Gusobanukirwa Igipimo cy'Ubucucike bw'Amazi muri Reactor za Polimasiyo
Igipimo cy’ubucucike bw’amazi neza ni ingenzi mu kugenzura inzira z’ibinyabutabire mu byuma bipima poliyetinamu. Mu mikorere ya poliyetinamu, ubucucike bukora nk'ikimenyetso cy’uko poliyetinamu ikura, uburebure bwa kristali, n’uburemere bwa molekile, biganisha ku miterere y’ibikoresho by’ingenzi nko gukomera, kudakora neza, no gushobora gutunganywa. Urugero, polyetinamu yo hasi (LDPE) isaba kugenzura neza amashami y’iminyururu miremire, mu gihe polyetinamu yo hejuru (HDPE) irangwa no kudateranya amashami menshi; byombi byishingikiriza ku bunararibonye mu bipimo by’ubucucike bw’amazi kugira ngo biyobore imiterere y’imikorere y’ibipimo.
Mu gihe cyo gukora polyethylene polymerization reaction, gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bwihuse bituma abakora processing bashobora guhindura ubushyuhe, igitutu, n'ingano y'ibiryo bya monomer, bagakomeza kugira imiterere myiza y'ibicuruzwa n'ubwiza buhamye bw'ibicuruzwa. Ubucucike ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gutandukanya imiterere ya polyethylene (LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE) no kwemeza ko ingano ya polyethylene ingana mu gihe cyose cyo gukora polyethylene. Gukurikirana ubucucike bwizewe binyuze mu mitara y'ubucucike ikoreshwa mu murongo nk'iyakozwe na Lonnmeter ntibishyigikira gusa ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa ahubwo binagabanya ihindagurika ry'ibicuruzwa kandi bikanoza umusaruro.
Ishusho y'umusaruro wa polyethylene mu nganda
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Ibintu by'ibanze bya Polyethylene Polymerization Reactors
Imiterere y'ingenzi ya Reactor yo gukora Polyethylene
Imashini zikora ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gupima poliyetinamu, cyane cyane mu gukora LLDPE na HDPE mu gice cya gaze. Izi mashini zihagarika uduce twa polime mu muyoboro w’umwuka uzamuka, bigatuma habaho imiterere ihindagurika hamwe n’ikwirakwizwa ry’uduce duto. Gucunga neza ubushyuhe ni inyungu ikomeye; imikoranire ihoraho hagati y’ibintu bikomeye na gazi ituma ubushyuhe bw’ibikomoka ku bidukikije bukurwaho vuba, bigabanyiriza ibyago byo gushyuha no gupima ibintu biva mu bidukikije. Ariko, hari imbogamizi zo kugenzura, cyane cyane ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe rijyanye no gupima catalyst cyangwa ihindagurika ry’umuvuduko w’ibiryo bikonjesha. Sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura PID zikoreshwa kugira ngo zihagarike iryo hindagurika no kubungabunga imikorere ihamye, zishyigikira ubwiza bwa polime buhoraho n’imikorere itekanye ya firime. Ingero zo Kugereranya Population (PBM) zihujwe na Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) zitanga uburyo bugezweho bwo kwigana no kunoza imiterere y’uduce na hydrodynamics, byoroshya kwagura no kunoza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa.
Imashini zikora umuvuduko mwinshi ni zo nkingi y’ikorwa rya LDPE, zikora ku muvuduko ukunze kurenga 2000 bar. Gutunganya polymeri mu buryo bukabije muri ibi bihe bisaba kugenzura cyane igihe cyo kuvanga no gutura. Kuvanga neza birinda ishyirwaho ry’ahantu hashyushye mu gace bishobora kwangiza imiterere n’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa. Igihe cyo gutura gitegeka uburebure bw’uruhererekane rwa polymeri—igihe gito gikunda uburemere buke bwa molekile, mu gihe igihe kirekire cyo gutura gishyigikira uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile. Ubushakashatsi bukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu n’uburyo bwo gupima ibintu bugaragaza ko igipimo cy’ibiryo by’abatangizi n’ubushyuhe bw’ikoti ari ingenzi cyane mu kongera ihinduka rya ethylene no kwemeza ko intego z’ikigero cy’umuvuduko w’amazi zishwanyagurika zigerwaho. Kuvanga nabi bishobora gutuma uburemere bwa molekile bukwirakwira mu buryo butari bwo no kwiyongera kw’umuvuduko w’amazi, bigahungabanya umutekano n’ubumwe bw’ibicuruzwa.
Ibikoresho Bizenguruka Ibice Binini (MZCRs) bigaragaza uburyo bwo gucunga uburyo bwo gupima polimerezasiyo ya polyethylene. Ibi bigena uburyo bwo gupima polimerezasiyo mu bice byinshi bihujwe hamwe n’uburyo bwo guhindura amazi, ubushyuhe, n’uburyo bwo gushyira ethylene mu buryo bushobora guhinduka. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha imbere—cyane cyane mu bice bizamuka—bigabanya cyane ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe, binongera ubushyuhe bungana kuva kuri 8°C kugeza kuri 4°C. Ubu buryo bwiza bwo guhindura ethylene butuma igipimo cyo guhindura ethylene kizamukaho kirenga 7%, kandi bushyigikira kugenzura neza ikwirakwizwa ry’uburemere bwa molekile. Imiterere y’uduce irahindagurika cyane bitewe no gutandukana kw’umuvuduko wa gaze n’ingendo zikomeye hagati y’uturere. MZCRs kandi zitanga uburyo bwo gupima, zorohereza ihinduka kuva ku musaruro uva muri laboratwari ujya ku musaruro w’inganda mu gihe zikomeza gukora no guhuza umusaruro.
