Gupima neza urujya n'uruza rwa HFO ni ingenzi cyane. Mu nganda zikoresha peteroli nini, gupima neza urujya n'uruza rwa peteroli bigenzura uburyo umuriro ukoreshwa n'ingufu zikoreshwa, bigabanyiriza imyanda kandi bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza. Mu nzira yo gukemura ikibazo cy'ubucuruzi bw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, gupima neza uburemere n'ingano y'ibikomoka kuri peteroli ni byo bishingira ku ikorwa ry'amafaranga hagati y'abaguzi n'abagurisha. Ibitandukanye, ndetse n'ibito, bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye mu by'imari bitewe n'ingano nini zikoreshwa. Ibikorwa byo mu mazi, akenshi bishingiye kuri HFO mu gutwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli no mu ngufu z'inyongera, bishingiye ku gupima neza kugira ngo bikomeze kubahiriza amategeko, kunoza imikorere ya moteri, no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere—ikibazo gikomeye mu bidukikije. Mu bushyuhe bw'inganda, gupima neza urujya n'uruza rw'ibikomoka ku bimera birinda ibikoresho kandi bigatuma ubushyuhe bwinjira mu buryo buteganywa, birinda ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa n'umutekano w'abakozi.
Uruganda rukoresha peteroli
*
Igipimo cy'urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta menshi
Amavuta akoreshwa mu bisigazwa by’amavuta (HFO) ni ibikomoka kuri peteroli ikomoka ku bisigazwa bifite imiterere igaragara: ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane, ubucucike bwinshi, ingano nini ya sulfure, n’ubuhanga mu bya shimi. Iri tsinda ry’amavuta rikorwa mu bice byo hasi mu gihe cyo gutwika amavuta asanzwe. Ubushyuhe bwa HFO buri hejuru cyane kurusha ibisigazwa byoroheje, kandi imiterere yayo ihura n’ubushyuhe—iba ikomeye hafi mu bushyuhe bw’icyumba ariko ikaba amazi ahagije yo kuyisukura no kuyitwika iyo ishyushye neza. Uburyo ikoreshwa burushaho kugorana bitewe n’uburyo ikora emulsions zidahinduka, gushonga cyane, no kuba hari uduce duto na asphaltenes bidashonga. Ibi biranga bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku kubika, kohereza no gupima neza amavuta akoreshwa mu bisigazwa by’amavuta, cyane cyane mu bidukikije bisaba imbaraga nyinshi.
Gupima ubwinshi bw'amazi—hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga nka metero za Coriolis—byabaye igipimo ngenderwaho cya zahabu kuri HFO kuko bitera ihindagurika ryaubushyuhenaubucucikebigira ingaruka ku muvuduko w’amazi. Ariko, gukoresha neza igipimo cy’amazi gisaba kandi ubumenyi nyabwo ku bucucike bwa HFO n’ubucucike ku bushyuhe bw’ibikorwa, akenshi bigerwaho binyuze mu gipimo cy’ubucucike n’ubucucike bw’amazi gitangwa n’abacuruzi b’inzobere nka Lonnmeter.
Kubika HFO akenshi bikubiyemo ibigega by’ubushyuhe bifite uburyo bwo gushyushya kugira ngo bitagongana kandi byorohereze amazi. Ibi bigega bibika amavuta aremereye byagenewe gucunga ibigega, gukingira ubushyuhe, no kugenzurwa. Uburyo bwo kubika bugomba kurinda ibigega, ari byo gutuma ibigega bya asphaltene, ibintu bidafite umwimerere, n'ibindi bintu bito. Ibigega bishobora kuziba imiyoboro y'amazi, kugabanya ubushobozi bw'ibigega, no guteza ibibazo byo kwibumbira mu gigega hasi. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, ibi bibangamira imikorere myiza ndetse no gupima neza amazi anyura mu gice cyo hasi.
Iyo peteroli imaze kuva mu bubiko, yinjira mu miyoboro ishyushye, imashini zitwara amazi, n'ibikoresho byo kuyungurura—buri kimwe gifite ibisabwa byihariye byo kurwanya ihumana no gukumira kuziba. Uburemere bwinshi bwa HFO n'ingano ya asphaltene bitera ubushake bwo kwangiza: kwirema kw'ibice ku nkuta z'imiyoboro, mu mashini, no muri metero ubwazo. Ihumana rigabanya umurambararo mwiza w'imiyoboro, rihindura imiterere y'amazi, rikongera igihombo cy'umuvuduko, kandi rishobora guhagarika ibikoresho byo gupima. Ku bijyanye no gupima, ndetse n'agace gato k'ibisigazwa bya HFO gashobora guhindura imiterere y'ibipimo, ibi bikaba bigaragaza akamaro ko kubungabunga no kugenzura icyuma gipima amazi aremereye. Bitabaye ibyo, amakosa ashobora kwiruka, akangiza uburyo bwo kugenzura no gucuruza neza.
