Gupima ubucucike buhoraho ni byo shingiro ry'ibikoresho byo kugenzura ibikorwa byo gutunganya peteroli, cyane cyane mu rwego rwo gukuramo amavuta mu buryo bwa hydroisomerization no gukuramo amavuta mu buryo bugezweho. Muri ibi bihe, ubushobozi bwo gukusanya amakuru nyayo kandi y’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere myiza yo gutunganya peteroli, imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, no kugenzura ubucucike murigukora amavuta yo kwisiga.
Uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya amavuta yera, cyane cyane hydroisomerization dewaxing, bushingiye ku buryo bwo guhindura amavuta mu buryo bwa catalytic busaba kunoza cyane uburyo bwo gutunganya amavuta. Ibi bisaba gucunga neza imiterere ya hydrocarbon kugira ngo hagabanuke isuka mu gihe habungabungwa cyangwa hongerwa ingano ya viscosity, ari ingenzi cyane mu gukora amavuta yujuje ubuziranenge. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho rituma hamenyekana vuba impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu miterere, kuko gutandukana guto mu bucucike akenshi bigaragaza impinduka mu bucucike cyangwa ikimenyetso cyo gukuraho umwanda utuzuye - byombi ni ibipimo by'ingenzi mu gukora amavuta yo kwisiga yo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Urugero, ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’inline—nk’ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter—bikoresha ibikoresho bigezweho nka acoustic, tuning fork, na cantilever-based technology. Ibi bikoresho byo kugenzura ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo bikuramo isesengura ry’ubucucike bw’ibintu mu buryo bwihuse mu buryo butaziguye mu buryo butaziguye. Iyo byinjijwe mu byiciro byo gukuraho no gukuraho ibishingwe mu buryo bwa hydroisomerization, bituma ababikora bahita bamenya kandi bagakosora ibitagenda neza, bigafasha kugenzura neza ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa ndetse n’ubucucike. Ibi bigabanya ibyago by’uko amavuta atari spec agera mu nzira zo hasi cyangwa mu bubiko bwa nyuma bw’ibicuruzwa.
Ikoranabuhanga ry’imikorere rikorwa binyuze mu kugenzura ubucucike buhoraho byongera ingaruka zaryo mu kunoza imikorere mu gutunganya amavuta binyuze mu gushyigikira kugenzura neza imashini zitunganya amavuta zikoresha dewaxing kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu buryo bwa hydroisomerization. Guhitamo neza imashini zitunganya amavuta no gukora neza bishingiye ku kumenya vuba impinduka mu byiciro n’impinduka mu miterere, nk’uko amakuru ajyanye n’ubucucike abivuga. Uru rwego rw’amakuru rutuma habaho kongera cyane intera ya catalyst, gukuraho umwanda mu gutunganya amavuta neza, no kunoza igenzura mu gihe cyo kunoza ingano ya viscosity—buri kimwe ni inkingi ikomeye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amavuta.
Ibyiza bifatika ni uko: ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa inline density bituma habaho imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kongera umusaruro no kugabanya amahirwe yo gusana ibicuruzwa bihenze. Ibipimo byihuse by’ibitekerezo—bipimwe mu masegonda aho gupimwa mu masaha—byuzuza cyangwa rimwe na rimwe bisimbura isuzuma rya laboratwari rigenda buhoro kandi risaba abakozi benshi.
Gukoresha amavuta yera
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Ariko, hari imbogamizi nyinshi zivuka mu gushyira mu bikorwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho hagati y’ingorane zo kunoza uburyo bwo gukoresha hydrocarbon dewaxing muri iki gihe. Imbogamizi imwe ikomeye ni ihindagurika ry’ibiryo by’ibiribwa. Inganda zitunganya ibiribwa akenshi zihinduka hagati y’amasoko atandukanye cyane, buri imwe igaragaza imiterere yihariye n’imitwaro y’umwanda. Ibyuma bipima imiterere bigomba kuguma bikomeye, bifite ubushobozi bwo gupima neza, kandi bikabasha gutanga ibisubizo bishobora gusubiramo hatitawe ku ihinduka rya matrix.
Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ritanga ikindi kibazo gikomeye. Impinduka zishobora gutera ihindagurika ry'ibipimo by'amashanyarazi cyangwa amakosa yo gupima—bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo ibicuruzwa bihinduka mu mavuta yo kwisiga. Ibisubizo bigezweho birimo uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bushyirwa mu bikoresho, nko gukosora hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa bilinear interpolation, bigabanya cyane amakosa yo gupima, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kwiga imashini buhindura uburyo bwo guhuza imikorere. Uru rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingurane rutuma amakuru yizewe aboneka mu gihe nyacyo nubwo imiterere y'imikorere ihinduka.