Ingaruka z'Impinduka mu Mikorere
Ubushyuhe ni cyo gipimo cy’ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku gipimo cy’impinduka mu mikorere ya polyethylene polymerization, uburemere bwa molekile, na crystallinity. Ubushyuhe buri hejuru bwongera inshuro zo kwimura no kurangiza umunyururu, bigatera kugabanuka k’uburemere bwa molekile. Ubushyuhe buri hasi butera imbaraga zo kurema iminyururu miremire ya polymer ariko bushobora kugabanya igipimo cyo guhindura. Gupima catalyst bigira ingaruka ku bikorwa no kwagura umunyururu wa polymer. Ingano nini ya catalyst yihutisha polymerization ariko ishobora kugabanya cyangwa kwagura ikwirakwizwa ry’uburemere bwa molekile, bitewe n’imiterere ya catalyst chemistry n’imiterere ya reactor. Gupima neza bitanga imiterere myiza ya polymer nta bintu byinshi cyangwa inenge nyinshi zirimo.
Kuvanga muri reactor ya polymerization bihuye neza n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bingana. Kuvanga bitari byiza bitera ihindagurika ry'ahantu mu buryo bukabije bw'ibipimo n'ubushyuhe, bigatera gukwirakwira kwa molekile mu buryo bwagutse cyangwa bwinshi. Ubushakashatsi bwa CFD bwemeza ko imiterere myiza y'urujya n'uruza rw'ibintu hamwe n'igihe cyo gutura bishobora gukumira ibintu bidasanzwe bidakenewe, bigatanga polyethylene ifite ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibintu neza no gukora neza. Muri sisitemu za MZCR, gutandukanya ibipimo by'uturere bigenzura cyane kuvanga no gushyuha, kunoza ihinduka rya ethylene rimwe no kugabanya ibikoresho bitari ngombwa.
Isano iri hagati y’igishushanyo mbonera cya reactor ya polymerization n’imiterere y’ibicuruzwa ni iy’ukuri kandi irashobora gupimwa. FBRs zitanga amanota ya polyethylene akwiriye gukoreshwa mu gutunganya filime no kuzunguruka, zungukira ku bimenyetso by’umuvuduko muto w’amazi n’uburemere bukomeye bwa molekile. Reactors zifite umuvuduko mwinshi wa LDPE zitanga imiterere itandukanye y’uruhererekane ikundwa gukoreshwa mu gusohora no gupakira. Imiterere ya multizone itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kwibanda ku buremere bugoye bwa molekile, ishyigikira amanota yihariye. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi, harimo na metero z’ubucucike zo muri Lonnmeter, zishyigikira igenzura ry’ubuziranenge mu gihe nyacyo binyuze mu gukurikirana neza ubucucike bw’ibikorwa n’ubwinshi bwa polile, ni ingenzi cyane mu kwemeza ko ibipimo byubahirizwa mu gihe cyose cyo gukora polyethylene.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu bidukikije bya Reactor
Amahame ari inyuma yo gupima ubucucike
Ubucucike busobanurwa nk'uburemere kuri buri gice cy'ingano y'ikintu. Mu rwego rwa reactors za polyethylene polymerization, gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi cyane, kuko bifitanye isano itaziguye na crystallinity ya polymer na mechanical properties, bigira ingaruka ku igenzura ry'imikorere n'ubwiza bw'umusaruro. Urugero, kugenzura ubucucike bituma abahanga mu by'imashini bashobora kubona impinduka mu mikorere ya polymerization, bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu mikorere ya catalyst cyangwa igipimo cy'ibiryo bya monomer.
Ibintu by’umubiri n’ibinyabutabire bigira ingaruka ku bucucike mu bidukikije bya reactor. Ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe butera kwaguka no kugabanuka k’ubucucike bw’amazi, mu gihe igitutu kinini gikunze gukanda amazi no kongera ubucucike bwayo. Mu reactor za polymerization, impinduka mu miterere (nk’ubwinshi bwa monomer, imyuka yashongeshejwe, inyongera, cyangwa ibindi bivamo) birushaho kugorana gupima, bigatuma biba ngombwa gusuzuma ibintu byose bihinduka mu kugenzura neza ubucucike. Ku bijyanye n’ingaruka zitandukanye, nko gushonga cyangwa gufunga polymerization, gukurura ibice, guterana, no gushingwa kw’ibice bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bipimo by’ubucucike bigaragara.
