Intangiriro yo gupima uburemere bw'amazi mu kongeramo lisansi ya LNG
Gukoresha gaze karemano ishongeshejwe (LNG) mu bigo byo kongeramo lisansi bisaba gukora ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya -160 °C. Uburyo bwo guhindagurika bw'uburyo bwo gukoresha gaze ishyushye butanga imbogamizi zidasanzwe ku gupima ubushyuhe buhanitse. Gupima neza uburemere bwa gaze ishyushye ni ingenzi kuko ingano ya gaze ihindagurika cyane bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, bigatuma ibipimo bishingiye ku bunini bidashoboka muri ibi bihe.
Kugumana ubuziranenge n'ubwizerwe mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG ni ingenzi, cyane cyane kuri sisitemu zo gupima lisansi. Ndetse no kutagira amakosa mu bipimo bishobora gutera igihombo cy'amafaranga, bikabangamira umutekano, cyangwa binyuranyije n'amategeko agenga. Mu gupima lisansi ya LNG, hibandwa ku bikoresho bipima umuvuduko w'amazi menshi—cyane cyane coriolis mass flowmeter bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gupima mu buryo butaziguye uburemere bw'amazi aturuka ku mazi menshi atitaye ku mpinduka z'ubucucike cyangwa imiterere y'ubushyuhe.
Kongeramo lisansi ya LNG
*
Ariko, hari ibintu byinshi bifatika n'imikorere bigora gupima neza muri ibi bidukikije. Ibikoresho, nk'icyuma kitagira umugese gikoreshwa mu bipimo by'amazi bya coriolis, bigabanuka ku bushyuhe bukabije. Izi mpinduka mu ngero zigira ingaruka ku miterere ya mekanike nka modulus ya Young kandi zigomba kwitabwaho, kubera ko gupima kwa sensor ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba bitagikoreshwa. Iyo bitakosowe, bitera gushidikanya gukomeye mu bipimo by'amazi, bigatera amakosa mu gihe cyo gupima LNG. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima butuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka kandi bugahindura imiterere ya mekanike rero ni ngombwa kugira ngo hamenyekane neza mu buryo bwo kongeramo lisansi bukabije.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije, nko kwinjira mu bushyuhe buto cyangwa impinduka z’umuvuduko mu buryo butunguranye, birushaho kugora gupima ingano ya LNG. Ibi bishobora gutera ihindagurika ryihuse ry’ubucucike cyangwa impinduka mu byiciro—aho LNG ihinduka mu byiciro bibiri (amazi na gaze). Iki kintu kibangamira uburyo ibikoresho bisoma ingano y’amazi binyuramo, hatitawe ku bwiza bw’ibikoresho byo gupima ingano. Ishyirwaho rya gaze ishyushye no gutwika amashanyarazi ni kenshi, bisaba ko ahantu ho kongeramo lisansi hakoresha ibikoresho bipima ingano y’amazi bishobora kwishyura imiterere y’ibihe bibiri n’ubucucike bw’amazi.
Ibipimo by'amazi ya Coriolis, iyo byakozwe neza kandi bigapimwa neza kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu buryo bw'amazi yanduye, bishobora gutanga amakuru atazwi neza agera kuri 0.5%, akwiriye kwimurwa no gukurikiranwa mu buryo bw'imikorere. Kwishyura neza impinduka zishingiye ku bushyuhe mu miterere y'ibipimo by'amashanyarazi, kunyura kuri zeru, no guhangayika kw'ihindagurika ry'amazi yanduye ni ingenzi mu gukomeza kwizera gupima LNG. Ku bijyanye na sisitemu zo gupima amazi ya kanseri ya coriolis zifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru, gupima ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe bwa kanseri ni ngombwa kugira ngo kugabanya amakosa no kwemeza ibisubizo bikurikiza amategeko ya SI.
Uko isoko mpuzamahanga rya LNG nk'ibikomoka kuri lisansi rigenda rikura, sitasiyo zo kongeramo lisansi za LNG zishingiye cyane ku gupima uburemere bw'amazi, buhuye kandi bushobora gukurikiranwa. Gupima neza uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu gutwara lisansi birinda abaguzi n'abagurisha mu gihe bigabanya ibyago byo gukora no gushyigikira impinduka mu bucuruzi bushingiye ku bwinshi mu bidukikije bidafite aho bihuriye n'amazi. Intego rusange ni ukureba ko gupima LNG bikomeza kuba nyabyo, bisobanutse, kandi bihamye mu gihe cy'ikoranabuhanga rigoye ryo kongeramo lisansi rya LNG.
Porogaramu zo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG n'izikoresha uburyo bwa Cryogenic
Gushyiramo lisansi ya LNG bikubiyemo gucunga gazi karemano ishyushye cyane ku bushyuhe bukabije, ubusanzwe kuva kuri -160 °C kugeza -70 °C. Ibi bisaba igenzura rigezweho ry’imikorere, ibikoresho bikomeye, n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu kurinda umutekano kugira ngo hakomeze gukoreshwa neza ndetse n’umutekano w’abakozi n’umutungo.
Sisitemu zo kongeramo lisansi zikoresha imiyoboro ibiri ifite ubushyuhe, imiyoboro ifite ifuru, n'imiyoboro icikamo ibice. Ibi bice bigabanya ubushyuhe bwinjira mu kirere no kwangirika kw'amazi mu gihe cyo kohereza LNG, bikarinda ibyago nko guhumeka vuba cyangwa gutwika. Imiyoboro ihuza vuba ifite ingufuri zo kurinda umutekano igabanya ibyago byo kurekura lisansi mu buryo butateguwe aho ihuzwa.
Guhitamo ibikoresho ni ingenzi muri ibi bidukikije. Aloyi zigezweho zikozwe mu buryo bwa cryogenic, zagenewe kurwanya ubushyuhe, zitanga imbaraga za mekanike n'ubudahangarwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibintu bitari ibyuma biboneka muri bimwe mu bice by'iyi sisitemu kubera ko bifite ubushyuhe buke kandi birwanya gucika cyangwa kwangirika mu bushyuhe buke. Iterambere rihoraho mu bijyanye no gukingira, nk'ifuro ry'ibice byinshi, rigabanya ubushyuhe bwa LNG kandi rigafasha mu kubika neza ibikomoka kuri peteroli aho biri.
Igenzura n'igenzura ry'umutekano ni ingenzi muri sitasiyo zigezweho zo kongeramo lisansi za LNG. Uduce twinshi tw'ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, hamwe n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bipima methane, bitanga amakuru n'amatangazo mu gihe nyacyo. Uburyo bwo kuzimya mu gihe cy'impanuka bwikora—akenshi bukoresha ibikoresho by'intoki n'ibyo mu buryo bwa kure—butuma ibice by'ingenzi bishyirwa mu buryo bwihuse mu gihe cy'impanuka. Kohereza amakuru ku ikoranabuhanga ridafite umugozi byorohereza kubungabunga ibintu mbere y'uko bitangira, bigafasha ababikora gukemura ibibazo mbere y'uko birushaho kwiyongera.
Mu mikorere ya LNG, sisitemu zo gupima ubwikorezi bw'ibikoresho birakenewe cyane bitewe nuko hakenewe gupima neza ubwinshi bw'ibice n'ubucucike mu bihe by'ubushyuhe. Ibipimo by'ubwikorezi bw'ibikoresho bya Coriolis bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse, bitangwa n'inganda zihariye nka Lonnmeter, bikoreshwa mu gutanga ubuziranenge bukenewe bwo gupima LNG. Ibi bikoresho bipima mu buryo butaziguye umuvuduko w'ubwinshi bw'ibice n'ubucucike, bitagizweho ingaruka n'impinduka mu miterere ya gazi cyangwa ubushyuhe, bitanga ibisubizo byizewe ndetse no mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'ibice by'amazi cyangwa igitutu. Ikoranabuhanga rya Ultrasonic flowmeter rikoreshwa kandi muri bimwe mu bikorwa, rifite agaciro ko ritabangamira ishyirwaho ryaryo no gukurikirana ubwikorezi bw'ibice by'amazi mu gihe nyacyo, nubwo muri rusange rifatwa nk'aho ridakomeye mu bihe by'ubwikorezi bw'ibikoresho.
Ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane kuva kuri -160 °C kugeza kuri -70 °C butera imbogamizi zidasanzwe. Ibikoresho bitakorewe ubu bushyuhe bishobora kwangirika bitewe no gucika intege cyangwa kuvunika nabi. Mu bubiko, gukingira neza no gucunga ubushyuhe buri gihe ni ngombwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi ashobora gutemba nabi no kwangirika k'umuvuduko. Izi mbogamizi zigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku guhitamo no kubungabunga ibikoresho bipima ubunini bw'amazi, ndetse no ku buziranenge bw'ibigega byo kubikamo amazi n'imiyoboro yo kohereza amazi.
Imbaraga zo gukoresha ingufu zikonjesha zikomoka ku gukonjesha zirushaho kunoza imikorere ya LNG. Sisitemu zo kugarura ubukonje zikoresha ubushyuhe buke bwa LNG mu gukonjesha aho hantu, imyuka ikoreshwa mbere yo gukonjesha, cyangwa izindi nkunga, bityo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu muri rusange. Uku guhuza uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zikonjesha bigabanya igihombo cy'ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo kwimura ibintu kandi bishobora gutuma ikiguzi cy'imikorere kigabanuka kandi bigatuma ibidukikije birushaho kunozwa.
Umutekano n'imicungire y'ibyago biri mu byiciro byose byo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG no kuyicunga. Gushyiraho uburyo busanzwe bwo kuyikoresha, gusesengura ibyago, no guhugura cyane abakoresha biracyari ingenzi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana inyungu zo gukoresha uburyo bwo kuyikoresha no gukurikirana ibikoresho kugira ngo bigabanye amakosa—nk'ikoreshwa ry'imiyoboro ifite tagi ya RFID kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibikoresho byemewe ari byo byonyine byinjizwa muri serivisi. Gukurikirana umunaniro, hakoreshejwe amakuru y'imiterere y'ibikoresho mu gihe nyacyo, birinda ibice byangiritse ndetse n'ingaruka zishobora gutemba.
Amaherezo, guhuza ibikoresho byihariye bikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka ku kirere, kugenzura neza, ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi, no kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa bituma ibikorwa byo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG bikora neza kandi bitekanye, ndetse no mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya -160 °C na -70 °C.
Amahame y'ingenzi yo gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi
Gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi bitanga igipimo cy'ibanze mu gucunga no kohereza gaze karemano zivanze n'amazi (LNG) n'ibindi binyabutabire bivanze n'amazi mu nzego aho uburyo bwo gukora neza no gucunga umutekano ari ingenzi. Mu bigo bitanga lisansi ya LNG no mu gucunga lisansi bivanze n'amazi, kumenya ingano nyayo y'ibintu—ukurikije uburemere aho kumenya ingano—ni ingenzi kuko ubucucike bwa LNG bushobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe cyangwa imiterere.
Bitandukanye n'umuvuduko w'amazi mu kirere, upima umwanya amazi akoresha kuri buri gice cy'igihe, umuvuduko w'amazi mu kirere upima ingano nyayo y'ibintu binyura muri sisitemu. Iri tandukaniro ni ingenzi muri sisitemu zo kongeramo lisansi: uko ubushyuhe n'impinduka mu miterere, inyigo z'amazi mu kirere zishobora kugoreka ingano nyayo y'ibintu bitangwa bitewe n'ubushobozi bwo gucicikana no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bwa LNG. Amakosa nk'ayo arushaho kwiyongera mu buryo bwo kohereza amafaranga mu buryo bufite agaciro kanini, aho itandukaniro rishobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye ku mikoreshereze y'imari.
Gukoresha ibipimo by'uburemere bwa Coriolis, cyane cyane ibikoresho bipima uburemere bw'uburemere kandi bigezweho, biterwa n'izi mbogamizi. Ibipimo bya Coriolis bisobanukirwa neza uburemere bunyura mu miyoboro y'amazi izunguruka, inzira idashobora guhinduka mu bucucike bw'amazi, imiterere, cyangwa icyiciro, mu gihe igikoresho cyaba cyishyuwe neza ingaruka z'ubushyuhe. Kuba bitaragera ku guhindagurika kw'ubunini bw'amazi bituma biba ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gupima LNG, aho kuba ubwizerwe no gukurikirana bikenewe.
Ariko, imiterere y’umubiri wa LNG itera imbogamizi mu gupima neza. Ikigaragara cyane ni uko ubushyuhe bukabije (~ 120 K) bugaragara mu gihe cyo kohereza LNG buhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho bipima ikirere—nk’uburyo bwa Young (ubukana) bw’imiyoboro y’icyuma idashonga—bigira ingaruka ku gupima icyuma no kudahindagurika kw’ingingo. Hatabayeho gukosora mu gihe nyacyo, ndetse n’ibikoresho bipima ubwinshi bw’umuyoboro bishobora kugira amakosa mu buryo busanzwe. Urugero, kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe bw’umuyoboro bitewe n’ubushyuhe bugabanuka bihindura uburyo icyuma gipima ikirere gitanga ubwinshi, bigatera ubwiyongere busanzwe butitabwaho ariko bushobora kuba bukomeye mu gupima ubwinshi bw’umuyoboro.
Inyigo z’igerageza n’ikoreshwa mu bikorwa bigaragaza ko impinduka ziterwa n’ubushyuhe ari yo soko nyamukuru y’amakosa mu bihe by’ubushyuhe, hagakurikiraho ingaruka z’umuvuduko n’ubushyuhe. Amabwiriza yo gupima imiterere y’ubushyuhe, gukurikirana ibipimo bihoraho, no gukosora mu gihe nyacyo hakoreshejwe amakuru y’ubushyuhe byagaragaye ko ari ingenzi kugira ngo bigabanye ubujiji bwo gupima kugeza munsi ya 0.50%—urugero rw’ingenzi ubu ruteganijwe mu gupima uburyo bwo kohereza amazi mu kirere (LNG).
Imiterere y’ibishushanyo mbonera byateye imbere cyane. Ubushakashatsi buherutse kwemeza ingero z’imibare ziteganya imyitwarire y’umuvuduko w’amazi, zigaragaza ko amakosa ari munsi ya ± 0.08% mu bipimo by’ubushyuhe bw’amazi iyo byemejwe hakoreshejwe amakuru ashobora gukurikiranwa, mu gihe hakoreshejwe ibipimo byo gukosora imiterere yihariye ya LNG. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu buryo bwo kongeramo lisansi y’amazi no ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG, aho ubuziranenge bwo gupima amazi mu bihe bikomeye budashobora kuganirwaho. Muri uru rwego, Lonnmeter—yibanda ku gupima ubucucike n’ubukana bw’amazi—isuzuma bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bikenewe kugira ngo habeho gusesengura no kugenzura neza.
Igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'amazi mu bunini nacyo gitandukanye n'uburyo bwo gupima ingano y'amazi mu gihe amazi yatunganyijwe agaragaza imiterere cyangwa ubucucike buhindagurika. Ibipimo by'amazi mu bunini, harimo n'ibipimo by'amazi bigezweho bikoreshwa muri LNG, bitanga isuzuma ry'umwanya wanyuzemo amazi. Ariko, kugira ngo hamenyekane uburemere nyabwo bwimurirwa mu buryo bwo gupima ingano y'amazi, ibipimo by'amazi mu bunini bigomba gukuba inshuro nyazo z'ubucucike. Ibi bitanga urundi rwego rw'ibitazwi, cyane cyane iyo habayeho impinduka zihuse z'ubushyuhe cyangwa imiterere, nk'uko bisanzwe mu mikorere yo gucunga lisansi ikoresha lisansi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibipimo by'amazi mu bunini bya Coriolis bitanga ibipimo bitaziguye, bigabanya cyane kwishingikiriza ku mibare y'inyongera n'ikwirakwizwa ry'amakosa ajyanye nayo.