Abakoresha bakoresha ingamba zitandukanye zo kurwanya imyanda no gukumira kuziba. Sisitemu zo gushyushya—akenshi zikoresha umwuka cyangwa gushyushya amashanyarazi—zibungabunga amavuta ku bushyuhe bukabije, zikagabanya ubushyuhe kandi zikarinda ko imipaka igenda buhoro aho imyanda ihagarara. Imashini ziyungurura n'ibikoresho byo kuyungurura amazi bigabanya uduce tw'amavuta mbere yuko amavuta agera ku bikoresho byoroheje. Imikorere yo gusukura ibigega no kuyungurura amazi ku ruhande bituma amazi agerwa ku rugero rwo hasi. Ubuso buhuye na HFO rimwe na rimwe buvurwa n'udupira twa polymer cyangwa twa sintetike kugira ngo bigabanye gufatana no koroshya isuku. Sisitemu zo gusya cyangwa gukata ingurube zikoreshwa mu miyoboro kugira ngo zikurweho cyane imyanda.
Ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'amazi n'ibyago byo kuyangiza bigaragara cyane mu gice cy'ikigega, icyuma gipima amazi n'amazi. Kugira ngo bigabanye ubukana bw'amazi, imiterere y'ikigega ikubiyemo imiterere y'amazi (ibigega bihanamye hasi, gukurura amazi), uburyo bwo kuyasana (gukora ku gihe), n'ibikoresho byo kuyakoresha (gukurikirana ubucucike/ubucucike bw'amazi burimo gukomeza).
Muri make, gupima peteroli iremereye si ikibazo cyo gupima amazi gusa—ni inzira ihuriweho isaba guhuza ibintu mu buryo bufatika n’imbogamizi zidasanzwe z’imiterere y’umubiri wa HFO. Ibisabwa mu mikorere yo kurwanya imyanda no gukumira kuziba ntibitandukanywa no gushakisha uburyo bwo gupima peteroli iremereye neza, yizewe kandi ihendutse, bifite ingaruka zitaziguye ku ikorwa ry’ingufu, kubahiriza ibidukikije, ubucuruzi, n’umutekano wa sisitemu. Gupima neza hakoreshejwe ibipimo by’amazi biremereye biremereye, bishyigikiwe n’ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter inline density na viscosity metres, ni byo by’ingenzi mu guhangana n’ibi bibazo.
Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu gupima amavuta akomeye
Ibipimo by'umuvuduko w'amazi ya Coriolis kugira ngo bipime umuvuduko w'amazi utaziguye
Ibipimo by'amazi ya Coriolisbikora binyuze mu gutera gutigita mu muyoboro umwe cyangwa myinshi aho amavuta aremereye anyura. Uko amavuta anyura, ubukana bw'umuvuduko uva mu bunini bugenda butera ihinduka ry'icyiciro gipimirwa, bingana n'umuvuduko w ...
Ibipimo bya Coriolis bitanga inyungu zidasanzwe zo gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta mu bihe bigoye, nko gucunga ikigega cyo kubikamo amavuta menshi, gutanga amashanyarazi, noububiko bw'amazi mu nyanjaUbunyangamugayo bwabyo buguma hejuru nubwo haba hari ihindagurika ry’ubucucike bwa HFO, ubushyuhe, cyangwaubushyuhe. Kubera ko nta bice bigenda bihura n'amazi, ibipimo bya Coriolis birakomeye, birwanya kwangirika kw'uduce duto dusanzwe mu mavuta akomeye, kandi bigabanya cyane ibisabwa mu gucunga ibipimo by'amazi menshi. Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko muri ibi bipimo ni bike ugereranije n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima. Kuba nta byuma by'imbere mu byuma bituma birwanya cyane kwanduzwa - ikibazo gikomeye mu gupima amazi menshi - bigabanya cyane uburyo bwo kurwanya kwanduzwa mu bipimo by'amazi cyangwa ibisubizo byo kwirinda kuziba mu bipimo by'amavuta.
