze mu gukuramo, gushyiramo amashanyarazi, cyangwa imvura.
Kunoza imikorere ya noneinzira y'amazi y'umuringabishingiye cyane cyane ku gupima mu buryo nyabwo kandi bunoze ibipimo by’imikorere. Muri ibyo, kumenya ubucucike mu byuma bicukura amazi mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura tekiniki, kikaba ari isano itaziguye hagati y’ihindagurika ry’ibikoresho fatizo n’imikorere y’ibikorwa.
Inzira y'ibanze yaCoperaHikoranabuhanga rya ydrometallurgie
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu byuma bicukurwa mu buryo bukurikije ibyiciro bine bitandukanye, bifitanye isano, bigamije ko icyuma gikoreshwa mu kugikura mu buryo bunoze no kugikura mu buryo bunoze mu miterere y’amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye.
Mbere yo kuvurwa no kwibohora
Intambwe ya mbere yibanda ku kongera ubushobozi bw'amabuye y'agaciro y'umuringa kugera ku kintu gishyushye. Ibi akenshi biba birimo gukoresha uburyo bwa mashini—gusya no gusya—kugira ngo hongerwe ubuso bwihariye bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ku bikoresho bya oxide yo mu rwego rwo hasi cyangwa iy'agaciro byagenewe gusohora umuringa, gusya bishobora kuba bike. Icy'ingenzi ni uko, niba ibiribwa byiganjemo sulfide (urugero: chalcopyrite, CuFeS 2), intambwe yo gutwika cyangwa oxidative ishobora kuba ngombwa. Uku "gutwika oxidative" guhindura sulfide y'umuringa isubira inyuma (nka CuS) mo oxides z'umuringa zikoresha imiti myinshi (CuO2), byongera cyane uburyo bwo gusohora umuringa.
Icyiciro cyo Kumena Amabuye (Gushonga kw'Amabuye y'agaciro)
Icyiciro cyo gusohora amabuye kigaragaza impinduka nyamukuru mu mikorere y’ubutare. Ubutare bwavuwe mbere buhuzwa n’ikintu gikuraho amabuye (lixiviant), akenshi kikaba ari umuti ukomoka kuri aside, mu gihe ubushyuhe na pH bigenzurwa kugira ngo bushongeshe amabuye y’umuringa mu buryo bwihariye. Guhitamo uburyo bwo kuyakoresha biterwa cyane n’urwego rw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ubutare:
Guhindura imiterere y'ibirundo:Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mabuye y’agaciro make n’amabuye y’imyanda. Amabuye yasheshwe ashyirwa ku dupapuro tudatobora, maze lixiviant igasukwa hejuru y’ikirundo. Umuti umanuka ugana hasi, ushonga umuringa, hanyuma ugakusanywa hepfo.
Gusohora Ibigega (Gusohora Ibigega):Igenewe gusarurwa mu buryo bwo hejuru cyangwa butoshye. Ubutare bugabanijwe neza buvangwa cyane n'umusemburo mu miyoboro minini y'ubuhumekero, bugatanga uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bw'uburemere no kugenzura neza inzira.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo busanzwe:Uburyo budakoresha isuku aho ifumbire iterwa mu buryo butaziguye mu mubiri w’amabuye y’agaciro yo munsi y’ubutaka. Ubu buryo bugabanya ihungabana ry’ubuso ariko busaba ko umubiri w’amabuye y’agaciro ugira ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu buryo bukwiye.
Gusukura no kunoza umuti wa Leach
Igisubizo cya Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS) kivamo kirimo iyoni z'umuringa zashongeshejwe hamwe n'imyanda itandukanye idakenewe, harimo icyuma, aluminiyumu na kalisiyumu. Intambwe z'ingenzi zo gutunganya no gushyiramo umuringa zirimo:
Gukuraho umwanda: Akenshi bigerwaho no guhindura pH kugira ngo habeho ibintu bibangamira ibintu mu buryo bwihariye kandi bitandukanye.
Gukuramo ibintu bishongesha (SX): Iyi ni intambwe ikomeye yo gutandukanya aho ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire bitoranijwe cyane mu gukurura iyoni z’umuringa zivuye kuri PLS y’amazi mu cyiciro cy’ibinyabuzima, bigatandukanya neza umuringa n’indi myanda y’icyuma. Hanyuma umuringa "ukurwaho" mu cyiciro cy’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe umuti wa aside ivanze, bigatanga "Electrolyte y’umuringa ikungahaye cyane" (cyangwa umuti wa strip) ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gukurura amashanyarazi.
Kugarura Umuringa no Gukora Cathode
Intambwe ya nyuma ni ukugarura umuringa w’icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma ...