Guhitamo hagati y’ikoranabuhanga rijyanye n’uburemere n’ubwinshi bw’amazi, ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku buryo bwo gupima neza, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku mikorere no kubahiriza amahame agenga uburyo bwo gupima LNG. Amahame akomeye y’ibikoresho bipima uburemere bw’amazi, kugabanuka kwabyo mu bucucike n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe, hamwe n’uburyo bikwiye bwo gutanga icyemezo cyo kwimura amazi mu buryo butaziguye, ni byo bishimangira imbaraga zabyo mu mikoreshereze ya LNG na cryogenic. Iyi mikorere ihabwa agaciro cyane n’abakora n’abahanga bashaka kugabanya amakosa yo kwimura amazi mu buryo buhindagurika cyane kandi bugenzurwa, nko mu biro byo kohereza lisansi bya LNG no mu bikorwa binini byo kohereza amazi.
Gupima ko uburenganzira bwo gucungirwa: Imbogamizi n'ibisabwa
Kohereza mu maboko ya Gazi Kamere Zishongeshejwe (LNG) bisaba ibipimo byo hejuru mu gupima bitewe n’ingaruka zikomeye mu by’imari no mu mategeko z’amakosa magufi yo gupima. Sisitemu zo gupima zigomba gutanga ukuri ku buryo budasubirwaho, kwizerwa no gukurikirana ibintu, bikaba ari byo shingiro ry’amasezerano yo kugurisha no kugura LNG.
Ibisabwa byihariye byo gupima ibicuruzwa bya LNG
Sisitemu zo gupima ubwikorezi bwa LNG zigomba kubahiriza amahame agenga ibipimo byemewe n'amategeko, cyane cyane ibyavuzwe muri OIML R140 no mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, Amabwiriza y'Ibipimo 2014/32/EU. Aya mahame avuga ko sisitemu zo gupima ubwikorezi bw'ubwikorezi zigera ku ikosa ntarengwa rya 0.3% (Uburyo bwo kumenya neza icyiciro cya 0.3), zigatuma imari ifatwa nk'iy'ingano nyayo ya LNG yatanzwe. Gukurikirana ibipimo ni ngombwa: buri buremere cyangwa ingano byanditse bigomba guhuza n'amahame mpuzamahanga yemejwe binyuze mu nzira zemewe zo gupima.
Ubunyangamugayo si itegeko ry’amategeko gusa ahubwo ni n’ingenzi mu bucuruzi. Mu gikorwa cyo gucuruza imizigo imwe ya metero 100.000 za LNG, ikosa rya 0.1% mu gupima kohereza imizigo bishobora guhindura miliyoni z’amadolari hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi. Kubwibyo, amasezerano yo kohereza imizigo asaba by’ukuri ibyemezo byo gupima, kugenzura umuntu wa gatatu, no kugenzura imikorere buri gihe kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge bwa sisitemu.
Ingaruka z'imiterere y'ibice bitwikiriye (Cryogenic Conditions) ku gupima, gupima no kubahiriza amategeko
Ubushyuhe bwa LNG busanzwe buri hafi ya -162°C, bigatera imbogamizi zidasanzwe mu gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi, kuyapima, no kubahiriza gahunda. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike n'ubwinshi bw'amazi kuri ubu bushyuhe rishobora kongera amakosa mu gihe bidagenzuwe neza kandi bigakurikiranwa.
Ibikoresho bibiri by'ingenzi byo gupima uburemere bw'amazi ni byo byiganje mu kohereza LNG: ibipimo by'uburemere bya Coriolis bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru n'ibipimo by'uburemere bya ultrasonic. Ibipimo bya Coriolis bikoreshwa cyane mu gupima uburemere bwabyo butaziguye, kudahinduka kw'imiterere y'amazi, no gushobora kuzuza ibisabwa na OIML Class 0.3. Ariko, imikorere nyayo mu bihe bishyushye isaba imiterere yihariye ya sensor no gukingira, ndetse no kwishyura ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo.
Gupima ubushyuhe bukabije ni ingorabahizi. Uburyo busanzwe busaba ibizamini byo gusuzuma hakoreshejwe ibipimo byemewe cyangwa ibigega bya prover, byaba byiza munsi y’imiterere y’amazi, igitutu, n’ubushyuhe. OIML R140 itegeka igenzura rya mbere mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no kongera gupima buri gihe (akenshi buri mwaka), rimwe na rimwe bigaragazwa n’abagenzuzi b’impande zombi kugira ngo harebwe ko bikomeza kubahirizwa. Buri gikorwa cyo gusuzuma kigomba kwerekana inyandiko zihuza n’amahame yemewe, zishimangira uruhererekane rw’uburyo ibintu bikurikirana.
Ibipimo byapimwe byifashishijwe mu buryo bwizewe kugira ngo umuntu yimure ububiko bwe
Kugira ngo hakomeze kuba ingirakamaro mu mikorere no mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, sisitemu zo gupima imitungo y'abana zikozwe nk'ibipimo bihuriweho. Buri gipimo gihuza ibice by'ingenzi byo kohereza imitungo y'abana:
- Ibikoresho byo gupima uburemere bw'umuvuduko w'amazi, nka Coriolis cyangwa ibyuma bipima ikirere hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, bikora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi gipima.
- Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’amazi n’ibipimo by’ubucucike, nk’uko byatanzwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga amakuru y’imiterere y’amazi mu gihe nyacyo akenewe kugira ngo habeho imibare nyayo y’ubucucike bw’amazi. Ibi bikoresho bigomba kugumana uburyo bwo gupima amazi mu gihe cy’izuba, kuko n’amakosa mato y’ubucucike ashobora gutuma habaho kunyuranya kw’ubucucike bw’amazi.
- Sisitemu zo gupima zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zikuramo ingero z'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo zisesengurwe, ibi bikaba ari ngombwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge n'agaciro ka karori.
- Uburyo bwo gusuzuma no kwigenzura buhora bukurikirana ubuzima n'imikorere y'ibikoresho byose bipima, bumenyesha abakoresha uburyo bwo gupima ibintu, kwangirika kw'ibintu, cyangwa ibibazo byo hanze hakiri kare.
- Ibice byose bihujwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura no gufata amakuru. Nubwo Lonnmeter yibanda gusa ku bipimo by'ubucucike n'ubukana bw'ingufu, ibi bice bikorana neza n'ibikorwa remezo byo kugenzura bikenewe mu nzira zo kugenzura no gutanga raporo z'amategeko.
Sisitemu yose ikunze gupimwa mu buryo bugaragara, haba mu mirimo no mu gihe cy’aho ikorera, kugira ngo yemeze imikorere yayo mu gihe hari ibintu bidafite aho bihuriye. Igishushanyo mbonera cya skid kigomba koroshya gupima no kubungabunga buri gihe, hagashyirwaho uburyo bwo kunyura mu bikoresho cyangwa inzira zidafite aho zihuriye kugira ngo ibipimo bikomeze kuba byiza iyo igikoresho kivanywe mu kazi.
Urugero: Kwimura uburenganzira bwo gucungirwa muri Bunkering na Terminals
Ku sitasiyo yo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG, cyangwa mu gihe cyo kohereza LNG mu bwato, gupima ubwikorezi bw'amazi hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ingano kirimo Coriolis mass flowmeter, Lonnmeter inline density and viscosity metres, hamwe n'ahantu ho gupima hashingiwe ku cyemezo. Sisitemu ibanza kugenzura OIML R140, gusubiramo buri gihe, no kugenzura buri gihe gusuzuma, kugira ngo ingano ya LNG yoherejwe yandikwe neza ndetse no mu bidukikije bigoye cyane. Buri gikorwa cyo kohereza lisansi kiba cyaranditswe neza kugira ngo gikoreshwe mu kugenzura amategeko n'imari, nk'uko amasezerano abiteganya.