Mu by’ukuri, ibipimo bya Coriolis bishyirwa mu ngingo z’ingenzi z’uruhererekane rw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Urugero, bikoreshwa mu bikorwa byo kohereza lisansi mu bwato bwo mu mazi, bigenzura ko bishyuzwa neza kandi bikubahirizwa n’amabwiriza agenga ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Mu nganda zikoresha peteroli zikomeye, ibi bipimo bikurikirana ikoreshwa ryabyo haba mu kubika no gushyushya lisansi ndetse no mu miyoboro yo kuzenguruka imbere, bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza ibyuka bihumanya no gucunga neza imyuka ihumanya. Ubushobozi bw’ikoranabuhanga rya Coriolis bwo gutanga amakuru yizewe, ashobora gusubirwamo, kandi agakurikiranwa ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byo gupakira lisansi, kohereza lisansi, no kubahiriza amategeko—byose bisaba kumenya neza ibipimo ntagereranywa.
Kunoza Ibipimo mu Bidukikije Bikomeye
Ubuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi mu bijyanye no kwizerwa mu bijyanye n'amavuta ya peteroli nini
Mu ikoreshwa ry’ibipimo by’amazi akoreshwa mu gupima urujya n’uruza rw’amavuta menshi, kwizerwa biterwa n’uburyo bukomeye bwo guhitamo ibikoresho n’ubwubatsi byagenewe guhangana n’ibihe bikomeye. Aluminiyumu ishobora guhitamo ahantu hafite umuvuduko muto, hadahumanya bitewe n’uko irwanya ingese kandi iri hagati. Ibyuma bitanga imbaraga n’ubudahangarwa, nyamara ishobora kwangirika bitewe n’aside ikunze kuboneka mu bicuruzwa bitwika amavuta menshi. Ibyuma bitagira umugese bikundwa cyane n’ibikoresho byinshi bipima urujya n’uruza rw’amavuta menshi, bitewe n’uko irwanya ibitero bya shimi n’ibisasu, cyane cyane urugero nka 316L n’ibyuma bitagira umugese bibiri bikoresha sulfure n’umwuka wa ogisijeni.
Ibikoresho byo mu gipimo bishobora gukoresha imiyoboro cyangwa irangi ritari iry'icyuma—PTFE, PFA, cyangwa polyurethane—kugira ngo birwanye ingese n'umwanda. Nubwo PTFE itanga ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka mu binyabutabire, polyurethane irakomeye mu kurwanya kwangirika, ikaba ari ingenzi cyane ku bikoresho bifite amavuta yuzuyemo uduce duto. Ibi bikoresho bikorerwa ibizamini byo kwigana ibintu mu buryo bufatika, bigashyirwa mu bushyuhe butandukanye, imikorere y'umuvuduko, n'uburyo bwose bwa shimi bwa HFO, bishyigikira ubukungu bwo kuramba no kubungabunga ubuzima.
Imiterere y'ibipimo by'amazi ku mavuta akomeye afite viscous ishimangira ahantu hanini ho gushyira ingufu imbere kugira ngo bigabanye kugabanuka k'umuvuduko n'ibyago byo kuziba. Ibipimo by'ubucucike n'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter byubatswe kugira ngo bikore nta bice bigenda, bigabanya kwangirika kwa mashini kandi bishyigikire uburyo bwo gukora neza igihe kirekire ndetse no mu gihe cy'imizigo myinshi y'uduce duto.
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’imyanda no kuziba, ingamba z’ubuhanga zirimo gutwikira ibintu bidafatana—nk’ibya PTFE cyangwa polysiloxane—ku buso bw’imbere kugira ngo hirindwe ubwiyongere bw’ibikomoka ku bimera n’ibitari umwimerere. Hari imiterere ikubiyemo uburyo bwo kwiyubaka, nko gusiga amazi ku buso cyangwa inzira zoroshye zo kubungabunga zishyirwa mu bikorwa byo gusukura intoki. Uburyo bwo kwirinda kuziba bushimangira inzira zoroshye n’uburyo bworoshye bwo koroshya, bigafasha kwirinda kwikusanya kw’uduce duto kandi bigafasha gukuraho cyangwa gusohora amazi buri gihe. Guhuza uburyo bwo kwirinda imyanda ku bipimo by’imyanda bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere kandi bigagabanya igihe cyo kudakora, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane cyane ku buryo bw’amashanyarazi bukoresha peteroli nini.