Gukuraho igufwa no gukuraho igufwa, nk'intambwe z'ingenzi mu buryo bugezweho bwo gukuraho igufwa no gukuraho igufwa mu buryo bwa hydroisomerization, birangwa no kuba hamwe kw'ibice by'imiti bifitanye isano rya hafi. Ingorane ifatika iri mu gutandukanya ibi bice kugira ngo hamenyekane akamaro ko gukuraho imyanda mu gutunganya amavuta. Gupima ubucucike buri gihe, iyo bikozwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo gupima, bifasha mu gutandukanya impinduka nto mu bucucike bujyanye n'ibisigazwa bitarahinduka ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa byifuzwa bya isomer. Kumenya ako kanya ibi tandukaniro bito bifasha gukosora ibikorwa, gukomeza kunoza imikorere yo gutunganya no kwemeza ko amavuta akozwe neza.
Muri make, binyuze mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho mu buryo bwose bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya amavuta yera, inganda zitunganya amavuta zishobora kugera ku buryo bunoze bwo gupima ibicuruzwa, kugenzura neza ubucucike, no kugenzura neza gukuraho umwanda. Nubwo hari imbogamizi nko guhindagurika kw'ibiryo no kudahuza kw'ibidukikije, ikoranabuhanga rishya rya sensors rigezweho—rigaragazwa n'ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter—ritanga ubushishozi n'ubwizigirwa bukenewe mu gukurikirana ibikorwa byo ku rwego rwo hejuru no gukora ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya amavuta.
Intambwe z'ingenzi mu gukuraho uburozi mu mazi n'ingaruka zabwo
Uburyo bwo gukaraba amavuta hakoreshejwe hydroisomerization ni uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya amavuta yera buhindura parafini zisanzwe—hydrocarboni ndende kandi zigororotse—ikaba isomeri zazo zifite amashami. Uku guhindura ni ingenzi mu kugabanya aho gusuka no gukaraba kw'ibicu, bigatuma amavuta y'ibanze ashobora gukora ku bushyuhe buke. Mu buryo bufatika, parafini zisanzwe zikomera ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma habaho kristu z'ibishishwa bigabanya urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta. Hakoreshejwe hydroisomerization, izi molekile zihinduka isoparafini, ziguma zimeze nk'amazi ku bushyuhe aho parafini zisanzwe zatera ishingwa ry'ibishishwa. Uku guhindura molekile ni ingenzi mu gukora amavuta y'ibanze yo mu Itsinda rya II n'Irya III, akenewe mu buryo bwiza bwo gusiga amavuta kandi agakoreshwa mu modoka no mu nganda.
Gukoresha hydroisomerization dewaxing ahanini bikoresha catalysts zikora neza. Izi catalysts zirimo ahantu hakozwe mu byuma, nka nikeli cyangwa platine, kugira ngo byorohereze hydrogenation na dehydrogenation, hamwe n'ahantu hakozwe aside—akenshi kuri zeolite supports—kugira ngo isomerization na selective hydrocracking. Igishushanyo cya catalyst ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere mu gutunganya amavuta: urugero, supports zishingiye kuri zeolite nka ZSM-22 cyangwa MTT zishobora gutorwa kubera inzira zazo zihitamo imiterere, ziyobora ihinduka rya n-paraffins mu buryo butangaje. Topology y'izi supports igira ingaruka ku guhitamo binyuze mu kugenzura imiterere ya molekile ikundwa—imyenge mito itera amashami ya isomer, mu gihe imyenge migari ishobora kongera hydrocracking no gukora ibice byoroheje by'ibicuruzwa. Kuringaniza imikorere y'icyuma kuva kuri aside, hamwe n'imiterere y'imyenge ikozwe mu buryo bwihariye, ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze gukoreshwa neza mu gutunganya amavuta mu gihe hongerwa umusaruro w'amavuta yo kwisiga afite ubushobozi bwo gusiga make.
Ikintu kiranga hydroisomerization dewaxing ni ingaruka zayo ku buryo buhamye mu mavuta akoresha amavuta. Igipimo cy'ubukana—igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere y'amavuta—kiragenda kirushaho kuba cyiza uko amashami ya molekile yiyongera kuko isomer z'amashami zirwanya ubushyuhe buri hasi no kugabanuka ku mavuta menshi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amavuta arangiye agaragaza ko ashobora kugaragara neza.kugenzura ubukana bw'umuvudukomu byiciro by'imikorere. Uku kwizerwa ni ingenzi cyane mu kurinda moteri no mu buzima bw'imashini, bikaba ari impamvu yo guhindura kuva ku gusukura ibikoresho bya kera bishingiye ku binyabutabire bikoresha amashanyarazi kugeza ku gusohora amazi mu nganda nyinshi zigezweho.