Uburyo bwashyizweho bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi
Uburyo bwo gupima butaziguye burimo hydrometers, digital density meters, na vibrating-tube sensors. Hydrometers zitanga akazi koroshye ariko ntizifite ubushishozi n'imikorere ikenewe mu mikorere ya polymerization y'umuvuduko mwinshi. Digital density meters itanga ubushishozi bwiza kandi ishobora guhuza ubushyuhe, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu gupima muri laboratwari no kugenzura buri gihe. Vibrating-tube density meters, inkingi ya Lonnmeter, ikora ikoresheje gupima impinduka za oscillation frequency uko amazi yuzuza umuyoboro wakozwe neza. Izi mpinduka zifitanye isano itaziguye n'ubucucike bw'amazi, hamwe na moderi zo gupima zigaragaza imiterere y'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe.
Uburyo buhanitse n'ubutaziguye ni bwo bwiza mu mikorere ya reactor ihoraho kandi yikora. Ibyuma bipima ikirere bikoresha amajwi menshi, bigatuma umuntu apima ubucucike mu buryo butaziguye ndetse no mu bushyuhe n'umuvuduko mwinshi, kandi bikarwanya ihumana mu bidukikije bya shimi. Ibyuma bipima amashanyarazi bishingiye kuri nyukiliya bikoresha amahame yo gufata imirasire, akwiriye imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi idasobanutse neza no gushyiraho reactor ikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, cyane cyane aho gamma cyangwa neutron ziri. Ibyuma bipima imiterere ya dielectric bihuza n'ubucucike bw'amazi, bifite akamaro ku miyoboro imwe n'imwe irimo solvent cyangwa multiphase.
Sisitemu zo gupima kuri interineti no mu buryo busanzwe mu bidukikije bigoye zigomba kwihanganira ibintu bidasanzwe—nk'imigozi y'umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa imashini zikora gaze mu buryo bwo gukora polyethylene. Uduce duto tw'amashanyarazi dutanga urugero ruto kandi dukora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko. Mu buryo bunyuranye, imashini zikora ikoranabuhanga n'imashini zikora ni nziza mu kurwanya ibitero bya shimi, imyuka mibi, n'imirasire, mu gihe zikomeza kugaragaza ibimenyetso. Imashini zikora mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo zikoreshwa mu migozi y'imashini zikora zituma habaho impinduka mu buryo burambye kugira ngo zigumane intego nziza z'ubucucike, zigabanya umusaruro utari wo kandi zigabanye kwishingikiriza ku isesengura rya laboratwari rikorwa buri gihe.
Gukemura ikibazo cy'imikorere y'itangazamakuru
Uburyo bugoye bwo gupima imiterere y’ibice nk’ibice bitandukanye, imiyoboro, cyangwa imiyoboro y’ibice bitanga ingorane zikomeye mu gupima ubucucike bw’amazi. Ubucucike bw’ibintu bikomeye, ibice by’umwuka, n’ibice bito bya emulsion bishobora guhindura imiterere y’ibice binyuze mu guhindura uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bunoze n’uburyo bihindukamo amazi. Imiterere y’ibice bigomba kwakira ibice by’amazi n’ingaruka zo gukusanya amazi mu gace runaka, bigasaba gucunga uburyo amazi agendamo kugira ngo bigabanye ubucucike bw’ibintu. Urugero, muri poliyone polymerization reactors zikoresha slurry-phase operation, ikwirakwizwa ry’ingano y’ibice n’imyuka idafite imbaraga zituma habaho imiterere ihamye yo gupima ubucucike.
Gupima neza ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, n'impinduka mu miterere ni ingenzi. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi buhuza sensors z'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, hakoreshejwe imbonerahamwe zo gukosora ibintu cyangwa algorithms za mudasobwa zikoresha uburyo bwo gupima kugira ngo hakosorwe ingaruka ku bidukikije ku kuzunguruka kwa sensor. Mu byuma bipima ibice byinshi, imiterere y'ubucucike ishobora gukosorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima cyangwa uburyo bwo gupima bujyanye n'imiterere y'ibikorwa byitezwe. Gupima itandukanyirizo ry'ibice—nk'amavuta n'amazi cyangwa polymer suspension—bishobora gusaba izindi probes cyangwa sensor fusion kugira ngo hatandukanye uduce duto, gazi n'amazi.
Guhuza amakuru y'ubucucike bw'amazi kugira ngo hakorwe neza uburyo bwo gutunganya imikorere ya Reactor
Akamaro k'amakuru ajyanye n'igihe nyacyo mu ngamba zo kugenzura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya polymerization
Gukurikirana buri gihe ubucucike bw'uruvange rw'ibisubizo ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo kuvugurura poliyetinamu. Gupima ubucucike buri gihe bituma icyuma gikora neza binyuze mu gutuma haboneka uburyo bwo guhita hagaragara ibitandukanye bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa bigatera polimeteri idasobanutse. Kugumana ubucucike bw'amazi buhamye bituma polyetinamu iboneka ifite uburemere bumwe bwa molekile n'imiterere ya mekanike, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane ku bicuruzwa n'ibicuruzwa byihariye.
