Gusobanukirwa inzira zo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bidakunze kubaho (rare earth elements) burimo gukura no gutunganya ibintu bidakunze kubaho (rare earth) mu buryo bugoye bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Ni ingenzi mu gukora ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, ingufu, n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kwirinda. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bidakunze kubaho (rare earth) buhuza ubuhanga bufatika n’ubutabire, nko gutandukanya ibintu bishingiye ku bushobozi bwa rukuruzi, gukwirakwiza iyoni, no gutandukanya ibintu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu. Izi nzira zifasha mu gutandukanya iyoni zidasanzwe zishingiye ku tandukaniro rito mu mikorere yazo mu by’ubutabire.
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe buhura n'ingorane zidasanzwe. Ubusanzwe ubutaka budasanzwe bubaho hamwe n'imiterere isa ya ionic radius n'imiti, bigatera imbogamizi mu kugera ku buziranenge no guhitamo neza. Uburyo nko gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe—bukoreshwa cyane mu gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe—busaba ibintu bigenzurwa neza, harimo guhitamo neza ibyiciro by'ibinyabuzima, kugenzura pH, no gucunga neza ibipimo by'ibyiciro. Urugero, tekiniki zigezweho zo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe ubu zikoresha resins za chelating cyangwa collectors zibungabunga ibidukikije zinoza guhitamo iyoni zigenewe kandi zikagabanya imyanda.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya imyuka y’ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere bushingiye ku kugenzura ubwinshi bw’imyuka mu gihe cyose cyo kuyikuramo. Ingano nziza y’imyuka y’ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere ituma imyuka y’ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere ishonga neza kandi ikagabanya imyuka idakenewe nka aluminiyumu cyangwa icyuma. Iyo ingano y’imyuka y’ubutaka igabanutse cyane, umusaruro wayo uragabanuka, kandi ingano nini y’imyuka y’ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere ikaguma mu bisigazwa—ibi bizwi nk’imyuka idahagije mu gukuramo ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere. Ku rundi ruhande, imyuka y’ubutaka ikabije mu gutunganya ubutaka butari ubw’umwimerere ishobora gutuma habaho ikoreshwa ry’imyuka idakenewe, ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, no guhumeka hamwe n’imyuka ihumanya.
Gukura neza kw'amazi mu gucukura ubutaka buto bitagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bukungu bw'ibikorwa n'imikorere y'ibyuma. Urugero, mu buryo bwo gukuramo ibinyabutabire mu gutandukanya ubutaka buto, ubushobozi bwo gukuramo amazi bugira ingaruka ku miterere n'ubwiza bw'umuti ushyirwa mu byiciro byo gutandukanya. Ingano ihamye kandi nziza y'ibinyabutabire bikuramo amazi, igerwaho binyuze mugikomezaibikoresho byo gupima ubukanakuvaLonnmeter, ntabwo bishyigikira gusa ubwiyongere bw'ibipimo byo kuvura ariko kandi binashyigikira umusaruro uhoraho. Gukoresha neza ingano y'ibipimo byujuje ibisabwa ku bidukikije ndetse n'intego z'umusaruro.
Imbogamizi mu musaruro akenshi zituruka ku ntambwe zo gukura no gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo budakora neza. Ikibazo gikomeje kubaho ni ukudashobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gukura no gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo bugezweho hanze y’uturere dufite ubumenyi buhamye, nko mu Bushinwa. Uburyo budakora neza bushobora kudindiza umusaruro, bukagabanya umutekano w’ibicuruzwa mu buryo budakora neza, kandi bugatera kwishingikiriza ku batanga ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku isoko rimwe. Izi ngorane zo mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa zirushaho kwiyongera bitewe no guhagarika ikoranabuhanga n’amabwiriza agenga, bigatuma imikorere myiza no kugenzura abakoresha ibikoresho mu gukura ibintu mu buryo budakora neza ari ingenzi kugira ngo umutungo wiyongere.
Muri rusange, kugera ku buyobozi bwiza ku bwinshi bw'ibipimo by'ibikomoka ku butaka bivangwa n'amazi n'ibipimo byo gutandukanya ni ingenzi mu kugabanya imbogamizi mu musaruro no kwemeza ko ubutaka buboneka mu buryo buhamye kandi bufite umutekano. Iterambere mu kunoza ingano y'ibikomoka ku butaka bivangwa n'amazi, uburyo bwo kuvura uburozi buvangwa n'amazi, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gutandukanya neza ibikomoka ku butaka ntabwo binoza gusa ikoreshwa ry'umutungo, ahubwo binashimangira umutekano w'ibikomoka ku butaka no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Gutandukana kw'Isi Idasanzwe
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Kwibanda ku mukozi wo gukusanya ubumenyi: Amahame y'ingenzi n'imbogamizi
Ibintu biva mu butaka ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe. Bikora mu gushonga iyoni z’ubutaka budasanzwe mu buryo bwihariye mu mabuye y’agaciro n’imyanda y’inganda, bigatuma habaho gutandukana kw’ibintu byo hasi binyuze mu gukuramo ibintu bidafite akamaro. Ibintu bikunze gukoreshwa ni aside mineral (urugero: nitrique, sulfuric, hydrochloric acid), aside organic (citric acid, methanesulfonic acid), na alkaline earth metal carboxylates.
