Umunyu wa Nylon 66, witwa hexamethylenediammonium adipate ku mugaragaro, ni wo musaruro uhuye neza na hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) na aside adipic. Ni wo mushinga wa mbere wa polymer ya nylon 66, wiganje muri pulasitiki z’ubuhanga bitewe n’imbaraga zawo nyinshi za mekanike n’ubushyuhe buhamye. Uyu munyu, uboneka nk'ikintu cya ionic cya kristu mu gisubizo cy’amazi, ugaragaza imiterere idasanzwe y’ingenzi mu nzira yo gukurura polycondensation itanga fibre na resins za nylon 66. Imiterere ya molekile ifite ibice bya ammonium bifite charge nziza biva kuri HMDA n’amatsinda ya karubokisilate afite charge mbi biva kuri aside adipic, bikarema lattices za ionic cyangwa, iyo bishongeshejwe, ions zitandukanye ziteguye gukoreshwa muri polymerization.
Ubuziranenge n'ubuziranenge bw'imiterere y'iyi polymer bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buremere bwa molekile, imiterere ya kristali, n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe. Inyigo za laboratwari n'inganda zemeza ko igipimo cya ioni cya 1:1 gishingiye kuri tekiniki za spectroscopic na X-ray diffraction ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho gukomera. Ndetse no kunyuranya guto bishobora kubangamira imiterere y'uruhererekane, bigatera imiterere mibi ya mekanike.
Gutegura umunyu wa nayiloni 66
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Hexamethylenediamine, ifite imiterere yayo ya H2N-(CH2)6-NH2, ikora nk'igice cya diamine gitanga amatsinda ya amine yo gukora umunyu. Aside Adipic, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH, yuzuza ibi n'imikorere ya karubokisili ikora neza. Ubuziranenge bwayo n'ubuziranenge bwayo ni ingenzi: HMDA ikunze guhindurwa cyangwa gushyirwamo kristali kugira ngo ikureho ibisigazwa bya oligomeric na organic, mu gihe aside Adipic ikorerwa recrystallization, filtration, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ihinduranya iyoni kugira ngo ikureho ibisigazwa by'amabara, organic, n'ibyuma. Ubuziranenge buri hejuru ya 99.5% bwibasirwa n'inganda; ndetse n'ibisigazwa bishobora kwangiza ubwiza bwa polymer, guhindura ibara ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye, cyangwa se gukwirakwiza uburozi mu bindi bikorwa.
Ishingiro ry'ikorwa ry'umunyu wa nylon 66 ni uburyo bworoshye ariko bugenzurwa neza. Mu gisubizo cy'amazi, HMDA yakira protoni ziva mu matsinda ya karubokisili ya aside adipike, zigakora iyoni za ammonium mu gihe icyarimwe zikora karubokisili. Ubu buryo bwo gukorana na aside-base buteguwe neza:
H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → [H2N-(CH2)6-NH3+][OOC-(CH2)4-COO−] (umunyu wa nylon, amazi)
Mu buryo bwa mekanike, gukoranaho bwa mbere bituma diamine ikora protenati, igakora intermediate ya zwitterionic. Kurangiza bishingira ku ihererekanya ryuzuye rya proton no kugabanya. pH yakozwe kugira ngo igere kuri neutral—hafi ya 7—nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibipimo bingana bya aside-base. Ubushyuhe bwiza bwongera uburyo bwo gukora reaction ndetse no gushyira umunyu mu buryo bukurikiraho; mu by'ukuri, ubushyuhe kuva kuri 25°C kugeza kuri 100°C burakoreshwa. Ariko, pH ikabije cyangwa ubushyuhe bishobora kugabanya reaction cyangwa gutanga umusaruro: aside nyinshi cyangwa imiterere y'ibanze ituma habaho umunyu utuzuye kandi bishobora guhindura uburyo umunyu ushonga n'imiterere ya kristu. Igenzura ry'ubuziranenge rigezweho rikoresha ibipimo bya pH n'uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu, akenshi bigakurikiranwa buri gihe, kugira ngo habeho stoichiometry ikwiye no gukumira ihindagurika ry'imikorere.
Ubwinshi cyangwa ubuke muri ibyo byombi bihindura imikorere y’amatsinda y’umunyu, ndetse no muri polimeri ya nylon. Ibi bigira ingaruka ku burebure bw’urunigi, gutandukana kwa poly, no ku miterere y’imitsi. Isano iri hagati y’ubucucike bw’umunyu n’uburyo ugenzura imikorere igaragazwa mu nganda zigezweho, ahogupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyono gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi ni ingenzi mu gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66. Gukurikirana neza ubucucike ntibituma gusa habaho uburinganire hagati y'ibice bitandukanye, ahubwo binafasha kugenzura umunyu wuzuye ugereranije n'ufite ibikenewe kugira ngo habeho polymer cyangwa ububiko bukurikira.