Ingamba zo kugenzura PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) zikoresha feedback y'ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo zihindure ibipimo bya reactor mu buryo buhindagurika. Iyo sensors—nk'ibipimo by'ubucucike biri mu murongo wa Lonnmeter—zitanga amakuru y'amazi apima ubucucike, sisitemu yo kugenzura ivugurura igipimo cya ethylene feed, dose ya catalyst, n'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe ako kanya. Izi mpinduka, ziterwa no feedback y'ubucucike, zirwanya imivurungano kandi zigatuza reactor ya polymerization, bigatuma habaho ubwizigirwa bw'imikorere n'umutekano mu mikorere.
Isesengura ry’uburyo ibintu bihinduka nk’urujya n’uruza rw’ibintu mu buryo bw’ingufu (sensitivity) rigaragaza ko ibintu bitandukanye nka monomer na catalyst flows, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bw’uburyo ibintu bihinduka, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo polymerization reactor ihagaze. Impinduka nto mu gipimo cy’ibiryo cyangwa ingano ya catalyst ishobora kwiyongera, bigatuma ubucucike buhinduka, iyo budasuzumwe, bushobora gutera ahantu hashyushye cyangwa impinduka zidakwiye. Gukoresha amakuru nyayo bituma abagenzuzi ba PID bahindura mbere y’igihe ibintu by’ingenzi, bagakomeza ubusugire bw’imikorere. Urugero, kugenzura PID idahinduka, hishingikirijwe ku bimenyetso by’ubucucike bw’ibintu mu buryo bw’ingufu, bishobora kurwanya neza impinduka zitunguranye mu miterere y’ibiryo, gukumira ingaruka zitunguranye no kugumana imiterere ya polyethylene ihoraho.
Guhuza amakuru y'ubucucike n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'imikorere myiza
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo bitanga ubumenyi bufatika ku mikorere y'imbere ya reactor ya polymerization n'ubwiza bw'umusaruro wa nyuma. Imiterere y'ubucucike ituma hamenyekana ihindagurika rifitanye isano no kuvanga nabi, gutakaza ubushyuhe neza, cyangwa kugabanuka k'ibikorwa bya catalyst. Iri hindagurika rishobora kugaragaza ahantu hashyushye cyane—ahantu hakunze kubaho ingaruka nyinshi—bishobora gutuma habaho imiterere mibi ya polymer no kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kwanduzanya.
Mu gushyira amakuru y’amazi apima ubucucike mu mikorere ya reactor, abakora bashobora guhindura buri gihe igipimo cy’ibiryo, itangwa rya catalyst, n’imiterere y’ubushyuhe kugira ngo barwanya ihindagurika ry’ubucucike. Impinduka zishingiye ku bucucike bugenda buhinduka zigabanya umwanda, kuko birinda ko ibintu bifasha kwibumbira muri polymer cyangwa oligomer zangiritse ku nkuta za reactor. Kugenzura ubucucike neza bituma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo gukuramo umwuka muri reactor, bishyigikira uburyo bwiza bwo kwinjiza umwuka no kuwukuramo umwuka kugira ngo hakorwe polyethylene.
Ishusho y'amakuru—nk'imbonerahamwe y'imigendekere y'ubucucike—igira uruhare runini mu guhuza impinduka zagaragaye z'ubucucike n'impinduka z'imikorere. Tekereza ku rugero rukurikira rw'imbonerahamwe y'ubucucike bw'igihe nyacyo muri reactor ya loop:
Nkuko bigaragazwa, kumenya ku gihe ukugabanuka k'ubucucike bitangira kwiyongera ako kanya mu gipimo cya catalyst no kugabanuka guke k'ubushyuhe, bigatuma umusaruro uhoraho uhagarara neza. Ingaruka ni ukugabanuka k'uburozi, kwiyongera k'umuvuduko wo guhindura monomer, no kwiyongera k'umusaruro wa polyethylene polymerization.
Muri make, kugenzura ubucucike bw'amazi buri ku murongo, bukomeje, bwagezweho binyuze mu buryo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi nk'ubwakozwe na Lonnmeter, bushimangira uruhare rwabwo mu gushushanya no gukora neza kwa polymer reactor, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ikorwa rya polyethylene binyuze mu gushyigikira kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa no kunoza imikorere.
Uburyo bwo Kumena Imisokoro mu Gutunganya Polyethylene
Imiterere yo kwinjiza no gukuramo umwuka ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gupima poliyetinamu, ikagenga urujya n'uruza rw'imyuka ya monomer mu gihe ikorana n'ubuso bwa catalyst muri reactor ya polimerisasiyo. Mu gihe cyo gupima poliyetinamu ya polyetinamu, molekile za monomer zinjira ku buso bwa catalyst. Uku kwinjizwa guterwa biterwa n'imiterere ya molekile ya monomer—nk'uburemere, polarity, na volatility—ndetse n'ibidukikije bya shimi biri muri reactor. Gukuraho umwuka, mu buryo bunyuranye, ni inzira izi molekile zikuramo zikagaruka mu cyiciro cy'ubwinshi. Umuvuduko n'imikorere y'izi nzira bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye kuboneka kwa monomer, gukura kwa polimeri, no ku musaruro rusange wa reactor.