Gutsinda amashanyarazi (EW): Electrolyte y'umuringa ikungahaye yinjizwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya electrolytic. Umuriro w'amashanyarazi unyura hagati ya anode zitarimo (ubusanzwe ni aloyide z'icyuma) na cathode (akenshi ni impapuro zitangira ibyuma bitangiza). Iyoni z'umuringa (Cu 2+) ziragabanuka zigashyirwa ku buso bwa cathode, bigatuma habaho umusaruro wa hydrometallurgy w'umuringa utagira inenge cyane, ubusanzwe urenga 99.95% by'ubuziranenge - uzwi nka cathode copper.
Ubundi buryo: Imvura idasanzwe ku bicuruzwa bya nyuma, imiti igwa (urugero: gusima hakoreshejwe ibisigazwa by'icyuma) ishobora gukoreshwa mu kugarura ifu y'umuringa, nubwo ubuziranenge buboneka ari buke cyane.
ImikorereIgipimo cy'Ubucucike mu Mikorere ya Hydrometallurgy y'Umuringa
Ubudasa bw'amabuye y'umuringa butuma habaho impinduka mu mikorere y'ayo mabuye yombi.inzira yo gusohora umuringan'intambwe zikurikiraho zo gukuramo solvent (SX). Uburyo gakondo bwo kugenzura, bushingiye ku gupima muri laboratwari ku buryo budakunze kugaragara, butanga urwego rudakwiye rwo gutinda, bigatuma algorithme zo kugenzura zihinduka na moderi zo kugenzura imikorere (APC) zitagira icyo zigeraho. Guhindura uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike kuri interineti bitanga amakuru ahoraho, bigatuma abahanga mu by'imikorere babara urujya n'uruza rw'uburemere mu gihe nyacyo no guhindura ingano y'ibinyabutabire bingana n'umutwaro nyakuri w'uburemere.
Gusobanura Ubucucike bwo kuri Interineti: Ibirimo bikomeye n'Ubucucike bw'ibinure
Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’umurongo bikoresha gupima igipimo cy’ubucucike (ρ), hanyuma bigahindurwamo ibice by’ubuhanga bishobora gukorwa nka ubwinshi ku ijana by’ibinyabutabire (%w) cyangwa ubucucike (g/L). Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko aya makuru y’igihe nyacyo agereranywa kandi ahuye mu bihe bitandukanye by’ubushyuhe, igipimo kigomba kuba gikubiyemo gukosora ubushyuhe icyarimwe (Temp Comp). Iki kintu cy’ingenzi gihindura agaciro gapimwe ku gipimo gisanzwe (urugero, 0.997g/ml ku mazi meza kuri 20∘C), kikerekana ko impinduka mu gipimo zigaragaza impinduka nyazo mu bucucike bw’ibinyabutabire cyangwa imiterere yabyo, aho kuba gusa kwaguka k’ubushyuhe.
Imbogamizi zikomoka ku gupima ubushyuhe bw'amazi
Ibidukikije byaumuringa ukoresha amashanyaraziihura n'imbogamizi zidasanzwe mu gukoresha ibikoresho bitewe n'imiterere ikomeye y'urutare rw'amazi.
Kwangirika n'Umuvuduko w'Ibikoresho
Ibikoresho by'imiti bikoreshwa muriinzira yo gusohora umuringa, cyane cyane aside sulfurike yiganjemo (ishobora kurenza 2.5mol/L) hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gukora (rimwe na rimwe ikagera kuri 55∘C), bituma ibikoresho bya sensor bihura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa shimi. Gukora neza bisaba guhitamo ibikoresho birwanya cyane ibitero bya shimi, nka 316 stainless steel (SS) cyangwa superior alloys. Kutagaragaza ibikoresho bikwiye bitera kwangirika vuba kwa sensor no kwangirika vuba.
Uburibwe n'isuri
Uduce twinshi tw’ibice bikomeye, cyane cyane mu migezi ifata ibisigazwa by’amazi cyangwa umubyimba unyuramo, tuba dufite uduce dukomeye kandi twinshi twa gangue. Utu duce dutuma ibice byose bya sensor bitose kandi byinjira mu kirere bishira. Uku guhindagurika kw’ibipimo bituma ibintu bihindagurika, ibyuma binanirwa gukora, kandi bisaba ko habaho ibikorwa byo kubungabunga kenshi kandi bihenze.
Ingorane z'imitsi n'ibisebe mu maraso
Uburyo bwo gusohora umuringaUduce duto dukunze kugaragaza imiterere igoye ya rheological. Uduce duto duto duto (harimo sensors zitigita zigarukira kuri <2000CP) cyangwa zirimo sediment cyangwa squid agents nyinshi zisaba ikoranabuhanga ryabugenewe kugira ngo zikomeze gukorana no guhagarara neza. Inama zikunze kuba zikubiyemo gushyiraho flange mu bigega bibikamo cyangwa imiyoboro ihagaze kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bikomeye bituza cyangwa bihuza n'ikintu gipima.