Muri make, imikoranire iri hagati y’ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabutabire mu kugabanya ubushyuhe, kugenzura pH n’ubushyuhe, hamwe n’ubuziranenge budasanzwe bwa HMDA na aside adipic ni byo bishimangira inzira nziza yo gukora umunyu wa nylon 66. Ni ubu buryo buboneye bugenga ubwiza bw’inzira yose yo gukora nylon 66 polymer, ndetse n’uburyo ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda mu bijyanye n’imodoka, imyenda n’amashanyarazi.
Uburyo bwo gutegura umunyu wa Nylon 66 intambwe ku yindi
Uburyo bwo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66 butangirana no gutegura ibisubizo bitandukanye by'amazi bya aside adipic na hexamethylenediamine, monomer ebyiri z'ingenzi zikenewe mu gukora umunyu wa nylon 66. Aside adipic ishongeshwa mu mazi yakuwemo iyoni, akenshi kuri 30-60°C, kugeza igihe umuti ugaragara neza. Hexamethylenediamine ikora kimwe, igatanga umuti ukungahaye kuri amine. Ibisubizo byombi biyungururwa neza kugira ngo bikureho uduce duto mbere yo kongera gukora, bishyigikira gupima ubucucike bw'umunyu kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza igipimo n'inzira nziza y'umusaruro.
Kuvanga hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bugenzurwa kandi bugenzurwa ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hagerwe ku gipimo cya stoichiometric 1: 1 molar, kuko n'impinduka nto zigira ingaruka mbi ku mikorere ya polymerization n'imiterere ya resin. Ibi bisubizo byombi bishyirwa buhoro buhoro—akenshi bigana hasi—ku gikoresho gifite ikoti gifite uburyo bwo kuvanga neza, bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza umuvuduko wo kuvanga. Ubushyuhe bugenzurwa neza burinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, crystallization itaragera, cyangwa hydrolysis idakenewe, bigatuma habaho imiterere imwe ya nylon 66 salt reaction.
Mu gihe cyose cyo kuvanga no kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu ikorwa rya nylon 66, igitambaro cy'umwuka utagira umwuka, akenshi azote, gikomeza kuba mu bwato. Ubu buryo bwo kurinda ikirere kitagira umwuka ni ingenzi cyane mu gukuraho ogisijeni yo mu kirere na dioxyde de carbone, bishobora gukurura ogisijeni cyangwa bigatera imyanda ya karubone/bicarbonate, bigatera umunyu kwangirika. Iyo myuka itagira umwuka yongera ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa no kubikwa neza, bikaba ari ingenzi mu bikorwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Uko kuvanga bigenzurwa bikomeza, ubwoko bw’ibice biri hagati bifite aho bihurira na carboxyl cyangwa amine bushobora kwirema, bitewe na stoichiometry yo mu gace n’igipimo cyo kuvanga. Kugabanya burundu imiterere y’ibintu bivangwa n ...
Gukurikirana pH no gupima mu gihe nyacyo bituma habaho gusubiza neza mu gihegutandukanya, kwemeza ko uruhererekane rw'ibipimo n'ingano binozwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bitagira aho bihuriye cyangwa bidafite aho bihuriye. Uburyo bwa none bwo gukora ibintu bushimangira ko n'ubusumbane buto muri stoichiometry bugabanya ubushobozi bwa polymerization.
Nyuma yo gukora umunyu utagira aho ubogamiye, inzira inyura mu byiciro byo gusukura kugira ngo igire umusaruro mwiza cyane. Ingamba zo kuyungurura mu ntambwe nyinshi—kuva ku byuma bito bito kugeza kuri submicron filter media—gukuraho iyoni z'icyuma, uduce duto, n'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima biva mu bikoresho fatizo cyangwa amazi atunganywa. Uburyo bwo guhinduranya iyoni bukurikiraho, bukuraho imyanda ishongesha nk'iyoni za sulfate, calcium, cyangwa sodium zangiza ubwiza bw'umunyu wa nylon. Hanyuma uruvange rurashyirwamo imbaraga nyinshi kandi rugacungwa neza, rugakora kristu z'umunyu zisukuye zifite imiterere y'urumuri kandi zifite ibara ritagaragara cyangwa ibara ry'umukungugu.
Igenzura ry’ubuziranenge rihujwe cyane n’uburyo bwo gutegura umunyu mu nganda, hamwe no gukurikirana buri gihe uburyo UV ifata n’ubuziranenge bw’urumuri rw’izuba (UV) n’uburyo isuku y’urumuri rw’izuba igaragara muri buri cyiciro. Ubushobozi buke bwo kugira UV ni ingenzi cyane—ubuziranenge bugaragaza ko hari imyanda ya chromophoric, ishobora kwangiza ibara ry’ibicuruzwa bya polimeri bya nylon 66 bigatera inenge mu migozi cyangwa ibice byabumbwe. Ku bijyanye n’imikorere ya polimeri ifite agaciro gakomeye, kugenzura amaso no kureba neza bireba umunyu udafite ibara, kandi hirindwa ko umunyu wo hasi uhinduka umuhondo n’utundi duce dutandukanye.