Ingufu zo gukuramo umwuka zipima imbogamizi molecule ya monomer igomba kurenga kugira ngo ive ku buso bwa catalyst. Ubushakashatsi ku bipimo bwerekana ko izi ngufu zishingira ahanini ku miterere ya molekile ya monomer aho kuba ku bwoko bw'ubuso bwihariye, bigatuma habaho ingero rusange z'ibintu biteganyijwe mu buryo butandukanye bwa reactor. Igihe cyo gukuramo umwuka, cyangwa igihe mpuzandengo molekyuli iguma yinjiriramo, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe buri muri reactor. Ubushyuhe buri hasi bwongera igihe cyo kubaho, bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko w'ingaruka, mu gihe ubushyuhe bwinshi butera impinduka zihuse, bigira ingaruka ku bucucike bw'umusaruro wa polyethylene.
Kuzamuka kwa monomer n'imikoranire ya catalyst ntibigengwa gusa na kinetics zo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Ubushakashatsi buherutse bwerekana ko imyitwarire yo kubura umwuka bitewe n'ubwikorezi ishobora kubaho, aho adsorbate-adsorbate interactions zituma kinetics zitari umurongo ugororotse, cyane cyane ku butaka butwikiriye. Urugero, uko ubuso bwa catalyst burushaho kuzura, kubura umwuka kwa mbere bigenda buhoro buhoro kandi mu buryo bugororotse kugeza ubwo ubuso butwikiriye bugabanuka munsi y'umurongo w'ingenzi, aho kubura umwuka vuba byihuta. Iyi miterere igomba kwitabwaho mu miterere n'imikorere ya polymer reactor, kuko igira ingaruka ku mikoreshereze ya monomer no ku buryo polymer isohoka neza.
Guhuza amakuru ajyanye no kwinjiza no gusohora amazi hamwe n'uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze kubaho uburyo buhamye bwo gukora polyethylene. Ibipimo byakozwe na Lonnmeter bitanga ibitekerezo bihoraho ku bucucike bw'amazi, bigaragaza impinduka nto mu bucucike bwa monomer n'umuvuduko w'ikura rya polymer. Uko kwinjiza monomer bizana mu gace k'ibisubizo - kandi kwinjiza amazi bikuraho molekile zakoreshejwe cyangwa zirenze - ubusumbane ubwo aribwo bwose cyangwa ihinduka rya kinetic rizagaragara mu buryo butaziguye mu bipimo by'ubucucike, bigatuma habaho impinduka zihuse mu mikorere. Urugero, niba kwinjiza amazi byihuta mu buryo butunguranye, kugabanuka k'ubucucike bwapimwe bishobora kwerekana ko monomer zidakoreshwa neza cyangwa ko catalyst idakora, bigatuma abakora ibikorwa byabo bahindura umuvuduko w'ibiryo cyangwa imiterere y'ubushyuhe.
Ishusho ya 1 iri hepfo igaragaza isano iri hagati y’uburyo monomer ifata n’uburyo isohoka, ubuso butwikiriye, n’ubucucike bw’amazi buvamo muri reactor isanzwe ya polyethylene polymerization, hashingiwe ku miterere yakozwe:
| Ubucucike (g/cm³) | Uburyo bwo gutwikirwa na monomer (%) | Igipimo cyo kwinjiza | Igipimo cyo gutwikirwa |
|-------------------|- ...|---------------------|
| 0.85 | 90 | Hejuru | Hasi |
| 0.91 | 62 | Hagati | Hagati | Hagati |
| 0.94 | 35 | Hasi | Hejuru |
Gusobanukirwa izi mpinduka no guhuza uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi neza, nk'ububoneka muri Lonnmeter, bituma habaho kugenzura neza inzira ya polyethylene polymerization. Ibi bituma umusaruro uhora uhindagurika, umusaruro mwinshi, kandi bigakoreshwa neza mu buryo burambye mu gihe cyose cy'umusaruro uhoraho.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima ubucucike neza mu buryo bwo gupima polyethylene
Gupima ubucucike bukomeye ni ingenzi kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza uburyo polyethylene polymerization reaction. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ubucucike bw'amazi muri iki gihe.
Ingamba zo Gufata Ingero: Gupima Amazi Asanzwe cyangwa Gupima Amazi Akomeza Kunyuramo
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi muri reactors za polymerization bishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera cyiza. Uburyo bwo gukurura bukoresha imiyoboro ya isokinetic kugira ngo hirindwe guhindagurika kw'ingero, aho ibice bya sisitemu nka valves zo kwitandukanya n'ibikoresho bikonjesha ingero bigumana ubusugire bw'ingero mu gihe cyo kwimura. Ingaruka nyamukuru zo gukurura ni ukubura ibice bihindagurika cyangwa impinduka ku miterere ya polymer niba icyitegererezo kitazimye cyangwa ngo gikonje vuba. Gupima ubucucike bukomeza gukwirakwira hakoreshejwe sensors za Lonnmeter zitanga amakuru y'ingenzi mu gihe nyacyo mu gikorwa cyo gukora polyethylene; icyakora, ubu buryo busaba gucunga ibibazo nko kwangirika, gutandukanya ibice, cyangwa utubumbe dushobora kwangiza ubuziranenge. Imiterere yo gukurura amazi n'amazi ihoraho igaragaza uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha solvent kugira ngo ikomeze kubaho neza, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibyiciro byinshi no guhuza ingero mu buryo bwikora n'igihe cyo gusubiza. Guhitamo hagati y'uburyo butandukanye n'ubuhoraho biterwa n'ubunini bw'imikorere n'ibisabwa mu gusubiza bihindagurika, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gusubiza buhoraho mu gihe nyacyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kugenzura reactor ya polymer.