Ibitekerezo ku gushyiraho no guhuza
Gupima neza urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta mu buryo bwa peteroli iremereye bitangirana n'ingano nyayo y'ibipimo. Metero zigomba gutoranywa kugira ngo zihuze n'umuvuduko nyawo w'urujya n'uruza, ubukana, n'ibipimo by'umuvuduko biboneka mu bikorwa byihariye—nk'ihererekanya riva mu kigega cyo kubikamo peteroli iremereye cyangwa mu miyoboro y'amazi mu ruganda rukoresha peteroli iremereye. Metero nini cyane zihura n'ikibazo cyo kwangirika k'ubuziranenge iyo amazi atemba make, mu gihe metero ntoya zigabanya umuvuduko cyane.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gushyiraho icyuma gipima amazi menshi gisaba kwitondera cyane umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe. Porogaramu nyinshi za HFO zikora ku muvuduko uri hasi kugeza ku uringaniye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo amavuta akomeze kugenda neza. Ibipimo bya Lonnmeter bishobora gushyirwa hafi y'ikigega gibika amavuta menshi cyangwa ku bice by'umurongo w'ingenzi, bigabanye ibisabwa kugira ngo bigende neza bitewe n'imiterere yabyo yo kuzenguruka. Ibi bitanga ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho no mu miterere iciriritse.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo gushyiraho icyuma gipima amazi kirimo guhindagurika cyane birimo guhindagurika guke biva ku mashini zipima amazi n'amavali, imiterere y'amazi ahindagurika, n'icyerekezo cyiza kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho imiterere itambitse cyangwa ihagaze ishobora gutera amakosa mu gupima. Gushyiramo ibintu bigomba gushimisha ahantu hafite uburyo bwo kugera kuri serivisi buri gihe, ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga icyuma gipima amazi akoresha amavuta menshi no kuyapima. Guhuza n'imbogamizi zishingiye kuri sisitemu bishyigikirwa n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo ingano ya modular metre no kuyishyira mu mwanya wayo, bigatuma habaho kwihuza mu bikoresho bishya no mu bishya.
Gupima neza uburemere bw'amavuta akoreshwa muri peteroli iremereye biterwa n'ubwiza bw'aho ishyirwa—ingano ikomeye y'ibipimo, gushyirwa neza hafi y'ibigega by'amazi, n'uburyo bwo kubikoresha. Uku guhuza hagati y'ubuhanga n'aho ishyirwa bituma habaho ubushishozi mu gihe cyo gucuruza peteroli no gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta, ndetse no mu bihe bigoye.
Ingaruka zo Gukemura Ibitagenda neza, Kubungabunga, no Kurwanya Ibiyobyabwenge mu Bucuruzi
Kugera ku buziranenge no gusubiramo ibintu mu gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta akoreshwa cyane ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho ubucuruzi bw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli bunyuze mu mucyo kandi bwizewe. Mu bikorwa nk'ibigega byo kubikamo peteroli ikoreshwa cyane n'inganda zikoresha peteroli ikoreshwa cyane, ubuziranenge buhamye butuma habaho ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi byemewe kandi birengerwa.
Gupima ni ingenzi mu gupima neza. Ku gipimo cyose cy’amazi akoreshwa mu gupima peteroli nini—cyane cyane gikora mu gihe cyo kwimura ibinyabiziga—uburyo bwo gupima busaba kugereranya n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ingenzi. Ubuhanga busanzwe bukoresha ibipimo ngenderwaho cyangwa ibigega bipima, kandi bigomba gukorwa mu bihe bigenzurwa byiganjemo ukuri kw’imikorere, harimo umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, n’imiterere y’amazi. Guhindagurika, ndetse no kuba guto, bishobora gutera amakimbirane akomeye mu by’imari no mu mategeko mu gihe cyo gukemura ikibazo cy’ubucuruzi bwa lisansi. Gupima bigomba kwandikwa kandi bigakurikiranwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga, hamwe no gusubiramo buri gihe kugira ngo bikomeze kubahiriza amategeko. Ibipimo bikoreshwa mu gupima uburemere bw’amazi, nk’ibijyanye na metero zikoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ubucucike, bisaba kugenzura hakurikijwe amabwiriza yemewe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho bya OIML R117 cyangwa ibipimo ngenderwaho bisa nabyo kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ari ingirakamaro.
Kwishyura ubushyuhe n'ubukonje ni ingenzi mu buryo bwo gupima amavuta aremereye. Ubukonje bwinshi n'uburyo bwo kumva ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe riranga amavuta aremereye bitera imbogamizi zidasanzwe. Kwishyura mu murongo, bikozwe hifashishijwe sensors zivanze (ku bucucike n'ubukonje), no gukosora amakuru mu gihe nyacyo, bikemura ibi bintu—bigabanya uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bushobora kwangiza uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike. Urugero, guhuza Lonnmeter inline density meter n'icyuma gipima ubucucike buremereye bituma habaho gukosora ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo; kuyihuza n'icyuma gipima ubukonje buremereye bituma habaho gukosora ubukonje neza. Uburyo nk'ubwo bwo gupima bufatanye ni ingenzi mu gupima ubucucike buremereye mu buryo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bukomeye.