Buri gice—igipimo cy’ihindagurika ry’amazi, ubucucike (Lonnmeter), ubushyuhe, n’uburyo bwo gupima—bigira uruhare mu kudasobanukirwa neza. Sisitemu igomba gutegurwa ku buryo kudasobanukirwa neza kose ku buryo kutarenga igipimo cy’amasezerano cyangwa cy’amategeko cya 0.3%.
Bityo, ibipimo byo kohereza imicungire y'umutungo mu rwego rwa LNG bishingiye ku buryo buhamye, bwemejwe kandi bwemewe, bugamije guhangana n'ibitutu bihuriweho by'imikorere idafite aho ihuriye n'iy'amashanyarazi, ibipimo by'amategeko, n'ingaruka z'ubucuruzi.
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gupima uburemere bw'umuvuduko wa LNG: Ikoranabuhanga n'igereranya
Ibipimo by'amazi ya Coriolis Mass
Ibipimo by'amazi ya Coriolis bikora bipima ingaruka za Coriolis mu muyoboro utemba utwara LNG. Uko LNG inyura mu miyoboro ya sensor ya meter, kugenda kw'amazi bitera impinduka mu buryo bupimye mu gutigita kw'umuyoboro. Uku guhinduka, guhwanye neza n'umuvuduko w'amazi, bigaragazwa n'ibipimo by'amazi kandi bigahindurwamo amakuru y'amazi meza, ubucucike, n'ubushyuhe. Imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga—ridafite imbogamizi za mekanike cyangwa ibice bigenda bihura n'amazi ya cryogenic—bituma ikomera cyane mu bikorwa bya LNG.
Guhuza na serivisi ya cryogenic na LNG bikorwa binyuze mu bikoresho byihariye nk'icyuma kidashonga n'ibyuma bihindagurika mu bushyuhe. Ibi bikoresho bigumana ubuziranenge bw'imiterere ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane (akenshi biri munsi ya -160°C), bishimangira ko ari ukuri guhoraho ndetse no mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwihuta buboneka mu bigo bitanga lisansi bya LNG na sisitemu zo kongeramo lisansi. Iterambere ry'ibikoresho rihoraho no kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ikoranabuhanga byatumye ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis bitanga neza ibipimo bifite ubuziranenge bwa ± 0.1% kugeza ± 0.25% by'ibipimo, kandi ubucucike bungana na ± 0.2 kg / m³—urwego rw'imikorere rukenewe mu guhererekanya, gucunga ububiko, no kubahiriza amategeko mu bikorwa bya LNG.
Akamaro gakomeye k'ikimenyetso cy'amazi cya Coriolis muri LNG ni uko gipima neza kandi gishobora gusubiramo ndetse no mu bidukikije bigoye gupima. Bitandukanye n'ibipimo by'umuvuduko bitandukanye cyangwa turbine za mekanike, ibipimo bya Coriolis ntibigira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'imikorere cyangwa impinduka mu bucucike bwa LNG, bigatuma hapimwa neza umuvuduko w'umuvuduko w'umuvuduko. Ibi bigabanya igihombo cya gahunda ndetse n'amakosa yo gupima mu buryo butunguranye akunze kugaragara mu zindi koranabuhanga zo gupima. Kubera ko ibi bipimo by'umuvuduko bidasaba ibice byimuka byagaragaye kuri LNG itemba, icyifuzo cyo kubungabunga kiragabanuka, kandi icyizere mu gucunga lisansi itemba mu gihe kirekire kiriyongera.
Inyongera ziherutse mu buryo bwo gusuzuma indwara zishyigikira uburyo bwo kugenzura inzira mu buryo bwihuse n'uburyo bwo kugenzura bwikora. Ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma butuma abakoresha bashobora gukurikirana ubuzima bw'ibikoresho, kwemeza imiterere ya metero ntarengwa badahagaritse uburyo bwo gusuzuma, no kubona impinduka ziterwa no guhindagura cyangwa kuziba igice cy'uburyo. Uburyo bwo gusuzuma bwimbitse bufasha abakora mu gusuzuma ibintu kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho asabwa n'uburyo bwo kohereza LNG, butanga inyandiko zo kuri interineti kugira ngo barebe niba amakuru akurikiranwa kandi akurikizwa.
Guhitamo umucuruzi cyangwa uruganda rwujuje ibisabwa mu gupima ingano ya Coriolis, nka Lonnmeter, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku busugire bw'uburyo bwo gupima no kwizerwa mu mikorere. Abakora bagomba gutanga ibyuma bipima ku bushyuhe bukabije, bagatanga ibikoresho byo kugenzura imirima, kandi bakareba ko bihuye n'ibisabwa mu buryo buhanitse. Ibipimo bitagenwe neza cyangwa bidashyigikiwe neza bishobora guteza amakosa, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gushyiraho cyangwa mu bihe bibiri—ibintu imikorere ihanitse ishobora kugabanya binyuze mu gushushanya neza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi no kuyigenzura neza. Uruhare rw'umucuruzi wemewe runagera no ku nkunga nyuma yo gushyiraho, ikubiyemo gupima, gukemura ibibazo, no gukomeza kwandika ibijyanye n'amategeko.
Ibipimo by'Iterambere rya Ultrasonic
Ibipimo by'umuvuduko wa Ultrasonic bikora binyuze mu kohereza no kwakira imivuduko ya Ultrasonic mu nzira y'umuvuduko wa LNG mu gice cyagenewe gupima. Itandukaniro ry'igihe hagati y'imivuduko igenda izamuka n'imanuka ni ryo rikoreshwa mu kubara umuvuduko w'umuvuduko. Ubu buryo budahungabanya ibidukikije, aho transducers zitari mu nzira y'umuvuduko wa LNG, bukwiriye neza ahantu hakonje aho gukorana n'amazi akonje bishobora kwangiza ibyuma bisanzwe bipima.
Mu bikorwa bya LNG, ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima amashanyarazi rikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic rirusha ayandi mu bijyanye no kohereza amashanyarazi menshi, nk'uko bikunze kugaragara mu gutwara indege cyangwa amakamyo ku bibuga bya LNG. Ibipimo byagenewe imiyoboro minini, aho amashanyarazi menshi n'umuvuduko muto ari ngombwa, kandi aho hakenewe gusanwa bike bitewe n'imiterere y'ibikoresho byinshi bya LNG. Ibipimo bya ultrasound byubahiriza amahame yemewe yo kohereza amashanyarazi, iyo bishyizwemo uburyo bugororotse kandi bukurikije imiterere yihariye ya LNG.
Imwe mu nyungu zihariye z'ibipimo by'amashanyarazi ni uko bidatuma birushaho kuba byiza mu gutunganya igitutu no kutagira ibice byimuka, bigatuma bidashobora kwangirika cyangwa guhindagurika. Uku kuramba bitera igihe kirekire cyo gukora, igihe gito cyo kuyitunganya, no kugabanya ibyago byo kudakora neza. Imikorere y'ibipimo by'amashanyarazi isuzuma imiterere y'ibipimo, kwinjira k'umwuka/gaze, cyangwa guhindagurika kwa transducer—ibintu by'ingenzi mu gupima uburyo bwo kohereza LNG aho imikorere ya metero isanzwe ikenewe.
Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gukoresha mu gupima amashanyarazi birimo imiyoboro ya LNG ifite ubushobozi bwo koherezamo amashanyarazi n'ahantu umurambararo w'imiyoboro urenze urugero rw'ikoranabuhanga rya Coriolis risanzweho. Urugero, ibikoresho bya LNG byo gupakira ku bigega bitumiza cyangwa bitumiza mu mahanga bikoresha ibyuma bya ultrasonic ku miyoboro ifite umurambararo urenze santimetero 12, kuko ibi bipimo bishobora kugumana ibisabwa byo gukora neza hatabayeho gutakaza umuvuduko mwinshi.