Ishingiro rya Tekiniki rya Inline DensityJyeweter
Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rikwiye ryo gupima ubucucike ni ngombwa cyane kugira ngo hagerwe ku buziranenge n'ubwizerwe mu gihe kirekire mu bidukikije birimo imiti n'ingufu.umuringa ukoresha amashanyarazi.
Amahame y'imikorere yo gupima ubutare
Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha uburyo bwo gusimbuka (Gutunganya)
Ibipimo by'ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu, nka Lonnmeter CMLONN600-4, ikora ku ihame ry'uko ubucucike bw'amazi bufitanye isano n'umuvuduko karemano w'ikintu kinyeganyega (iforogo yo gupima) cyinjijwe mu cyuma. Ibi bikoresho birashobora kugera ku buziranenge bwo hejuru, aho ibisobanuro bikunze kugaragaza ubuziranenge bungana na 0.003g/cm3 n'ubuziranenge bwa 0.001. Ubuziranenge nk'ubwo butuma biba byiza cyane mu kugenzura ubunini bw'ibinyabutabire cyangwa ikoreshwa ry'urusenda ruke. Ariko, imiterere yabyo ituma bishobora kwangirika kandi bisaba gukurikiza cyane uburyo bwo gushyiraho, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ubunini ntarengwa (urugero, <2000CP) mu gihe cyo gufata ibinyobwa binyeganyega cyangwa bifunga.
Igipimo cya radiyometrike
Gupima ubucucike bwa radiyometrike ni uburyo butarimo gukorana hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugabanya imirasire ya gamma. Ubu buryo butanga inyungu ikomeye mu mikoreshereze ikomeye y'urutare. Kubera ko ibice by'icyuma bifatanye n'umuyoboro, ubu buryo ntibugira uburinzi ku bubabare buterwa no kwangirika, isuri, no kwangirika kw'imiti. Iki kimenyetso gituma habaho igisubizo kidahungabanya ibidukikije, kidasaba kwitabwaho, gitanga icyizere cy'igihe kirekire mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi irwanya cyane.
Isuzuma rya Coriolis na Ultrasonic Densitometry
Ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis bishobora gupima ubunini bw'amazi, ubushyuhe, n'ubucucike icyarimwe mu buryo bunonosoye cyane. Ibipimo byabyo binoze cyane, bishingiye ku bunini akenshi bigenerwa imiyoboro y'amazi ifite agaciro gakomeye kandi idafite imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa imiyoboro ikoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo kunyuramo, bitewe n'igiciro n'ibyago byo kwangirika kw'imiyoboro y'amazi mu miyoboro y'amazi ikoreshwa cyane. Ubundi buryo,ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa ultrasound, zikoresha igipimo cy’impedansi y’amajwi, zitanga uburyo bukomeye kandi butari ubw’ingufu za kirimbuzi. Zagenewe by’umwihariko amabuye y’agaciro, izi mashini zikoresha ibikoresho bipima ubucucike budashobora kwangirika, bigatanga uburyo bwizewe bwo kugenzura ubucucike ndetse no mu gihe cy’ubucucike bwinshi mu miyoboro minini. Ubu buryo bugabanya neza impungenge z’umutekano n’amategeko zijyanye n’ibipimo bya kirimbuzi.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ibyuma bipima imiterere y'aho umuringa unyura
Mu guhitamo ibikoresho by'imigezi ikaze irangaumuringa ukoresha amashanyarazi, uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bugomba gushyira imbere umutekano w'imikorere n'uko inganda ziboneka aho gushyira imbere iterambere rito mu buryo buboneye. Ibikoresho bivangavanze kandi bifite ubuziranenge bwinshi (Coriolis, Vibrational) bigomba kugengwa n'imigezi idashonga cyangwa ishobora kwangirika byoroshye, nko gukoresha reagent cyangwa imvange y'imiti, aho ubuziranenge bugaragaza ibyago byo kwangirika no guhagarara. Ku rundi ruhande, ku migezi ifite ibyago byinshi, ivangavanze cyane nka thickener underflow, ikoranabuhanga ritabangamira (Radiometric cyangwa Ultrasonic) ni ryiza cyane. Nubwo rishobora gutanga ubuziranenge buke gato, imiterere yaryo yo kudahuza ireme ry'ibicuruzwa iratuma ibicuruzwa biboneka neza kandi bigabanyije cyane amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa (OpEx) bijyanye no kubungabunga, ikintu gifite agaciro k'ubukungu karenze cyane ikiguzi cyo gupima gato ariko gahamye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, guhuza ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane: abayobozi bashinzwe kurwanya ingese basaba Nickel Alloys gukora neza mu bikorwa bikomeye byo kwangirika, birenga 316 SS isanzwe ikoreshwa ahantu hadashonga cyane.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1: Isesengura ry'igereranya ry'ikoranabuhanga rya Interineti ry'Ubucucike bw'Umuringa kuri Copper Leach Slurry
