Kubungabunga ubwinshi bw'umusemburo wa oleum mu buryo bwiza bitera imbogamizi zitandukanye mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda. Imiterere ya oleum isaba imbaraga zikomeye zo kuyikoresha mu gushonga no kuyitwika.urugero rwa oleumigipimosn'uburyo bwo gupima, bishobora gutanga imiterere nyayo kandi yizewe mu bikorwa biteza akaga. Intambwe zo gushongesha umuringa—nk'ikorwa rya matte, gucunga ibishingwe, no gutunganya ibishingwe—bikunze gusaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bwa oleum kugira ngo bihuze imikorere myiza no kugabanya ingaruka mbi zishobora gutera imyuka cyangwa kongera imyanda ihumanya.
Gusobanukirwa Oleum mu gushonga kw'umuringa
Imikorere n'Imikoreshereze ya Oleum
Oleum ni umuti wa trioxide ya sulfur (SO₃) ishongeshejwe muri aside sulfurike (H₂SO₄), aho ingano yayo igaragazwa n'ijanisha rya SO₃ yigenga. Mu gushongesha umuringa, oleum ikora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kongera imbaraga mu kongera kuvugurura aside sulfurike. Intambwe zo gushongesha umuringa zitanga gaze nyinshi ya sulfuri (SO₂) iyo sulfurike ikaranze. Iyi SO₂ ishyirwa mu cyuma gitera SO₃, hanyuma igomba kwinjiza neza kugira ngo ikore aside sulfurike icuruzwa.
Oleum ikoreshwa mu minara yo kwinjizamo ibintu by’umwihariko kugira ngo ifate SO₃. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwinjiza ibintu burenga aside sulfurike isanzwe iyo ingano ya SO₃ izamutse hejuru ya 98%, bikarinda ko habaho igihu cya aside kandi bigatuma ikwirakwira cyane. Mu gukora oleum, iyi gahunda ituma sulfuri igaruka neza kandi ikagabanya igihombo giterwa n’igihu cyayo, ibyo bikaba byabangamira umusaruro n’ibidukikije. Nyuma yo kwinjiza, oleum ishobora gukurwamo mu ntambwe zigenzurwa kugira ngo ikore aside sulfurike ku gipimo cyifuzwa, akenshi kuri 98%. Ubu buryo butuma imikorere yo gushongesha ibintu ikomeza guhangana n’ihindagurika rya SO₂ rituruka ku biryo by’amabuye y’agaciro bitandukanye n’impinduka mu mikorere.
Bitandukanye na aside sulfuriki isanzwe, imbaraga za oleum zishingiye ku bushobozi bwayo bwo gukumira imizigo minini ya SO₃ no koroshya gukira kwa aside idafunguye cyane cyangwa ngo itakaze gazi y'agaciro. Aside sulfuriki isanzwe ntabwo igira akamaro gakomeye mu gufata SO₃ nyinshi kandi ishobora gukora igihu kibi kiva mu buryo bwo gukira. Mu bikorwa by'umuringa, iri tandukaniro rishingira ku ikoreshwa rya oleum nk'interuro aho kwishingikiriza ku kwinjiza aside sulfuriki mu cyiciro kimwe.
Uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa
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Incamake y'Inzira yo Gushongesha Umuringa
Uburyo bwo gukuramo umuringa bukubiyemo intambwe nyinshi z'ingenzi:
- Guteka mu buryo bwimbitse: Amabuye y'umuringa ya sulfide arashyuha, agatanga SO₂.
- Gukusanya no Gukonjesha Gazi: Harimo SO₂ idakoresha gazi, irakusanywa, ikonjeshwa, hanyuma isukurwamo uduce duto.
- Gushyira mu katalegisi (Catalytic Oxidation): SO₂ inyuzwa mu duce twa catalyst, ikayihindura SO₃.
- Icyiciro cyo kwinjiza:
- Umunara w'ibanze: Aside ya sulfurike yinjiza SO₃ kugeza ku rugero ntarengwa rwo gushonga kwayo (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Umunara wa Oleum: SO₃ isigaye yinjizwa na oleum yakozwe mbere, yongera ubwinshi bwa SO₃ kandi ikarinda ikorwa ry'igihu cya aside.
- Gushonga kwa Oleum: Oleum ivangwa neza n'amazi cyangwa imiyoboro ya aside kugira ngo yongere ivugurure aside sulfure yo mu rwego rwo kugurisha.
- Kugarura aside sulfuriki: Umusaruro wa nyuma wa aside ubikwa cyangwa ugakoreshwa mu bikorwa biri inyuma.
Imbonerahamwe y'uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa ifite ibisobanuro birambuye ikunze kugaragaza ibi bikurikira:
- Ahantu hakoreshwa gazi nyinshi hakoreshwa SO₂ gufata.