Muri make, Coriolis na ultrasound bipima uburemere bw'amazi bigira uruhare runini muri sisitemu zigezweho zo gupima LNG. Ibipimo bya Coriolis birayobora mu gukoresha neza cyane kandi bitaziguye uburemere bw'amazi kandi bitanga uburyo bwo gupima ingenzi mu bikorwa by'ubucuruzi, mu gihe ultrasound bipima ubwinshi bw'amazi bitanga ibisubizo bikomeye kandi binini aho kubungabunga bidahagije no gukora neza kw'ubushobozi bwinshi ari byo by'ingenzi. Guhitamo neza igikoresho biterwa n'ibikenewe byihariye mu gukoresha, imiterere y'imikorere, n'ibisabwa mu kubahiriza ibisabwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwinshi bw'amazi mu bikorwa remezo bya LNG.
Imicungire ya Gazi Itogosheje mu Turere two Gushyiramo Amavuta ya LNG
Gucunga neza imyuka itemba (BOG) ni imbogamizi ikomeye ku bigo bitanga lisansi bya LNG. BOG ibaho mu gihe cyo kubika no kohereza nk'umusaruro w'ubushyuhe bwinjira, bigatuma ibice nka methane na ethane bihinduka umwuka. Gucunga iyi gazi ni ingenzi haba mu bukungu no mu bidukikije.
Ingufu z'ubukungu kuri sitasiyo zo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG zituruka ku gukenera kugabanya igihombo cy'ibicuruzwa no kwirinda amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa bitari ngombwa. Iyo BOG ifunguye cyangwa ishyushye, gazi karemano y'agaciro iratakara, bigabanyije inyungu za buri munsi kuri sitasiyo. Isuzuma riherutse gukorwa ku kugaruza no gukoresha BOG ryagaragaje ko inyungu ishoboka ku mwaka irenga miliyoni 138 z'amadolari y'Amerika hamwe n'inyungu mbumbe hafi ya 97%, bigaragaza ingano y'amahirwe y'imari mu bikorwa bitanga umusaruro mwinshi. Ndetse no kuri sitasiyo nto, kugaruza BOG bishobora gutanga inyungu zirambye; isesengura rimwe ryagaragaje ko umuntu yinjira amayero 176 buri kwezi aturuka ku ikoreshwa rya gazi mu gutwara lisansi mu modoka, nubwo ari nto cyane, yiyongera cyane uko igihe kigenda gihita.
Ibijyanye n'ibidukikije nabyo ni ingenzi. Methane, igice cy'ingenzi cya BOG, ni imyuka ihumanya ikirere ikomeye cyane. Gusohora cyangwa gutwika bidacunzwe byongera cyane ubwiyongere bwa karuboni muri sitasiyo. Uburyo bwo kugarura ibintu bwageragejwe muri sitasiyo zitwara abantu za LNG zaburijemo ibiro 8.549 by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bingana na CO₂ buri kwezi binyuze mu kongera gukoresha BOG mu bikorwa byayo cyangwa kuyihindura mu modoka, ibyo bikaba byaragize akamaro kanini mu bidukikije binyuze mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gusimbuza lisansi.
Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gucunga BOG muri sitasiyo zo kongeramo lisansi za LNG. Igisubizo gikurura ubukungu akenshi ni uguhindura BOG mo gaze karemano ifunze (CNG). Isuzuma ry’ingero rigaragaza ko umusaruro wa CNG utanga igiciro gito cyane cyo kugurisha gaze yasubijwe, bigatuma gaze ibasha kubaho neza ndetse n’inyungu mu bukungu. Ubundi buryo bwo gucunga BOG burimo:
- Gukoresha amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye hakoreshejwe BOG nk'ibikomoka kuri peteroli kugira ngo hakorwe ingufu zo gukoreshwa aho hantu cyangwa kohereza mu mahanga amashanyarazi, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kwihaza mu ngufu za sitasiyo.
- Kongera gushyira BOG mu bigega byo kubikamo LNG cyangwa kohereza moteri z'imodoka.
- Gutwika bigenzurwa, bikunze gukoreshwa gusa aho kugarura cyangwa kongera gukoresha bidashoboka, nubwo ubu buryo bugomba gusuzumwa n'amategeko n'uburyo burambye.
Ubu ahantu henshi hahurira BOG recovery na sisitemu zo kongeramo lisansi zikoresha amashanyarazi, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi nk'ibipimo by'ubwinshi bya Coriolis na ultrasonic flowmeters. Ibi bikoresho bifasha kugenzura neza no gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi n'amazi, binoza imikorere rusange ya LNG customer transfer meter kandi bikongera imikorere ya sitasiyo. Ibipimo by'ubwinshi bw'amazi n'ubucucike—nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter—bigira uruhare runini mu gutanga igenzura rihoraho kandi ryimbitse ry'imiterere y'amazi y'ingenzi kugira ngo BOG ifatwe kandi ikoreshwe neza.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imicungire ya BOG yuzuye rigabanya ingaruka nyinshi z’imari ku bakoresha LNG bashyiramo lisansi. Harimo igihombo gituruka ku bicuruzwa bisohoka mu kirere, ibihano byo kubahiriza amategeko ku bijyanye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, n’ikiguzi cy’ingufu gituruka ku gukoresha amashanyarazi yo hanze. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubwinshi bw’amazi rifasha mu buryo butaziguye kugabanya ibyago binyuze mu kurinda ubuziranenge bw’ibipimo no kwemeza ko gazi ishobora gufatwa neza kandi ikagenzurwa.
Ibimenyetso rusange bigaragaza ko ari ngombwa mu bukungu no mu bidukikije kugira ngo imicungire ya BOG ihamye mu bigo byo kohereza lisansi bya LNG ikoreshwe neza. Gushyira mu bikorwa neza uburyo bwo kugarura lisansi, bishyigikiwe no gucunga neza lisansi ikoreshwa mu gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi, ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere ibe myiza kandi irambye mu rwego rw'amategeko n'isoko muri iki gihe.
Uburyo Buhuriweho: Guhuza Gupima, Kugenzura, no Kubika
Sitasiyo zigezweho zo kongeramo lisansi za LNG zihuza neza uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zikonje, gupima neza ubwinshi bw'amazi, no gusesengura inzira nyayo kugira ngo byongere imikorere n'amategeko agenga imikorere. Ishingiro ry'uku guhuza ni ugukoresha ingufu zikonje zituruka mu gihe cyo kongera gukoresha LNG. Iyo gazi karemano iva kuri -162°C isubira mu miterere yayo y'umwuka, ingufu nyinshi zikonje ziraboneka kugira ngo zifatwe. Ibigo bikomeye biyobora izi ngufu mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu zikonje cyangwa bikayihuza n'ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu zikomoka ku mwuka (LAES), bigatuma habaho ingufu zivanze n'aho ziyongera.
Icyitegererezo cya Thermodynamic—harimo no mu bikoresho byo gusimbuza imikorere nka Aspen HYSYS—byerekana uburyo guhuza LAES na LNG regasification bikongera ubushobozi bwa sisitemu gusa (aho iterambere ryose rirenze 105%) ahubwo binagabanya igihe cyo kwishyura kugeza ku myaka 2.5, ndetse no mu gihe habarurwa uburyo bwo kubika no gukora ibintu bigezweho. Sitasiyo zashyizweho hamwe n’uburyo nk’ubwo buhuriweho zungukira ku kugabanuka gukomeye kw’ikiguzi cy’imikorere bitewe n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zikonje mu buryo bunoze, kwaguka kw’imikorere, no kwiyongera k’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu.