| Ikoranabuhanga | Ihame ryo gupima | Gufata ibintu bikomeye/bikomeye | Uburyo bwo kwangiza ibyuma bukwiriye | Ubuziranenge busanzwe (g/cm3) | Uduce tw'ingenzi dukoreshwa |
| Imirasire ya Gamma (Ray ya Gamma) | Kugabanya imirasire (Ntabwo bibangamira) | Byiza cyane (Inyuma) | Ni nziza cyane (Sensor yo hanze) | 0.001−0.005 | Ingufu zigabanuka cyane, imiyoboro itera ubukana bwinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi |
| Guhindagurika (Gutunganya) | Ingano y'impinduka (Isuzuma ryatose) | Iperereza riboneye (rihungabanya) | Nziza (Ishingiye ku bikoresho, urugero, 316 SS) | 0.003 | Igipimo cy'imiti, Ibiryo by'ibinyabutabire bike, Ubushyuhe butari munsi ya 2000CP |
| Korioli | Umuyoboro w'amazi menshi/Inertia (Umuyoboro wuzuye amazi) | Bitunganye (Ingaruka zo guterwa n'isuri/kuziba) | Byiza cyane (bishingiye ku bikoresho) | Hejuru (ishingiye ku bwinshi) | Igipimo cy'ibipimo by'agaciro gakomeye, Umuvuduko w'amazi, Gukurikirana uko ibintu byifashe |
| Ultrasonic (Impedance y'amajwi) | Kohereza Ijwi ry'Umuvuduko (Ritose/Rihambiriye) | Ni nziza cyane (ibipimo birwanya kwangirika kw'imitsi) | Nziza (Ishingiye ku bikoresho) | 0.005−0.010 | Gucunga imirizo, Ibiryo by'ibimera (Bidashingiye ku nkubi y'umuyaga)
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Gukoresha neza uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi (Gukomera no kuyungurura)
Gupima ubucucike ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amazi no kuyagarura mu bikoresho bitandukanya amazi n’ibikomeye, cyane cyane ibikoresho bigabanya ubucucike n’ibiyungurura.
Kugenzura Ubucucike mu Kugabanya Ubwinshi bw'Ingufu: Kurinda Gukoresha Torque Irenze Ingano no Gucomeka
Intego y'ibanze yo kugenzura mu gucukura ni ukugera ku bucucike buhamye kandi buri hejuru bw'amazi (UFD), akenshi hibandwa ku bidukikije birenga 60%. Kugira ngo bigerweho ni ingenzi cyane, atari ukugira ngo amazi asubire gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye.inzira y'amazi y'umuringaariko kandi no gutanga umuvuduko uhoraho w’amazi mu bikorwa biri munsi y’amazi. Nyamara, ingaruka ni iz’ubuvuzi: kongera UFD byongera vuba umuvuduko w’umusaruro w’amazi. Hatabayeho igisubizo cy’ubucucike nyabwo kandi gifatika, kugerageza kugera ku ntego y’ubucucike binyuze mu gupompa cyane bishobora gusunika amazi arenga umupaka wa pulasitiki, bigatuma torque y’amazi irenga umupaka wayo, hashobora kubaho kwangirika k’ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no kuziba kw’imiyoboro y’amazi. Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwiyongere bw’amazi (MPC) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima UFD mu gihe nyacyo bituma habaho guhindura umuvuduko w’amazi anyura munsi y’amazi, bigatera ibisubizo byanditswe, harimo kugabanya 65% by’ibikenewe ko amazi yongera kuzenguruka no kugabanuka kwa 24% mu bucucike.
Igisobanuro cy'ingenzi ni uguhuza imikorere ya UFD na Solvent Extraction (SX). Ubwinshi bw'amazi agabanya ubushyuhe akenshi bugaragaza uburyo bwo kohereza amazi mu buryo bwa Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS), nyuma yo koherezwa kuri SX circuit. Kudahuzagurika muri UFD bivuze ko ibintu bikomeye bito bihinduka muri PLS. Ubwinshi bw'amazi agabanya ubushyuhe mu buryo butaziguye, bigatuma habaho ikorwa ry'ibinure, gutandukana nabi mu byiciro, no gutakaza ibikoresho bihenze. Kubwibyo, gushimangira ubucucike mu ruganda bifatwa nk'intambwe ikenewe yo gutunganya ibinure kugira ngo SX circuit ikomeze kuba nziza cyane, bityo ikomeze kugumana ubuziranenge bwa cathode.