Uruhare rw'Abakozi Bakura Imbuto mu Gusesa Irons Zidasanzwe zo mu Mubumbe
Mu gihe cyo gukuramo no gutandukanya ubutaka butari ingenzi, ikintu gikuraho ubutare gihungabanya utubumbe tw’amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa imatrices yatewe na ion, bigatuma iyoni y’ubutaka irekurwa mu butaka butari ingenzi. Urugero, aside nitrike iri kuri ~12.5 mol / dm³ ikuramo lanthanum (85%) na cerium (79.1%) mu mabuye ya phosphate binyuze mu gukwirakwiza no gutandukanya phosphate bonds. Aside citric, yaba ari yo yonyine kandi ihujwe na sodium citrate, ishyigikira ibidukikije, ikiza mu buryo budasanzwe nk'phosphogypsum cyangwa lignite, yongera umusaruro wa REE kugeza kuri 31.88% hamwe n'ibipimo byagenwe by'amazi n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere. Imiterere y'ikintu gikuraho ubutare n'ingano yacyo bigenga uburyo amabuye y'agaciro ashonga, guhitamo neza, no kurekura ubuziranenge.
Ingingo z'ibanze zo gusenyuka guhoraho kwa Rare Earth Ions
Gushonga neza kwa iyoni z’ubutaka budasanzwe ntibiterwa gusa n’uburyo zitoranywa, ahubwo binaterwa n’ubwinshi bwazo. Hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku gusenyuka kwazo:
- Ubwiyongere bw'abakozi:Igena uburyo amazi asohoka n'uko yuzuye. Kugabanuka cyane bibangamira irekurwa rya iyoni; hejuru cyane bituma amazi asohoka hamwe n'amazi asohoka.
- Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro:Itegeka uburyo ibintu bigenda bihinduka—ibice by’umukungugu byangiritse n’amabuye y’agaciro yatewe na iyoni bisaba ibintu bitagira aho bihuriye cyangwa byoroheje, mu gihe imyunyu ngugu ya fosfeti na monazite isubiza aside ikomeye.
- pH:Ihindura uburyo bwo gusesengura imiterere y’ibinyabutabire, imikorere myiza y’ihindagurika ry’iyoni, no guhitamo neza—urugero, gusohora neza sulfate ya magnesium biba kuri pH 4.
- Ubushyuhe n'igihe:Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kongera igipimo cyo gushonga, nk'uko bigaragara mu gusohora aside sulfurike muri fosifate.
- Igipimo cy'amazi n'ibikomeye:Igomba guhindurwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'umutungo kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gusohora amazi mu buryo bwiza nta gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi.
Urugero, gukoresha aside citric bigaragaza icyitegererezo cya 2 mol/L kuri 343 K mu minota 180, bigakuramo 90% bya REEs muri phosphogypsum, hakurikijwe icyitegererezo cya kinetic kigenzurwa n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ibinyabutabire.
Ingaruka zo kudakoresha uburyo bwo gusohora amazi mu butaka busanzwe
Igipimo gito cy’ibintu bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gusohora imyenge mu gucukura imyenge idakunze gukoreshwa. Gukoresha imyenge idahagije ntibitanga umusaruro wuzuye w’iyoni z’imyenge idakunze gukoreshwa, bigatuma:
- Igipimo cyo kugarura umwuka kiri hasi—aside idahagije (urugero, HCl nke cyangwa aside citric) itanga ishonga ribi, aho REE nyinshi ziguma mu bisigazwa.
- Kubohoka kw'iyoni kutuzuye—ibice bikomeza kuba bihamye, bibangamira uburyo bwo gukuramo solvent mu gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe.
- Imikoreshereze mibi y'umutungo—inyigo z'igerageza n'iz'ibumba ry'amabuye y'agaciro zigaragaza ko ubwinshi buke bw'ibintu bikomoka ku mabuye y'agaciro buterwa n'umusaruro udahagije, imikorere y'ibinyabutabire igenda buhoro, n'ububiko bw'amabuye y'agaciro budakoreshejwe.
Urugero rufatika ruboneka mu gusohora sulfate ya manyeziyumu: munsi y’igipimo cy’ingenzi cya 3.5% na pH ya 4, gucukura ubutaka budasanzwe biragabanuka, mu gihe amabuye y’agaciro akomeza kugabanuka, bikagabanya ubukana bw’imiterere y’ubutaka ariko bigagabanya umusaruro.
Ingaruka z'Umuti Urenze urugero mu Gutunganya Imbuto Zidasanzwe
Igipimo gikabije cy’ibiyobyabwenge bitera imbogamizi zikomeye mu kuvura ibiyobyabwenge bya rare earth leachate:
- Gusesagura ibikoresho bitanga umusaruro:Gukoresha aside nyinshi nka nitrike cyangwa ammonium byongera ikiguzi cyo gukora no gukoresha reagents, akenshi bigatuma umusaruro ugabanuka mu gucukura ugabanuka.
- Ihumana rya kabiri:Ibintu bikaze byihutisha gusenyuka ariko binatera guhumeka kw'imyanda hamwe n'imyanda—aluminium, icyuma na kalisiyumu birahuzwa, byongera ibyago byo kurengera ibidukikije, cyane cyane mu mazi no mu butaka. Urugero, aside nyinshi mu guhumeka kw'amakara gangue bituma 5-6% by'aluminiyumu n'icyuma bihuzwa na REEs, bigatuma habaho kugorana mu gutunganya amazi ya rare earth leachate.
- Guhuza imyanda n'abandi:Uretse ubushobozi bwo gupima neza, guhitamo ibintu biragabanuka—ibyuma bidakenewe byinjira mu gisubizo, bikuramo ibintu bidafite akamaro ndetse n’ibikorwa byo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe, kandi bigasaba ko bisukurwa cyane.