Gukurikirana ubucucike mu mikorere ya shimi, cyane cyane hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi n'ibipimo by'ubucucike mu murongo nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, byongera uburinzi. Ibi bikoresho byemeza ubucucike bwa nyuma bw'umunyu, bishyigikira gusubiramo kw'imikorere. Gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi ni ingenzi mu kumenya ihindagurika rito ry'ibice bikomeye, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gushushanya no ku ntambwe zikurikiraho za polymerization.
Gushyira hamwe uburyo bwo gusukura neza no kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66 bishyigikira umusaruro n'imikorere ya polymer. Igenzura ryimbitse ry'isesengura, kuva ku gipimo cya UV kugeza kuri pH n'ubucucike, bituma habaho gukora umunyu utagira inenge nyinshi, usobanutse neza, kandi utunganye neza ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu nganda zikora polymer.
Umusaruro w'umunyu wa Nylon 66 mu nganda: Gutunganya no kunoza imikorere
Ikorwa ry'Umunyu ku rwego rw'Inganda
Uburyo bwo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66 mu nganda bushingiye ku buryo aside adipike na hexamethylenediamine zikora. Kuzamuka kuva kuri laboratwari kugera ku bikorwa by’inganda bisaba guhindura uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo busanzwe, aho ibintu bihuza ibintu mu buryo bugenzurwa neza bigatanga hexamethylenediammonium adipate—izwi kandi nk’umunyu wa nylon.
Mu nganda nini zikora umunyu wa nylon 66, ubwiza bw'ibikoresho fatizo buhoraho ni ingenzi cyane. Ihindagurika ry'aside adipe cyangwa hexamethylenediamine purity rigira ingaruka zitaziguye kuri stoichiometry, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bidashyirwa mu buryo busanzwe iyo bitagenzuwe. Uburyo bwo kugaburira bugomba gutuma ingero zihoraho zitangwa, zikishyura ihindagurika ry'ibiciro mu mikoreshereze y'ibikoresho fatizo n'ubushyuhe.
Kuvanga kimwe ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi. Ingufu z'inganda zishingikiriza ku gukurura cyane kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bihinduka bigatuma ubushyuhe budashira. Kuvanga nabi bitera aside cyangwa amine idakora neza, bigatuma habaho imyunyu ifite pH idahindagurika n'ibipimo byo gushonga bihindagurika. Inganda zigezweho zikoresha imashini zikora ...
Kugenzura ubushyuhe ni byo bituma habaho kudahungabana. Guhagarika ikirere bisaba ko imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe kugira ngo bigumane ubushyuhe bwiza—ubusanzwe hafi ya 210°C. Ihindagurika riri hejuru cyangwa munsi y’iyi ngingo rituma habaho hydrolysis cyangwa crystallization mbi y’umunyu, uko bikurikirana, bigatera imbogamizi ku bushyuhe bwo hasi.
Imiyoboro n'ibikoresho by'inganda
Ibikoresho binini bya nylon 66 by’umunyu birangwa n’ubwubatsi bwabyo bukomeye no guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryimbitse ryo kugenzura. Amahitamo ya reactors ahanini ari hagati ya CSTRs, akundwa cyane kubera ko avangavanga neza kandi ahuza neza imiterere, na PFRs, zorohereza urujya n’uruza rw’amazi rudasibangana aho kuvanga kimwe bitaba ari ngombwa cyane.
Sisitemu zo kuvanga ibintu mu nganda zakozwe kugira ngo zivange vuba kandi neza imiyoboro ya aside na diamine. Imashini zikoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo gukata no gusubiramo amazi zikwirakwiza ibintu bitanga umwuka ku buryo bungana nubwo ingano cyangwa ubunini bw'amazi bihinduka, bigabanya ibyago byo gushyuha no kugabanya ubushyuhe mu buryo busesuye.
Sisitemu zo kugenzura ibikorwa mu buryo bukurikiranye ni ingenzi mu kugenzura no kwandika buri cyiciro. Ibipimo bya pH biri ku murongo, sensor z'ubushyuhe, na metero zipima ubucucike bugezweho (nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter) ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho ibintu bigezweho. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo bituma ababikora bashobora kwemeza ko umunyu uhagije n'ingano yawo mu gihe cyose cy'ibikorwa. Ibi bisubizo byo kugenzura ubucucike bitanga ibitekerezo bitanga uburyo bwo guhindura ku gihe igipimo cy'ibiryo n'ubushyuhe kugira ngo hakomeze kuba ubwiza bw'umunyu buri ku rugero rumwe. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi buri ku murongo bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibisubizo by'umunyu byagaragajwe neza kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakuru ari ukuri mu gihe cy'impinduka mu mikorere.