Gupima ubucucike buhorahoIkoranabuhanga rigira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga umutekano w’ibikorwa no guhuza imiterere y’ibintu binyuze mu gukurikirana ibikorwa mu buryo bugezweho. Ibikoresho nka capacitive cyangwa radiometric density metres, harimo n’ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga ibipimo by’ubushyuhe bivuye ku mirongo y’ibikorwa. Ibi bikoresho bipima impinduka nto mu bucucike bw’ibicuruzwa—ikimenyetso cy’ingenzi cy’impinduka za molekile ziba mu gice cy’imashini, kandi, mu buryo bwagutse, umutekano w’ingingo zo gusuka n’izicu ndetse n’ikimenyetso cy’ubucucike. Urugero, abakoresha bashobora guhindura ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wa hydrogen, cyangwa ubwinshi bw’ibikomoka ku bimera bitewe n’ubucucike, bagahita bakosora ihinduka ry’ubwiza bw’ibikomoka ku bimera, kwangirika kw’ibikorwa bya catalyst, cyangwa imyanda y’amavuta yinjizwa mu buryo butaziguye. Ubu buryo buhoraho bwo gusubiza ibintu butuma ibipimo by’ibikorwa biguma mu buryo bwiza, bityo bikarinda imiterere y’ibicuruzwa n’imikorere myiza.
Mu by’ukuri, ingaruka z’ibipimo by’imikorere—nk’ubushyuhe bwa reactor, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya catalyst, n’igipimo cya hydrogen-to-peterol—bishobora kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe imbonerahamwe zigenzura imikorere zihuza isesengura ry’ubucucike kugira ngo hamenyekane amanota n’ibipimo by’ubucucike (reba Ishusho ya 1). Uburyo buhamye buzagaragaza imiterere y’ubucucike butagoramye mu mbibi zagenwe zo kugenzura, mu gihe ukwiyongera cyangwa ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa bihuye n’impinduka mu bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, akenshi bigakurikiranwa n’impinduka mu mikorere y’ibikomoka ku bimera cyangwa impinduka mu mikorere ya catalyst. Amakuru atangwa mu gihe nyacyo n’ibipimo by’ubucucike mu murongo atuma habaho kwihuta, gukomeza umusaruro mu buryo bukurikije amahame yemewe yo gusiga amavuta no kugabanya ingano idashingiye ku bipimo—ni ngombwa mu kugenzura ikiguzi no kubahiriza amategeko.
Binyuze mu guhuza shimi itoranya ikoreshwa mu gukamura amavuta hamwe n'ibikoresho bigezweho byo kugenzura inzira zo gutunganya amavuta, sisitemu yo gukamura amavuta yera igezweho igera ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo guhuza, gukora neza, no kugira ireme ry'ibicuruzwa. Izi ntambwe zishyigikira ikorwa ry'amavuta y'ibanze n'amavuta yo kwisiga afite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura neza uburyo bukonje, umwanda muto, n'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bwiza - ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu gukora amavuta yujuje ibisabwa no kuyakoresha neza.
Guhuza Gukuraho Ingufu na Gukuraho Ingufu kugira ngo Habeho Ingufu Zinoze
Gukuraho ifu n'umwanda
Gukuraho igum ni ingenzi ku mwerugutunganya amavutatekiniki. Igamije gukuraho phospholipide n'indi myanda ihumanya ikirere, iyo idasuzumwe, ikabangamira imiterere y'amavuta no gukora neza mu mikorere yayo. Gukuraho amenyo hakoreshejwe amazi cyangwa aside kugira ngo bitume phospholipide zirushaho kumera neza, mu gihe gukuraho amenyo byumye cyangwa enzyme bikoresha enzyme cocktails zakozwe kugira ngo byangize phospholipide mu buryo bwihariye, bigatuma phospholipide zikura neza hafi 99% mu gihe kirekire cyo kubikuraho. Ubu buryo bugezweho bwo gukuraho amenyo ntibugabanya gusa phosphorus muri rusange kugira ngo yuzuze amabwiriza agenwa n'amategeko ahubwo bunanongera umusaruro w'amavuta binyuze mu kubungabunga ibice karemano by'ingirakamaro no kugabanya igihombo cy'amavuta adafite aho ahuriye n'isuku.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukuramo amavuta mu gutunganya peteroli busaba kugenzura neza, kuko ihindagurika ry’imiterere y’amavuta mabi cyangwa ibipimo by’imikorere bishobora guhindura ingano y’umwanda kandi bikagira ingaruka ku ntambwe zikurikiraho zo gutunganya peteroli. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho, nka metero zipima ubucucike zivuye muri Lonnmeter, ritanga ubumenyi mu buryo bwihuse ku mpinduka mu mikorere. Mu gufata ibitekerezo byihuse ku bucucike bw’ibivange, abakora bashobora gusuzuma vuba itandukanyirizo ry’ibyiciro n’umutwaro w’umwanda. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku makuru bwemerera guhindura igipimo cyo kongeramo amazi, aside, cyangwa enzymes, bigakomeza imiterere myiza yo gukuraho umwanda. Ingaruka ni ishingiro ryo gutunganya rihamye, ihindagurika ry’imikorere rigabanuka, no gutanga amavuta mu buryo buhoraho mu mbibi zikomeye z’umwanda.
