Uburyo bwa cumene bwiganje mu ikorwa rya phenol-acetone ku isi, ariko ingaruka zayo zikomeye n'intambwe zo gusya zisaba igenzura ryimbitse mu gihe nyacyo. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bw'umurongo ntibishobora kuganirwaho hano: bihita bikurikirana imiterere y'amazi mu miyoboro y'amazi mu gutandukanya ibikomoka ku bimera, gutunganya acetone, no gutunganya phenol, bigatuma hamenyekana vuba impinduka z'umwanda cyangwa ibitagenda neza mu mikorere. Aya makuru ayobora mu buryo butaziguye impinduka mu mikorere y'ibikomoka ku bimera, akareba ko isuku y'ibicuruzwa ihuye n'amahame y'inganda, kandi akagabanya ibyago by'umutekano nko gushonga kw'umunara cyangwa kubora kwa hydroperoxide ku buryo budasobanutse—byuzuza icyuho gishobora gukemurwa no gupimwa hanze y'umuyoboro, hamwe n'ingaruka zacyo zo gutinda no guhindagurika kw'amazi.
Incamake y'Inzira ya Cumene yo Gukora Phenol na Asetone
Uburyo bwo gukora cumene, buzwi cyane nka Hock process, ni bwo buryo bw’inganda bukoreshwa cyane mu gukora phenol na acetone bivuye muri benzene na propylene. Bugizwe n’ibice bitatu by’ingenzi: alkylation ya benzene kugira ngo habeho cumene, oxidation ya cumene na hydroperoxide ya cumene, hamwe no gusenyuka kwa aside-catalyzed kwa hydroperoxide kugira ngo habeho phenol na acetone.
Mu ntangiriro, benzene ihura na propylene mu gihe hari aside—ikunze gukoresha catalysts zigezweho za zeolite—kugira ngo ikore cumene. Guhitamo ni ingenzi muri iki cyiciro; ibipimo by'imikorere nk'ubushyuhe n'ibipimo bya benzene na propylene bigenzurwa cyane kugira ngo bigabanye polyalkylation idakenewe. Guhitamo cyane kwa catalysts zigezweho bigabanya imyanda kandi bigagabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije, ikintu cy'ingenzi kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cy'amategeko agenga ibidukikije muri iki gihe.
Igihingwa cya Cumene
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Gushyira ogisijeni kuri cumene bikorwa n'umwuka, bigatanga hydroperoxide ya cumene binyuze mu buryo bwa radical chain reaction. Iki gice cy'ingenzi ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi muri iki gikorwa ariko giteza ibyago bikomeye mu mikorere. Cumene hydroperoxide ikunze kwangirika no guturika bitewe n'ubushyuhe buke, bityo ikaba isaba uburinzi bukomeye mu bubiko no mu duce two kubikamo ibintu.
Hanyuma hydroperoxide inyura mu gucikagurika kwa aside-catalyzed—akenshi byoroherezwa na aside sulfurike—bigatuma habaho imikorere ya phenol na acetone icyarimwe mu gipimo cya 1:1 molar. Iki gipimo kigaragaza ubufatanye mu bukungu bw'iyi gahunda, kuko ihindagurika ry'ibikenewe cyangwa igiciro cy'isoko cy'umusaruro umwe bigira ingaruka ku kubaho kw'undi. Phenol na acetone bikorerwa hamwe mu matoni miliyoni ku mwaka, aho inzira ya cumene ingana na 95% by'umusaruro wa phenol ku isi yose guhera mu 2023. Ibikomoka kuri iyo ngingo, nka alpha-methylstyrene, bisubizwa mu buryo bushya, birushaho kongera imikorere myiza y'ibikoresho.
Guhitamo cumene hydroperoxide nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi kigize uruhare mu mikorere no mu bikorwa remezo. Gusesagura kwayo mu buryo bugenzurwa ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo umusaruro ube mwinshi kandi wizerwe. Katalysts zo gusesa hydroperoxide hamwe n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imashini zitunganya amashanyarazi byarushijeho gukabya mu guhindura ibintu mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka mbi. Imikorere y'inkingi zo gusesa ibiribwa n'ibikoresho byo gusukura acetone birushaho kugaragaza ubuhanga bw'ubuhanga bwo gusesa ibiribwa mu nganda buhuriweho mu gice cy'ibanze cy'imyitozo. Uku gutandukanya imiterere y'inkingi zo gusesa ibiribwa n'ingamba zo gukora kugira ngo bishyigikire inzira zo gusukura ketone zihuye n'amabwiriza agenga urwego rw'ibicuruzwa.
Uburyo bwa cumene bufite imbogamizi nyinshi mu mikorere no mu mutekano zihariye mu bijyanye n’ubutabire bwayo. Muri zo harimo gucunga neza ingaruka zikomeye, gukumira ubwinshi bwa hydroperoxide, no gukumira imyuka ihumanya cyangwa uburozi ishobora gushya mu buryo bukurikije ibidukikije. Ibikoresho by’inganda bisaba ibyuma byihariye bitanga ingufu, igenzura rigezweho, na sisitemu zihutirwa bitewe n’uko hydroperoxide ya cumene ishobora gushya cyane ndetse n’uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha bushobora gushya. Nubwo hari uburyo bugezweho bwo kongera imbaraga no kuyigenzura, imiterere y’ibyago isaba igenzura rihoraho, amahugurwa y’abakoresha, no gusesengura neza umutekano w’imikorere.
Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bukomeje gukorwa ku buryo butandukanye bwo gukora phenol, ubushobozi bwa cumene bwo gukora phenol na acetone bifite isuku nyinshi hamwe na sisitemu zo gutunganya no kugarura ibintu zihuriweho butuma igira uruhare nk'icyitegererezo cy'inganda. Imikoranire yayo hagati y'isoko, ubutabire, n'ubuhanga mu gutunganya ibintu irahindura isoko ry'isi rya phenol na acetone kugeza uyu munsi.
Uburyo bwo Kugenzura Isenyuka rya Cumene Hydroperoxide
Uburyo bwo Kubohoka kw'Ubushyuhe n'Inzira
Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) ni ingenzi mu ikorwa rya phenol-acetone. Gusenyuka kwayo ni byo bishingira ku ihinduka rya cumene muri phenol na acetone, ibinyabutabire bibiri bikenerwa cyane mu nganda. Uburyo bwo gusenyuka butangirira ku gucika kwa homolytic k'umugozi wa O-O muri CHP, bigatanga radicals za cumyloxy. Izi radicals zihita zinyura muri β-scission, zigatanga acetone na phenol, ibikomoka kuri gahunda ya cumene.
Uburyo bwo gukora reaction kinetics bugoye kandi butandukanye n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora first order. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) na integral kinetic models (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa na Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) bigaragaza ingufu zikoreshwa zingana na ~122 kJ/mol, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukora reaction hafi ya 0.5, bigaragaza uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora. Inzira irimo uburyo bwo gukora chain reactivations zirimo cumyl peroxy na cumyloxy radicals, zishobora gukora cyane kugira ngo zikore byproducts nka acetophenone, α-methylstyrene, na methane.
Imiterere y'imikorere, harimo ubushyuhe, igitutu, n'ubwinshi bwa CHP, bigira uruhare runini mu guhitamo no gutanga umusaruro mu gukora acetone na phenol. Ubushyuhe buri hejuru bwihutisha gutangira guhindagurika, byongera igipimo rusange cyo guhindura ariko bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo guhitamo binyuze mu guharanira ingaruka mbi. Ku rundi ruhande, igitutu kiringaniye n'ubwinshi bwiza bwa CHP bitera ikorwa rya phenol na acetone mu gihe bigabanya umusaruro ukomoka ku bicuruzwa. Gukomeza kwiyongera kw'imikorere—hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe neza—biracyari igice cy'ingenzi mu gukora phenol na acetone mu buryo bwizewe, hamwe no gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo binyuze mu bipimo by'ubucucike, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga ibitekerezo byizewe mu gukora ibintu byose mu gihe cyose cyo gukora cumene.
Katalisiti n'Uburimbane bw'Ibinyabutabire
Gusenyuka kwa catalytic bigira uruhare mu mikorere myiza no mu mutekano wa cumene. Ibikoresho by'ibanze nka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) bigabanya cyane ubushyuhe bwo gusenyuka kw'ibice n'ingufu zo gukora za CHP, bigatuma habaho ihinduka ryihuse ariko nanone bikongera ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibice. Ibintu birimo aside, harimo aside sulfurike (H₂SO₄), nabyo byihutisha gusenyuka kw'ibice, nubwo hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwa tekiniki, akenshi bihindura ubuzima bwabyo kandi bigira ingaruka ku ruvange rw'ibice n'ubwiyongere bw'ibice.
Guhitamo catalyst bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gipimo cyo guhindura ibintu, kugabanya umusaruro, no ku mutekano w'imikorere. Ku ikorwa rya phenol na acetone, ingano ya NaOH igenzurwa ikunze gukundwa mu nganda, kuko ituma CHP ibora neza kandi igatuma ibicuruzwa byifuzwa bitoranywa cyane. Ariko, catalyst ikabije ishobora gutuma uruhererekane rukwirakwira mu buryo butagenzurwa, bikongera ibyago byo gutakaza ubushyuhe no kurema umusaruro ushobora guteza akaga, nka α-methylstyrene na acetophenone. Gupima catalyst mu buryo bwizewe kandi buhoraho, hamwe no gusesengura neza inzira, ni ingenzi cyane mu ibora rya cumene hydroperoxide.
Imicungire y'Umutekano mu Gusenyuka kw'Ibice
CHP ntihindagurika cyane mu bushyuhe kandi itera ibyago bikomeye mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha no kuyihindura. Ibi birimo ubushobozi bwayo bwo kugira ingaruka zihuse ku bushyuhe, kwibasirwa n’ibintu bitera ubushyuhe, ndetse no kwanduzwa n’ibintu bihumanya n’ahantu hakunze kugaragara. Iyo CHP idacunzwe, ishobora gutuma habaho kwiyongera k’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, gucika kw’ibikoresho, ndetse n’imyuka ihumanya ihumanya.
Kubungabunga umutekano w’imikorere y’umubiri bikoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’ingenzi. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bw’umurongo, nka Lonnmeter inline density meters, bitanga ubumenyi mu buryo bwihuse ku miterere y’ibipimo n’imiterere y’ubushyuhe mu mikorere, bigamije kumenya neza igihe ibintu bidasanzwe bigaragaye. Sisitemu zifunze zigabanya kwanduzwa n’ubwandu. Kugenzura neza ubushyuhe bwo kubika CHP, gukoresha ikirere kidakora neza (nka azote), no kwirinda gukoresha catalyst nyinshi bigabanya amahirwe yo kwangirika kw’ibipimo. Isuzuma rya calorimetric rigena uko ibintu bizagenda (rikoresheje calorimetry ya adiabatic) rikoreshwa cyane mu gupima uko ibintu bizagenda bibora mu bihe runaka no kugenzura uburyo bwo gutabara.