- Iminara aho SO₃ yinjizwa muri oleum.
- Ahantu ho gushonga oleum no kugarura aside.
- Ibigega byo gusana imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'ahantu ho kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Buri gice cyo kwinjiza, gukora, no gukira bigaragaza intambwe ikomeye yo kugenzura aho uburyo bwo gusesengura ubwinshi bwa oleum bukoreshwa. Abakora uruganda bakoresha ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubwinshi bwa oleum mu gihe nyacyo, bagenzura ko SO₃ ifatwa neza kandi ko imikorere myiza yo guhindura ibintu ikomeza kuba hejuru. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ubwinshi bwa oleum bukomeza kunoza imikorere kandi bufasha kuzuza amahame ngenderwaho mu bidukikije binyuze mu kugabanya imyuka ya SO₂ n'igihombo cya aside.
Ubumenyi n'akamaro k'ubwinshi bwa Oleum
Amahame y'ubutabire n'ingaruka zabyo
Oleum, uruvange rukomeye rwa trioxide ya sulfur (SO₃) muri aside sulfurike, igira uruhare runini mu gikorwa cyo gushongesha umuringa, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gushonga no gutwika umuringa. Kugenzura neza ubwinshi bwa oleum bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku nzira za shimi n'imikorere y'ibi bikorwa.
Mu cyiciro cyo gusukamo umuringa, okiside z'umuringa n'ibindi bisigazwa by'amabuye y'agaciro bikora hamwe na oleum, bigahindura sulfate z'umuringa zishongesha. Iri hinduka ni ingenzi ku ntambwe zikurikira zo gusukamo umuringa, kuko bituma umuringa ushonga neza kandi bigatuma umusaruro wiyongera. Ingano nyinshi za oleum zihuye n'ubwiyongere bwa SO₃, byihutisha ihinduka ry'amabuye y'agaciro afite umuringa binyuze mu kongera imbaraga za sulfonating. Nk'uko byemejwe n'ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku nkuta, kongera ingano ya oleum bituma sulfonation irushaho kuba nziza ku kigero cya 49.7%, byemeza ingero z'inyigisho nka curriculum core model yo gusukamo umuringa.
Kuba hariho SO₃, igengwa n’ubwinshi bwa oleum, ntibyongera gusa sulfuration ahubwo inagira ingaruka ku bikorwa by’ubufasha mu guhindura sulfure n’indi myanda. Urugero rwa SO₃ rwo mu gace k’ubushyuhe rugengwa no kongeramo oleum mu buryo butaziguye no gutwika SO₂ mu buryo bucagase hejuru y’umukungugu ushongesha urimo oxyde nka Fe₂O₃ na CuO. Ihindagurika ry’ubu bwinshi rishobora guhindura umuvuduko, ubwiza, n’uburyo oxyde na sulfure bitoranywa, bityo bigira ingaruka ku gukuraho umwanda—ingenzi ku bwiza bw’umuringa watunganyijwe—no ku iremwa ry’ubwoko bw’ibikomoka ku bimera cyangwa ibyavuye mu bimera.
Ihindagurika ry’ubwinshi bw’ibinyabutabire bya oleum rishobora gutuma imyunyu ngugu y’umuringa idahinduka neza, kugabanuka k’ububobere, cyangwa kutagira icyo igeraho nk’ibinyabutabire by’umuringa, bigora gutandukana kw’ibinyabutabire. Ku rundi ruhande, gukoresha ibinyabutabire birenze urugero bitera aside nyinshi no kwangirika cyane, bigatera imbogamizi mu mikorere no mu mutekano. Ibi bisaba ko ibinyabutabire bipimwa neza kandi bigakurikiranwa, aho ibikoresho nka metero zipima ubucucike bw’imirongo n’ibinyabutabire by’imirongo—nk’ibikorerwa naLonnmeter—gutanga ubumenyi bwihuse ku rugero nyarwo rwa oleum mu ntambwe zo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije n'imikorere
Guhuza kw'ubwinshi bw'amavuta ya oleum ni ingenzi cyane, atari mu bisubizo by'icyuma gusa, ahubwo no mu kurengera ibidukikije no mu mikorere ihamye. Gupima neza imiterere y'amaraso ya oleum bituma habaho ihindagurika ry'imikorere, bishobora gutuma habaho imyuka ihumanya idacungwa neza, isukura ryuzuye, no kwiyongera k'umukungugu wa aside. Ingano ya SO₃ iturutse kuri oleum irenze urugero ishobora gusohoka nk'imyuka ihumanya, mu gihe ingano idahagije ituma imvange ya sulfure cyangwa imyanda y'icyuma idatunganyijwe inyura mu myanda.