Kongera ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura no gukura amazi mu buryo bwiza
Sisitemu zo kuyungurura, nk'imashini zisukura cyangwa zikoresha umuvuduko, zikora neza cyane iyo ubucucike bw'ibiryo buhuye cyane. Ihindagurika ry'ibice by'ibikomeye ritera imiterere idahwitse ya keke y'ibiyungurura, gupfukirana imashini ikoresha ibyuma bidafite aho bihuriye, n'ubushuhe bw'ibiyungurura bihindagurika, bigasaba ko amazi yoza kenshi. Ubushakashatsi bwemeza ko imikorere yo kuyungurura iterwa cyane n'ibikubiye mu biyungurura. Gukomeza gahunda yo kugenzura ubucucike bigerwaho binyuze mu kugenzura ubucucike buhoraho bituma habaho uburyo bwo kuyungurura bunoze kandi burambye, harimo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'amazi ajyanye no kuyungurura imashini n'amafaranga make ajyanye no kugabanya igihe cyo kuyungurura imashini.
Imicungire y'ibinyabutabire n'igabanuka ry'ikiguzi mu nzira yo gusohora umuringa
Gutunganya reagents, byorohejwe no kugenzura PD, bigabanya byihuse kandi bishoboka ikiguzi cy'ibikorwa.
Kugenzura neza ukwiyongera kwa aside mu nzira yo gusohora umuringa mu kirundo
Muri leaching yatewe ubwoba no muriinzira yo gukuraho umuringa mu kirundo, kubungabunga ingano nyayo y’ibinyabutabire by’ibinyabutabire (urugero: aside sulfurike, ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubushyuhe mu byuma) ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo gushonga kw’amabuye y’agaciro. Ku miyoboro y’ibinyabutabire by’ubucucike, ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imbere bitanga igipimo nyacyo cy’ubucucike bw’ubushyuhe. Ubu bushobozi bwemerera sisitemu yo kugenzura gupima ingano nyayo y’ibinyabutabire bikenewe. Ubu buryo bugezweho burenze uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ingano y’ibinyabutabire, butuma bitazabura gutuma ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire rirushaho kwiyongera no kwiyongera kwa OpEx. Ingaruka z’imari ziragaragara: inyungu y’uruganda rukora amashanyarazi iterwa cyane n’impinduka mu mikorere n’igiciro cy’ibikoresho fatizo, bishimangira ko ari ngombwa gukoresha ingano nyayo y’ibinyabutabire hakoreshejwe ubucucike.
Gutunganya Flocculant binyuze mu gutanga ibitekerezo ku gupima ibintu bikomeye
Gukoresha Flocculant ni igiciro gihinduka cyane mu gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi. Igipimo cyiza cy'imiti gishingiye ku bunini bw'ibintu bikomeye bugomba guhurizwa hamwe. Mu gupima buri gihe ubucucike bw'ibiryo, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibara ry'ubunini bw'ibintu bikomeye bushobora gutembera ako kanya. Gutera Flocculant bihindurwa mu buryo buhamye nk'igipimo gihuye n'ubunini bw'ibintu bikomeye, bigamije kwemeza ko flocculation nziza igerwaho hatitawe ku guhindagurika kw'ibiryo cyangwa urwego rw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ibi birinda ko ingano idahagije (ituma habaho gutuza nabi) ndetse no gupfusha ubusa imiti ihenze (gupfusha ubusa imiti ihenze). Gushyira mu bikorwa igenzura ry'ubucucike buhamye binyuze muri MPC byatanze inyungu ifatika, hamwe n'ubwizigame bwanditse harimoKugabanuka kwa 9.32% mu ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabiren'ibijyanye nabyoKugabanuka kwa 6.55% mu ikoreshwa ry'indimu(ikoreshwa mu kugenzura pH). Bitewe n'uko ikiguzi cyo gukuramo amazi n'ibindi bijyanye no kuyakuramo bishobora gutanga hafi 6% ku mafaranga yose akoreshwa mu bikorwa, izi nyungu zizamurwa mu buryo butaziguye kandi bugaragara.