Muri icyo gihe, gupima neza uburemere bw'amazi ni ngombwa kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kwimura no kugenzura ibikorwa muri izi sitasiyo. Ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis, bizwiho ubuhanga bwabyo mu bijyanye n'amazi anyuramo, bipima neza umuvuduko w'amazi anyuramo—akarusho gakomeye ugereranyije n'ibipimo bisanzwe by'amazi anyuramo. Ibi bikoresho biracyari ibyizerwa mu bihe byo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG mu bushyuhe buke, no mu buryo buhindagurika, bishyigikira ivunjisha ry'ubucuruzi ndetse no kugenzura guverinoma.
Sisitemu zigezweho zo gupima zishyizwe hamwe ubu zifite uburyo bwo gusuzuma bwashyizwemo, bigatuma habaho kwigenzura buri gihe kw'ibipimo by'amazi n'ibindi bikoresho by'ingenzi. Gucika intege, guhindagurika, cyangwa guhindagurika kw'ibipimo bihita bigaragara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora bashobora gukomeza gupima ibipimo byemewe, bakareba ko byubahirije amabwiriza mpuzamahanga yo kohereza amashanyarazi kuri LNG. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu biro byo kongeramo lisansi aho n'ibito bishobora gutuma habaho itandukaniro rikomeye mu by'imari cyangwa ibihano by'amategeko.
Uburyo bwikora buhuza neza uburyo bwo gupima no kugenzura ibintu hamwe n'uburyo bwo kubibika. Urugero, amakuru y'urujya n'uruza rw'amazi aboneka muri Coriolis flowmeters yinjizwa mu buryo butaziguye mu buryo bwikora mu buryo bwikora buhindura uburyo bwo gukora valves, bucunga imyuka itemba, cyangwa bugatera ingamba zo gukosora iyo hagaragaye ibibazo mu mikorere. Gukoresha inline density metres, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, birushaho kunoza uburyo ibintu bigaragarira buri wese. Ibi bipimo, hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa inline viscosity sensors, bifasha kwemeza ko buri litiro cyangwa kilogarama ya LNG ibarwa neza muri buri cyiciro - kuva mu kubika no kohereza kugeza ku gutanga umusaruro wa nyuma.
Ishusho ya 1 iri hepfo igaragaza ahantu ho kongeramo lisansi hahujwe LNG aho ubwato bubika, imiyoboro ikoresha amashanyarazi, gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi, n'isesengura rya sisitemu bihuzwa binyuze mu buryo bwo guhuza ibikorwa rusange.
Sisitemu zo gupima ubwikorezi zikoresha uburyo bwa Coriolis bukoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike, gupima ubucucike, no gusesengura bihujwe kugira ngo bitange ibisubizo byemejwe. Zihangana n’ibihe bikomeye byo guhindagurika kw’amazi, zigatuma LNG ikwirakwira—yanditswe mu biro cyangwa toni—ikomeza kuba nyayo kandi idahinduka haba ku bafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi ndetse n’abashinzwe kugenzura. Muri make, ihuriro ry’ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu zikonje, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike n’ubucucike, hamwe n’isesengura ryikora ku buryo bwikora ni byo shingiro ry’ibikorwa byizewe, binoze kandi byujuje ibisabwa byo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG.
Guhitamo no Gushaka Ibisubizo byo Gupima Uburemere bw'Umuvuduko w'Umubyimba
Guhitamo igisubizo cyiza cyo gupima uburemere bw'amazi mu bikorwa bya LNG bitangirana no kugereranya neza ikoranabuhanga rya Coriolis na ultrasonic. Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi ni ihame ryabyo ryo gupima. Ibipimo by'ubwinshi bw'amazi bya Coriolis bipima uburemere bw'amazi mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu kumenya ihinduka ry'impinduka riterwa n'ingendo z'amazi mu miyoboro ihindagurika. Ibipimo by'ubwinshi bw'amazi bya Ultrasonic, mu buryo bunyuranye, bigena ubwinshi bw'amazi hashingiwe ku gihe cyo kunyuramo kwa ultrasonic; ubwinshi bw'amazi buvanwa mu gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bwapimwe cyangwa bugereranyijwe.
Uburyo bwo gukora neza ni ingenzi cyane mu kwimura LNG, kuko n'ibipimo bito bishobora gutera itandukaniro rikomeye mu bucuruzi. Ibipimo by'uburemere bwa Coriolis bitanga ubuziranenge bw'ibanze akenshi bigera kuri ± 0.1% by'umuvuduko nyawo w'uburemere, bitagizweho ingaruka n'ihindagurika ry'imiterere ya LNG cyangwa ubushyuhe. Kubera ko ubucucike bwa LNG buhinduka bitewe n'imiterere itandukanye y'umubiri, ubu buryo bwo gupima uburemere butaziguye bufasha kugabanya amakosa yo guhindura ibintu aboneka mu buhanga bwo gukora ingano. Ibipimo by'uburemere bya Ultrasonic, nubwo bishobora kuba bifite ubuziranenge bwa ± 0.2% mu bihe byiza, byishingikiriza ku gupima ubucucike bwo hanze cyangwa kugereranya, bigatera ikosa rishoboka niba imiterere ya LNG ihinduka mu buryo butunguranye mu gihe cyo kwimura. Ibi bituma ibikoresho bya Coriolis bikundwa mu kwimura uburemere buhanitse, cyane cyane mu bikorwa aho gupima uburemere butaziguye bikenewe kandi ingano y'umurongo ikaba nto cyangwa iri hagati.
Ibisabwa mu gushyiraho no gukora bitanga itandukaniro ryinshi. Ibipimo bya Coriolis bisaba inkunga ikomeye ya mekanike n'ubushyuhe buhagije bitewe n'uburemere bwabyo n'uburyo bifatwa n'ubushyuhe - ibintu birushaho kwiyongera mu gihe cyo gukoresha LNG ikora neza. Bitanga igabanuka ryinshi ry'umuvuduko uko umurambararo w'imiyoboro wiyongera, bigabanyiriza akamaro kabyo ku miyoboro minini. Ibipimo bya Ultrasonic, mu buryo bw'imiterere, bitanga igihombo gito cyane, bipima neza imiyoboro minini kugeza kuri santimetero 18, kandi bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyivugurura bitewe n'imiterere idahungabanya cyangwa ifunganye. Kutagira ibice bigenda kandi serivisi zayo zoroshye zikoreshwa mu murongo nabyo bikurura abakora LNG bashinzwe imiyoboro minini ikora neza.
Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga bigomba gusuzumwa kuri ikoranabuhanga ryombi:
Uburinganire:Ibipimo bya Coriolis bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gutembera neza kw'umuvuduko w'amazi, akenshi bikaba bikenewe kugira ngo umuntu yimurwe burundu. Ibipimo bya Ultrasonic bitanga uburyo bwo gutembera neza kw'amazi ariko bigakenera kwishyurwa neza ku mpinduka z'imiterere y'amazi iyo bikoreshejwe mu kubara uburemere.
Gupima:Ubwo bwoko bwombi bw'ibipimo busaba gahunda zihamye zo gupima. Kuri serivisi ya LNG ikoreshwa mu gupima, ibi bisaba gusubiramo imiterere y'imikorere kugira ngo harebwe ko ibipimo ari ukuri mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko.
Kwizerwa:Ibipimo bya Coriolis bizwiho gukora neza mu miterere n'umuvuduko bitandukanye bya LNG. Ibipimo bya Ultrasonic, nubwo birwanya kwangirika kw'imashini, bigomba kugenzurwa buri gihe kugira ngo birebe niba ibimenyetso byangiritse bitewe n'uko amazi yangiritse cyangwa transducers zangiritse.
Isuzumabumenyi:Imikorere yo gusuzuma ihanitse iraboneka muri ibyo byiciro byombi by'ibipimo. Ibipimo bya Coriolis bishobora kwigenzura ubwabyo ntibigire aho bihagarara cyangwa ngo bigire ubuzima bwiza, mu gihe ibikoresho bya ultrasound bikurikirana imbaraga z'ibimenyetso, ubuziranenge bw'inzira y'amajwi, n'ibitagenda neza mu mikorere y'amazi.