Gusubiramo ibintu ni ingenzi cyane; bigena ubushobozi bw'icyuma gipima ibintu mu gutanga ibisubizo bihamye mu bihe bimwe. Kubaka icyuma gipima ibintu mu buryo bwa modular no guhindura ibintu mu buryo buciriritse byongera ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo ibintu, bigatuma habaho gupima neza ahantu hakorerwa ibintu. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta menshi no gupima amavuta menshi aho guhagarika ibikorwa bihenda.
Ibyemezo, igenzura, n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko bifitanye isano rikomeye n'uburyo bwo kwizerwa mu nzira yo gukemura ibibazo by'ubucuruzi bwa lisansi. Amabwiriza yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga nka OIML R117 asaba ko ibipimo by'amazi bipimwa neza, bigapimwa neza, kandi bigasuzumwa buri gihe. Gukurikiza ayo masezerano birinda inzira y'ubucuruzi kandi bigatanga ishingiro mu gihe habayeho amakimbirane.
Amavuta menshi akoresha lisansi atanga ibyago bihoraho byo kwanduza no kuziba ibyuma bipima amazi, bigahungabanya uburyo bwo gukora neza no kumara igihe kirekire. Hakenewe uburyo bwo kuyabungabunga. Ibintu nk'ubwubatsi bw'ibyuma bipima amazi n'ibikoresho bito bishobora guhindurwa bifasha mu koroshya isuku no gusimbuza ibice by'ibikoresho. Uburyo bwo kugenzura aho biri—butuma habaho kugenzura imiterere y'ibikoresho bidakoreshejwe—bugabanya igihe cyo gukora, bigatuma igihe cyo gukora ibyuma bipima amazi menshi gikomeza kuba gito kandi cyizewe.
Guteganya no gukurikirana gahunda, harimo uburyo bwo kurwanya umwanda n'ibisubizo byo kwirinda kuziba, ni ngombwa. Ibi bikubiyemo ibikoresho byo guhanura, nko kugenzura igabanuka ry'umuvuduko kugira ngo hamenyekane umwanda hakiri kare, no kugenzura buri gihe. Ku bakoresha inganda zikoresha peteroli nini, amakuru yikora ashingiye ku gusuzuma ikoranabuhanga ashobora kwerekana ko hakenewe isuku, bigatuma habaho igikorwa mbere y'uko hagira igihombo gikomeye cyangwa igihe kitateganijwe cyo kudakora neza. Ingamba zo gusukura ahantu habigenewe, zahinduwe hakurikijwe imiterere y'amavuta n'umuvuduko w'amazi, zirushaho kugabanya ibikorwa byateganyijwe.
Amabwiriza yo gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho by'amazi akoreshwa mu gupima peteroli ashimangira akamaro ko kubika amakuru yose no kuyagenzura mu buryo bwizewe. Inyandiko zizewe z'ikoranabuhanga ni zo zishyigikira buri cyiciro cy'ubucuruzi bwa lisansi. Sisitemu zigezweho zirimo amabwiriza y'itumanaho ritekanye, kubika amakuru mu buryo buhishe, no kuyakoresha mu buryo bwemewe kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge bw'amakuru y'ubucuruzi. Inyandiko zirambuye z'ibyabaye, inzira z'igenzura, n'ibyemezo by'ikoranabuhanga byo gupima bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo hubahirizwe inshingano z'ubucuruzi n'amategeko. Gukurikirana buri gihe ibintu bitari byo n'ingaruka mbi ku ikoranabuhanga ni ngombwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakuru ashobora gupimwa no gukumira ko yangirika mu gihe cyose cyo gupima amazi akoreshwa mu gupima peteroli.
Hamwe na hamwe, igenzura rya tekiniki—binyuze mu gupima neza, kwishyura ubushyuhe n'ubukonje, gukoresha neza ikoranabuhanga, no kubungabunga neza—bigize urufatiro rwo gupima peteroli nini neza, ishobora gusubiramo, kandi ikurikije amategeko mu bucuruzi.
Guhuza na sisitemu z'ibimera na porogaramu z'ikoranabuhanga
Guhuza uruganda mu nganda zikoresha amavuta menshi zikoresha lisansi
Ibipimo by'amazi akoreshwa muri peteroli nini (HFO) bigira uruhare runini mu bikorwa by'uruganda rukoresha peteroli nini kugira ngo hamenyekane neza amazi akoreshwa muri peteroli, hapimwe uburemere bw'amazi akoreshwa muri peteroli, kandi hagenzurwe neza. Guhuza ibi bipimo—nk'ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi n'ubucucike bw'amazi biva kuriLonnmeter—Muri Sisitemu zo Kugenzura Zikwirakwiza (DCS) cyangwa Porogaramu Igenzura ry’Ibintu Bishobora Gukoreshwa (PLC) bisaba ingamba zikomeye zituma habaho igenzura ryihuse kandi rigenga neza ikoreshwa ry’ibipimo bya peteroli nini.