Imiterere y'imikorere ikubiyemo uburyo bwo gutandukanya no gusohora umwuka kugira ngo hagenzurwe ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko, mu gihe ibikoresho bigenzura ubushyuhe n'ingufu bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gushyuha cyane. Imyitwarire yo kubora ikunze gukorwa hifashishijwe uburyo buhoraho bwo gutembera, mu byuma bifasha gukuraho ubushyuhe vuba. Ibi bipimo byemeza ko kubora kwa CHP—ingenzi mu gukora acetone na phenol—bikomeza kuba byiza kandi bitekanye muri sisitemu yagutse ya cumene.
Guteza imbere imikorere mu buryo bwo gukora Cumene
Kongera umusaruro no gukoresha neza ingufu
Guhuza ubushyuhe ni uburyo bw'ibanze mu gukora cumene kugira ngo habeho kongera imikorere myiza y'ubushyuhe. Mu kugarura no kongera gukoresha ingufu z'ubushyuhe mu migezi ishyushye cyane, inganda zishobora gushyushya mbere y'igihe, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho byo hanze, no kugabanya amafaranga zikoreshwa mu mikorere. Ingamba zikomeye zo guhuza ubushyuhe zikunze kugira ingaruka ku igenamigambi no kunoza imiyoboro y'ubushyuhe (HENs), iyobowe no gusesengura uburyo bwo guhuza imiyoboro ishyushye n'ikonje kugira ngo habeho ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kugaruzwa. Urugero, guhuza inshingano z'ubushyuhe bwa reboiler na condenser mu bice bicukurwamo amazi n'ibishyushya bishobora kuzigama ingufu nyinshi no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka mu musaruro w'umwuka. Ubushakashatsi bw'inganda buriho bwagaragaje ko serivisi zagabanutse kugeza kuri 25%, hamwe n'inyungu zitaziguye mu kiguzi cy'ingufu no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije.
Indi ngingo y'ingenzi yo kunoza ni ugutunganya ibiryo. Muri gahunda ya cumene, guhindura burundu benzene na propylene ntibikunze kugerwaho mu buryo bumwe bwo guhindura imikorere y'ibinyabutabire. Mu kongera gutunganya benzene na cumene bitarakorwa, iyi gahunda yongera uburyo bwo guhindura imikorere y'ibinyabutabire neza kandi igakoresha umutungo wa catalyst neza. Ubu buryo ntibugabanya gusa igihombo cy'ibikoresho fatizo ahubwo bunafasha mu gutanga umusaruro mwinshi w'ibimera muri rusange. Imiterere myiza y'uburyo bwo gutunganya imikorere y'ibinyabutabire isuzuma uburyo igitutu kigabanuka, kugenzura imiterere y'ibinyabutabire mu buryo bufatika, no kuringaniza neza amazi. Imicungire myiza y'uburyo bwo gutunganya imikorere y'ibinyabutabire igabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibinyabutabire kandi yongera igihe cyo kubaho kw'igihe cya catalyst, bikagabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza n'igihe cyo gusimbuza ibinyabutabire.
Ibikoresho byo gusesengura ingufu nka Aspen Plus na MATLAB bifasha gusuzuma neza igice cy’ibimera. Ubushakashatsi bwemeza ko igihombo kinini cy’imbaraga zo gupima ingufu—bityo bigatuma habaho iterambere—biri mu bice bipima ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ibitandukanya. Bityo, intego y’ibi bice ishingiye ku mibare, ishingiye ku buryo bwo kwigana, ni yo ishyirwa imbere mu gihe hashakwa kunoza urujya n’uruza rw’ingufu no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kuzisubiramo mu ruganda rwose.
Imikorere y'inkingi ya Reactor na Distillation
Kunoza ingano n'imiterere ya reactor ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ikiguzi cy'imari gihuzwe n'imikorere myiza. Ingano ya reactor, igihe cyo gutura, n'uburyo catalyst ishyirwamo bigomba guhindurwa kugira ngo habeho impinduka nyinshi za single-pass nta kibazo cyo kugabanuka cyane k'umuvuduko cyangwa gukoresha cyane ibikoresho. Urugero, kongera umurambararo wa reactor bishobora kugabanya igabanuka ry'umuvuduko ariko bishobora gutera kuvanga nabi, mu gihe reactor ndende zirushaho kunoza ihinduka kugeza aho zigabanuka bitewe n'aho ingaruka zigarukira no kurema umusaruro.
Ku gice cyo hasi cy’amazi akoreshwa mu gusya, cyane cyane icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "crude distillation", gutunganya ingano ya reflux, aho ibiryo biherereye, intera iri hagati y’aho bishyirwa, n’umuvuduko w’inkingi bituma gutandukanya cumene na benzene idakora neza, polyisopropylbenzene, n’ibindi bicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu gusya birushaho kuba byiza. Imiterere myiza ya "distillation" ntiyongera gusa gukira kwa cumene ahubwo inagabanya umutwaro ku bikoresho bishya n’ibikonjesha, bigatuma igabanuka ry’ikiguzi cy’ingufu rigabanuka. Gukoresha neza utubati two ku ruhande cyangwa imiterere y’ibiryo bigabanyamo ibice bishobora kunoza itandukanyirizo hagati y’ibice bishyuha hafi nka acetone na cumene, bigafasha mu gukora phenol na acetone bifite isuku nyinshi bisabwa n’isoko rya phenol na acetone.