- Guhagarika Ubuziranenge bw'Amabuye:Igerageza ryo gusohora amabuye y’agaciro ryerekana ingaruka mbi ku butaka; gukoresha ibirenze urugero bishobora guhungabanya imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro, bigatera inkangu no gusenyuka kw’imisozi mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse guteza imbere uburyo bwo kunoza ingano y’ibipimo, bushyigikira ubundi buryo burambye nka aside nto cyangwa alkaline earth carboxylates. Ibi bintu bifite pH yagenwe, hafi ya neutral, bigarura REE nyinshi (>91%) mu gihe bigabanya ubusembwa—bijyanye n’uburyo bugezweho bwo gutandukanya rare earth.
Gukoresha neza uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu biva mu butaka buto cyane ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya ibintu bito cyane. Gupima neza ibipimo bigenzura neza uburyo ibintu biva mu butaka buto cyane, gushonga neza no gukuramo ibintu mu buryo burambye, byose hamwe no gucunga ikiguzi no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Guhitamo no gupima uburyo bukwiye bwo gupima ibintu n'ingano yabyo, hifashishijwe ubumenyi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, biracyari inkingi y'ingenzi mu gutandukanya no gutandukanya ibintu bito cyane.
Igipimo cy'ingano y'ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho bigabanya amazi
Kumenya neza ingano y’ibintu biva mu butaka ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya ibintu biva mu butaka. Guhuza ingano bitanga ubushobozi bwo kuva mu butaka neza, bishyigikira ishonga ry’ibintu biva mu butaka bidahinduka, kandi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bushobozi bwo kuva mu butaka mu gukuramo ibintu biva mu butaka bidahinduka. Uburyo bwo gupima buziguye n’uburyo bukomeye bwo kwerekana ibintu bukoreshwa mu kugenzura ingano y’ibintu biva mu butaka, kugabanya imyanda ikwirakwizwa, no gukumira imyanda y’umutungo.
Ingaruka zo kwibanda ku musaruro w'umukozi wo gutandukanya
Uburyo bwo gusohora amazi mu mubirini ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kugenzura ibintu bya rare earth. Isano ryayo ritaziguye n'imikorere myiza yo gutandukanya rare earth ni byo bishimangira intsinzi yo gutandukanya rare earth mu biryo bitandukanye. Guhindura ingano y'ibikoresho bigena umusaruro wa rare earth iyons zigenewe ndetse n'uburyo bwo gutandukanya rare earth bukoresha solvent.
Isano itaziguye hagati y'ingano y'umukozi n'imikorere myiza yo gusohora
Kongera ubwinshi bw'ibintu biva mu gukurura muri rusange byongera umusaruro w'ibikomoka ku butaka buto. Urugero, acetate ya manyeziyumu—ikoreshwa mu mabuye y'agaciro yangiritse—igera ku kigero cya 91% cy'ubushobozi bwo gukurura ubutaka buto ku gipimo cyiza, mu gihe ikoreshwa rya aluminiyumu rigatuma munsi ya 30% mu gihe gigenzurwa. Uku kunoza ni ingenzi mu gukoresha uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu bito kugira ngo hatandukanye kandi hasukurwe ubutaka buto buto n'ibikomoka ku mabuye nk'amakara n'imyanda yo mu nganda. Aside inorganic (urugero, HCl, HNO₃) nayo igera ku rwego rwo hejuru ku gipimo cya molar cyagenwe neza (urugero, kugeza kuri 12.5 mol/dm³ kuri cerium na lanthanum), nubwo guhitamo bigomba kuringanizwa neza kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bitoroshye bishonga.
Ingaruka ku Gusesa Guhitamo Ibintu Bidasanzwe by'Isi Bigamije
Gusuzuma neza ingano y’ibipimo by’ibikomoka ku butaka ni ingenzi cyane mu gushonga neza kw’ibikomoka ku butaka bidasanzwe, cyane cyane iyo bitunganya ibikoresho birimo imyanda myinshi idakunze kuboneka. Urugero, gukoresha aside citric acid kuri 2 mol/L bituma ubutaka budasanzwe bushonga ku kigero cya 90%, aho uburyo bwo gusubiza ubwinshi bw’ibikomoka ku butaka bwemeza ko ari bwo buryo bw’ingenzi bwo gukora neza no guhitamo neza. Ibipimo bike by’ibikomoka ku bintu bishobora no kugira akamaro kanini: gusohora aside mu myanda y’ikoranabuhanga hakoreshejwe 0.2 M H₂SO₄ kuri 20°C byagaragaye ko bigarura kugeza kuri 91% by’ibikomoka ku butaka bidasanzwe, bigagabanya gusohora aluminiyumu n’icyuma. Imiterere y’ibice bigaragaza ko uretse uburyo bwiza, kwiyongera k’ibikomoka ku bintu bishobora guteza ishonga ribi ry’ibintu bitagira ingano kandi bikagira ingaruka ku buziranenge bw’ibikomoka ku butaka bidasanzwe.
Ingero z'imibare: Iterambere mu Gutahura neza no Guhagarara neza kw'Ion
Iterambere riherutse mu buryo bw’ibicuruzwa bivanze rigaragaza uburyo ubwinshi bw’ibintu bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa bigaragaza uburyo ubwinshi bw’ibintu bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo bwo kumenya neza no kudacika kw’ibicuruzwa. Gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura inzira bukoreshwa na Lonnmeter butuma habaho gupima mu buryo nyabwo ubwinshi bw’ibintu bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa no guhindura mu buryo butaziguye mu gihe cyo gukuramo ibintu. Ibimenyetso by’igerageza byagaragaje ko kongera ubwinshi bw’ibintu mu buryo bunoze bitera iterambere rikomeye mu buryo buhamye bw’ubwinshi bw’ibintu bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe ndetse no mu kugarura ubuziranenge bw’impinduka z’ibicuruzwa bito. Uburyo buvanze bw’ibicuruzwa, nko guhuza ammonium sulfate n’ibibuza ammonium formate, bigabanya ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa bidakenewe bya aluminiyumu, bigatuma umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe ugaragara neza kandi usubirwamo. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwa kinetic bushingiye ku buryo bwa elegitoroniki ebyiri n’icyitegererezo cya chromatographic plate byemeza ko ubwinshi bw’ibintu bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa bigabanya ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa kandi bigatuma habaho gutandukanya ibintu bidasanzwe mu ntangiriro y’uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu.