Imbonerahamwe zigezweho zo gushongesha umuringa zigaragaza uburyo bwo guhuza neza hagati yo gucunga oleum, iminara yo kwinjiza imyuka, n'uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda. Kugumana ubwinshi bwa oleum neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibikorwa bikomeze - bivuze ko umusaruro uhoraho no kugabanya igihe cyo kuruhuka - ndetse no kugira ngo huzuzwe imipaka y'amategeko agenga isohoka ry'amazi, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'igihu cya aside (SO₃) n'ingano y'icyuma gikomeye mu myanda iri mu mwuka cyangwa mu mazi.
Iyubahirizwa ry’ibidukikije risaba kugenzura no kugenzura cyane ubwinshi bw’amazi akomoka kuri oleum kugira ngo bigabanye uburemere bw’amazi akomoka kuri oleum. Kudakora neza bishobora gutuma habaho ibintu bitajyanye n’amategeko, nko gusohora imyuka myinshi ya sulfur cyangwa gusohora aside mu buryo butemewe. Ibi bintu birushaho kugorana bitewe n’imiterere ya oleum: imiterere yayo yo gukomera cyangwa gukora ibihu bihumanya mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe budahamye cyangwa ubwinshi bw’amazi, bishobora gushyira mu kaga umutekano wo gutunganya no gutunganya amazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko.
Kugenzura cyane ingano ya oleum, bishingiye ku buhanga bwizewe bwo gusesengura ingano ya oleum hamwe n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, bityo ni uburinzi bw'ibanze. Ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter, bikorera mu bidukikije bikomeye byo gushongesha umuringa, bifasha kwemeza ko itandukaniro ry'ingano ya oleum mu gihe nyacyo rigaragara vuba. Ibi bituma hakorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo hakomeze gukoreshwa neza mu nganda, hagashyirwaho amahame agenga ibidukikije n'amabwiriza agenga inzira yo gucukura umuringa.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubwinshi bwa Oleum
Uburyo gakondo bwo gupima
Mu mateka, ingano ya oleum mu miyoboro y’umuringa yapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laboratwari, cyane cyane isesengura rya titration na gravimetric. Uburyo bw'ifatizo ni inzira y'itsinda ry'ibice bibiri. Ubwa mbere, abasesenguzi bagena trioxide ya sulfur yigenga (SO₃). Icyitegererezo gishongeshwa mu mazi akonje nk'urubura, bigabanyiriza imihindagurikire ya SO₃. Aside sulfurike ikorwa ishyirwa mu miterere ya alkali isanzwe, hakoreshejwe ibimenyetso nka methyl orange, bigaragaza neza aho iherezo riri mu bisubizo bya aside ikomeye. Hanyuma, aliquot itandukanye iragabanuka cyane kandi igashyirwa mu miterere ya aside yose - hapimwa H₂SO₄ y'umwimerere na aside ikomoka kuri SO₃.
Ubunyangamugayo bushingiye ku gukoresha ingero vuba no ku buhanga bw'umuhanga, cyane cyane gukumira igihombo cya SO₃, cyatera kudahabwa agaciro. Impinduka zishobora guterwa no kubona ibintu mu buryo bw'umuntu, gutinda kwinjiza ibintu mu buryo, no gusubiramo intambwe zikoreshwa n'intoki. Ubu buryo bwa kera buracyashyigikira isesengura ry'amategeko n'iry'icyitegererezo, rifite agaciro ko gukomera no ku giciro gito cy'imikorere, ariko ntirikwiriye kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo cyangwa guhindura vuba inzira mu gihe cyo gushongesha amabuye y'umuringa no mu bishushanyo mbonera by'inganda.
Uburyo bwo gusesengura bugezweho
Iterambere riherutse ryatumye isesengura ry’icyerekezo cya oleum rijya mu buryo bwihuse, bwikora, kandi budasenya. Ubuhanga bwa Spectrophotometric, nka Vis-SWNIR absorption spectroscopy, butuma hamenyekana vuba, mu buryo bwihuse, aho oleum iherereye binyuze mu gusuzuma ibimenyetso byihariye by’icyiciro cya oleum. Uburyo bushingiye kuri shimi butunganya amakuru ya spectral hakoreshejwe ingero za mibare, byongera cyane uburyo bwo guhitamo no gupima neza mu miyoboro y’imikorere igoye.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusesengura kuri interineti rihuza ibikoresho byo gupima umuringa mu bikoresho byo gushonga umuringa, ibyo bikaba byemerera gukurikirana buri gihe ubwinshi bw'ibice bya oleum nta gusohora ingero. Ubu buryo butanga ibitekerezo byihuse, bushyigikira igenzura ry’imikorere y’icyuma cyo gushonga umuringa. Sisitemu zo gupima amashanyarazi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, nubwo zishingiye ku buryo bworoshye ku binyabutabire, ziroroshya uburyo bwo kubona ibyuma no kugabanya amakosa yakozwe n'intoki, nubwo zishobora kudakuraho burundu ikibazo cyo gukoresha neza ingero.