Uburyo bugezweho bwo gukuraho irangi ry'uburozi n'uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere yabwo
Ku buryo bwo gukora amavuta aribwa ndetse no kuyasiga, kuyasiga ni ingenzi cyane mu kugabanya amanota yo gusuka no kwemeza imiterere y’amavuta ku bushyuhe buke. Uburyo bwo kuyasiga hakoreshejwe hydroisomerization, bushingiye ku guhindura parafini mu buryo bugororotse mu buryo bw’amashami y’isomer, busimbura uburyo bwa kera bushingiye ku binyabutabire mu gukora neza no guhitamo neza. Gusiga amavuta mu buryo bwa hydroisomerization—ubusanzwe agizwe na zeolite zikoresha ibyuma, zihitamo imiterere—bigabanya cyane ishashi mu gihe bibungabunga ibice by’agaciro by’amavuta y’ibanze no kongera imiterere y’ibinyabutabire, ikimenyetso cy’ingenzi cy’ubwiza bw’amavuta.
Gukoresha neza izi nzira bishingiye ku bikoresho byo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo. Ibipimo by'ubucucike n'ubucucike, nk'ibya Lonnmeter, bitanga igisubizo cyihuse mu gihe cyo gukaraba. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura buri gihe mu gutunganya amavuta bituma habaho kugenzura neza ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire, ubukonje bw'ibinyabutabire, n'ibyiciro byo kuyungurura. Ibi bisubizo byihuse byemerera guhinduranya ibintu, bigabanye ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire nta gucika cyane cyangwa gutakaza amavuta. Urugero, uko ibinyabutabire bigenda bitera kwiyongera k'ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire bitera impinduka mu rujya n'uruza rw'ibinyabutabire cyangwa ibinyabutabire, bigatuma ibinyabutabire bikurwaho neza kandi bikarinda imiterere y'ibinyabutabire byifuzwa. Mu gukaraba amavuta, kugenzura uburyo buhamye bwo gukora ibintu bishyigikira ubucucike buhoraho, ni ngombwa kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bibe bihamye kandi bikore amavuta ahagije yo gukaraba.
Uburyo buhuriweho—guhuza uburyo bugezweho bwo gukuramo ibinyabiziga mu mazi n’uburyo bugezweho bwo gukuramo ibinyabiziga mu mazi—ubu ni ingenzi cyane mu kunoza imikorere no kugenzura neza ubuziranenge bw’amavuta yo kwisiga. Guhuza uburyo bwo gukuramo ibinyabiziga mu mazi no kuyakuraho mu mazi neza ntibituma umusaruro uboneka gusa, ahubwo binatuma ibicuruzwa bigabanuka kandi bigatuma umusaruro uhora uboneka. Hamwe n’ibikoresho byo kugenzura inzira mu buryo bugezweho, ubu buryo bwo gutunganya amavuta yera butuma ibyo isoko ry’amavuta yo kurya n’ayo mu nganda rikenera bigerwaho neza.
Ibikoresho bigezweho byo kugenzura inzira mu gukora amavuta yo kwisiga
Gutunganya amavuta agezweho bisaba kugenzura neza buri cyiciro, cyane cyane ko ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa bikomera kandi intego zo gukora neza ziyongera. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo kugenzura ibikorwa ubu birimo ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'umurongo, viscometers zo mu murongo, na sensors z'ubushyuhe zifite ubuziranenge buhanitse—akenshi bishyirwa mu buryo butaziguye mu miyoboro y'ibikorwa kugira ngo haboneke amakuru mu buryo buboneye kandi buboneye. Ibi bikoresho bigize inkingi ikomeye yo gukora ibikorwa mu buryo bwikora, bigatuma habaho guhindura no kugenzura neza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa igihe cyose habayeho gutandukana.