Hasi hagaragara ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya no gukonjesha, zigaragaza ingufu zinjira muri reboiler n'izisohoka muri condenser, hamwe n'imirongo yo kugarura ubushyuhe ku ruhande igabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho by'ibanze bishyushya no gukonjesha.
Udushya mu gushushanya Reactor
Ingamba ziherutse zo kongera imbaraga mu mikorere zirimo kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga rya cumene reactor. Gukoresha microbubble na miniaturized reactor byongera imikoranire hagati ya reactors, bigatuma habaho kwihutisha gukwirakwiza ibintu byinshi no guhitamo neza. Iyi miterere idasanzwe ya reactors ishobora gukora mu gihe gito cyo gutura mu gihe ikomeza cyangwa irenga intego zo guhindura ibintu, bityo ikagabanya ingufu zisabwa kuri buri gipimo cy'ibicuruzwa byakozwe.
Imashini zikora utwuma duto dutanga ububasha bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bukabije kandi zikagabanya ikorwa ry’ibikomoka ku bintu bikomeye bishobora kwangiza katalysts cyangwa bigatuma gutandukana kw’ibikomoka ku bimera byo hasi bigorana. Ibi binoza umutekano—bigabanya ahantu hashyuha cyane n’ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko w’amazi—kandi bigabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije binyuze mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya, ubushyuhe bw’imyanda, no gukoresha ibiryo byinshi. Byongeye kandi, imashini nto zikora utwuma duto zituma habaho imiterere y’ibimera bitandukanye, bigabanya ku giciro gito kugira ngo bihuze n’ihindagurika ry’isoko ry’umusaruro wa phenol na acetone.
Ubu bushya buri gushyiraho uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha neza icyuma gitunganya aside no gukomeza ibikorwa mu ibora rya cumene oxidation na hydroperoxide, kunoza ikorwa rya phenol-acetone hamwe no kubahiriza amahame akomeye yo gutunganywa kw'ibicuruzwa asabwa mu buryo bwo gutunganya acetone no gutunganya ketone.
Mu gukoresha ubu buryo bwo kunoza imikorere, abakora bashobora kugera ku buringanire bwiza hagati yo gukoresha neza ingufu, umusaruro w’inganda, intego zo gutunganywa, no kuramba badashyize mu gaciro amahame y’umutekano akomeye ya gahunda ya cumene.
Gutunganya ibintu mu buryo bukurikira: Gutandukanya Phenol na Asetone
Gutandukanya fenoli na asetone nyuma yo kubora kwa cumene hydroperoxide bisaba intambwe zikomeye zo gusya no gutunganya. Gucunga neza ingufu no kugarura umusaruro bigira uruhare mu miterere n'imikorere mu ikorwa rya fenoli na asetone ku rwego runini.
Urukurikirane rw'itandukaniro ry'ibicuruzwa
Igice cyo hepfo gitangirana no gutunganya umusaruro wa firigo, irimo fenoli, asetone, amazi, α-methylstyrene, cumene, benzene, n'ibindi bivamo bito. Iyo uvuye muri firigo, uruvange ruragabanuka kandi hagakorwa itandukanyirizo ry'ibice iyo hari amazi menshi.
Icyibandwaho cya mbere ni ugukuraho acetone. Bitewe n'aho acetone ishyuha cyane (56 °C), akenshi iba ivanywe hejuru y'ibindi bice by'umubiri biri kubira cyane. Ibi bigerwaho mu gice cyo gutobora, aho acetone, amazi, n'imyanda y'urumuri bijya hejuru, kandi fenoli ifite ibintu bikomeye igakomeza kuba umusaruro wo hasi. Acetone yo hejuru ishobora kuba igifite amazi n'utundi duce tw'urumuri, bityo ishobora kuma no gutunganywa nyuma - binyuze mu gutobora azeotropic cyangwa gutobora niba bikenewe ko isuku cyane - nubwo gutobora bisanzwe bihagije mu bikorwa byinshi by'ubucuruzi.
Ibisigazwa bya phenol bikungahaye kuri fenol birushaho gusukurwa mu buryo bukurikiranye bw'inkingi zo gusya. Iya mbere ikuraho impera z'urumuri nka acetone isigaye, benzene, na gaze zishongeshejwe. Inkingi ya phenol ikurikiraho itanga itandukanyirizo nyamukuru, igatanga fenol nziza kandi igatandukanya ibisigazwa bishyuha cyane biri hasi ku nkingi. Mu miterere myinshi, ibisigazwa by'agaciro nka α-methylstyrene nabyo bigaruzwa hakoreshejwe intambwe zo gusya cyangwa intambwe zo gusya nyuma. Izi nkingi zikoreshwa ku gitutu cyabazwe n'igihe cy'ubushyuhe kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya no kugabanya igihombo cy'ibicuruzwa.
Imikorere y'inkingi yo gukaraba no gukaraba kw'inkuta z'isukari
Inkingi zo gusya ni ingenzi mu gutunganya acetone na phenol. Imiterere n'imikorere yabyo bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buziranenge, umusaruro, n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gikorwa cyo gukora cumene.