Guhuza ibintu mu buryo bworoshye:Ubwo bwoko bwombi bushobora kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gutumanaho kugira ngo buhuzwe na sisitemu zo kugenzura ubwato cyangwa ibyuma bitwara abagenzi. Ariko, imiterere n'ibipimo byo gushyiraho—nk'uburemere bwa metero, ibisabwa mu mwanya, cyangwa ibisabwa mu gukingira—bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo ibintu bishyirwa mu bikorwa remezo bya kera byo gucunga lisansi.
Uburyo bwo gushaka icyuma gipima ubwinshi bwa Coriolis cya LNG, nko mu kohereza amashanyarazi menshi mu biro byo kongeramo lisansi bya LNG, bisaba uburyo buhamye. Shaka abakora icyuma gipima ubwinshi bwa Coriolis n'abatanga amashanyarazi bafite amateka yagaragaye muri LNG cyangwa izindi porogaramu zikoresha amashanyarazi. Suzuma urutonde rwabo kugira ngo urebe niba hari ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ryo kongeramo lisansi rya LNG, hashingiwe ku buryo bwemewe bwo kohereza lisansi, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gukomeza gutanga ubufasha mu bya tekiniki. Igenzura ry'uburyo bakora, uburyo bwo gupima ubwinshi bwa serivisi zipima ubwinshi bwazo, no gusubiza ibisabwa mu mirimo yo mu murima ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere igende neza mu gihe kirekire.
Mu guhitamo no kwemeza umutanga serivisi, shyira imbere ubwizerwe bw’ibikoresho bya LNG, inyandiko zigaragara ku makuru y’imikorere ku bushyuhe bukabije, na serivisi ikomeye nyuma yo kugurisha. Kwizerwa kw’umutanga serivisi bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwizerwe bw’ibipimo no ku ntsinzi y’ibikorwa byo kwimura LNG. Shishikariza ko ibikoresho byawe bipima bigumana uburyo bwo gupima amazi mu buryo bwizewe mu gihe cyose ibikorwa remezo byawe bya LNG bihagaze.
Inyungu nyinshi: Ibyiza ku mikorere n'ibidukikije
Gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ubunini bw'amazi mu buryo bunonosoye cyane, cyane cyane ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis, bitanga inyungu zifatika mu mikorere no mu bidukikije mu bigo byo kongeramo lisansi bya LNG, ibipimo byo kohereza lisansi mu buryo bufatika, no gucunga lisansi mu buryo bugaragara. Izi nyungu zikomoka ku gupima ubunini bw'amazi, ubucucike, n'ubushyuhe, bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza inzira no kubara imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'igihombo
Ibipimo by'amazi bya Coriolis bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse byagaragaye ko ari ingenzi mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'igihombo cy'ibicuruzwa mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bya LNG. Kutamenya neza ibipimo byabyo—akenshi bigera kuri 0.50% mu bikorwa bya LNG—bivuze ko gazi itaramenyekana neza mu gihe cyo kwimura, gupakira no kongeramo lisansi. Mu gupima neza itandukaniro ry'amazi ya microflow no kubona impinduka ntoya z'ubunini, ibi bikoresho bifasha kumenya vuba aho amazi yavuye, gukuraho igihombo kitaramenyekana, no kugabanya amakosa mu raporo z'imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ubu bushobozi ni ingenzi mu gucunga gazi ihumanya ikirere (BOG): amakuru nyayo y'amazi afasha abakora gufata, gupima, no kwinjiza amafaranga ya BOG aho kuyisohora, kugabanya irekurwa ry'imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kunoza uburyo bwo kubara karuboni.
Inyungu no Kuramba byiyongera
Gupima neza bigira ingaruka ku nyungu kuko buri kilo cya LNG gikurikiranwa neza mu gihe cyo kohereza no kugurisha, bigagabanya amakimbirane mu by'imari, kandi bigashyigikira ubucuruzi buboneye. Mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG na sisitemu zo kongeramo lisansi zikoresha amashanyarazi, sisitemu zo gupima zizewe zishingiye kuri Coriolis cyangwa gupima amashanyarazi agezweho zitanga ibisubizo bishobora gukurikiranwa kandi bigenzurwa. Uku kugenzura neza ububiko ntigushyigikira gusa kubahiriza amategeko ahubwo kunatuma abakora mu bubiko babona ibidakora neza no kunoza umusaruro w'ibikorwa.
Ubushobozi bwo gukomeza ibintu burushaho kwiyongera: gupima ubunini bw'amazi bigabanya imyanda mu gihe cyose cy'ubuzima bwa lisansi, bigabanya imyuka ya metani n'ibyuka bya CO₂, kandi bigatuma habaho gutanga raporo zizewe ku bushake n'amategeko. Ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ubucucike n'ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo (hamwe n'ibikoresho nka inline density na viscosity metres za Lonnmeter) byongera ubumenyi mu mikorere, bigatuma habaho impinduka ziyongera imikorere myiza y'ingufu no kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Ubunyangamugayo bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru: Inyungu zitaziguye
Ubuhanga bwo gupima neza butuma habaho imikorere myiza no kugabanya ibidukikije. Ku bijyanye no gucunga lisansi ikoresha amashanyarazi no kuyimura mu buryo butaziguye, ibipimo bya Coriolis bigezweho ntibisaba imiyoboro igororotse kandi ntibisaba ko imiyoboro ishyirwamo ikorwa neza, bikanatuma habaho ubuziranenge ndetse no mu bidukikije bito kandi byahinduwe. Hamwe no kugenzura neza no kugenzura neza, gupima ibintu biragabanuka - ndetse no mu gihe hari ubushyuhe buke, umuvuduko mwinshi, cyangwa imiterere itandukanye ya gazi.
Ibipimo by’ubucucike n’ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bigira uruhare runini, bitanga amakuru y’imiterere y’amazi mu gihe nyacyo, byuzuza amakuru apima umuvuduko w’amazi. Iyi suite yuzuye yo gupima ituma abakora ibikorwa byabo bahindura inzira mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo bagumane ireme ry’ibicuruzwa, bongere umusaruro, kandi bakurikize amabwiriza yo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya.
Muri make, gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ubunini bw'amazi mu buryo bunonosoye bihindura imikorere ya LNG, byongera inyungu n'uburambe binyuze mu gukurikirana neza, gukumira igihombo, no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya. Guhuza n'ubucucike n'ibipimo by'ubucucike birushaho gukomeza umusaruro uturuka ku bidukikije n'imikorere, bihaza ibyifuzo by'uyu munsi byo gucunga LNG mu buryo bunoze, busobanutse kandi bufite inshingano.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Ni izihe nyungu nyamukuru zo gukoresha icyuma gipima ubwinshi bwa Coriolis mu gukoresha LNG?
Ibipimo by'uburemere bwa Coriolis bipima uburemere bw'amazi mu buryo butaziguye, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kohereza gazi karemano zikozwe mu mazi (LNG), kuko amasezerano asanzwe ashingira ku buremere aho kuba ingano. Ibi bikuraho amakosa aturuka ku bucucike bwa LNG buhinduka kandi bigabanya gukenera guhindura ingano kuva ku buremere kugeza ku buremere. Inyungu z'iki gipimo ni ukumenya neza cyane, akenshi biruta ± 0.1%, bigatuma habaho igenamigambi ry'imari rihamye no kunoza ubwisanzure mu ihererekanya ry'imari.