Imbonerahamwe ya 2: Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura inzira n'ibipimo byo kunoza ubucucike muriUbumenyi bw'amazi y'umuringa
| Ishami rishinzwe iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko | Aho gupimira ubucucike | Ihinduka rigenzurwa | Intego yo kunoza | Igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere (KPI) | Amafaranga yatanzwe mu buryo bw'ibanga |
| Uburyo bwo Kumena Umuringa | Udukoresho two Kumena Amavuta (Ubucucike bw'Amavuta) | Igipimo cy'amazi gihamye (PD) | Ongera uburyo bwo gukora reaction kinetics; ongera ubushobozi bwo gukuramo ibintu byinshi | Igipimo cyo kugarura umuringa; Ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire byihariye (kg/t Cu) | Kugeza kuri 44% Igipimo cyo kurohama kiriyongera binyuze mu kubungabunga PD nziza |
| Gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi (Ibinini) | Gusohora amazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amazi | Ubucucike bw'amazi anyura munsi y'amazi (UFD) n'umuvuduko w'amazi menshi | Kongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura amazi; komeza uburyo amazi akoreshwa kugeza ku gice cyo hepfo cya SX/EW | UFD % Ibinyabutabire; Igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha amazi; Guhagarara kw'ingufu zo mu mazi | Ikoreshwa rya Flocculant ryagabanutseho 9.32%; ihindagurika rya UFD ryagabanutseho 24% |
| Gutegura Reagent | Uburyo bwo kwisiga aside/solvent | Igipimo (%w cyangwa g/L) | Gupima neza; gabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire birenze urugero | Gukoresha Reagent Irenze urugero %; Igisubizo Guhagarara kw'Ubutabire | Kugabanya OpEx y'ibinyabutabire binyuze mu kugenzura ingano y'ibipimo |
| Gukuraho amazi/Kuyungurura | Ubucucike bw'ibiryo byo gushungura | Ibintu bikomeye bishyirwa mu yungurura | Gutuza ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibintu; gabanya uburyo bwo kubungabunga | Igihe cyo gushungura; Ubushyuhe bwa keke; Ingufu zo kuyungurura | Ibiciro bigabanuka bijyanye no koza no gukaraba ibyuma biyungurura |
Uburyo bwo gukurikirana imikorere y'ibisubizo n'uburyo bwo gukurikirana iherezo ry'ikintu
Uburyo icyuma gishyirwa mu buryo bw'ubucucike ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo icyuma gikomeze gushonga neza kandi gihindurwe neza mu buryo buboneye.inzira y'amazi y'umuringa.
Gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo ubucucike bw'ibinure (PD) na Leach Kinetics
Igipimo cy’amazi asanzwe (PD) gifitanye isano nyamukuru n’ubwinshi bw’ibice by’icyuma cyashongeshejwe n’umuvuduko w’ikoreshwa ry’ikintu gishongeshejwe. Kugenzura neza iki gipimo bitanga uburyo bwo guhuza neza hagati y’ikintu gishongeshejwe n’ubuso bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Amakuru atangwa agaragaza ko PD ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu kugenzura, atari ikintu cyo kugenzura gusa. Gutandukana n’igipimo cyiza bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro w’ibikomoka ku mabuye. Urugero, muri laboratwari, kunanirwa kugumana igipimo cyiza cy’amazi asanzwe cya 0.05g/mL byatumye umuringa ugabanuka cyane uva kuri 99.47% ugera kuri 55.30%.
Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugenzura zigezweho
Ubucucike bukoreshwa nk'impinduka y'ibanze mu igenzura ry'ibizamini (MPC) ry'imiyoboro y'amazi n'iy'itandukanya. MPC ikwiriye cyane imikorere y'imiyoboro y'amaziumuringa ukoresha amashanyarazi, kuko ikemura neza gutinda igihe kirekire n'imikoranire idashingiye ku murongo iri muri sisitemu y'ibinure. Ibi byemeza ko umuvuduko w'amazi n'inyongera za reagent bihora binonosorwa hashingiwe ku buryo bworoshye bwo gusubiza PD mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo. Nubwo gupima ubucucike bushingiye ku bucucike ari ibintu bisanzwe mu mikorere rusange ya shimi, ikoreshwa ryayo rigera no ku ntambwe zihariye zo gukoresha hydrometallurgical, nko gukurikirana itegurwa ry'ibiryo byo gukuramo solvent kugira ngo harebwe ko ingaruka zigera ku muvuduko mwiza wo guhindura, bityo bigatuma icyuma gitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi gisukuye.
Kurinda Ibikoresho no Gucunga Imitsi y'Amagufwa
Amakuru yerekeye ubucucike bw'ibikoresho kuri interineti atanga ibitekerezo by'ingenzi ku buryo bwo kubungabunga ibikoresho, agahindura mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga uburyo bwo guhangana n'ibibazo bishobora kubaho mu buryo bushoboka.