Ugereranyije n'uburyo bwa kera, uburyo bugezweho butanga:
- Ibipimo bitangiza kandi bihoraho
- Isesengura ryihuse rikwiriye ikoranabuhanga rikomeye ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda
- Kugabanuka kw'ikosa rishingiye ku bantu
- Guteza imbere uburyo bwo guhuza amakuru muri sisitemu zo kugenzura ubwinshi bw'amakuru muri oleum
Ariko, amahame agenga igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bw’itsinda akunze gushimangira uburyo bwa titrimetric nk'icyitegererezo cyo gukemura amakimbirane no kwemeza.
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukurikirana ibikorwa mu gihe kiri imbere
Ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubwinshi bw'umunyu wa oleum bigira uruhare runini mu muringa wa noneinzira zo gukuramoIbipimo by'ubucucike bw'imirongo n'ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bigize ishingiro ry'ibikoresho by'ubucucike bwa oleum bidatera impanuka. Imiterere yabyo ikomeye yemerera gushyirwa mu miyoboro y'ibikorwa, ikomeza gutanga raporo ku miterere y'amazi y'ingenzi mu kubara ubucucike. Ibi bikoresho ntibisaba kongeramo reagent kandi bibungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ingero, bigatuma bihuzwa cyane n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda.
Ibikoresho bikora ikoranabuhanga, nk'ibikoresho bigenzura imikorere y'amazi n'ibikoresho byo gupima, bifasha kugenzura neza no gucunga neza imigezi ya oleum. Amakuru yo gupima ava muri metero za Lonnmeter ashobora gushyirwa mu buryo butaziguye muri sisitemu zo kugenzura imikorere y'inganda. Aya makuru adahindagurika atanga ibitekerezo bihoraho kugira ngo hakosorwe neza mu gihe nyacyo, bityo anonosore uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bw'amazi ya oleum mu ntambwe zose zo gushongesha amabuye y'agaciro y'umuringa.
Mu guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima bigezweho n'ibikoresho bigenzura imikorere y'inganda byikora, abakora mu nganda bakomeza kwihanganira ibikorwa bikomeye, bongera umutekano bitewe no kugabanuka kw'uburyo bakoresha n'intoki, kandi bakagera ku rugero rwiza rwa oleum ku bipimo by'ibicuruzwa byifuzwa. Guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima oleum ubu ni ingenzi mu kunoza urwego rwa oleum mu nganda, kwemeza ko ari ingenzi kandi byujuje ibisabwa mu igenamigambi ry'uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa.
Ingamba zo Kugenzura Ingano ya Oleum
Ingingo z'ibanze zo kugenzura ibikorwa
Inganda zitunganya umuringa zigumana ubwinshi bwa oleum zikoresheje uburyo bwo gusubiza hamwe n’uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bw’amazi. Igenzura ry’ubwinshi bw’amazi rikoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubwinshi bwa oleum mu gihe nyacyo. Iyo agaciro kavuye aho gaherereye, sisitemu ihindura ibipimo by’imikorere, nko kongera amazi, ubushyuhe bwa gaze, cyangwa ubwinshi bw’amazi asohoka, kugira ngo ikosore ihinduka. Urugero, umugenzuzi wa PID abara itandukaniro riri hagati y’icyerekezo n’ubwinshi bwapimwe, hanyuma agahindura ibikubiye mu bikoresho mu buryo bungana, bigahuza uko igihe kigenda kugira ngo bigabanye amakosa ahoraho kandi bigahindura impinduka zihuse mu mikorere.
Kugenzura imikorere y’ibicuruzwa biteganya ko ibintu bizahinduka mbere yuko bigira ingaruka ku gipimo cya oleum. Aba bagenzuzi bateganya ko ibintu bizagenda ku mpinduka mu gipimo cya SO₂ gaze cyo hejuru, igipimo cy’imigendekere y’ibikorwa, cyangwa impinduka mu gifuru. Mu guhindura uburyo bwo kwinjiza ibintu mbere y’igihe, kugenzura imikorere y’ibicuruzwa birinda impinduka zidakenewe mu gipimo. Guhuza ingamba zo gusubiza ibintu n’uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru bitanga icyizere cyo kwanga vuba no gukosora amakosa y’icyitegererezo cyangwa ibikoresho. Ibigo bikunze gushyira ibi mu bikorwa mu buryo bwo kugenzura bukwirakwijwe (DCS) kugira ngo habeho impinduka nziza hagati y’imiterere y’ibipimo byo kugenzura no guhindura imiterere y’ibicuruzwa mu byiciro byo gushongesha umuringa.