Ingaruka zifatika n'uburyo bwo kunoza ingano y'umuti
Gukoresha neza ingano y’ibikoresho bigabanya imyuka y’agaciro mu gutandukanya iyoni z’agaciro mu gutandukanya ibidukikije n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Ku bijyanye no gukuramo imyuka y’agaciro mu gucukura, gukomeza gushyira imyuka y’agaciro mu buryo bw’ingenzi birinda ihungabana ry’amabuye y’agaciro n’imiterere y’imyobo y’amabuye y’agaciro, bishobora gutuma habaho kudakomera mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Igerageza ryerekana ko kurenza ingano ya 3.5% y’ibikoresho bikoresha magnesium sulfate bibangamira imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro, bigateza ibyago ku bidukikije. Ku rundi ruhande, ingano idahagije y’ibikoresho bitera imikorere mibi yo gukuramo imyuka y’agaciro no gutandukanya imyuka y’agaciro mu buryo butuzuye. Inkunga yo gushushanya imibare, nko gusesengura ubuso bw’urumuri n’inyigisho ya chromatographic plate, yemerera guhindura neza ingano y’ibikoresho bigabanya imyuka y’agaciro kuri buri buye cyangwa ibisigazwa by’inganda—kuringaniza imikorere myiza yo gukuramo imyuka, ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, n’umutekano w’imikorere.
Kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw'ibikomoka ku butaka buto bishyigikira inzira zigezweho zo gutandukanya ubutaka buto, bigatuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi, uburyo bwo guhitamo bugarura kandi bugatuma ioni z'ubutaka buto zigumaho mu nganda.
Uburyo bwo gucukura imiyoboro mu gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe
Gukuramo ibintu bishongesha ni ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu gutandukanya ibintu bito cyane, ryagenewe gutandukanya no gutunganya REEs mu buryo bwihariye mu bivange bigoye, nk'ibikomoka ku mabuye y'agaciro n'isoko yo kongera gukoresha. Bituma iyoni z'ubutaka zito cyane zihuzwa mu buryo bwihariye hagati y'amazi n'ibikomoka ku bimera hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byihariye. Gutandukanya iyoni z'ubutaka zito cyane ni ingenzi cyane kuko iyoni nyinshi z'ubutaka zito cyane zigaragaza itandukaniro rito cyane mu bintu bito cyane, cyane cyane hagati y'ubutaka buto cyane (LREEs: La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm) n'ubutaka buto cyane (HREEs: Y, Dy, Tb).
Uburyo n'akamaro k'inganda
Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gutandukanya imyenge y'ubutaka budasanzwe binyuze mu gukuramo solvent burimo guhuza iyoni z'ubutaka budasanzwe hamwe n'ibikomoka ku bimera. Bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) fosfinic acid, Cyanex 272, Cyanex 572, na PC 88A, akenshi byuzuzwa n'ibihindura ibice nka tributyl phosphate (TBP), bigaragaza isano idasanzwe ku butaka budasanzwe. Mu kugenzura pH y'amazi, ihererekanya rya iyoni, n'ubwoko bw'ibikomoka ku bimera, ibintu byo gutandukanya bishobora kongerwa—urugero, Cyanex 572 hamwe na PC 88A na TBP itanga itandukanyirizo rikomeye hagati ya Sm na La, mu gihe Nd na Pr bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi bitewe n'imiterere ya shimi ifunze.
Mu nganda, inzira yo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora REEs zifite isuku nyinshi zikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga, rukuruzi, n'ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu. Ibigo bikoresha imiyoboro myinshi yo gukuramo ibinyabutabire, akenshi bigaragazwa binyuze mu kubara uburinganire no kwigana imikorere, kugira ngo byoroshye gutunganya no gushyira hamwe ibintu byifuzwa. Urugero, uburyo bwo gukuramo ibinyabutabire bukoreshwa mu kugarura Nd, Pr, na Dy mu ma bateri yasubiwemo, aho uburyo bwo gukora icyitegererezo cy'icyitegererezo n'uburyo bwo gukora icyitegererezo (nk'uburyo bwo gukora icyitegererezo cy'ibinyabutabire) buyobora imvange y'icyiciro kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwiza n'ubuziranenge.
Gutunganya neza ibikomoka ku myanda itandukanye
Gutunganya imyanda idasanzwe bisaba ko habaho impinduka mu miterere y’imyanda iva mu butaka kugira ngo ihuze n’imiterere y’ibiryo. Kugira ngo imyanda iva mu butaka idasanzwe, kimwe n’uburyo bwo guhitamo n’ingano y’imyanda iva mu butaka, ni ingenzi cyane. Ku myanda ikungahaye kuri sulfate iva mu mabuye y’agaciro cyangwa magneti asubirwamo, aside phosphorylhydroxyacetic (HPOAc) itanga ubushobozi bwo guhitamo neza REEs runaka. Imyanda nka hexane na octane, ihujwe na D2EHPA cyangwa indi myanda isa nayo, bigabanya gukuramo imyanda itari REE mu myanda iva mu butaka.