Ikosa ryo Kugabanya Igipimo: Ingaruka z'Ubushyuhe, Gutandukana kw'Icyiciro, n'Ubushyuhe Bukabije
Ikosa ryo gupima mu kumenya ubucucike rituruka ahanini ku miterere y'ubushyuhe, gutandukana kw'ibyiciro, no ku buryo bworoshye bwo gupima. Imiterere y'ubushyuhe muri reactor, cyane cyane ku gipimo, ituma habaho ihindagurika ry'ubucucike bw'amazi, bigatuma habaho kugorana kwa sensor. Gutandukanya ibyiciro hagati y'ahantu hakungahaye kuri polymer n'ahakungahaye kuri solvent bituma habaho ubucucike butandukanye—sensors ziri hafi y'aho zihurira zishobora gutanga amakuru atari yo cyangwa adahagarariye. Ubucucike bwinshi, busanzwe ku bikoresho bipima polymer, bubangamira uburinganire bw'ubushyuhe n'imiterere, byongera gutinda no gukora amakosa mu gusubiza sensor. Kugira ngo bigabanye izi ngaruka, igishushanyo cya reactor kigomba gushyira imbere kuvanga kimwe no gushyira sensor mu buryo buhamye, kwemeza ko sensors zirinzwe cyangwa zitandukanyijwe n'aho zihurira. Inyigo z'ubuhanga zishimangira isano iri hagati y'imiterere y'ubushyuhe yashyizweho n'imikorere ya sensor, bigasanga ingano y'amakosa yiyongera mu bice by'ubushyuhe bigaragaza uruvange rubi cyangwa impinduka zihuse mu buryo bwo gupima. Icyitegererezo gishingiye ku guhanura gikoresheje uburyo bwa Cahn-Hilliard, Fourier bushyuhe, n'uburyo bwo kuringaniza abaturage bitanga uburyo bwo guteganya no gukosora ubusumbane, bityo byongera ubwizerwe bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo.
Kwemeza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuringaniza abaturage no gukoresha uburyo bwa CFD Modeling Approach
Kwemeza ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi muri reactors za polyethylene polymerization bikorwa hifashishijwe guhuza amakuru yabonetse mu gihe nyacyo n'ibihanurwa bishingiye ku gipimo. Models zo kuringaniza umubare w'abantu (PBMs) zikurikirana ikura n'ikwirakwizwa ry'uduce twa polymer, zigashingira ku ihindagurika ry'ibikorwa bya catalyst, uburemere bwa molekile, n'umuvuduko w'ibiryo. Imiterere y'amazi ya mudasobwa (CFD) isa na hydrodynamics ya reactor, kuvanga, n'ubushyuhe, ikamenyesha imiterere y'ibipimo byitezwe bya sensor. Guhuza PBM na CFD bitanga ubuhanuzi bwo hejuru bw'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibyiciro n'impinduka z'ubucucike muri reactor. Izi models zemezwa hifashishijwe guhuza umusaruro wazo n'ibipimo nyabyo bya sensor - cyane cyane mu bihe by'igihe gito cyangwa bitari byiza. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko frameworks za CFD-PBM zishobora kwigana ihinduka ry'ubucucike ryapimwe, zishyigikira ukwizerwa kw'ibipimo no kunoza imiterere ya reactor. Isesengura ry'ubushishozi, kugereranya igisubizo cy'icyitegererezo n'impinduka mu bipimo by'imikorere nk'ubushyuhe cyangwa igipimo cyo kuvanga, birushaho kunoza ubushishozi n'ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma. Nubwo kwemeranya kw'icyitegererezo ari gukomeye mu bihe byinshi, kunoza gukomeza ni ngombwa kugira ngo habeho ubucucike bukabije cyangwa ubusumbane, aho gupima mu buryo butaziguye bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi. Imbonerahamwe zipima amakosa y’ubucucike ugereranyije n’ubushyuhe, ubukana bw’itandukaniro ry’ibyiciro, n’ubukana bw’ingufu zitanga umurongo ngenderwaho w’imikorere myiza no kugenzura icyitegererezo gihoraho.
Ibitekerezo byo kugenzura bigezweho mu byuma bitanga amashanyarazi bya polymerization
Guhuza uburyo bwo gukora inyigo ya Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) hamwe n'amakuru y'igerageza ni ingenzi mu guteza imbere igenzura mu buryo bwa polymerization reactors, cyane cyane mu buryo bwa polimene ya polyethylene. CFD yemerera kwigana birambuye uburyo amazi atembera, kuvanga, gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, no kuvanga neza mu buryo bwa polimene. Ibi byahanuwe byemezwa n'ubushakashatsi bw'igerageza, akenshi hamwe na modifiya za moderi zikoresha imiyoboro ibonerana n'ibipimo bishingiye ku gupima igihe cyo gutura. Iyo imiterere ya simulation n'ubucucike bw'igerageza bihuye, byemeza neza uburyo ibintu bibera mu isi nyayo, nko gukwirakwiza reactant imwe no gucunga ubushyuhe mu gihe cya polimene ya polyethylene. Gukurikirana uburyo ibintu biberanye n'ubucucike bitanga ibitekerezo bitaziguye ku buryo bwiza bw'inyigo no kugenzura imikorere ya buri munsi, bigatuma hamenyekana uturere twapfuye cyangwa kuvanga bidahagije mbere yuko bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa cyangwa umutekano.