Uburyo bwo kunoza
Gukoresha neza oleum, kongeramo oleum, no kuyigarura ni ingenzi kugira ngo umusaruro uhore umeze neza. Ibimera bikoresha imibare y’ingano, amakuru y’amateka y’imikorere, no gukurikirana buri gihe kugira ngo binoze ingano ya sulfur trioxide, amazi, na aside mu nkuta zifata. Guhindura oleum mu buryo bwo kuyigabanya—kongera kuyisubiza mu buryo butuma igice cy’umusaruro kigaruka mu cyuma gifata oleum—bifasha kugumana ubwinshi bw’ibiryo mu gihe cy’ihindagurika ry’ibiryo cyangwa ihindagurika ry’uburyo bitunganywa; ubu buryo kandi butuma SO₃ ikoreshwa neza, bigabanura ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho fatizo.
Ibipimo by’ubucucike bigezweho bigira uruhare runini. Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’inline na viscosity—nk’ibyavuye muri Lonnmeter—bitanga isuzuma ry’uburyo ibintu bigenda neza kandi mu buryo bufatika. Ibi bipimo byongera ubushobozi bwa chemometric bwo guhuza amakuru y’ibipimo by’ubucucike n’ingano nyayo ya oleum. Hakoreshejwe isesengura rya multivariate, abakora bashobora guhuza ibintu nk’ubushyuhe, amazi atembera, cyangwa imbaraga za aside n’agaciro k’ubucucike no guhanura ibikenewe mu buryo. Muri ubu buryo, inganda zikora neza uburyo oleum ipimwa n’uburyo isubizwa kugira ngo ihuze n’ibikenewe, zigabanye imyanda, kandi zigakomeza kubahiriza ibisabwa n’ibicuruzwa.
Gukemura ibibazo no Gupima
Kugenzura ikoreshwa rya oleum mu maraso bihura n'ibibazo byinshi bikunze kubaho:
- Uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y'ibintu:Amakosa aturuka ku gusaza kw'ibikoresho cyangwa kwangiza imiterere y'ibikoresho ashobora gutuma ibintu biyobya, bigatera umusaruro utari wo cyangwa ibikorwa byinshi byo gukosora.
- Uburyo butari bwo bw'umurongo:Impinduka zitunguranye mu miterere cyangwa urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka zishobora kurenga imiyoboro yo kugenzura, bigatera kudahindagurika cyangwa kwizunguruka.
- Gutinda mu gukoresha ibikoresho:Gutinda mu gupima cyangwa kugenzura bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko w'imikorere ya sisitemu, cyane cyane mu buryo bugoye bwo gushyiramo ibintu mu byiciro byinshi.
Ibisubizo bya tekiniki birimo guhitamo witonze sensor, algorithms zikomeye zo kugenzura, hamwe na gahunda zo gusuzuma amakosa buri gihe. Urugero, imiterere y'ibikoresho bibiri bishobora kugenzura ibipimo bya oleum kugira ngo hamenyekane vuba ikibazo. Ibipimo byo kugenzura ibice bitandukanye bihindura ihinduka mu buryo bworoshye mu byiciro byo kwinjiza iyo ibipimo by'imikorere bihindutse mu buryo butunguranye.
Gupima buri gihe, kwemeza no kubungabunga ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibipimo bikomeze kuba byiza. Gupima bisaba kugereranya buri gihe ibipimo bisohoka mu buryo bwa "inline" (ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter cyangwa "viscosity") n'ibipimo byizewe bishingiye kuri laboratwari, bigakosora ibitagenda neza vuba. Igenzura ryo kugenzura risuzuma uburyo bwose bwo gupima kugira ngo harebwe igisubizo gikwiye mu gihe cy'ibikorwa byiganwa. Uburyo bwo kubungabunga - gusukura "sensor probes", kugenzura imirongo yo kohereza, no kugenzura aho bashyira - bifasha mu gukumira kwirema no kwangirika kwa mekanike, bigatuma habaho igenzura ryizewe uko igihe kigenda gihita.
Binyuze mu guhuza ingamba zikomeye zo kugenzura hamwe n’ibipimo bihanitse byo mu murongo, gutunganya neza ibintu, no kugenzura neza, inganda zitunganya umuringa zihora zigera ku gipimo nyacyo kandi gihamye cya oleum mu ntambwe zose zo gukuramo umuringa.