Uburyo bwo gukuramo aside hamwe n'ibikoresho byo gupima Lonnmeter bifasha mu kunoza uburyo bwo kugarura aside, bigatuma imvange ihoraho ya ions za rare earth no gutandukanya neza. Uburyo bwo guhinduranya ions hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukuramo solvent butanga ibisubizo bigezweho byo gutandukanya ions za rare earth ku mvange y'ibintu byinshi, cyane cyane iyo bigamije gukoresha neza imvange mu gukuramo ions za rare earth hamwe no kugabanya imyanda.
Udushya mu gucukura imisemburo ya Membrane
Gukuramo solvent ya Membrane (MSX) bitanga iterambere rikomeye mu buhanga bwo gukuramo solvent ya rare earth hakoreshejwe membranes mikorobe kugira ngo bihagarike imikorere y’ibikomoka kuri iyoni. Ubu buryo butuma iyoni za rare earth zitwara neza, bigatuma zisubiranamo ku kigero cya 90% hakoreshejwe reagents nka di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) muri litiyumu na rare earth leachates. Uduce twa polymer dukomoka kuri bio-derived polymer bikora hamwe n’ibintu bitera chelating byagaragaje umusaruro mwiza kugeza kuri 30% ugereranije no gukuramo amazi asanzwe n’amazi. MSX igabanya igihombo cya reagent kandi ikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwiza kandi buhendutse bwo gukuramo no gutandukanya rare earth. Uduce twa solvent ya kijyambere, nk’ibinyobwa bya ionic n’ibinyabutabire byimbitse bya eutectic, birushaho kongera uburambe mu gutandukanya rare earth.
Igerageza ryakozwe ku myanda y’ikoranabuhanga ryemeza ko MSX ishobora kugarura ibintu birimo Dy, Pr, na Nd mu buryo bworoshye. Guhitamo neza, kwimura vuba, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bishongesha ni inyungu z’ingenzi, bihuye n’ibitutu birambye n’uruziga rw’umutungo mu nzira yo gutandukanya ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka.
Gutandukanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bishongesha
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Guhuza na Upstream Leaching Agent Concentration Control
Gukuramo ibintu bidafite akamaro biterwa no kugenzura imiterere y’ibintu bidafite akamaro mu butaka binyuze mu kunoza ingano y’ibintu bidafite akamaro mu butaka. Ibintu bidahagije mu butaka bitera gushonga kw’ibintu bidafite agaciro mu butaka, bikagabanya umusaruro w’ibintu bidafite agaciro mu butaka, mu gihe ibintu bidafite agaciro mu butaka bishobora gutera imyanda myinshi idafite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bidafite akamaro mu butaka, kwiyongera kw’imyanda itwara ibintu, no kugabanuka kw’imiterere y’ibintu mu gihe cyo gutandukanya ibintu bidafite akamaro mu butaka no kubikuramo ibintu bidafite akamaro mu butaka.
Umunyu wa ammonium n'ibiyirinda umwanda—bishyirwa mu mabuye y'agaciro yakuweho—bigaragaza uburyo gukoresha uburyo bwo gukuraho amazi byongera gukuraho amazi no gutandukana. Uburyo bwo kwerekana imiterere ya thermodynamic (urugero: uburyo P204 ikorana n'ibiyiko by'amakara) bishyigikira uburyo bwo gukuramo amazi kugira ngo bihuze na shimi y'ibiyiko kugira ngo bigaruke neza. Uburyo bwo gukuramo amazi n'ibiyiko by'amazi buhuriweho butanga umutekano ku bidukikije no kunoza imikorere.
Guhuza guhitamo no gushyiramo ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa leaching byo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hasi hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bitanga umusaruro uhamye kandi bigenzurwa, bikongera umusaruro wo gutandukanya no gukoresha umutungo. Gupima neza kandi mu buryo bufatika ibipimo by’ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa leaching n’ibipimo bya ioni z’ibimera byo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bishyigikira iyi mikorere ihuriweho mu buryo bugezweho bwo gutandukanya ibintu byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Uburyo bushya kandi burambye bwo gucukura
Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa Bioengineering byahinduye uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe, binatanga amahirwe mashya yo kugarura ibintu mu buryo burambye kandi budasanzwe bivuye ku bintu bidasanzwe nka e-waste na leachats zo mu nganda. Poroteyine nka Lanmodulin zakozwe kandi zigakorwa kugira ngo zifatanye cyane na iyoni za REE, zigaragaza uburyo bwo guhitamo nubwo zaba zihuye n’ibivange bigoye birimo iyoni nyinshi z’ibyuma bihanganye. Ubu buryo bwihariye bwa molekile butanga inyungu igaragara ugereranyije n’ibikoresho bisanzwe byo mu rwego rwa chimique na mineral, cyane cyane mu bihe bigoye nko kugira imbaraga nyinshi za iyoni cyangwa aside, ibi bikaba ari ibintu bisanzwe mu miyoboro yo gutunganya leachats z’ubutaka budasanzwe. Peptide zakozwe mu buryo bwa sequence na poroteyine zidakora, iyo zivanze na polymers cyangwa nanomaterials zikora, zongerera ubushobozi bwo kuzana no gukomeza imikorere, aho ibikoresho bya nanocomposite byakozwe mu buryo bwa kinyabutabire bigera ku bushobozi bwo kuzana REE burenze 900 mg/g, ndetse no mu bisubizo bito cyangwa amazi yo gutunganya.