Kwemeza CFD hakoreshejwe ibipimo by'igerageza ni ingenzi cyane mu kugabanya ibyago. Kuvanga nabi mu byuma bipima polymerization bifite umuvuduko mwinshi bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi (ahantu hashyushye), bishobora gutera kubora kw'ibikoresho bitangira guhindagurika, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe peroxide. Ahantu hashyuha akenshi habura uburyo bwo kubona probe isanzwe y'ubushyuhe ariko bikagaragara binyuze mu mpinduka zihuse mu bucucike bw'aho hantu. Amakuru y'amazi yo gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo, nk'uko akorwa n'ibikoresho bipima ubucucike nk'ibya Lonnmeter, atanga ubumenyi burambuye ku bijyanye n'ubucucike bw'amazi n'uturere two guhindura imiterere y'amazi mu byuma bipima ubucucike. Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'amazi mu turere tw'ingenzi bituma abakora ibikorwa byo kugenzura ibintu bidasanzwe, bagatangira ibikorwa byo kugenzura mbere y'uko ikintu cyo gutakaza ubushyuhe kibaho. Gukumira ibintu nk'ibi bihungabanya umutekano kandi bikanatuma peroxide ikoreshwa neza, ndetse bikanagabanya umusaruro utari uw'ingenzi bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'umuvuduko wa polymerization.
Ikindi kintu gihuzwa cyane n’ubucucike bw’ibice ni ukugenzura ikwirakwizwa ry’ibice bya molekile (MWD). Ihindagurika rya MWD rigira ingaruka ku miterere ya mashini n’uburyo bwo gutunganya polyethylene. Amakuru y’ubucucike bw’ibice nyabyo, atuma habaho icyerekezo kitaziguye ariko cyihuse cy’imiterere ya MWD. Ingamba zo kugenzura zishingiye ku rugero, zishingiye ku gaciro k’amazi yo gupima ubucucike kuri interineti, zihindura igipimo cy’ibiryo by’abatangizi n’imiterere y’ubukonje mu buryo buhindagurika bitewe n’impinduka z’ubucucike, zigabanya ihindagurika rya MWD hagati y’itsinda rimwe na rimwe no kwemeza imiterere nyayo ya polyethylene. Inyigo zo kwigana n’ubushakashatsi bwemeza ko kubungabunga ubucucike buhamye birinda imyitwarire idahwitse ya nucleation cyangwa crystallization, bishyigikira ikorwa rya polyethylene ya trimodal ifite imiterere yihariye.
Kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa imikorere y’impinduka, igishushanyo mbonera n’imikorere bya reactor bigomba gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvanga neza no gukonjesha imbere, bishingiye ku bipimo by’ubucucike buhoraho. Muri reactors za autoclave zigenda zikora muri iki gihe, igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye kuri CFD gishyigikiwe n’amakuru y’ubucucike bw’ahantu hacungwa gitegeka ishyirwa ry’ibice by’imbere n’imiyoboro yo gukonjesha iri hejuru. Ibi bipimo byemeza ko imiterere y’ibice ihinduka rimwe, bigabanya amahirwe y’ahantu hashyushye, kandi bikongera ihinduka. Urugero, gutangiza ubukonje bw’imbere bushingiye ku igenamiterere ry’ubucucike byatumye habaho kwiyongera kwa ~7% mu ihinduka rya ethylene mu gihe cyo gukora polyethylene, hamwe n’ubushyuhe bungana. Gutunganya imiterere y’ubucucike bushingiye ku bucucike binatanga amakuru ku miterere y’imiterere y’imiterere n’imiyoboro y’amazi, biganisha ku ikoreshwa ry’ibice by’amashanyarazi no guhuza neza ibicuruzwa.
Mu by’ukuri, gupima ubucucike bw’amazi muri reactors za polymerization si igikoresho cyo kwemeza gusa inzira, ahubwo ni ingenzi mu gutanga ibitekerezo mu gihe nyacyo no gucunga ibyago. Ibikoresho bigezweho byo mu murongo, nko kuzunguruka kw’ibintu n’ubwoko bw’umuvuduko utandukanye bya Lonnmeter, byemerera gukurikirana ubucucike bukomeye kandi neza munsi y’umuvuduko mwinshi n’ubushyuhe, bikwiriye ibidukikije bya polyethylene polymerization. Kwinjizwa kwabyo muri sisitemu yo kugenzura inzira yikora bishyigikira uburyo bwo kugenzura neza uburyo bwo gukuraho umwuka mu mubiri, bigabanya ubucucike bw’ibiro bya molekile, kandi bikanatuma habaho umutekano mu mikorere ya reactor.