Uburyo bwo gufata neza ni ngombwa bitewe n’uko imiterere y’umunyu wa nylon 66 ihinduka iy’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje. Ibigega byo kubikamo ibintu byubatswe mu byuma birwanya ingese, birimo uburyo bwo gupfuka amazi burinda guhumeka no kwanduza amazi. Imiyoboro ifunze yo gutwara ibintu, uburyo bwikora bwo gutwara ibintu, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kubika amazi asutswe byose bigira uruhare mu kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije no ku bakozi mu kubika no kohereza amazi asutswe.
Gutunganya Inzira zo Guhuza Ibicuruzwa
Kubungabunga imiterere y'ibicuruzwa mu gukora umunyu wa nylon 66 bisaba guhindura neza ibipimo by'imikorere. Ubukana bw'ibicuruzwa—ikintu cy'ingenzi ku miterere ya nylon 66 polymer—biterwa no kugenzura neza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cy'ikorwa ry'umunyu ndetse no mu gihe cyo kuwutunganya nyuma.
Ubushyuhe buguma kuri dogere selisiyusi 210 iyo bufite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye, kuko kunyura mu bipimo bihindura urugero rwo kugabanya ubushyuhe n'umunyu ushonga. Kugenzura umuvuduko, akenshi bishyirwa hafi ya 1.8 MPa mu ntambwe za mbere yo gushonga, biha ubushobozi bwo gukora neza icyiciro n'uburyo ibintu bihinduka. Igihe cyo gutura muri reaktors kiragenzurwa kugira ngo gihinduke neza, mu gihe hirindwa ko ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kwangiza umusaruro. Iki gikorwa cyo kuringaniza ibintu kirushaho kunozwa hakoreshejwe amakuru aturuka kuri viscosity inline na density meters.
Guhitamo catalyst n'ingano yayo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku cyiciro cya polimeri ya nylon 66, gikurikira ikorwa ry'umunyu. Ingano isanzwe ya catalyst ni hafi 0.1 wt% kugira ngo yongere uburemere bwa molekile no guteza imbere iterambere ry'uruhererekane rwa polimeri. Gukoresha doze nyinshi bishobora kwihutisha reaction ariko bishobora guteza amashami adacunzwe cyangwa ikorwa ry'amabara; doze nkeya zibangamira polimeri na imiterere ya mekanike. Gupima neza no kuvanga vuba catalyst, akenshi mu gisubizo hamwe n'ibiryo by'umunyu, byongera imikorere myiza muri rusange.
Buri kimwe muri ibi bipimo gihindurwa mu buryo buhindagurika mu gihe nyacyo hashingiwe ku makuru y’ubwiza. Urugero, iyo kugenzura ubucucike bw’ibice by’umubumbe w ...
Ubucucike bw'umunyu: Ingamba zo gukurikirana no gupima
Akamaro ko kugenzura ubucucike mu gutegura umunyu
Mu gihe cyo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66, kugenzura ubucucike ni ngombwa cyane. Uburyo bwa stoichiometric hagati ya hexamethylenediamine na aside adipic butanga umunyu ufite ubuziranenge n'ubushobozi bwo gukora polimeri ya nylon 66 bigaragazwa neza n'ubucucike bw'umuti. Ibipimo by'ubucucike neza bigaragaza ingano y'ibinyabutabire, bigaragaza uburinganire hagati ya aside na amine, kandi bigakora nk'ishingiro ryo kurangiza ihinduka n'ingano y'amazi.
Kugumana ubucucike bwiza bw'umunyu ni ingenzi cyane. Gutandukana guke bishobora kugaragaza ko ibintu bitameze neza, nka aside cyangwa amine nyinshi, bibangamira imikorere ya polymerization, bigira ingaruka ku gukwirakwira kw'ibinyabutabire, kandi bigatera imiterere mibi ya nyuma. Urugero, mu kongera gukoresha imiti, impinduka mu bucucike bw'umunyu mu gihe cya hydrolysis iterwa na aside zihindura imiterere ya hydrogen muri polymer, bigira ingaruka ku buryo enzymes ziboneka n'umuvuduko wo kugarura monomer. Kudakora neza mu kugenzura ubucucike muri iki cyiciro bituma habaho ihinduka rituzuye cyangwa imyanda, bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibimera no ku bipimo byo kurambye.