Ubushobozi bwo gukuramo ibintu mu butaka butari buke bushingiye cyane ku buryo buhamye no kongera gukoreshwa kw'ibintu bivamo ibintu. Ibikoresho bivamo ibintu bya polymer na magneti bishobora kongera gukoreshwa byakozwe kugira ngo bikomeze gufatana neza no kwemerera kugarura vuba ibintu bipakiye. Uburyo bwo kongera gukoreshwa bwabyo bugabanya ikorwa ry'imyanda ya kabiri kandi bugashyigikira imikorere irambye y'ingenzi mu nzira zo gutandukanya ubutaka butari buke. Urugero, ibikoresho bivamo magneti bifasha gutandukanya ibintu bivamo ibintu bivamo ibintu binyuze mu gukurura ibintu, bikarinda imikorere mu bihe byinshi kandi bigakomeza gushonga neza kwa iyoni z'ubutaka butari buke mu buryo bwo gukurura no gutandukanya ibintu. Ubu buryo bugira akamaro cyane iyo buhujwe n'uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu mu butaka butari buke mu gutandukanya ubutaka butari buke, bufasha kugarura umusaruro mwinshi wa magneti zakoreshejwe n'ibisigazwa by'inganda mu gihe bwo kunoza ingano y'ibikoreshwa mu gukurura ibintu kandi bukagabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Sisitemu zihuza ubushyuhe n'izivangavanze zishyira uburyo bwo kugenzura ibintu mu buryo buhindagurika binyuze mu gukuramo ibintu bidafite ubushyuhe. Izi sisitemu zisubiza ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe binyuze mu guhindura imbaraga z'imikoranire hagati y'ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe n'ingufu za REE, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo guhitamo no kunoza ubuziranenge mu bice bitandukanye. Uburyo bwo kuvanga ibintu bidafite ubushyuhe buvanga ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge n'ibidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa bugahindura pH n'imbaraga za iyoni kugira ngo buhindure uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu, hirindwa ko ibyuma bidakenewe bishonga hamwe, kandi bigatanga uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge bwinshi. Guhindura uburyo nk'ubwo ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge, koroshya uburyo bwiza bwo gukuramo ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge ku bintu bidafite ubuziranenge, birinda ingaruka z'ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa byinshi mu gutunganya ibintu bidafite ubuziranenge, no gushimangira uburyo bukomeye bwo kugenzura imikorere.
Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa Bio-engineering kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, hamwe na sisitemu zirwanya ubushyuhe n'izivangavanze, bishyigikira uburyo bwiza bwo gukuramo no gutandukanya ubutaka butari umwimerere bukenewe kugira ngo habeho iterambere rirambye. Guhuza kwabyo byongera uburyo bwo kunoza ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa biva mu butaka butari umwimerere, binoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikomoka ku butaka butari umwimerere, kandi bigatuma ubutaka butari umwimerere buvangwa neza cyane kandi bigagabanya ibidukikije.
Ibitekerezo ku bidukikije n'ubukungu
Guteza imbere ubwinshi bw'ibintu biva mu butaka buto biva mu butaka bitanga inyungu nyinshi ku bidukikije no ku bukungu. Mu gutunganya ingano y'ibintu biva mu butaka buto, ibikorwa byo kuva mu butaka buto bikomeza gukora neza mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka nyinshi ziterwa n'ibintu biva mu butaka ndetse n'ingaruka zabyo.
Ibyiza ku bidukikije byo gukoresha neza ingero no gutandukanya imiti mu buryo bugezweho
Gutunganya neza ingano nziza y’ibintu biva mu butaka buto bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire, bigakumira ingaruka mbi zo gukoresha imiti myinshi no gukoresha imiti myinshi mu gutunganya ubutaka buto. Iyo ingano ihuye n’urugero ntarengwa rwo gushonga neza kwa iyoni z’ubutaka buto, gushonga kwa kabiri kw’amabuye y’agaciro no kurekura uburozi biragabanuka. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ubutaka buto buto—nk’uburyo bwo kunoza ikoreshwa ry’ibintu biva mu butaka no gusohora uruhu rw’ubwoko bwa hybrid membrane—birushaho gutuma habaho gukira no kugabanya igihombo, bigagabanya umusaruro w’ibintu bihumanya kuri buri gipimo cy’ibintu biva mu butaka buto.
Ibintu bihumanya ibidukikije—nk'umusemburo wa manyeziyumu, sulfate ya manyeziyumu, na aside organic nka aside citric—bigabanya aside yo mu butaka kandi bigafasha mu kongera kugaruka kw'ibinyabuzima nyuma yo kuzura. Urugero, gusohora aside citric bikoresha aside citric ntibituma gusa habaho kugaruka gukomeye ahubwo binatuma habaho kugaruka vuba kw'imikorere ya enzymes mu butaka, bigatanga umusaruro wihuse nyuma yo kuvurwa n'amazi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko hamwe n'ibintu bikoresha manyeziyumu, gukoresha neza amashanyarazi bihura n'umwanda muke no kugabanya ibyago byo kuzura ibidukikije, nk'uko byemejwe n'isesengura rya zeta potential na electrical layer. Ibi byavumbuwe bigaragaza ko gukoresha uburyo bwo gukuramo aside no guhitamo uburyo bwo gukuramo aside ari ingenzi mu buryo bwo gukuramo aside ya rare earth mu buryo butagira ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bugezweho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bidafite ishingiro—cyane cyane bukoresha imiterere ya polymer ikora—bugabanya igihombo cy’ibintu bidafite ishingiro kandi bugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije zo gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ishingiro. Sisitemu zishingiye ku mvange n’izishingiye ku mvange zongerera ubushobozi bwo guhitamo no kugarura ibintu, bigagabanya ububiko bw’ibinyabutabire n’imyanda ugereranije n’imiyoboro gakondo ivangavanze n’iy’abantu. Uku kunoza imikorere bituma gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ishingiro biba byiza kandi bikagira umutekano ku bidukikije.
Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti, ikoreshwa ry'imyanda, n'ibipimo ngenderwaho mu bidukikije
Uburyo bwo gupima ingano y’ibinyabutabire bigenzurwa bugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire birenze urugero kandi bukarinda kwiyongera kw’ibinyabutabire bisigaye mu nzoga zicukurwamo. Urugero, mu kuvura ingano y’ibinyabutabire bidasanzwe, kurenza urugero rw’ibinyabutabire bya magnesium sulfate cyangwa gukora munsi ya pH ikwiye bibangamira imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro, bisohora uduce duto kandi byongera ibyago byo kwangirika kw’ubutaka. Mu gukomeza gukoresha ingano ku gaciro keza kagenwe n’abahanga, kugenzura inzira bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire mu buryo butaziguye ndetse n’ibyago bya geotekinike.
Gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima neza—harimo no gukoresha neza cyaneumurongogushyira mu gacirometero kuva kuri Lonnmeter—ituma habaho guhindura imiterere y’amazi asohoka hakoreshejwe amakuru, bityo bigabanye uburyo imiti yinjiramo idatakaza ubushobozi bwo kuyasohora mu gucukura ubutaka buto. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byakozwe mu buryo bwa bio-engineering hamwe n’ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, nka biosorbents zishingiye kuri poroteyine n’imyanda ya lignocellulosic, byoroshya hafi ya byose kongera kuboneka kw’ubutaka buto mu gihe bishyigikira imikorere y’imyanda ifunganye, ibyo bikaba bigabanya isohoka ry’amazi mu bidukikije no guha agaciro imyanda.
Iyo inzira zigezweho zo gutandukanya ubutaka buto cyane zihujwe no gucunga neza ibikoresho byo gusohora imyanda, umusaruro w’imyanda mu gihe cyo kuyikura no kuyitandukanya uragabanuka cyane. Urugero, gukuramo ibyuma bito cyane, ntibitanga gusa ubuziranenge n’umusaruro mwinshi mu byuma, ahubwo binagabanya cyane ibisigazwa by’imyanda n’ibisigazwa bya aside bisanzwe bisaba kuvurwa nabi. Uku kugabanya bijyana n’intego zirambye zo gucukura no gushyira igitutu ku mategeko kugira ngo bigabanye umutwaro w’ubucukuzi bw’ubutaka buto cyane.
Inyungu z'Ubukungu: Kongera Imikoreshereze y'Umutungo no Kugabanya Ikiguzi cy'Imirimo
Irushanwa mu bukungu mu gucukura no gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe rishingiye ku ikoreshwa ry’umutungo neza no gukoresha neza amafaranga make. Gukoresha neza ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bigabanya ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho fatizo n’ibikoreshwa mu gucukura ubutaka binyuze mu gukuraho ikoreshwa ry’imiti idakenewe, mu gihe uburyo bwo gukora ibintu burinda igihombo giterwa no kudakomera kw’amabuye y’agaciro, igihe ibikoresho bidakora, cyangwa kugwa k’umubiri w’amabuye y’agaciro.
Gukuramo ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukuramo ibintu bidafite akamaro (solvent) n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo mu bwoko bwa membrane bituma agaciro k’ubutaka budasanzwe kagaruka mu buryo butunguranye—cyane cyane mu mutungo uciriritse cyangwa ugoye—bityo byongera umuvuduko rusange w’ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka budasanzwe.ibikoresho byo gupima ubukanabyongera ubushobozi bwo kongera umusaruro mu mikorere no kunoza ubwiza bw'umusaruro, bikongera inyungu mu bukungu muri gahunda yose.
Kugabanya imyanda ntibitanga gusa kuzigama mu kugura reagents ahubwo binatanga no kuzigama mu buryo bwo kuyitunganya, kuyikurikiza, no kuyisana. Urugero, igipimo cyo kugarura imyanda muri sisitemu zo gukuramo membrane-solvent hybrid kiri hejuru kandi ikoreshwa ry'ingufu riragabanuka cyane, bigatuma habaho kuzigama gukomeye mu mikorere yo gutandukanya imyuka idasanzwe. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gushyiraho biosorbents zishobora kongera gukoreshwa—zigakomeza gukora mu bihe bitandukanye—bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukoresha ndetse n'amafaranga yo gucunga imyanda.
Isesengura ry’ubuzima rishimangira ko guhuza ibikorwa byo gucukura ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe hamwe n’uburyo bugezweho bwo gucukura ibintu bidafite imyuka ihumanya ikirere bigaragaza imyuka ihumanya ikirere igabanuka ndetse n’uburozi, mu gihe uburyo bwo gushushanya ibintu mu buryo bukoresheje kinetic bugaragaza ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibintu neza ndetse n’igihe gito cyo gutura mu gihe cyo gutandukanya ibintu bidakunze kugaragara. Muri make, kunoza imikorere no guhuza ikoranabuhanga risukuye ni byo bishyigikira ubukungu n’ibidukikije mu bikorwa byo gucukura ibintu bidakunze kugaragara.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni iyihe nzira yo gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka bidasanzwe?