Kugenzura Ubumenyi bw'Indwara n'Ubucucike bw'Indabyo
Ubucucike bw'ibinure ni bwo buhinduka bugaragara cyane bugira ingaruka ku gukururana kw'ibinure imbere (ubucucike) n'umuvuduko w'umusaruro. Ingendo z'ubucucike budagenzuwe, cyane cyane ukwiyongera vuba, zishobora guhindura ibinure mu buryo butari ubwa Newtonian. Mu gukurikirana buri gihe ubucucike, abahanga mu by'imikorere bashobora kwitega ko rheological ihungabana (nk'uko byegereza imipaka y'umuvuduko w'ibinure by'ibinure) kandi bagakoresha amazi yo gushonga cyangwa bagahindura umuvuduko w'ibinure. Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura bubuza ibintu bihenze nko gupima imiyoboro, gufunga imiyoboro, no kuziba imashini zikoresha amazi mu buryo butunguranye.
Kugabanya kwangirika kw'umubiri
Inyungu nyayo y'amafaranga yo kugenzura ubucucike buhamye akenshi ntabwo iri mu kuzigama reagent nke, ahubwo iri mu kugabanya cyane igihe cyo kudakora neza giterwa no kwangirika kw'ibice. Gusana pompe y'urutare no gusimbuza imiyoboro, biterwa no kwangirika gukomeye kw'amazi, bigize igice kinini cya OpEx. Isuri yihuta cyane bitewe no kudahindagurika k'umuvuduko w'amazi, akenshi biterwa no guhinduka k'ubucucike. Mu gushimangira ubucucike, sisitemu yo kugenzura ishobora kugenzura neza umuvuduko w'amazi kugera ku muvuduko w'ubwikorezi bw'ingenzi, bigabanura neza kwangirika kw'amazi no kwangirika gukabije. Kongera igihe hagati y'ibise (MTBF) ku bikoresho by'imashini bifite agaciro kanini, no kwirinda kwangirika kw'ibice by'amashanyarazi rimwe gusa, biruta cyane ishoramari mu byuma bipima ubucucike ubwabyo.
Ingamba zo gushyira mu bikorwa n'imikorere myiza
Gahunda yo gushyira mu bikorwa neza isaba guhitamo neza, gushyiraho no gupima ibikoresho, ibyo bikaba byakemura by'umwihariko ibibazo by'inganda birimo kwangirika no gushwanyagurika.
Uburyo bwo Guhitamo: Guhuza Ikoranabuhanga rya Densitometer n'Ibiranga Ubushyuhe
Uburyo bwo guhitamo bugomba kwemezwa ku mugaragaro hagaragazwa uburemere bw'imiterere y'urutare (kwangirika, ingano y'uduce, ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe). Ku bintu bikomeye, imigezi ikoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo kwangirika, nk'imirongo y'inyuma, guhitamo bigomba gushyira imbere amahitamo adakoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi, nk'ibikoresho bya radiometrike. Nubwo izi sensor zishobora kugira umurongo munini w'amakosa ugereranije n'ibikoresho bikoresha uburyo bwa radiyometrike, kwizera kwabyo igihe kirekire no kutava ku miterere y'umubiri w'icyo gikoresho ni ingenzi cyane. Ku bice bifite aside nyinshi, kugaragaza ibikoresho byihariye, nka Nickel Alloys, kuruta 316 SS isanzwe ku bice byatose bituma habaho ubudahangarwa n'isuri ikomeye kandi bikongera igihe cyo gukora.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gushyiraho: Kwemeza ko ari inyangamugayo kandi ko iramba mu bidukikije birimo urugomo
Uburyo bwiza bwo gushyiraho ibyuma n'amashanyarazi ni ingenzi mu gukumira kwangirika kw'ibimenyetso no kwemeza ko igikoresho kiramba. Ibikoresho bitose bigomba gushyirwa mu bice by'imiyoboro bitanga icyizere cyo kwinjizwa mu kirere burundu no gukuraho imitego y'umwuka. Ku bijyanye n'ibikoreshwa birimo ibinyabiziga bitose cyangwa bishobora guterwa n'amazi, amabwiriza yo gushyiraho atanga inama zisobanutse zo gukoresha imiyoboro ya tanki cyangwa imiyoboro igororotse kugira ngo hirindwe gutuza cyangwa kuremwa kwa porogaramu z'ubucucike bungana ku gice cy'ibikoresho bito. Mu by'amashanyarazi, kwitandukanya neza ni ngombwa: agasanduku ka densitometer kagomba kuba gafite ishingiro ryiza, kandi imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi irinda ikoreshwa kugira ngo igabanye ingaruka mbi za electromagnetic zituruka ku bikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi, nka moteri nini cyangwa frequencies zihindagurika. Byongeye kandi, agapapuro k'icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi (O-ring) kagomba gufungwa neza nyuma yo kugatunganya kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushuhe bwinjira kandi uruziga rukazangirika.