Kugira ngo haveho acetone, inkingi yo gutogosha ifu igomba gutanga ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya cyane bitewe n'icyuho kiri hagati ya acetone na phenol. Inkingi ndende zifite udusanduku twiza cyangwa uburyo bwo gupakira buhanitse zirakoreshwa. Guhuza ingufu ni ingenzi; ubushyuhe buva mu mwuka wo hejuru bushobora gushyushya mbere y'igihe cyangwa kugaruzwa mu miyoboro ya reboiler, bigabanura ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zose nk'uko bigaragazwa n'inyigo zo kwigana inzira zigaragaza ko ikoreshwa ry'ingufu runaka ryagabanutseho 15% nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ikoreshwa ry'ubushyuhe mu nganda nini ([Iterambere ry'Ubuhanga mu bya Chemical, 2022]).
Imbogamizi mu mikorere zirimo kwirema kwa azeotrope, ahanini hagati ya acetone n'amazi. Nubwo ibi bishobora kugorana gutandukana burundu, guhinduka gukabije ku bipimo by'inganda akenshi bifasha mu gukosora ibintu bisanzwe. Kugenzura umuvuduko ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza umwuka wa acetone no kubungabunga imbaraga zitwara ikirere. Gucunga neza ubushyuhe haba hejuru no hasi bituma ibintu bigerwaho hatabayeho kwangiza ubushyuhe.
Guteka Phenol bifite imbogamizi zayo. Kuba Phenol ishyuha cyane kandi ikaba ishobora kwangirika, bivuze ko ibice by'imbere mu nkingi bigomba kurwanya ingese, akenshi bigakoresha alloys zidasanzwe. Igitutu cy'inkingi gishyirwaho uburyo bwo kuringaniza ikiguzi cy'ingufu no kugabanya ibyago byo kubora. Ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika mu bushyuhe, nka α-methylstyrene, bikurwaho vuba kandi bigakonjeshwa kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka mbi.
Uburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura imikorere n'ibikoresho byo gupima mu murongo—nk'ibipimo bya Lonnmeter inline density na viscosity—bikoreshwa buri gihe kugira ngo binoze imikorere y'inkingi, bigamije kugenzura ko intego z'ubuziranenge n'ubunini bw'inkingi bihora byubahirizwa.
Guhuza na Hydroperoxide Decomposition no Kugarura Ibicuruzwa
Guhuza neza ibice byo kubora, gutandukanya no gutunganya ni ingenzi cyane mu gikorwa cya cumene. Imyanda y'ibisubizo ikomeza mu buryo butaziguye ikava mu gice cyo hasi. Kwimura vuba bigabanya ingaruka mbi cyangwa polimeri.
Intambwe yose yo gutandukanya ihuzwa neza n'iyindi. Asetone yo hejuru ihuzwa vuba kandi igakusanywa kugira ngo hirindwe igihombo gihindagurika. Imyanda ya phenol n'indi ikoreshwa mu gutandukanya imyanda ihita yinjira mu ntambwe zayo zo kuyisukura. Aho imyanda y'agaciro igaruwe, imyanda izamuka ikurwamo nyuma yo gusesengura icyiciro n'imiterere yayo.
Icy'ingenzi ni ukwirinda kwanduzanya hagati y'impande z'urumuri (acetone/igice cy'amazi) n'ibintu bihumanya biremereye (cumene idakora neza, tars). Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu byiciro byinshi byo kuringaniza umuyaga n'amazi mu nkingi no gukoresha imiyoboro ya reflux. Imiyoboro n'imiyoboro byagenewe kugabanya guhagarara no kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi.
Igipimo cyo kugarura acetone na phenol kirenga 97% mu nganda zikora neza, aho igihombo gikunze kugaragara mu migezi isukura amazi n'ihindagurika ry'amazi. Amazi yanduye akorwa mu gihe cyose cy'ibikorwa, arimo ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bishongeshejwe, aguma ukwayo agashyirwa mu buryo bugezweho bwo kuyatunganya kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa n'amategeko.
Guhuza neza bishingiye ku gukurikirana buri gihe ibintu by'ingenzi: ubucucike n'ubucucike bw'ibipimo bivuye mu bipimo nk'ibyavuye muri Lonnmeter, kugenzura ubwiza bw'ibiryo n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe nyacyo, bigatuma habaho kugenzura ibitekerezo kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwinshi kandi habeho umutekano mu mikorere.
Imiterere myiza y’imikorere mu ikorwa rya phenol-acetone ishingiye ku buryo buhamye bwo gutandukanya ibintu, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu gutunganya neza, guhuza neza uburyo ibintu bikorerwa n’uburyo bisukurwa, no gukurikirana buri gihe, bishyigikira uburyo ibintu bicungwa neza ndetse n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa.
Uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya acetone
Gutunganya acetone nyuma yo gukora hamwe na phenol-acetone binyuze muri cumene bishingira ku bisabwa cyane ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya acetone biterwa n'ibisabwa ku isuku ya nyuma, imipaka y'amategeko, n'imiterere y'umwanda wakozwe mu gihe cyo kubora kwa cumene hydroperoxide no mu gihe cyo kongera gukora.
Amahame y'ingenzi mu gutunganya acetone
Acetone y'ifu ikomoka kuri cumene oxidation irimo amazi menshi, phenol, α-methylstyrene, cumene, acetophenone, aside carboxylic, aldehydes, n'ibindi binyabutabire bifite ogisijeni. Gusukura inyuma y'amazi bibanda kuri iyi myanda kugira ngo ivanweho. Uruti rw'umugongo rukorwa mu buryo bw'icyiciro:
- Inkingi z'ibanze zikuraho imyanda iremereye kandi ishyuha cyane—cyane cyane phenol, α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, n'ibintu bikora tar—bikoresheje gukuramo hasi. Igice cyo hagati kirimo azeotrope ya acetone-water, mu gihe impera z'urumuri (nk'iy'inyuma idakozwe) zishobora gucibwamo ibice hejuru mu bice bikurikira.