Inyandiko zituruka ku miyoboro y’ibicuruzwa by’inganda zivuga ko kugenzura ubucucike bw’ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwikora ari ingenzi mu gukora umunyu uhoraho kandi usukuye cyane, mu gihe kimwe no kugabanya imyanda, kunoza uburyo bisohoka, no kugenzura ko byubahirizwa. Ibi byabaye ingenzi cyane mu gihe ibipimo by’amategeko n’ibijyanye no kubungabunga ibidukikije byiyongera, bigasaba kugenzura cyane ibikorwa no kunoza imikorere.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi
Mu mateka, uburyo nka pycnometry cyangwa hydrometers bwapimaga ubucucike bw'umunyu ariko bwagize ikibazo cyo kudakora neza no gukoresha intoki, bigatuma budakoreshwa neza mu kugenzura inganda buri gihe. Ubuhanga bwo mu nganda bugezweho bukunda ibikoresho byikora kandi bifite ireme cyane.
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa U-tube bihindagurika bigaragarira cyane nk'ibipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda mu gupima ubucucike bw'umunyu. Ihame rirasobanutse: umuyoboro ufite ishusho ya U, wuzuyemo umuti w'umunyu, uhindagurika ku buryo buhinduka bitewe n'impinduka mu bucucike bw'amazi. Kubera ko amazi menshi atuma umuyoboro uhindagurika buhoro buhoro, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bipima iri hinduka ry'ubucucike bw'amazi bikawuhinduramo uburyo bwo gusoma ubucucike bw'amazi butaziguye.
Guhitamo ibikoresho by'umuyoboro, nk'icyuma kidashonga cyangwa aloyi zidasanzwe, bigengwa n'uburyo imiti ihuye n'ibisubizo by'umunyu. Ibi bipimo bikora neza ku murongo w'umusaruro kandi bigatanga umusaruro wihuse kandi usubiramo, bigatuma bihuzwa neza n'aho uruganda rukora umunyu rwa nylon 66.
Lonnmeter ikora ibipimo bikomeye by’ubucucike bw’insinga byakorewe ahantu hakomeye mu nganda, bigamije gukora neza no gupima ibintu mu buryo burambye ndetse no mu bidukikije bikoresha imiti ihumanya. Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’insinga bikoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye ku miyoboro y’amazi, bigatuma habaho kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo ubucucike bw’umunyu mu gihe cy’ibikorwa byose ndetse no mu gihe cyo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66.
Gupima ibi bipimo ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibipimo bibe byanditse neza. Gupima bikubiyemo ibisubizo bisanzwe ku bucucike bwagenwe kugira ngo hashyirweho ingingo z'ibanze mbere yuko igikoresho gikoreshwa n'amazi yo mu nganda. Ibi byemeza ko agaciro kapimwe kerekana ubwinshi bw'umunyu nyakuri—ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo imiterere y'ibipimo ikomeze mu buryo buhamye.
Guhuza amakuru y'ubucucike mu kugenzura ibikorwa
Gushyira hamwe uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo mu kugenzura ibikorwa byikora byongera cyane imikorere mu musaruro w’umunyu wa nylon 66. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa ibipimo by’ubucucike mu buryo butaziguye mu ikorwa, amakuru y’ubucucike ahora afatwa kandi agashyirwa muri sisitemu yo kugenzura.
Sisitemu zikora zigereranya ubucucike bw'amazi n'agaciro kagenwe ku gisubizo cy'umunyu. Iyo hagaragaye ko hari ibitagenda neza, sisitemu ishobora gukora impinduka mu buryo bwihuse—nk'uburyo bwo guhindura amazi atemba, gukosora ingano y'amazi, cyangwa guhindura ubushyuhe—kugira ngo igarure inzira mu buryo bugenwe nta ngaruka z'umukozi.
Ubu buryo burinda ihindagurika ry’ingufu, butanga umurongo ufunganye w’ibitekerezo ukemura ikibazo cyo gutembera kw’ingufu, amazi ajyanwa mu buryo butunguranye, cyangwa kutagira uburyo bwo kuyagabanya mu gihe nyacyo. Ni ngombwa cyane mu kunoza imiterere ya polymerization ikurikira itegurwa ry’umunyu. Urugero, ubucucike bw’umunyu buhamye bufitanye isano n’uburemere bwa molekile ya polymer n’ubushyuhe bushoboka, bikaba ari byo bishyigikira imiterere y’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje bukenewe ku bicuruzwa bya nylon 66 byakozwe mu buryo bwa tekiniki.
Ingero z'ibikorwa by'inganda bikomeye zigaragaza ko guhuzagusoma ubucucike kuri interinetihamwe n'ibipimo bisanzwe—nk'ubushyuhe na pH—bituma habaho kunoza imikorere y'ibintu byinshi. Ingaruka ni uburinganire bw'umusaruro, kugabanuka k'umusaruro utari uw'ingenzi, no kugabanuka k'ingufu n'ibikoresho mu gihe cy'umunyu wa nylon 66. Ubwo buryo bwo guhuza ubu bufatwa nk'uburyo bwiza ku nganda zikora imiti, bugatanga intego zo kugenzura ubuziranenge no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu mishinga igezweho yo gukora polymer.