Uburyo bwo guhuza butangirana no guhuza ikimenyetso cya metero n'ibikoresho byinjizwa muri porogaramu za DCS cyangwa PLC. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwa analog, inganda zikoresha cyane ikimenyetso cya 4–20 mA bitewe n'imbaraga zacyo zo kurwanya urusaku rw'amashanyarazi no kuba zikwiriye gukoresha insinga ndende. Amahitamo ya digitale arimo protocole nka Modbus, HART, na pulse outputs, bitanga akarusho ko gutwara amakuru ajyanye n'ibizamini n'amakuru menshi ahindagurika kuri sisitemu zo kugenzura.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburemere bw'amazi, insinga zituruka kuri metero ya Lonnmeter density na viscosity zihuzwa n'amakarita yinjiye yashyizweho muri DCS/PLC, akenshi binyuze mu byuma bitanga ibimenyetso kugira ngo amakuru abe meza. Gahunda yo kugenzura uruganda igomba gusobanura izi ndangagaciro, yorohereza gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta, gutanga amakuru y'ibiza, no gutanga ibitekerezo ku buryo bwo kuyakoresha mu gihe nyacyo. Mu by'ukuri, sisitemu zishobora kandi guhuza n'urwego rwa Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), rushobora gukora nk'umuhuza wo guhuza amakuru, gukurikirana kure, cyangwa kubika amakuru igihe kirekire. Ubu buryo ntibushyigikira gusa kugenzura imikorere y'uruganda ahubwo butanga uburyo bwo gukurikirana lisansi, kubahiriza amategeko, no gukemura ikibazo cy'ubucuruzi bw'ibikomoka kuri lisansi binyuze mu makuru menshi kandi afite igihe.
Uburyo bwo gusuzuma no kwizera itumanaho bukomeza gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe amahame agenga itumanaho rifunguye kandi rihoraho. Amabwiriza ya elegitoroniki nka IEC 62056 (DLMS / COSEM) arushaho gukoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho kohereza amashanyarazi mu buryo bwizewe, gushyira ikimenyetso ku miyoboro yo gupima hakoreshejwe kode za OBIS, no guhanahana amakuru hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rijyanye n'amabwiriza y'igenzura n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko.
Urugero: Uruganda rukoresha HFO ruhuza Lonnmeter inline density metres na DCS isanzweho rwahuza buri metero 4–20 mA analog output na DCS input card. Porogaramu ya DCS yashyirwaho kugira ngo itunganye ibi bipimo, itange imiterere y’igihe nyacyo, imburira ku bipimo bidasanzwe, kandi itange ibitekerezo bihoraho kugira ngo igenzure umuvuduko w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, igenzure uburyo umuriro uhoraho n’imikorere myiza ya peteroli. Inyandiko zijyanye n’ibipimo zisobanura buri gice cy’ihererekanya ry’amakuru kandi zigasuzuma ukuri no kwizerwa binyuze mu gukora no gupima mu byiciro.
Guhuza amakuru binakomeza no kugera kuri sisitemu z'imari: uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru ku bakozi no kuyakemura bushingiye ku kohereza amakuru mu buryo buboneye kandi budashobora kwangirika. Ibi bikomeje kwiyongera, bisaba kubika amakuru neza hakurikijwe amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda mu kugenzura no gutanga raporo z’amategeko. Muri ibi bihe, ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’amakuru, gukumira kwangirika, no kwemerera kubona vuba inyandiko z’imikoreshereze y’amakuru byabaye ingenzi mu mikorere no gukemura amakimbirane.
Gupima mu gihe kizaza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ibintu buhindagurika kandi bujyanye n'igihe
Ubwinshi bw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli iremereye, harimo n'ibivanze bibikwa mu bigega binini byo kubikamo peteroli iremereye, bisaba ko ibipimo by'amazi bihuzwa n'impinduka mu gipimo cy'amavuta, ubucucike, n'ubucucike. Ibipimo by'ubucucike n'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter byakozwe kugira ngo bihuzwe neza, bigatuma habaho gupima neza ubwoko bwose bw'amavuta aremereye aboneka mu nganda zigezweho z'amashanyarazi.