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'umurongo, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bikunze gushyirwa mu byiciro by'ingenzi by'ibikorwa. Mu gusya ibikomoka ku bimera, amakuru y'ubucucike bw'umwanya nyawo atuma ababikora bashobora kongera umusaruro no kugabanya gutunganya cyane cyangwa kugabanya. Mu gihe cyo gukuramo no kuvanga ibinyabutabire, ibipimo by'ubucucike bigumana amanota ahamye y'ibicuruzwa kandi bigashyigikira kubona vuba ibikoresho bitari ibyabugenewe. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'umurongo byongera urundi rwego rwo kugenzura, bipima ubucucike bw'umurambararo - umwihariko w'ingenzi ugena imyitwarire y'ikoreshwa rya nyuma n'uburambe bw'amavuta. Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe, iyo bihujwe n'ibi bikoresho, bitanga uburenganzira bwo kwishyura impinduka z'ubushyuhe buterwa n'ubushyuhe, bigatuma ibipimo bifite ishingiro kandi byizewe mu mikorere yose.
Guhuza ibi bikoresho by'ingenzi bitanga uburyo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bufunze. Urugero, uko umugezi w'amavuta utunganywa binyuze mu gukurura amashanyarazi, ubucucike bw'amazi n'ibipimo bya viscosity bigaragaza ibikorwa bya catalyst kandi bigaragaza iterambere ry'impinduka zifuzwa mu miterere. Kugabanuka gutunguranye k'ubucucike cyangwa impinduka mu bucucike bigaragaza mu buryo butaziguye ihinduka ry'icyiciro cyangwa impinduka mu miterere ya hydrocarbon, bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n'impinduka mu mikorere ya catalyst cyangwa iterambere ry'umwanda. Abakoresha bashobora gusubiza mu buryo bwihuse - guhindura ingano y'ibiryo, ubushyuhe, cyangwa ndetse no kuvugurura cyangwa gusimbuza catalyst zikuraho - bishingiye gusa kuri izi bimenyetso by'amajwi.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho ryagaragaye ko rifite ingaruka zikomeye mu kunoza imikorere myiza no kubungabunga imiterere y’ibicuruzwa. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse bituma habaho ibisubizo byihuse mu gihe cyo gukuramo ibiyobyabwenge, gukuraho imyanda, no kuvanga. Impinduka mu buryo butunguranye mu bucucike zishobora kugaragaza ko hari ibisigazwa by’ibishishwa cyangwa amazi, bigatuma habaho gutandukana cyangwa guhindura imikorere mbere y’uko imyanda igira ingaruka ku bwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa. Mu gukuraho kwishingikiriza ku gupima hakoreshejwe laboratwari, izi sisitemu zo gupima zigabanya cyane igihe cyo kudakora, kugabanya ibibazo by’imikorere, no kugabanya ibyago by’amakosa abantu babona hakoreshejwe uburyo bwakoreshejwe n’intoki.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi muri ubu buryo ni ubushobozi bwabwo bwo kwihanganira ingorane z'imiterere y'uruganda rutunganya ibinyabiziga. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'insinga akenshi bikoresha amahame akomeye yo kugenzura—nk'uburyo bwo gupima umuyoboro cyangwa uburyo bwo gufata gamma—bishobora kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe buhinduka, n'imiti yangiza iboneka mu gihe cyo gutunganya amavuta. Bikora nta kubungabunga igihe kirekire, inyungu ikomeye mu bikorwa by'amasaha yose. Amakuru ava muri ibi bikoresho ahuzwa neza na sisitemu zo kugenzura uruganda, ashyigikira kugenzura ibikorwa byikora no kugenzura ibintu mu buryo buhuriweho. Ubu bushobozi bugabanya gukenera kwitabwaho n'intoki kandi bugashyigikira kugenzura kure, ingenzi mu bikorwa binini hamwe n'umutungo ukwirakwizwa.
Muri rusange, gukoresha ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo, viscometer, n’ibikoresho by’ubushyuhe bigize urufatiro rwo gukora amavuta yizewe kandi yujuje ibisabwa. Amakuru yabo ahujwe kandi atangwa mu gihe nyacyo atuma habaho kunoza ibikorwa, kwibanda ku bipimo by’ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwikora, no kubona vuba umwanda cyangwa impinduka mu mikorere. Amaherezo, ubu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga bushyigikira imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, bukongera ubushobozi bwo kunoza, kandi bukongera kugenzura ubuziranenge mu byiciro byose byo gukora amavuta.
Ingamba zo kunoza imikorere: Kuva ku igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo kugeza ku bicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa
Igenzura ry’ingufu rikorwa mu buryo bufunze, rikozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima buri gihe, ni ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya amavuta yera no kuyakuraho. Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo bivuye kuri Lonnmeter bishyirwa mu miyoboro cyangwa mu byuma bitanga amakuru mu gihe nyacyo ku bucucike bw’amazi. Ibi bitekerezo byihuse ni ingenzi mu guhindura ingano y’ibiryo, ikoreshwa rya catalyst, n’ubushyuhe mu bice nka hydroisomerization reactors cyangwa inkingi za solvent dewaxing. Abakoresha na sisitemu zikora bashobora gukomeza gukora catalyst, gukumira ingaruka mbi, no kwemeza ko amazi agenda neza mu gihe cyose, bagatanga umusaruro uhamye hamwe no kugabanya imbaraga zo gukoresha intoki. Ubushobozi bwo gutunganya neza ibi bintu by’imikorere byongera ikoreshwa ry’umutungo n’uburyo ibicuruzwa bihora bihinduka, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gihe amahame agenga ibintu akomera kandi ibisabwa ku isoko bihinduka.