Imicungire y'ibidukikije no kugabanya imyanda
Gucunga imyanda ikomoka kuri aside n'umunyu
Uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa butanga imyanda ikomoka kuri aside na saline, cyane cyane igizwe n'ibintu birimo chlorine hamwe n'ubwinshi bwa chloride. Iyi myanda itera imbogamizi bitewe no kwangirika, amategeko agenga ibidukikije, ndetse n'ingaruka zo kwangiza ibidukikije. Gutunganya neza bisaba gutunganya byihariye ingano ya aside na saline isanzwe mu ntambwe zo gukuramo umuringa.
Uburyo bwo gukuramo amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe umuringa, kuyakuraho no kuyashyiramo umunyu butanga uburyo bwo kuyasukura mu buryo bwihariye kugira ngo amazi yanduye ashongeshwe mu muringa. Mu gihe cyo kuyakuramo, ayoni ya chloride atandukanywa mu buryo bwihariye hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bikuramo umunyu bya ammonium bya quaternary. Ibi bintu bigaragaza ko chloride ifitanye isano rikomeye mu gihe bigabanya gukuramo andi ayoni. Hanyuma ibikoresho bikuramo amazi bishyirwa mu buryo bwo kuyakuraho, bikajyana ayo mazi mu buryo bugenzurwa kugira ngo byorohe kuyacunga cyangwa ngo bishobore kugaruza umutungo.
Hanyuma hakoreshwa uburyo bwo gusohora umunyu. Mu gushyiramo ibintu nka potasiyumu nitrate cyangwa sodium sulfate, gushonga kwa chloride mu gice cy'amazi biragabanuka, bigatuma habaho gutandukana kurushaho hakoreshejwe imvura cyangwa gucikamo ibice. Ubu buryo bugera ku kigero cya 90% cyo gukuraho chloride kandi bugabanya umwanda ugereranije n'ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo kugwa cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rya membrane.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura iyi gahunda zirimo ubushyuhe na pH—ibi bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo kloride, ingaruka zo gukuramo hamwe, n'ikiguzi cy'imikorere. Ibikoresho byo mu murongo bipima ubucucike n'ubukana, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, binoza uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa, bigatuma habaho igenzura ryihuse ry'ibyiciro byo gukuramo no gusohora umunyu mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda.
Uburyo bwo gushonga kw'umuringa (Copper Flash cc)
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Ibyiza byo kugenzura oleum ihamye
Kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw'amazi ya oleum binoza neza ubuziranenge bw'amazi mu ntambwe zo gushongesha amabuye y'umuringa. Kugumana imbaraga za aside nziza n'ubunini bigabanya irekurwa ry'amazi ya trioxide ya sulfur, bigatuza imiterere y'uburyo bwo gukuramo umuringa kandi bikagabanya ibyago byo kwangirika bidakenewe. Iyo ubwinshi bw'amazi ya oleum bucunzwe neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwizewe bwo gupima—nk'ibipimo by'ubunini bw'amazi bya Lonnmeter—uburyo bwo kuvura amazi ya oleum bugenda bworoha kandi bugashoboka kumenyekana.
Gutunganya neza inzira yo kugabanya ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe mu gutunganya imyanda bifasha mu kugarura umuringa neza mu gihe bigabanya ubwandu mu muyoboro wa nyuma w'imyanda. Hamwe n'uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwa oleum, inyubako zihura n'amahame y'ibidukikije byoroshye. Ingano y'amazi yanduye afite ibintu biteje akaga iragabanuka, kandi imyanda iguma munsi y'umurongo ugenwa n'amazi. Gukurikirana hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike n'ubushyuhe bitanga ishusho yuzuye y'ubucucike bwa oleum mu nganda kandi bifasha kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu ku ntego z'umusaruro ndetse no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Guhuza ibikorwa by'inganda
Guhuza uburyo bwo kugenzura oleum n'uburyo bwo gushonga kw'ibintu byose
Kugenzura ikoreshwa rya oleum ni ingenzi mu gucunga uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa. Gushyira amakuru nyayo ku ikoreshwa rya oleum mu buryo bwikora mu bimera byose bituma umusaruro w’umuringa uhora uhindagurika, umutekano w’imikorere, n’ubwiza bw’umusaruro. Ibikoresho byo gupima oleum mu buryo bw’umurongo, nk’ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga ibisobanuro by’igihe nyacyo by’ingenzi mu kugenzura ikoreshwa rya reagent no kubungabunga uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibintu.
Sisitemu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zikunze gukoresha protocole za OPC UA na Modbus TCP / IP. Izi platform zorohereza itumanaho ritekanye kandi ryimbitse hagati y’ibipimo by’amashanyarazi, ibyuma bigenzura imikorere (PLCs), na sisitemu zo kugenzura no gufata amakuru (SCADA). OPC UA ikoresha imiterere itandukanye y’amakuru y’ibikoresho, ishyigikira guhuza neza ibisubizo byo gupima ingano ya oleum bivuye mu bipimo by’ubucucike n’ubukana hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga. Guhanahana amakuru mu buryo bwihuse bituma habaho impinduka mu buryo bwikora mu gipimo cy’ingano, bigahita bikosora amakosa yagaragaye mu bipimo by’ingano ya oleum.