Kuva ku Munyu kugeza kuri Nayiloni 66 Polymer: Gukonjesha no Gutunganya Nyuma
Kugenzura imiterere n'imiterere ya molekile ya nylon 66 bisaba gucunga neza ibipimo byinshi by'imikorere mu gihe cyo gutegura polycondensation, polycondensation ishongeshejwe, no gutunganya nyuma. Buri cyiciro—kuva ku ikorwa ry'umunyu wa mbere kugeza ku igeragezwa rya nyuma ry'ubuziranenge bwa pellet—bigira uruhare runini mu gukora resin ya nylon 66 yo mu rwego rw'inganda.
Ibipimo bya mbere yo gushonga kwa polycondensation
Intambwe yo gukurura ingano, aho nylon 66 ikora binyuze mu gukorana kwa aside adipic na hexamethylenediamine, irushaho kugira ingaruka ku bintu bihinduka mu mikorere. Ubushyuhe, igitutu, n'igihe cyo gukorana ni byo bintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buremere bwa molekile n'ubucucike bw'imbere. Gukurura ingano y' ...
Umuvuduko ugenzura mu buryo butaziguye imihindagurikire y’ibikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’amazi. Gutangirana n’umuvuduko mwinshi bifasha mu mikorere y’ibizamini bya mbere, nyuma y’aho umuvuduko ugabanuka buhoro buhoro kugira ngo amazi ashobore gukurwamo neza; imicungire mibi muri iki cyiciro yongera ibisigazwa bya monomer kandi bishobora gutuma habaho ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibicuruzwa. Urugero, guhindura imiterere y’umuvuduko wa reactor ku kigero cya 0.1 MPa byagaragaye ko byongera uburinganire bw’uruhererekane rwa molekile n’imbaraga zo gukurura ku kigero kirenga 8% ugereranije n’ibikorwa bitagenzuwe.
pH y'umusemburo w'umunyu wa mbere, nubwo atari yo mpinduka nyamukuru mu gihe cyo gushonga mu bushyuhe bwinshi, igira ingaruka ku ntambwe za mbere zishingiye ku musemburo cyangwa nyuma yo gushonga. Gukomeza pH hafi ya neutral (ubusanzwe hagati ya 7 na 7.5) ni ingenzi kugira ngo hagerwe ku miterere iringaniye hagati ya hexamethylenediamine na aside adipic, bigira ingaruka ku buryo uburebure bw'umunyururu bungana ndetse no ku iterambere ry'imiterere ya crystalline muri polymer. Ubudasa bwa pH bushobora gutera uruvange rudahinduka rwa stoichiometric, bigatuma habaho amashami menshi cyangwa imiyoboro ishobora gushonga, ibi bikaba bigaragara ko imbaraga za mechanical zagabanutse kandi crystallinity yahindutse muri resin irangiye. Uburyo bwo gusesengura—nk'impinduka mu gupima calorimetry (DSC) na X-ray diffraction (XRD)—bigaragaza ubwiyongere bwa crystalline hamwe n'imiterere myiza ya mechanical ku bipimo bya nylon 66 bya pH-optimized.
Gushonga no kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibintu bishongeshejwe
Gushonga kw'ibinyabutabire bya nylon 66 mu nganda bituma habaho ikorwa ry'ibinyabutabire mu buryo butaziguye nta binyabutabire, bigafasha kuzunguruka kw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo buhoraho ndetse no gukora resin nini. Kugera ku bunini bwa molekile bwifuzwa biterwa no kugenzura neza igihe cyo gukora, ubushyuhe, n'ubuziranenge bwa monomer. Gutandukana n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire akenshi bitera kwiyongera kwa viscosity y'ibinyabutabire, ibyago byinshi byo gushyuha cyane, ndetse no kwangirika vuba cyangwa kwangirika.
Iyi gahunda itera imbere mu byiciro, itangirira ku gushonga k'umunyu, gukora ku rugero ruhoraho munsi y'umuvuduko ugenzurwa, hanyuma ikagabanya umuvuduko buhoro buhoro kugira ngo amazi agende neza. Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo bukora nk'uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gusubiza ibibazo muri ibi byiciro, butanga igenzura ry'igihe nyacyo kugira ngo harebwe ko hari ubwumvikane kandi bugatuma habaho ihinduka ry'imiterere y'imikorere kugira ngo imiyoboro ikure neza. Ibikoresho nka metero ipima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo ituruka kuri Lonnmeter, iyo bipimwe neza hakoreshejwe amazi yo gupima yateguwe mu buryo bwa gravimetric, bituma habaho isuzuma ryimbitse ry'umunyu n'ubucucike bwa polymer. Ibi bituma habaho ubwumvikane busesuye kandi bigafatwa ku gihe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo ibintu bigenda bihinduka.