Isuzumabukungu n'Ishingiro ry'Imari
Kugira ngo hemezwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura ubucucike bw'abaturage, hakenewe urwego rw'isuzuma ry'ingamba ruhindura mu buryo bwimbitse inyungu za tekiniki mu bipimo by'imari bishobora gupimwa.
Gahunda yo gupima inyungu z'ubukungu zo kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo buhanitse
Isuzuma ry’ubukungu rirambuye rigomba gusuzuma kuzigama amafaranga mu buryo butaziguye n’ibitera agaciro kataziguye. Kugabanya OpEx harimo kuzigama gupimwa bikomoka ku kugenzura ibintu bihinduka, nko kugabanuka kwa 9.32% mu ikoreshwa ry’amazi mu kirere. Kuzigama mu ikoreshwa ry’ingufu bikomoka ku kugenzura umuvuduko wa pompe no kugabanya ibisabwa mu kuzenguruka. Icy’ingenzi ni uko agaciro k’ubukungu ko kongera igihe hagati y’ibintu byangiritse (MTBF) by’ibikoresho byangiritse cyane (pompe, imiyoboro) kagomba kubarwa, bigatanga agaciro gafatika ko gucunga neza imikorere y’imitsi. Ku ruhande rw’amafaranga yinjira, urwego rugomba gupima uburyo umuringa wiyongera kuboneka binyuze mu gukomeza gukoresha neza PD n’ibigabanya ingufu.
Ingaruka zo kugabanya ihindagurika ry'ubucucike ku nyungu rusange y'ibimera
Igipimo cy'imari cya nyuma cyo gusuzuma APC muriumuringa ukoresha amashanyarazini ukugabanuka kw'ihindagurika ry'imikorere (σ) mu bipimo by'ubucucike bw'ingenzi. Inyungu igaragara cyane iyo habayeho ihinduka ry'aho imikorere igeze (ihindagurika). Urugero, kugera ku igabanuka rya 24% ry'ihindagurika ry'ubucucike bihindura inzira y'imikorere ihamye. Uku guhagarara kwemerera uruganda gukora neza hafi y'ubushobozi buke hatabayeho guhagarika umutekano cyangwa gutangiza ihindagurika ry'umurongo w'igenzura. Uku kwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwo gukora bigaragaza igabanuka ry'ibyago by'imari n'ihindagurika ry'imikorere, bigomba guhabwa agaciro mu ibarwa rya NPV.
Imbonerahamwe ya 3: Urwego rw'Ubukungu rwo Kugenzura Ubucucike Buhanitse
| Umushoferi w'agaciro | Uburyo bw'inyungu | Ingaruka ku bukungu bw'ibimera (Icyiciro cy'imari) | Ibisabwa mu ngamba zo kugenzura |
| Uburyo bwo gukora neza kwa reagent | Gupima aside/flocculant mu buryo bw'uburemere mu gihe nyacyo. | OpEx yagabanutse (Kuzigama amafaranga y'ibikoresho bitaziguye, urugero, kugabanya flocculant ku kigero cya 9.32%). | Uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bw'amazi buhagaze neza (MPC). |
| Umusaruro w'umusaruro | Gutuza imiterere ya PD mu byuma bitanga ingufu. | Inyungu yiyongera (Kugarura Cu nyinshi, kohereza ibintu mu buryo buhamye). | Isesengura ry’ubucucike/ubwinshi bw’ibintu mu buryo buhuriweho kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza aho ibintu bigarukira. |
| Kuboneka kw'ibimera | Kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara rheological (kuziba kw'imitsi, imbaraga nyinshi). | Kugabanya OpEx na CapEx (Gukora akazi gake, kugabanya igihe cyo gukora kidateganyijwe). | Kugenzura umuvuduko wa pompe hashingiwe ku buryo bwa viscosity bukomoka kuri UFD. |
| Imicungire y'amazi | Kurushaho kugira ubucucike bw'umubyimba urenze urugero. | Kugabanuka kwa OpEx (Guke k'ubukene bw'amazi meza, igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha amazi mu mazi). | Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rikomeye kandi ritabangamira ubucucike bw'ibipimo. |
Inyungu zirambye n'inshingano zo kubungabunga ibidukikije by'iki giheumuringa ukoresha amashanyaraziIbikorwa bifitanye isano ryimbitse n’ubwizerwe bw’ibipimo by’ubucucike kuri interineti mu miyoboro y’amazi.
Ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu gupima ibintu nka Vibrational cyangwa Coriolis meter rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, budakoresha imbaraga nyinshi aho gukoresha neza cyane (urugero, reagent maquillage) ari ingenzi cyane. Hamagara Lonnmeter ubone inama z'abahanga ku bijyanye no guhitamo meter y'ubucucike.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 29 Nzeri 2025