Gutunganya azeotropic akenshi ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya imvange ikomeye ya acetone n'amazi, hakoreshejwe hydrocarbon entrainer kugira ngo ihagarike imiterere ya azeotropic no kongera ubuziranenge bwa acetone. Aho imyanda ifite aho ibira nk'aho, gutunganya azeotropic - hamwe na glycols cyangwa solvents zabugenewe - birashyirwa. Aha, inyongeramusaruro ihindura imihindagurikire y'ikirere, yorohereza gutandukanya neza ibintu bifitanye isano rya hafi kandi ikarushaho gutanga acetone.
Uretse gusya, intambwe zo gusukura amazi zikuraho ibisigaye bya phenol na polar compounds. Karuboni ikora, silika gel, na ion-exchange resins birakora neza muri uru ruhare hagati cyangwa nyuma y’intambwe z’inkingi. Aho aside organics iboneka, igikorwa gishobora kuba kirimo gusibanganya hakoreshejwe soda ya caustic hagakurikiraho gukaraba amazi kugira ngo hakuremo umunyu na aside mbere yo gusya burundu.
Asetone ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi (≥99.5 wt% ugereranyije n’ibikenewe mu nganda cyangwa muri laboratwari) ikunze kunyura mu ntambwe ya nyuma yo "gusukura" ivanze no kuyungurura neza no kuyungurura amazi mu buryo buhanitse kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko ibipimo by’amazi (<0.3 wt%), phenol (<10 ppm), aromatiki zikomeye (<100 ppm), na total non-volatile (<20 ppm) byuzuye. Ibi ni ingenzi ku bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa imiti.
Gutunganya no gukemura ibibazo mu bijyanye no gukaraba ibyuma
Ingufu z'uburyo bwo gusohora acetone zishingiye ku miterere nyayo y'inkingi zo gusohora acetone n'imikorere yazo iboneye. Inkingi zo gusohora ibice zigizwe n'ingano kandi zigakoreshwa kugira ngo zirusheho kohereza ibintu byinshi no gutandukanya neza. Ingamba zitandukanye zongerera ubuziranenge n'umusaruro:
- Inkingi ndende zifite udusanduku twinshi cyangwa uburyo bwo gupakira bufite imiterere myiza cyane bituma habaho gutandukana gukomeye, cyane cyane aho acetone-amazi cyangwa acetone-cumene biri hafi.
- Guhuza ubushyuhe hagati y’ibikoresho bisubiramo ubushyuhe n’ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe (urugero, binyuze mu kongera gukonjesha umwuka cyangwa ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe) bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu kandi bigatuza ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba bishyigikira gutandukana guhoraho.
- Gutunganya neza igipimo cya reflux hamwe n'igipimo cyo gukuramo ibicuruzwa, bigenzurwa no kugenzura ubucucike n'imiterere yabyo (hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter inline density metres), bituma habaho guhindura vuba no kwibanda ku bicuruzwa neza, bigatuma buri cyiciro cyujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo gisukure neza.
Ibibazo bikunze kugaragara byo gushonga birimo kuzura kw'inkingi, ifuro, n'ibisigazwa byiyongera:
Kuzura kw'amazi mu nkingi bibaho iyo umuvuduko w'amazi uri hejuru cyane—amazi azamuka aho kumanuka, bigabanya cyane ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya. Kugira ngo ibi bikorwe bisaba kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi cyangwa guhindura ikigereranyo cya reflux. Ifuro rituruka ku muvuduko mwinshi w'umwuka cyangwa kuba hari ibintu bikora ku buso (urugero, tars cyangwa phenol traces). Ibintu birwanya ifuro, gusesengura neza inkingi, no gushyira mu byiciro inzira z'imigezi bishobora kugabanya ifuro rihoraho.
Ubwinshi bw'ibisigazwa, bikunze kugaragara mu masahani yo hasi cyangwa mu cyuma gishyushya amazi, bituruka ku bicuruzwa bya oligomerization cyangwa tar. Gukuraho ibisigazwa byo hasi buri gihe, gusukura buri gihe, no kugumana ubushyuhe mu rugero ntarengwa bigabanya ishingwa rya tar kandi bigatuma inkingi iramba.
Mu gutandukanya azeotropes cyangwa gucunga imyanda ishyuha cyane, udusanduku dusanzwe dushobora gusimbuzwa ibikoresho byo gupakiramo bikoresha ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko biri ku nkingi biguma mu madirishya akomeye. Ibikoresho byikora—nk'ibipimo bihoraho by'ubucucike—bifasha ababikora kumenya vuba ibicuruzwa bitari ngombwa no gusubiza mu gihe nyacyo, bikongera imikorere n'umusaruro.