Gupima ibi bipimo mu gihe kizaza bishingiye ku mahame abiri: ubushobozi bwo kuvugurura no gukoresha modularity. Ibikoresho byo gupima byakozwe bifite ibice bya modularity, bituma byoroha gusimbuza cyangwa kuvugurura sensor, amabati y'ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa itumanaho uko bikenewe mu mikorere bigenda bihinduka. Ubu buryo bwa modularity bunafasha mu kubungabunga vuba kandi bukagabanya igihe cyo guhagarara kw'inganda mu gihe cyo gusimbuza cyangwa kuvugurura, bikaba ari ingenzi mu bihe bihoraho nk'inganda zikoresha peteroli nyinshi.
Urugero, uko lisansi nshya zivanze zifite imiterere itandukanye ya rheological zishyirwa ahagaragara, module za metre zishobora guhindurwa cyangwa guhindurwa—ziyobowe n'ubuyobozi bw'ishyirwaho rya metre y'amazi—kugira ngo habeho gupima neza urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta n'uburemere bw'amazi hatabayeho gusimbuza sisitemu yuzuye. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kurwanya umwanda mu gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amazi n'ibisubizo birwanya kuziba bifasha gukomeza gupima neza no kugabanya igihe cyo kubungabunga metre y'amazi akoreshwa n'amavuta menshi, nubwo imiterere y'ibikorwa ihinduka.
Uburyo bwo gupima ibipimo byakozwe mu buryo bworoshye, butuma abakora ibikorwa byo gupima ibipimo bya peteroli nyinshi vuba iyo ibikorwa byo kubungabunga bisaba ko bisubirwamo. Ivugurura ryose n'impinduka mu buryo bwa modular bigaragazwa, bigamije kugenzura ko amategeko n'amabwiriza yubahirizwa mu gihe cyo kohereza lisansi mu bubiko.
Inzira yo kugera ku gupima peteroli iremereye muri iki gihe isaba guhuza neza sisitemu zo gupima hamwe n’imikorere y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga, bishyigikiwe na protocole n’imiterere y’ibikoresho bifunguye, bikozwe muri modular, kandi byagenewe gutera imbere hamwe n’imikorere y’inganda n’ibisabwa n’amategeko.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Ni iki gituma icyuma gipima ubwinshi bw'amavuta gikwiriye gukoreshwa mu kwishyura ubucuruzi bw'ibikomoka kuri lisansi?
Igipimo cy'urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta aremereye cyagenewe kwimura no gukemura ibibazo by'ubucuruzi kigomba kugera ku bipimo by'ukuri, akenshi aho gupima bidafite ishingiro riri munsi ya 0.1%. Ibi ni ingenzi kuko n'ibinyuranyo bito bishobora gutera itandukaniro rikomeye mu by'imari mu gihe cyo gucunga ingano nini ya lisansi. Igipimo cy'urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta aremereye gitanga uburyo bwo gupima ingano y'amazi, gikomeye ku bushyuhe n'ihindagurika ry'amazi, kandi kigakomeza ubuziranenge mu gihe cyose hakoreshwa cyane. Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ni ingenzi cyane; ibipimo bigomba kwemerera inyandiko zishobora gukurikiranwa, zigenzurwa kandi zigahuzwa n'amahame nk'ayavuzwe mu mabwiriza ya MARPOL Annex VI na UNECE ya IMO. Ubunyangamugayo, gukurikirana, no kwizerwa bigabanya impaka ku bikorwa kandi bikarinda impande zose z'amasezerano mu gukemura ibibazo by'ubucuruzi bw'amavuta. Ku bijyanye na sisitemu zo gupima amavuta aremereye, ibipimo by'urujya n'uruza bya Coriolis bifatwa nk'amahame ngenderwaho kuko bipima uburemere butaziguye, aho kubigereranya n'ibipimo by'ingano, bikubahiriza ubucucike n'ubushyuhe bw'amavuta aremereye.
Ni gute ibintu birwanya ihumana n'ibidafunga bishobora kongera uburyo bwo gupima mu buryo bw'amavuta akomeye?
Uburemere bwinshi bw'amavuta akoreshwa mu gupima amazi n'umwanda bitera kwirema no kuziba inzira zo gupima amazi. Uburyo bwihariye bwo kurwanya umwanda ku bipimo by'amazi bukubiyemo gukoresha irangi ry'imbere ritafata, imiterere y'ibipimo by'amazi igabanya uturere twapfuye, n'inzira zigabanya ingano y'amazi. Ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi bitoranywa kugira ngo habeho ubutare n'uburemere; icyuma kitagira umugese gikunze kugaragara kubera ko kidafata neza. Imirimo yo kwisukura mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'ibipimo—nk'imiyoboro itembagaza amazi—ifasha mu gukuraho imiyoboro ifatana. Ubu buryo butuma amazi akoreshwa mu gupima ...
Kuki gupima uburemere bw'amazi mu buryo butaziguye ari byiza kuruta uburyo bwo gupima ingano y'amazi kuri peteroli nini?