Izi mita zipima imikorere y’amazi zikora neza mu bushyuhe bukabije kandi ziracyakomeye mu miterere y’ibidukikije igoye cyane yo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG ndetse no gucunga lisansi ipima amashanyarazi. Kubera ko nta bice by’imashini bikoresha ikoranabuhanga, metero za Coriolis zikenera gusanwa gake, kugabanya igihe cyo gukora ndetse n’ikiguzi cyose cyo gutunga. Ubushobozi bwo gupima uburemere bw’amazi, ubucucike, n’ubushyuhe icyarimwe butuma habarwa ibipimo nk’ingufu n’agaciro ka karori, mu buryo butaziguye muri metero zipima imikorere y’amazi ubwayo.
Indi nyungu ni uguhorana ihinduka mu mikorere, nko guhinduka k'umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, cyangwa kuba hari ibice bivanze by'amazi n'umwuka—bikunze kugaragara mu biro byo kongeramo lisansi bya LNG no mu buryo bwo kongeramo lisansi. Ibipimo bya Coriolis kandi byemewe n'inzego mpuzamahanga zishinzwe kugenzura imikorere yabyo mu kwimura abantu.
Ni gute icyuma gipima ikirere gikoresha ikoranabuhanga (ultrasound flowmeter) gikora mu bikorwa byo kongeramo lisansi mu buryo bwa cryogenic?
Ibipimo by'amazi bikoreshwa mu gupima ikirere bikwirakwira mu buryo bwa Ultrasonic bikoreshwa mu gupima ikirere gifite ubushobozi bwinshi, kandi ni byiza cyane mu gihe nta gitutu kinini gihari no kugabanya uburyo bwo kugitunganya. Kubera ko bikoresha imiraba ya Ultrasonic mu gupima umuvuduko w'amazi, nta gufunga cyangwa kubangamira umuyoboro, bikomeza ubuziranenge bw'imiyoboro mu bice bicukura amazi. Imikorere irahoraho mu mivuduko itandukanye y'amazi, kandi imiterere yayo irakomera mu buryo busanzwe kuko nta bice bitose biba biyirimo. Iri koranabuhanga rikundwa cyane mu gukurikirana ibikorwa no gupima uburyo amazi anyuramo, aho kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amakuru no kuyasubiramo ari ingenzi.
Mu by’ukuri, ibipimo by’amazi bikoresha ikoranabuhanga bishyigikira uburyo bwo kohereza LNG binyuze mu gukora imiyoboro minini y’amazi nta mbogamizi nyinshi zo kuyishyiraho, bigatuma ihinduka mu buryo butandukanye bw’ibikoresho no mu buryo bwo kongeramo amashanyarazi mu biro bishinzwe kongeramo lisansi bya LNG.
Ni gute sitasiyo yo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG ishobora gucunga neza gazi itemba?
Gucunga neza imyuka itemba (BOG) ni ingenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y’ubukungu no kubahiriza ibidukikije muri sitasiyo zo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG. Ingamba zirimo guhuza uburyo bwo guhindura gazi bwa BOG butuma ikoreshwa mu gukanda no kongera gukoresha gazi karemano, aho kuyisohora cyangwa kuyitwika. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubunini bw’amazi neza cyane, nka Coriolis na ultrasound flowmeters, ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana ingano ya BOG no gukurikirana igihombo mu gihe cyose cy’ibikorwa.
Gushyira mu bikorwa neza uburyo bwo gupima uburemere bw'amazi bituma hamenyekana vuba ibitagenda neza cyangwa amazi asohoka, ibyo bikaba bifasha kugabanya igihombo muri rusange n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Igenzura ryikora rishingiye ku makuru apima mu gihe nyacyo rishobora gutera ibisubizo ku mikorere ihinduka, bigatuma ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n'ibicuruzwa bitakaza agaciro.
Ni iki nakwitaho mu gihe nhitamo umucuruzi cyangwa uruganda rwa coriolis mass flowmeter?
Shyira imbere abatanga serivisi n'abakora ibyuma bipima ubwinshi bwa coriolis bafite uburambe bwemejwe mu gukoresha cryogenic na LNG. Bagomba kugaragaza ubuhanga mu bya tekiniki, uburyo bukomeye bwo gupima, n'amateka yo gutanga ibyuma bipima ubwinshi mu buryo bunoze, buhamye, kandi bushobora gusubirwamo mu bihe bikomeye. Suzuma ubushake bwabo n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutanga inkunga ya tekiniki mu gushyiraho, guhuza sisitemu, no kugenzura ubwinshi.
Kureba neza ko ibipimo byabo byujuje amabwiriza n'amabwiriza agenga inganda mu bijyanye no kohereza LNG. Ni byiza gusuzuma inyandiko zituruka kuri sitasiyo zo gushyiramo lisansi ya LNG ku bijyanye n'imikorere n'ubwizerwe, ndetse no kugenzura inyandiko zisobanutse kuri buri gikoresho.
Kuki gupima konti yo kohereza abafite ubumuga ari ingenzi mu kongeramo lisansi ya LNG?
Gupima kohereza lisansi mu gihe cyo gucunga ni inkingi ikomeye mu kongeramo lisansi ya LNG, bigamije kwemeza ko ibikorwa by'imari hagati y'umutanga n'umuguzi ari ingenzi kandi byemewe n'amategeko. Kubera ko agaciro ka LNG ari hejuru, n'ibintu bito bishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu. Ibipimo by'amazi nk'ibipimo by'amazi bya coriolis bifite ukuri cyane na ultrasound bitanga amakuru yemejwe kuri buri kohereza, bigabanya impaka kandi bikubahiriza amabwiriza.
Gupima neza uburyo bwo kohereza amafaranga mu gihe cyo gucungwa kw'umuntu bifasha mu nyandiko zisobanutse kandi zishobora kugenzurwa, bigabanya amahirwe yo gukora amakosa cyangwa uburiganya. Bitanga icyizere ko impande zose zakira cyangwa zigatanga ingano y'umusaruro zumvikanyweho.
Ni gute gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi bifasha mu kunoza uburyo bwo kongera lisansi ya LNG mu buryo burambye?
Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubunini bw'amazi, sitasiyo zo kongeramo lisansi ya LNG zishobora kugabanya cyane imyanda y'ingufu binyuze mu kunoza kuzuza, kubika no kohereza LNG. Gukurikirana neza kandi mu buryo nyabwo bireba ko buri kohereza binozwa neza, bigabanye igihombo n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Gupima neza ni ingenzi mu gucunga neza lisansi ihumanya ikirere; bituma abakora akazi bahindura inzira kugira ngo ikore neza kandi ihuze n'intego z'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, binoze uburyo bwo kubaho mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro rwa LNG.
Gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi binafasha gukurikirana neza ikoreshwa n'igihombo, bishyigikira ingamba zo kubahiriza amategeko no kunoza imikorere bigamije kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.
Ese ibikoresho byo gupima umuvuduko w'amazi mu bwinshi byizewe mu gihe cy'izuba rikabije?
Ibikoresho byo gupima umuvuduko w’amazi n’ibipimo bya ultrasound byakozwe kugira ngo bikore neza hakurikijwe ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko biboneka mu bikorwa bya LNG. Ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’ibishushanyo mbonera byatoranijwe kugira ngo birinde kwangirika no guhindagurika kw’ibipimo ku bushyuhe bw’amazi.
Ubushobozi bwo gupima no gusuzuma ibintu buri gihe bufasha mu kubungabunga ukuri no gusubiramo, ndetse no mu gihe ubushyuhe buhindagurika, guhinda umushyitsi, cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gutemba busanzwe mu mikorere ya LNG. Kuba ikoranabuhanga ryo kongeramo lisansi ryaragaragaye mu buryo bufatika, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu mishinga minini, bigaragaza uruhare rwabyo nk'ibisubizo bikunzwe cyane byo gupima ubunini bw'amazi mu bidukikije bikomeye.
Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima nk'uko ubushyuhe bwa Coriolis na ultrasonic flowmeters zikoreshwa muri LNG zimeze:
Uku guhoraho ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ibikorwa, gukurikirana imyuka ihumanya ikirere, no gukemura ibibazo by’imari mu rwego rw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2025