Muri rusange, gukoresha neza CFD, byemejwe hakoreshejwe amakuru yo gupima ubucucike bw'igerageza n'igihe nyacyo, bishyigikira uburyo bugezweho mu gushushanya no gukora polymer reactor. Gukoresha ubu buryo bituma abakora polimeri bashobora kongera umusaruro, kugabanya ibyago, no kugenzura neza imiterere y'ingenzi y'uburyo polyethylene polimeralization reaction.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni gute upima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe cyo gukora polimenezili?
Ubucucike bw'amazi mu gikorwa cyo gupima polimeri ya polyethylene bupimwa hakoreshejwe sensors ziri ahantu nka vibrating-tube densitometers cyangwa ultrasound devices. Ibi bishingiye ku mpinduka mu nshuro ya resonance, impedance, cyangwa phase shifts uko amazi akorana n'ubuso bwa sensor. Inyenyeri za Ultrasonic, cyane cyane, zitanga isesengura ryihuse kandi rikora neza mu bihe bigoye by'umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubushyuhe busanzwe kuri reactors za polimeri. Gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo bituma hamenyekana impinduka zihuse z'ubucucike, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu gushyigikira igenzura ryikora ryikora no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'umusaruro mu gihe cyose cyo gukora. Iterambere riherutse gukorwa muri piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers rituma miniaturization, high precision, no guhuza neza n'inganda kugira ngo hakomeze gukurikiranwa ubucucike.
Ni uruhe ruhare gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bigira mu cyuma gipima polymerization reactor?
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi ni ingenzi mu mikorere ya reactor ya polymerization. Bifasha abakora gukurikirana ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire, kumenya itandukanyirizo ry'ibyiciro, no gusubiza mu buryo buhamye ihindagurika ry'uburyo ibintu bigenda. Urugero, gupima ubucucike bituma habaho impinduka zihuse mu gipimo cya catalyst, igipimo cyo kuvanga, cyangwa imiterere y'ubushyuhe—ibipimo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere no guhitamo kwa polyethylene polymerization reaction. Ubushobozi bwo kubona impinduka z'ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bifasha gukomeza gukwirakwiza uburemere bwa molekile, igipimo cyo guhindura reaction, n'ubwiza bwa polymer buhoraho.
Uburyo bwo gukuramo imyuka mu mubiri ni ubuhe kandi bufitanye isano ite no gupima ubucucike?
Uburyo bwo gukuraho umwuka mu byuma bitunganya polymerisation bivuga monomer zishonga cyangwa zigasohoka muri, uburyo bwo gukora reaction. Iyo monomer cyangwa gaze zishongeshejwe, ubucucike bw'amazi burahinduka, bugaragaza ubwiyongere bw'ibinyabutabire; iyo bishongeshejwe, ubucucike buragabanuka uko ibice bisohoka mu gice cy'amazi. Gukurikirana ubu bucucike ni ingenzi mu kumenya ibyabaye mu gufata cyangwa kurekura ibintu kandi bigatanga ubumenyi ku iterambere rya polymerisation, imiterere y'uburinganire bw'ibice, n'ubudahangarwa muri reactor. Gukurikirana ubucucike mu gusubiza ubwiyongere no gukuraho umwuka bituma habaho kunoza uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bw'umuvuduko no kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora reactor mu nganda.
Kuki gupima ubucucike ari ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gupima polyethylene?
Gupima ubucucike ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho kugenzura neza inzira zikoreshwa mu gupolima polyethylene. Bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku miterere y'imbere y'icyuma gitera imbaraga, bigatuma habaho gukosora ikoreshwa rya catalyst, ingano y'imvange, n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe. Ibi bintu ntibigira ingaruka gusa ku buremere bwa molekile n'umuvuduko w'impinduka ahubwo binarinda amoko ya polymer atari yo. Gupima ubucucike mu buryo butaziguye bifasha imikorere myiza, byongera imikorere myiza y'umutungo, kandi byongera imicungire y'ingufu, binoza uburinganire bw'ibicuruzwa bya nyuma mu bihe byose by'umusaruro.
Ni gute ubwoko bwa reactor bugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi?
Imiterere n'imikorere ya reakteri za polyethylene polymerization—nk'imashini zikoresha fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) na reakteri za tubular zifite umuvuduko mwinshi (HPTRs)—bigena ingamba zo gupima ubucucike zikoreshwa. FBR zitanga imbogamizi nko gukwirakwiza uduce dutandukanye hamwe n'imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze, bisaba sensors zishingiye ku buryo bw'ikirere zishobora gukurikirana imihindagurikire yihuse y'ubucucike. Ibikoresho byo kwigana (nka CFD na DEM) hamwe na metero zipima ubucucike zikomeye zakozwe neza kugira ngo zigenzurwe neza. HPTRs, ku rundi ruhande, zisaba sensors ntoya, zirwanya umuvuduko, kandi zisubiza vuba kugira ngo zikore mu bihe bikomeye kandi bishyushye. Guhitamo no gushyira sensor neza bituma amakuru aboneka neza, kubungabunga umutuzo no gushyigikira kwaguka neza mu bwoko bwa reakteri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2025