Gupima ingano y’amazi mu buryo butaziguye, nk’uko bitangwa na metero za Coriolis, ni ingenzi mu gupima ingano y’amazi meza bitewe n’ubucucike n’ubushyuhe bya peteroli nini. Ibipimo by’amazi meza, nk’ubwoko bwa turbine cyangwa ubwoko bwiza bwo kwimuka, bipima ingano y’amazi meza mu bunini bw’amazi kandi bigasaba gukosora ubucucike kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano y’amazi meza agenda—ibi byongera andi masoko y’amakosa kuko ubucucike bwa peteroli nini bukunze guhinduka bitewe n’imiterere ya chimique, amateka y’aho amazi yakoreshejwe, n’ubushyuhe bw’imikorere. Ibipimo by’amazi meza bya Coriolis bifata neza ingano nyayo y’amazi meza, kandi icyarimwe, bigatanga raporo ku bucucike nyabwo n’agaciro k’ubushyuhe, byose mu gihe nyacyo. Ubu bushobozi bukuraho amakosa yo guhindura ibintu kandi butanga ishingiro ryo gupima rijyanye n’amahame y’isoko, cyane cyane mu nzira yo kwishyura ubucuruzi bwa peteroli, aho uburemere—atari ingano—busanzwe bugena uburyo bwo kubika.
Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu gupima ingano y'amavuta akoreshwa mu bubiko bw'ikigega cy'amazi?
Uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikoresho bipima peteroli nini mu bubiko bw'ibigega bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kuri no ku kuramba kw'ibigega. Guhitamo ingano ya peteroli bigomba guhuza n'urugero rw'amazi ateganyijwe, birinda kwangirika kw'imikorere ngo bivaneho cyangwa ngo biremere cyane. Gushyiramo ni ingenzi; peteroli igomba gushyirwa ahantu amazi anyura neza—kure y'aho amazi anyura, aho anyura cyangwa anyura, bishobora gutera ibibazo by'amazi anyura. Ku bigega bibika peteroli nini, gucunga ubushyuhe bw'amavuta hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukingira cyangwa gushyushya birinda amakosa yo gupima viscosity kandi birinda ahantu hakonje hashobora gutuma amazi afungana.
Icyerekezo gikwiye, nko kwemeza ko amazi atembera hejuru mu miterere imwe n'imwe ya Coriolis, birinda imitego ya gaze. Gushyira hasi no gushyira amashanyarazi mu mwanya wayo bigabanya ibikoresho byo gupima biterwa no kubangamira ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ubuyobozi bw'ishyirwaho ry'icyuma gipima amazi mu buryo bw'ibigega byo kubikamo ibintu busaba inkunga ikomeye ku bipimo biri hagati y'umurongo n'ibiri mu gikoresho cyo kubikamo ibintu, kuko gutigita kw'ibigega bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bipimo mu gihe bitashyizwemo amazi cyangwa ngo bikosorwe neza. Intambwe zose zo gushyiraho zigomba kwandikwa kugira ngo harebwe niba bikurikirana kandi bikurikije amategeko.
Ni ibihe bikoresho bya metero bigirwa inama yo guhangana n'ahantu hakoreshwa peteroli nyinshi cyangwa zirimo kwangirika?
Ibipimo byiza by'amazi akoreshwa mu gupima peteroli biremereye byubatswe mu bikoresho birwanya ingese kugira ngo bikomeze igihe kirekire mu bidukikije birimo ubukana bwa shimi. Ibyuma bitagira ingese, cyane cyane ibipimo bya duplex na super-duplex (nk'ibipimo bya 2205 na 2507), bitanga uruvange rw'imbaraga za mekanike n'ubukana bwa ngese, bikwiranye n'amavuta arimo chloride, sulfur, n'amazi. Ibyuma byihariye bya nickel, birimo Alloy 625 na C-276, bitoranywa kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu "byanduye" cyangwa iyo biteganijwe ko byahura na hydrogen sulfide na dioxyde de carbone. Ku bijyanye n'imyanda ihumanya, nk'ibice bya catalyst biva mu bisigazwa by'amavuta, ibintu by'imbere bikomeye cyangwa irangi rya ceramic cyangwa polymeric ni ingirakamaro. Ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma bishobora gukoreshwa ahantu hadakomeye ariko bishobora gusaba igenzura rihoraho. Guhitamo ibikoresho bigomba kugaragaza isesengura ryimbitse ry'ubuhanga bw'amavuta, ubushyuhe, n'umuvuduko kugira ngo birebe ko icyuma kirwanya ingese no kwangirika mu gihe cyose cy'imikorere yacyo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2025