Gushyiraho urwego rw’imikorere y’ibikoresho kugira ngo hamenyekane neza imikorere y’ibikoresho. Ku rwego rw’ibikoresho, menya neza ko ibikoresho bipima neza kandi bigatunganywa neza. Ku rwego rw’igenzura, algorithms zihindura ingano n’umuvuduko w’amazi hashingiwe ku bipimo bya oleum bifatika, bigabanye uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki kandi bikagabanya ihindagurika ry’imikorere. Urwego rw’ubugenzuzi rukusanya amakuru, rutangira raporo, kandi rushyiraho amatangazo yo kubungabunga ibintu mu gihe habonetse ibintu bitari byo nko guhindagurika kwa sensor cyangwa kudahuzagurika kwa algorithm. Raporo ishingiye ku bikorwa, ishyigikiwe na OPC UA, yemerera sisitemu gusubiza ako kanya ku byahindutse cyangwa ku byanduza, nko kuzamuka kudasanzwe kwa reagent cyangwa amakosa ya sensor, bityo bigafasha mu gukosora vuba no kunoza uburyo bwo gukora.
Urugero, iyo sensor iri mu murongo ibonye impinduka zihuse z’icyerekezo, sisitemu ziyobowe na OPC UA zishobora guhita zigabanya uburyo bwo gupima reagent no kuburira abakoresha. Iyo habayeho kwandura cyangwa ihindagurika ry’imikorere, ubu buryo bwo gusubiza mu gihe nyacyo bugabanya igihe cyo kudakora kandi bukabuza gukora ibintu bitari ngombwa.
Umwanzuro
Kugenzura ubwinshi bw'ibinure bya oleum ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa. Gushyiraho amabwiriza meza bituma gazi ya sulfur yinjizwa neza, bikongera ubushobozi bwo gushongesha umuringa kandi bikagabanya imyuka mibi ya SO₂. Ibimera bigera kuri ±0.5% bya SO₃ by'ubwinshi bwa oleum byifuzwa, bigaragaza ko byazamutse cyane mu mikorere yabyo ndetse ko bigabanya ibihano bibangamira ibidukikije, ibyo bikaba byemeza inyungu zo gukurikirana no guhindura imiterere yabyo neza.
Ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa by'umuringa bufitanye isano rya hafi n'ubwiyongere bw'ibice bya oleum. Ibigize aside sulfurike ihamye bigabanya ubwandu bw'icyuma kandi bikoroshya gutunganya ibintu mu mazi, bigafasha mu kunoza cathode. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bugaragaza ko kwiyongera kwa 3-4% mu kugarura umuringa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi bituruka ku mbaraga zisanzwe za aside zibungabungwa n'uburyo bukomeye bwo kugenzura ibice.
Ibi bivamo biterwa n'ibikoresho byo gupima no gukurikirana byifashishijwe. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'inline na viscosity meters bya Lonnmeter ni ibintu by'ingenzi—bitanga amakuru y'uburyo bwo gusesengura ubwinshi bwa oleum mu nganda. Hamwe no kugenzura ibitekerezo bigezweho, gushyiraho kwabyo bituma hamenyekana hakiri kare ibitagenda neza kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kongera kubyaza umusaruro.
Ibisabwa n’amategeko ku kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gukurikirana neza umusaruro byazamuye akamaro ko gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw’umusemburo wa oleum, bituma biba ngombwa mu mikorere ya none yo gucukura umuringa. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima no kugenzura neza bitanga inyungu zikomeye mu mikorere, ubuziranenge bw’aside, no kuramba kw’ikoranabuhanga rya kera n’irya none ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Oleum ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gushongesha umuringa?
Oleum, ikunze kwitwa aside sulfuriki ifumira, ni uruvange rukomeye rwa aside sulfuriki na trioxide ya sulfur. Uruhare rwayo runini mu gushongesha umuringa mu nganda ni nk'isoko ryinshi rya aside sulfuriki cyangwa mu gutanga trioxide ya sulfur, cyane cyane mu bikorwa bisaba imbaraga nyinshi za aside. Nubwo aside sulfuriki ari yo reagent ikomeye ikora mu gucukura, gushongesha, no gutunganya umuringa, oleum ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kongera kuvugurura cyangwa gutanga aside sulfuriki nziza muri ibi bimera, ikagira uruhare rufatika mu ntambwe nyamukuru zo gucukura umuringa. Ituma icukurwa no gusukurwa neza kurushaho mu gihe hakenewe aside nyinshi kandi yoroshya gucunga imyanda ikorwa binyuze mu gukora cyane kwa sulfonation iyo bikenewe cyane.