Gupima buri gihe hakoreshejwe ibipimo by’ubucucike n’ubucucike bituma imiterere y’ibicuruzwa iguma mu buryo bugenwe. Hari isano itaziguye kandi nziza hagati y’ubucucike n’ubucucike bwa kinematic mu mavuta yo kwisiga iyo ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya buhora buhindagurika. Gukurikirana ibi bipimo mu gihe nyacyo bituma abakora ibicuruzwa bashobora kugera ku byiciro by’ubucucike bifuza, kunoza imikorere y’ubukonje, no kugumana ubuziranenge—ni ingenzi ku mavuta yera akoreshwa mu kwisiga, imiti, n’ibiribwa. Urugero, niba amakuru y’ubucucike arenga urugero rw’ibipimo byagenwe, ubucucike nabwo bukunze kwiyongera, bikamenyesha sisitemu guhindura ubushyuhe cyangwa imiterere y’ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bigarure iyubahirizwa ry’ibicuruzwa. Ubwo buryo bwo kugenzura imitungo burinda kutubahiriza no gutakaza ibicuruzwa, mu gihe bihangana neza n’impinduka mu bwiza bw’ibiryo cyangwa ihindagurika ry’imikorere.
Isano n'igenzura ryikora rishingiye ku gupima ubucucike n'ubukana buhoraho nabyo bitanga icyizere cyo gukuraho umwanda mu buryo bukomeye, cyane cyane ibice nka wara na shinya. Uburyo bwo gukuraho shinya, bw'ingenzi mu gukuraho phospholipide, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukuraho shinya, bugamije hydrocarbone nyinshi zishongesha, byombi bigira akamaro kanini mu gukurikirana buri gihe. Gukuraho iyi myanda neza birinda ikorwa ry'ibicuruzwa bidakomeye cyangwa bifite ubucucike kandi bigakomeza gukora neza mu mikorere ya catalyst. Urugero, gukurikirana ubucucike mu buryo butaziguye mu byiciro by'ingenzi byo gusukura bituma hamenyekana itandukanyirizo rituzuye cyangwa ihumana ry'imikorere, bigatuma habaho kongera gukoresha uburyo bushya mu gihe cy'impanuka, bigabanura igihe cyo kudakora neza kandi bigashyigikira umusaruro mwiza.
Icy'ingenzi ni uko gukuraho ishinya n'ishinya bifitanye isano rikomeye no gukora neza. Kwiyongera kw'ibi bintu bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bisukurwa kenshi ndetse no guhagarika gukora, byombi byongera ikiguzi cyo gukora no guhagarika gukora. Mu gushyira hamwe ibikoresho byo kugenzura ibikorwa bya Lonnmeter mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo mu byuma bikuraho ishinya no mu byuma bikuraho ishinya, inganda zitunganya ishinya zishobora kubona imyanda mbere yuko igera ku rugero rugoye, zigashyigikira mu buryo butaziguye gukora amavuta yujuje ibisabwa no kongera igihe cyo gukora ibikoresho by'agaciro. Gupima ubucucike bw'ibikoresho rero biba inkingi ikomeye yo kunoza imikorere, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa, no kugera ku gutanga amavuta ku buryo buhoraho ku bipimo mpuzamahanga ndetse no ku isoko ryihariye ry'ibikenewe kugira ngo ibicuruzwa birusheho kuba byiza, ku rugero rw'ubushyuhe, no kugabanya ubukonje bw'ibicuruzwa.
Binyuze mu gukoresha ibikoresho byo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo, cyane cyane ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’ibikoresho, abatunganya ibikoresho bagera ku ntera ikomeye mu buryo bwikora, uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo, no mu musaruro wujuje ibisabwa, amaherezo bagenzura ko buri cyiciro cyujuje ibisabwa mu gihe bagabanya ingufu, imashini zikoreshwa mu gukamura no gutakaza ibikoresho.
Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge n'Ibyiza ku Guhuza Ibicuruzwa
Gupima ubucucike mu buryo bufatika kandi buhoraho byabaye ingenzi mu kwemeza ubuziranenge n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bihagaze neza mu gutunganya amavuta yera no mu gusiga amavuta. Ibipimo by'ubucucike mu murongo, nk'ibyo muri Lonnmeter, bitanga amakuru adahinduka, bigatuma ababikora bashobora gusuzuma vuba no guhindura imikorere. Agaciro k'ubucucike bumwe, gapimirwa mu itsinda ryose cyangwa mu gukora buri gihe, gashyigikira ubucucike bw'ubwoko bwose - ikintu cy'ingenzi gisabwa kugira ngo amavuta yera yererwe neza kandi akoreshwe mu rwego rw'imiti.
Aya makuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo ni yo shingiro ry’umusaruro uhoraho w’ibicuruzwa. Mu gihe cy’uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gutunganya amavuta yera—harimo no kuyakuraho mu buryo bwo gukuraho umwanda—ubucucike bugomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo buhuze n’ibipimo. Urugero, iyo hagaragaye ko hari ukutumvikana mu bucucike mu gihe cyo kuyakuraho mu buryo bwa hydrocarbon, abayakoresha bashobora guhita bakosora ubushyuhe cyangwa ubwinshi bwa catalyst, bigafasha gukumira ubucucike butari bwo cyangwa imiterere idasanzwe. Ibi bishyigikira kwemeza ibicuruzwa vuba, bigabanya ibyago byo kongera gusubizwa inyuma, kandi byihutisha koherezwa mu buryo nyabwo binyuze mu gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko buri gice gihuye n’ibipimo byashyizweho mu gihe cyo gukora amavuta yujuje ibisabwa.
Gupima ubucucike buhoraho kandi bishyigikira kugenzura ubucucike mu bikoresho bigezweho byo kugenzura ibikorwa byo gutunganya amavuta. Kubera ko ubucucike n'ubucucike bifitanye isano rikomeye—cyane cyane nyuma y'intambwe z'ingenzi nko gucukura cyangwa gukuramo amavuta—gukurikirana buri gihe bituma habaho kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu. Gupima mu gihe nyacyo bigabanya umusaruro w'ibikoresho bitari ibyagenwe, bigabanya igihombo cy'umusaruro uva mu kuvanga cyangwa kongera gukora, kandi bigashyigikira kubahiriza amabwiriza akomeye n'amabwiriza agenga abakoresha mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amavuta n'ubuziranenge.
Abakora bakoresha amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo aturuka mu bipimo biri ku murongo mu gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa no kubivanga kugira ngo barebe ko ibicuruzwa bitangwa cyangwa bijyanwa byujuje ibisabwa ku isoko mu bijyanye n'ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo, ibara, n'ubuziranenge. Aho kwishingikiriza ku isesengura rya laboratwari, gupima buri gihe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bitanga igisubizo cyihuse. Urugero, iyo ubucucike bw'amavuta yo kwisiga buzamutse hanze y'igihe cy'ibikorwa byitezwe - wenda bitewe n'ubusumbane mu bitera imbaraga bivangwa cyangwa ihindagurika ry'ibiryo bitunguranye - ibikorwa byo gukosora mu gihe cy'ibikorwa biba bishoboka, bigamije kwemeza ko umusaruro wa nyuma uhora witeguye ku isoko.
Mu bidukikije byo gutunganya amavuta hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kandi bigezweho, guhuza ubucucike n'ubucucike mu kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bufunze bituma abatunganya amavuta bashobora guhindura imiterere y'ibintu vuba no kugumana ubuziranenge bw'umusaruro uhoraho. Ubwo buryo ntibutuma gusa habaho ubwiza bw'ubuziranenge, ahubwo bunanongera imikorere myiza yo gutunganya amavuta, bugabanya ibikorwa byo gukoresha amaboko, kandi bugatuma amavuta arangije asohoka yihutishwa ku isoko, bigafasha guhaza ibyifuzo byihuse by'abakiriya n'amategeko ku bijyanye no gutunga no gukora neza.
Guhindura uburyo bwo gupima buri gihe ni ingenzi cyane mu gukomeza kunoza ibikorwa, kugabanya umusaruro udasanzwe, gushyigikira gukuraho umwanda mu gutunganya amavuta, no gutanga umusaruro uhamye mu mavuta yo kwisiga n'amavuta yera asabwa mu buvuzi, mu byo kwisiga no mu nganda.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Gukoresha hydroisomerization dewaxing ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi mu gusiga amavuta?
Guhindura parafini mu buryo bwa Hydroisomerization ni inzira ihindura parafini ndende, zisanzwe (zisanzwe) ziba mu bice by'amavuta asa n'ibisigazwa. Binyuze mu guhindura amavuta mu buryo bwa catalytic, aya parafini ahinduka isoparafini zifite amashami. Ibi bigabanya cyane aho amavuta y'ibanze aturuka n'aho acukurwa, bityo bikongera ubushobozi bwo kuyakoresha mu gusiga amavuta—cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bigomba gukora neza mu bushyuhe buke. Gukuraho ishashi ni ingenzi kuko bituma habaho gukora amavuta arwanya gukomera mu bihe by'ubukonje, bigafasha mu mikorere myiza no mu buryo burambye mu gihe bitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi bigakomeza ibisabwa mu bicuruzwa.