Nyuma yo gukonjesha, nylon 66 ishongeshejwe irasohoka igahita ishyirwa mu cyuma gikonjesha. Gukonjesha vuba—ubusanzwe hakoreshejwe amazi cyangwa umwuka uhatirwa—ni ngombwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko cyuma gikonjesha kivamo amazi no kugumana ubuziranenge. Ingano y'ibice n'imiterere bishobora kubaho iyo igipimo cyo gukonjesha gitinze cyane cyangwa kidahuye, bigira ingaruka mbi ku mikoreshereze n'itunganywa ry'ibikoresho biri hasi.
Icyiciro gikurikira cy'ingenzi ni ukumisha. Resin ya nylon 66 isanzwe ifite hygroscopic; amazi asigaye cyangwa ashongeshejwe atuma amazi agabanuka mu gihe cyo gushonga, bigatuma uburemere bwa molekile bugabanuka, imiterere mibi y'amazi atemba, ndetse n'ubusembwa bwo kutabona neza mu bice byabumbwe. Kumisha bigomba gukorwa mu mwuka muke ugera ku kigero cy'ikime, ubushyuhe bugenzurwa butarenze ubushobozi bwa polymer kugira ngo hirindwe koroha cyangwa gucika umuhondo. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubushuhe buri hejuru ya 0.2% byongera cyane igihombo cya viscosity kandi bikagabanya imbaraga z'umusaruro wa nyuma.
Gukurikirana ubuziranenge buri gihe, harimo no gupima ubushuhe n'ubukonje bwa Karl Fischer, ni kimwe mu bikorwa byiza byo kwemeza ko ibipimo by'umusemburo bitanga uduce duto tudahindagurika kandi dufite inenge. Gukoresha neza buri ntambwe yo gutunganya—kuva ku gusya kugeza ku kubika—byagaragaye ko bituma habaho imbaraga zo gukomera no gukomereka ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kugenzura budahagije.
Kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byizewe mu nganda zose
Guhuza n'impinduka mu musaruro ni ingenzi, kuko polimeri ya nylon 66 itangwa mu byiciro bitandukanye by'ibicuruzwa—imigozi, ibice bya tekiniki, na firime—buri kimwe gifite ibisabwa byihariye mu mikorere. Ibi bisaba impinduka zijyanye n'imikorere kuri buri cyiciro:
- Nayiloni yo mu rwego rwa fibre 66 ikungahazwa no kuba ifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile kugira ngo ikomere mu buryo bwa mekanike, ikaba isaba igihe kirekire cyo kongera ubushyuhe no kongera ubushishozi mu kugenzura ubushyuhe.
- Ingano zo gushushanya inshinge zishobora kwihanganira uburemere buke bwa molekile ariko zisaba ko pellet yumuka cyane kandi ikaba ifite ubuziranenge bwa geometrique kugira ngo hirindwe inenge mu gutunganya.
Igenzura rya nyuma ry’ubuziranenge rishingiye ku bipimo ngenderwaho by’uko ibicuruzwa byemerwa. Ibi birimo ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ubukana bw’ibicuruzwa, modulus, ubudahangarwa n’ingaruka, ndetse n’ubushuhe. Igenzura ry’imiterere y’ibiceri n’uko nta ibara ry’ibimera rihinduka rishyigikiwe n’isuzuma rya laboratwari ry’imiterere y’imashini n’ubushyuhe. Ibice byujuje ibipimo byose by’ingenzi ni byo bishyirwa ahagaragara ku birebana n’ikoreshwa ry’inganda—ibisobanuro birambuye bikubiye mu mpapuro z’amakuru za tekiniki zigaragaza protocole za ASTM na ISO.
Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'amazi nabyo bigira uruhare mu gukumira; gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe cyo gutegura umunyu no mu gihe cyo gushonga kwa polymer bituma habaho ubwiza bumwe kandi bigatuma hamenyekana vuba ibitagenda neza bishobora kwangiza uburyo bwo gukoresha. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bikorwa hakurikijwe amahame yemewe kugira ngo hakomeze kugenzurwa neza no kongera umusaruro, bikaba ari ingenzi mu kwagura umusaruro mu nganda nyinshi.
Binyuze mu kugenzura neza igihe cyo gushyiramo polimene, gushonga neza, no gutunganya neza nyuma yo gutunganya, abakora nylon 66 bahora batanga resini zizewe kandi zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, zihuye n’ibyo amasoko y’ibicuruzwa by’inganda akeneye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Umunyu wa nylon 66 ni iki, kandi kuki ari ingenzi mu gukora polymer?