Ni gute igipimo cya oleum gisanzwe gipimwa mu gikorwa cyo gushongesha umuringa?
Uburyo gakondo bwo kumenya ingano ya oleum burimo titration y'intoki, ipima ingano ya trioxide ya sulfur muri aside. Ariko, ibikoresho bigezweho byo gushongesha umuringa birushaho gukoresha uburyo bwo mu murongo, budasenya nka spectrophotometric analysis na spectroscopy igezweho ishingiye kuri chemometrics. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo, bukomeza cyangwa senseri zikoresha umurongo—nk'izakozwe na Lonnmeter—butanga amakuru nyayo kandi yihuse nta kubangamira inzira y'imikorere, bigatuma habaho impinduka zihuse zo kunoza imikorere no kunoza umutekano. Izi mashini zisesengura zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zigabanya cyane ibyago bijyanye no gufata ingero zangiza cyane kandi zinoza uburinganire mu kugenzura ingano ya oleum.
Ishusho y'uburyo bwo gushongesha umuringa isa ite kandi aho oleum yongerwa?
Imbonerahamwe y'ibikorwa byo gushongesha umuringa muri rusange ikubiyemo ibice by'ingenzi bikurikira: gukaranga amabuye y'agaciro, kuyashongesha (gukora umuringa wa matte na slag), guhindura (oxidation ya matte kugira ngo hakorwe umuringa wa blister), no kuyatunganya (umuriro na electrolytic). Oleum ubwayo si ikintu gisanzwe cyinjizwa mu mbonerahamwe nyinshi zo gushongesha umuringa. Iyo ikoreshejwe, igaragara cyane cyane ahantu hasaba imikorere myinshi ya aside sulfuriki, nko mu miyoboro yo kuvugurura aside sulfuriki cyangwa mu byiciro byo gutunganya bisaba imbaraga nyinshi za aside kugira ngo hakorwe umwanda. Izi ngingo akenshi ziba zegeranye n'intambwe zo gushongesha umuringa zivugwa mu mikorere gakondo.
Ni gute kugenzura neza ingano ya oleum bigira akamaro mu gikorwa cyo gushongesha?
Kugumana ubwinshi bwiza bwa oleum ni ingenzi cyane. Bituma habaho imikorere yuzuye ya shimi no kugarura umuringa mwinshi, kandi bigabanya umusaruro ukomoka ku bicuruzwa, nko guhumeka kwa aside idakenewe cyangwa kugabanya imyanda mu buryo butuzuye. Ubwinshi buhamye bwa oleum bunarinda ibikoresho by’inganda binyuze mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika mu buryo butagenzurwa kandi byongera igihe cy’ubuzima bw’imashini zikora amashanyarazi n’imiyoboro. Mu rwego rw’imari, kugenzura neza imbaraga za aside bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bitari ngombwa, bigabanura amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa mu gihe hanitabwaho kubahiriza amategeko no kugabanya imitwaro ibangamira ibidukikije.
Ni izihe mbogamizi ku bidukikije zishobora guterwa no gucunga nabi icungamutungo rya oleum?
Kugenzura nabi ubwinshi bw'amazi ya oleum bituma amazi mabi akungahaye kuri aside cyangwa sulfate na chloride. Ibi birushaho kugorana mu gutunganya imyanda, bikongera ikiguzi cyo kuyitunganya no kuyitunganya, kandi byongera ibyago byo kumena aside n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere bibangamira umutekano w'abakozi n'ibidukikije. Kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije bishobora gutera ingaruka, bigashyira ababikora mu kaga, bagahanwa ibihano, ndetse bakangirika izina ryabo.
Ni izihe mbogamizi z'ingenzi mu gupima ubunini bwa oleum?
Gupima neza ingano ya oleum mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushongesha umuringa mu nganda bibangamira ibintu byinshi:
- Ibidukikije byangiza cyane byangiza ibyuma bisanzwe bipima.
- Gufata ingero n'intoki ni bibi kandi bishobora gutanga ibisubizo bidahuye.
- Impinduka mu mikorere cyangwa imiterere y’ibintu ziba vuba, zisaba isesengura ryihuta kandi rikorwa mu gihe nyacyo.
Imashini zigezweho zo gupima zipima ibintu hamwe n’ibikoresho byo gupima, nk’ibyo Lonnmeter itanga, zikemura ibi bibazo mu buryo butaziguye. Sisitemu zo gupima zikoresha ikoranabuhanga kandi zidakoresha uburyo bwa "invasive" zituma amakuru afatwa neza mu bihe bigoye, mu gihe gupima buri gihe bifasha mu gukomeza kuba inyangamugayo mu gupima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-05-2025