Imbonerahamwe yoroheje igaragaza uburyo acetone itunganywa mu byiciro byinshi kandi igasukurwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe muri phenol na acetone (ishusho bwite ishingiye ku buryo busanzwe)
Ingaruka rusange z'ubu buryo bugezweho bwo gusukura acetone zituma habaho gucunga neza ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda biva mu nganda za cumene, kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho y'isoko rya acetone na phenol, no kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Ingaruka zo kunoza no gukomeza inganda
Mu gikorwa cyo gukora Cumene, guhuza cyane imiterere y’imikorere, catalysis, no guhitamo gutandukanya ibintu n’ubushobozi bw’umutungo ni ngombwa. Igishushanyo mbonera cy’imikorere gihuza uburyo bwo gukora reaction engineering, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutandukanya ibintu, no kugarura ingufu kugira ngo umusaruro wiyongere kandi ugabanye imyanda muri buri cyiciro cyo gukora hamwe na phenol-acetone. Binyuze mu gukoresha sisitemu zigezweho zo gukwirakwiza ibintu, nka catalysts zikomeye za aside solid (harimo zeolites na heteropolyacids), abakora ibintu bagera ku guhitamo kwinshi mu ibora rya cumene hydroperoxide, bigabanura ikorwa ry’ibikomoka kuri cumene nka α-methylstyrene na acetophenone. Uku kongera ubushobozi bwo guhitamo ibintu ntabwo kunoza umusaruro w’imikorere gusa ahubwo kunashyigikira uburyo bwo kubaho binyuze mu kugabanya imyanda.
Mu guhitamo catalysts zo kubora hydroperoxide, kongera imbaraga mu mikorere bigira uruhare runini. Urugero, uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu, buhuza imiterere ya catalysts zihuye n’izitandukanye, burimo kwiyongera bitewe n’uko bworoshye gukora no kumara igihe kirekire mu mikorere ya catalysts. Nyamara, imiterere ya catalysts igomba guhuza ibikorwa byinshi n’ubudahangarwa mu guhangana n’ibibazo nko guteka no guhumanya imyanda, bigatuma habaho ihindagurika rito ry’ibikomoka ku bidukikije n’umutwaro mu bidukikije uturuka ku ijugunywa rya catalysts zikoreshwa. Guhanga udushya mu gukurura ibintu bikomeza kugira ingaruka ku mikoreshereze y’umutungo, bigabanye igihombo cy’ibikoresho fatizo kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho.
Guhuza imiterere y’imikorere, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gutunganya acetone no gutunganya acetone, biracyari ingenzi mu kunoza inganda. Gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere y’inkingi zitunganya acetone zigezweho—nk’izigabanya inkingi z’inkuta—no gutandukanya inkingi zishingiye ku ruhu bitanga akazi gahendutse kandi gahoraho. Urugero, kugabanya inkingi z’inkuta, byoroshya imikorere y’inkingi zitunganya acetone zidafite ishingiro, bigatuma ingufu zigabanukaho 25% ugereranije n’imashini zisanzwe zikoresha inkingi nyinshi, mu gihe binatanga umwanya mu bimera. Byongeye kandi, ingamba zigezweho zo guhuza ubushyuhe, ziyobowe n’ubuhanga nko gusesengura ingano y’amazi, zagaragaje ko ikoreshwa ry’umwuka rirenze 20%, nk’uko bigaragazwa no kuvugurura ahantu hakorerwa acetone na acetone. Izi ngamba zituma imyuka ihumanya ikirere igabanuka kandi ikagabanuka ku buryo ikoreshwa ry’umwuka uturuka ku bisigazwa by’ibikomoka ku bimera.
Guhuza amazi n'ubushyuhe byongera ubushobozi bw'umutungo mu nzira yo gusohora amazi mu mazi no mu ntambwe zikurikiraho zo gutandukanya. Uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi mu mazi mu mazi n'uturere two kuzimya amazi mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga bishobora kugabanya amazi yanduye kugeza kuri 40%, bigakemura ingano n'ubukana bw'imyanda. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu kubahiriza amategeko agenga ihindagurika ry'amazi mu masoko akomeye ya phenol na acetone, aho amabwiriza ku isohoka ry'imyanda n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere birimo kwiyongera.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibijyanye n'ibidukikije birasobanuka cyane cyane mu bijyanye no gukora hamwe kwa phenol-acetone hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa cumene. Igenzura rikomeye ku bintu biteza akaga—nk'ingufu za cumene—ritegeka kugenzura neza uburyo ibintu bikorwamo no kugenzura umutekano mu buryo nyabwo mu gihe cy'ibikorwa bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye. Amategeko agenga ibidukikije, cyane cyane mu bihugu bya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'i Burayi, yongera ibisabwa mu gutunganya imyanda, kugenzura imyuka ihumanya, no kongera gukoresha ibinyabutabire/ubushyuhe. Ingamba zo kubahiriza amategeko zikubiye mu miterere y'ibikorwa mu ntangiriro, akenshi zigakubiyemo ibipimo by'ubukana bw'imikorere n'isesengura ry'ubuzima bw'ibimera rigena imiterere n'ikoranabuhanga mu buryo butaziguye.
Gukurikirana no kunoza ibikorwa mu buryo bufatika ni ingenzi mu gukomeza imikorere myiza no kugabanya igihombo kidashoboka mu bikorwa. Urugero, ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’inline na viscosity meter bya Lonnmeter, bituma habaho kugenzura buri gihe ibipimo by’imyitwarire n’itandukaniro mu buryo busanzwe mu ikorwa rya acetone na phenol. Mu gukurikirana neza ingano y’ibicuruzwa n’ibikomoka ku bicuruzwa, ababikora bashobora kunoza ibintu by’ingenzi—nk’ibipimo bya reflux, ingingo zo gukata mu gusya, no gukoresha catalyst dosing—bityo bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu no kugabanya ingano y’ibintu bitari ngombwa cyangwa imyanda.