Umunyu wa nylon 66, uzwi ku izina rya hexamethylenediammonium adipate, ni wo musingi w’umusaruro wa nylon 66 polymer. Ukorwa binyuze mu buryo bufatika bwo kugabanya ubukana hagati ya hexamethylenediamine na aside adipic. Uyu munyu ugenzura ingano y’umunyu n’uburebure bw’umunyu wa polyamide ya nyuma. Umunyu wa nylon 66 ufite isuku nyinshi ni ngombwa kugira ngo habeho imbaraga zihamye za mashini, ubushyuhe buhamye, no kudashira mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki. Ubuvungukira butari mu gupima cyangwa imyanda muri iyi ntambwe bubangamira imikorere ya polymerization ikurikiraho kandi bukagabanya ubwiza bw’umusaruro wa nyuma, bigatuma gutegura umunyu biba ikintu cy’ingenzi mu ikorwa rya nylon 66 polymer.
Ni gute uburyo bwo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66 bunozwa neza kugira ngo bube bwiza?
Uburyo bwo gukora umunyu wa nylon 66 bushingiye ku kongeramo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe mu buryo bugenzurwa kandi buhoro buhoro. Kongeramo hexamethylenediamine mu bice cyangwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amanota muri aside adipike hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bukomeye, akenshi kuri dogere selisiyusi 210 na 1.8 MPa, bigabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi buri mu gace runaka, bikarinda ibintu bidakenewe, kandi bigatanga igipimo cya stoichiometric. Imyuka idafite ubushyuhe, nka azote, irinda ingaruka zo gushonga mu buryo budakenewe. Gukurikirana pH n'ibipimo bya UV bihoraho byemeza imimerere idafite aho ihuriye n'imiterere ndetse no kutagira ibintu bidafite amabara, ari byo bimenyetso by'umunyu mwinshi. Ubu buryo bugenzurwa bwemerera gukora ibisubizo by'umunyu udafite ibara, uhamye, kandi uhinduka ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y'amazi.
Ni akahe kamaro ko kugenzura ubucucike mu gutegura umunyu?
Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'umunyu ni ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura ibikorwa no kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gihe cyo gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66. Ubucucike bw'umunyu, bupimwe mu gihe nyacyo, ni ikimenyetso cy'ubwinshi n'uburyo bwuzuye bw'uburyo bwo kugabanya ubucucike. Agaciro gahamye k'ubucucike bw'intego gahamya ko igipimo cy'ibinyabutabire kigumaho kandi ko ihinduka ryageze ku musozo. Ibi bifasha kugabanya ihindagurika mu gupima ubucucike bw'inyongera, bikagabanya ikorwa ry'ibice by'uburemere buke bwa molekile, kandi bigashyigikira ubwiza bw'umusaruro. Gukoresha icyuma gipima ubucucike bw'amazi bituma ibi bipimo biguma mu rugero ruhamye rw'imikorere, bishimangira ubwizerwe mu miterere y'ibicuruzwa by'inganda.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bukora bute mu gutegura umunyu wa nylon 66?
Mu buryo bwa nylon 66 umunyu, hexamethylenediamine (ishingiro rya diamine) ikorana na aside adipic (aside dicarboxylic) mu rugero rwa stoichiometric. Uburyo bwa nylon bugizwe ahanini no kugabanya: NH2-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → (NH3+)-(CH2)6-(NH3+)(-OOC-(CH2)4-COO-) + H2O. Kugira ngo habeho umunyu mwiza, igikorwa gisaba kugenzura neza ishyirwamo ry’ibinyabutabire, ubushyuhe, na pH, kuko n’impinduka nto zishobora gutuma habaho impinduka zidahagije cyangwa ingaruka zitari ngombwa. Ubuhanga bw’ubu buryo bugena imiterere ya molekile n’imikorere ya polimeri ya nylon 66.
Ni ibihe bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu nganda zikora umunyu wa nylon 66?
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'umunyu ni byo by'ingenzi mu kwemeza inzira mu musaruro munini wa nylon 66. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi bya digitale, nka U-tube densitometers zizunguruka, bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda. Ibi bikoresho bitanga ibipimo by'ubucucike bihoraho, bifasha ababikora guhindura ingano y'ibiryo, ingano y'ibinyabutabire, n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo bihuze n'ibipimo by'imikorere byihariye. Lonnmeter ikora ibipimo by'ubucucike bikomeye bya inline na viscosity metres bikwiranye neza n'uru rwego rw'ikoreshwa ry'inganda. Gupima buri gihe ibi bikoresho bituma habaho imikorere yizewe kandi isubiramo, ari nabyo by'ingenzi mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'imikoreshereze y'ibicuruzwa bya shimi no gushyigikira imicungire myiza y'ubuziranenge.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2025