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe bukubiyemo intambwe nyinshi zo gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe n’ibivange bigoye. Ubwa mbere, ibisigazwa by’amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa ibisigazwa by’inganda bivangwa n’amazi, aho ikintu gishongesha iyoni z’ubutaka budasanzwe kikavangwa n’amazi. Imiterere y’iyi mashini igabanya amazi igena intambwe zikurikiraho—uburyo bwo guhitamo gutandukanya ibintu nk’isukura cyangwa kuyishyira mu buryo budasanzwe bikoreshwa mu gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe, hashingiwe ku buryo bwihariye bwabyo bw’imiti. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gutandukanya ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe bushobora kuba burimo imvura igwa, ihererekanya rya iyoni, uburyo bwo gushyira mu ruhu, no kuyishyira mu buryo burambye kugira ngo habeho guhitamo no kuramba. Guhitamo neza inzira—ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire, cyangwa ibinyabutabire—biterwa n’uko ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe bikwirakwizwa n’ibikenewe mu buryo bwa nyuma kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge no kongera ubukungu.
Ni gute ubwinshi bw'ibikomoka ku gusohora ingano y'ibintu bivangwa n'amazi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza yo gutandukanya ubutaka buto?
Gushyiramo ibintu biva mu butaka ni ingenzi cyane mu gutandukanya ibintu bidasanzwe. Ibintu bike cyane bituma ibintu bishonga neza kandi bigasubira nabi, bigapfusha ubusa ibiribwa kandi bikagabanya umusaruro. Ku rundi ruhande, gushyiramo ibintu byinshi cyane byongera ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho kandi bishobora gushonga ibyuma bidakenewe, bigagabanya ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa. Gushyiramo ibintu neza cyane bipima ko ibintu biva mu butaka bigaruka neza, guhitamo neza, no gukoresha neza amafaranga. Urugero, gukoresha aside hydrochloric 3 mol/L ku bushyuhe bw’ikirere bishobora kugera kuri 87% by’ibintu bidasanzwe biva mu butaka bivuye muri phosphogypsum, mu gihe imyunyu y’inyongera nka ammonium cyangwa sodium chloride yongera ubushobozi. Ingero z’ibikorwa no gupima mu gihe nyacyo—nk’uko ukoresha Lonnmeter—byoroshya uburyo bwo kunoza ingano y’ibintu biva mu butaka.
Ifu y'ubutaka budakunze kuboneka ni iki kandi kuki imiterere yayo ari ingenzi?
Ifu y’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara ni igisubizo gitangwa nyuma yo gutunganya ibiryo by’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara hamwe n’igikoresho gikwiye cyo gukurura. Iki gisubizo kirimo ioni z’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara ndetse n’ibindi byuma cyangwa imyanda. Imiterere y’ifu y’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara igenga gutandukanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo no gukurura ibintu; imiterere myiza ituma habaho ubuziranenge bwinshi no kwimura ibintu mu buryo butandukanye. Ifu y’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara cyangwa urwego rwa pH rukozwe mu buryo buboneye yongera ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya ubutaka budakunze kugaragara no kuramba. Kugenzura neza shimi y’ifu y’ubutaka budakunze kugaragara—cyane cyane pH, ingano y’ibintu bivangavanze, hamwe n’ubwinshi bw’ibyuma—bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bukungu no guhitamo uburyo bwo gukuramo ubutaka budakunze kugaragara no gutandukanya.
Gutandukanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bidafite ishingiro bikora gute mu gutunganya ibintu bidasanzwe?
Gutandukanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo imyuka ishaje bikubiyemo kwimura imyuka ishaje yashongeshejwe iva mu gice cyo gusohora amazi ijya mu kintu cy’umwimerere hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye bwo gukuramo imyuka. Ubu buryo bukoresha itandukaniro rito mu mikoranire y’ibinyabutabire hagati y’imyuka ishaje yashongeshejwe n’imyuka ishaje. Mu guhindura ingano y’imyuka ishaje, pH, n’uburyo bwo gukuramo imyuka, abakora iyi miti bongera ubushobozi bwo guhitamo no kugarura imyuka. Imbonerahamwe z’imigezi n’uburyo bwo kuringaniza ikoreshwa mu kunoza itandukanyirizo—akenshi zigera ku buziranenge buri hejuru ya 99% ku bintu nka yttrium na lanthanum. Gukoresha imyuka ishaje, nka sisitemu ebyiri z’amazi, bigabanya ibidukikije bitabangamiye uburyo bugezweho bwo gukuramo imyuka ishaje yashongeshejwe.
Bigenda bite iyo umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe udahagije cyangwa urenze urugero mu gihe cyo gutandukanya ubutaka budasanzwe?
Umuti udafite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukurura udashobora gushonga ingano yifuzwa ya iyoni z’ubutaka zidasanzwe, bigatuma imikorere mibi yo gukurura ubudahagije no kugarura ubudahagije. Umuti urenze urugero ushobora gutera ikoreshwa ry’imiti idakenewe, wongera ikiguzi cyo gutunganya, kandi ugakurura ibintu bidakenewe, bigahumanya umusaruro wa nyuma. Byongeye kandi, ingano nyinshi cyangwa pH idakwiye bishobora gutuma amabuye y’agaciro ahungabana, bigatera kwangirika k’ubutaka mu bikorwa byo gukurura umwobo cyangwa inkingi. Ibimenyetso by’ubuhamya bigaragaza ko hakenewe gupimwa no kugenzura neza—gushonga neza kwa iyoni z’ubutaka zidasanzwe bigerwaho gusa iyo ingano nziza ya iyoni na pH. Ubuhanga nka Lonnmeter ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana no kubungabunga ingano ihamye y’umuti ukurura umwobo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-28-2025