Gukoresha uburyo bwo gusya mu nganda, bishingiye ku makuru akoreshwa mu gupima mu gihe nyacyo, nabyo byihutisha gukemura ibibazo no gufunga mu gihe habayeho ibibazo. Kubera kugabanuka kw'ihindagurika ry'ibikorwa byo kwiyamamaza no kongera ubushobozi bwo kongera gukora, abakora ibikorwa bagabanya ikiguzi, bagabanya ububiko bw'ibikoresho fatizo, kandi hagabanuka amakosa yo kurengera ibidukikije. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kunoza ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gupima, biracyari ngombwa kugira ngo hakorwe fenoli na acetone mu buryo burambye, bunyuranyije n'amategeko, kandi burambye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Uburyo bwa cumene ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi mu gukora hamwe kwa phenol-acetone?
Uburyo bwa cumene, buzwi kandi nka Hock process, ni uburyo bw’inganda bwo gukora hamwe na phenol na acetone mu buryo bumwe buhuriweho. Butangirira kuri alkylation, aho benzene ikorana na propylene kugira ngo ikore cumene ikoresheje aside catalysts zikomeye nka zeolites cyangwa aside phosphoric. Cumene ishyirwamo oxidized hamwe n’umwuka kugira ngo ikore cumene hydroperoxide. Iyi intermediate inyura mu gucikamo ibice bya aside catalyst, bigatanga phenol na acetone mu gipimo cya molar cya 1:1. Iyi nzira ni ingenzi kuko yiganje mu ikorwa rya phenol na acetone ku isi, itanga umusaruro mwiza kandi ihuza umutungo. Hafi 95% bya phenol ku isi yose ikorwa muri ubu buryo guhera mu 2023, bishimangira ko inganda n’ubukungu byayo ari ingenzi.
Ni gute ibora rya cumene hydroperoxide rigira ingaruka ku mutekano w'imikorere n'umusaruro?
Gushonga kwa cumene hydroperoxide birakomeye cyane, bisohora ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo bidacunzwe neza, bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bukabije, guturika, cyangwa inkongi z'umuriro—bigasaba cyane imiterere y'imikorere n'uburyo bwo gukora. Guhitamo neza katalysts zo kubora za hydroperoxide no kugenzura neza imiterere y'ingaruka ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere ikore neza. Gukurikirana ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'ingaruka bituma umusaruro wa phenol na acetone biguma ku rugero rwiza mu gihe bigabanya ikorwa ry'ibikomoka ku bimera n'ibyago by'umutekano. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukora mu nganda burimo gukurikirana buri gihe sisitemu, kuzimya byihutirwa, no gushushanya neza reactor kugira ngo ihangane n'ingaruka za exothermique kandi irinde kwiyongera k'umuvuduko.
Ni uruhe ruhare inkingi y'imashini itunganya ifumbire mvaruganda igira mu ikorwa rya cumene?
Inkingi yo gutogosha amazi ni ingenzi cyane nyuma yo gucikamo hydroperoxide. Itandukanya phenol, acetone, cumene idakora neza, n'ibindi bikomoka kuri yo. Imikorere myiza y'inkingi yo gutogosha amazi yongera umusaruro, igabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kandi igatanga imigezi ijyana mu ntambwe zo gusukura nyuma. Imiterere n'imikorere y'inkingi yo gutogosha amazi bigomba kuba bireba aho ibintu bitandukanye bishyuha, bigasaba ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko uhagije. Kunanirwa mu gutogosha amazi bishobora gutera igihombo, kwandura, cyangwa ikiguzi kinini cy'ibikoresho.
Kuki gusukura acetone ari ngombwa mu gukora phenol-acetone?
Asetone iboneka muri gahunda ya cumene irimo imyanda itandukanye: ibintu bivamo ingaruka mbi (nk'ibikomoka kuri methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropanol), amazi, na aside organic bikorerwa mu gihe cyo gusiga no gucikamo ibice. Hakenewe gusukurwa cyane kugira ngo asetone yuzuze amahame akomeye y'inganda yo gukoreshwa mu miti, mu byuma bisukura, na pulasitiki. Uburyo bwo gusukura, nko gukata ibice bito binyuze mu nganda zisukura, bikuraho iyo myanda. Asetone isukuye kandi igura igiciro cyo hejuru ku isoko, bishimangira impamvu y'ubukungu yo gusukura neza.
Ni gute guhuza ibikorwa n'udushya mu by'amashanyarazi bishobora kunoza imiterere y'ubukungu n'ibidukikije by'ibikorwa bya cumene?
Guhuza ibikorwa bikoresha amahirwe yo kugarura ubushyuhe, kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bitarakozwe, no kunoza imikorere y’ibikoresho kugira ngo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Urugero, guhuza ubushyuhe bwoherezwa mu mahanga cyangwa guhuza uburyo bwo gusya bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cya lisansi n’ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho. Gukoresha uburyo bwateye imbere nka microbubble reactors byagaragaje ko byongera uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu byinshi, byongera imikorere myiza ya oxidation, kandi bikagabanya ikorwa ry’imyanda. Ubu buryo bushya bugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije binyuze mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gukora amazi mabi, mu gihe bunagabanya ikiguzi cyo gutunganya ibintu muri rusange, bigatuma umusaruro wa phenol-acetone urushaho kuba mwiza kandi urambye mu bukungu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 19-2025