Ni gute gupima ubucucike buhoraho byongera imikorere myiza mu gutunganya amavuta yera?
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike buhoraho rikora igenzura ryihuse ry’ubucucike bw’amazi mu miyoboro y’ibikorwa. Mu gutanga ibitekerezo byihuse kandi bihoraho, abakora bashobora guhindura vuba imiterere y’imikorere kugira ngo bagenzure neza ibikorwa. Ibi bituma habaho uburinganire bwiza mu bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, ikoreshwa neza ry’umutungo, kandi bikihutishwa iyo habayeho gutandukana—nk’impinduka mu miterere y’ibikomoka ku bimera cyangwa kwandura ku buryo butunguranye. Gukuraho ingero z’intoki byongera umusaruro kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora, binongera imikorere myiza muri rusange mu gutunganya amavuta yera. Sisitemu zifite ibipimo by’ubucucike mu murongo, nk’ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bigira uruhare runini mu kugera kuri ibi bisubizo binyuze mu kwemeza ko ubucucike bwikora kandi bwikora mu byiciro byose byo gutunganya. Gukurikirana ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bifasha mu kuvanga, gutandukanya, no kohereza ibicuruzwa, kugabanya ibintu bitari ngombwa no kunoza uburyo umusaruro uhoraho.
Kuki kugenzura ubushyuhe ari ingenzi mu gukora amavuta meza yo kwisiga?
Ubushyuhe bugena imiterere y'amazi n'imbaraga zo kurinda amavuta yo gusiga. Kugumana ubushyuhe nyabwo kandi bugamije gutuma amavuta atanga amavuta akenewe mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe butandukanye n'imihangayiko ya mekanike. Iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse, amavuta ashobora kwangirika, bigatuma ibikoresho byangirika; iyo bizamutse cyane, ingufu zitakaza kandi amazi ntakore neza. Gukurikirana ubushyuhe buri gihe bituma habaho gukosora ibikorwa byihuse, bifasha abakora kuzuza amahame akaze no gutanga amavuta meza kandi akora neza. Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bitangwa na Lonnmeter bitanga uburyo bwo gukurikirana no guhindura mu gihe nyacyo, bishyigikira kugenzura ubuziranenge no kubahiriza amanota y'imikorere y'inganda.
Ni uruhe ruhare degumming igira mu bwiza rusange bw'amavuta yera yatunganyijwe?
Gukuraho igishishwa ni intambwe y'ibanze yo gusukura amavuta yera, hibandwa kuri phospholipide na iyoni z'icyuma zishobora kwangiza imiterere y'amavuta, ubuziranenge, no kuramba kwayo. Iyo bitavuwe, ibi bihumanya bitera kwangirika no guhungabanya ubuziranenge bw'amavuta, bigahungabanya uburyo bwo kuyatunganya no kuyakoresha burundu. Ubuhanga nk'amazi, aside, cyangwa gukuramo enzyme bikuraho ibi bihumanya, bigatuma habaho ibicuruzwa bidafite ibara kandi bihamye. Isesengura ryizewe kandi rikorwa mu buryo bugezweho—rikozwe hifashishijwe ibikoresho bigezweho byo gukurikirana ibikorwa—rigenzura imikorere y'ibishishwa kandi rigatuma imyanda idakomeza kumera neza mu byiciro byo kuyatunganya nyuma.
Ni gute ibikoresho byo kugenzura ibikorwa bigira uruhare mu gukuraho umwanda mu gutunganya amavuta?
Ibikoresho bigezweho byo kugenzura ibikorwa—harimo ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo n’ibipimo by’amazi—bifasha gupima vuba kandi bidahungabanya imyanda nk’ibishishwa n’ishinya uko bigenda bihinduka mu gihe cyo gutunganya amavuta. Ibi bikoresho bitanga ibitekerezo by’ingenzi by’ingenzi mu kubungabunga imiterere myiza y’ibikorwa no gukuraho imyanda vuba mbere yuko igira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa. Mu guhuza ibikoresho nk’ibyo, abatunganya ibikoresho bashobora gukuraho imyanda neza badahagaritse umusaruro, bigatuma habaho amahame meza kandi umusaruro uhoraho. Ibisubizo byo gupima Lonnmeter ni ingenzi mu gukurikirana imyanda mu buryo nyabwo kandi byongera agaciro gakomeye mu kunoza imikorere no kwemeza umusaruro wujuje ibisabwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 15-2025
