ContinuousgGupima ubukana bw'ingufu z'umura bituma habaho gukurikirana neza impinduka z'ubukana zijyanye n'ubukana. Icyitegererezo cya rheological gifasha kumenya ubukana bwihariye bukenewe ku rugero rw'ubukana bwifuzwa, ni ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere y'ikigega cyo kuvanga no kwemeza ko ubukana bw'amazi buhora buhindagurika. Ubu buryo bwo guhuza ubukana bw'ingufu n'ubukana bufasha inzobere mu gutanga ubukana bugenzurwa ku bikenewe bitandukanye mu mikorere.
Gusobanukirwa Guar Gum mu mazi ashyuha hifashishijwe hydraulic fracturing
Uruhare rwa Guar Gum nk'ingufu zituma ifu irushaho kuba nziza
Polymeri karemano nka guar gum ni ingenzi mu gusya amazi bitewe n'ubushobozi bwazo bwo kongera ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gutuma proppant ihagarara neza no kuyitwara. Ikomoka ku bishyimbo bya guar, imiterere ya polysaccharide ya guar gum irushaho kumera neza mu buryo bwihuse kugira ngo ikore ibisubizo bitose - ingenzi cyane mu gutwara umucanga cyangwa ibindi bintu bitose mu miyoboro y'amabuye mu gihe cyo gusya amazi.
Uburyo bwo Kugera ku Mubyimba no Guhagarara:
- Molekile za gum zihambira mu mazi kandi zigakwirakwira, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kw'ubushyuhe hagati ya molekile n'ubugari bw'amazi. Ubu buryo bworoshye bwo kugabanya umuvuduko wo gutuza kwa propant mu mazi ashyuha mu buryo bwa hydraulic, bigatuma propant zihagarara neza kandi zigashyirwa mu mwanya wazo.
- Ibintu bihuza ibintu nka aside boric, organoboron, cyangwa organozirconium byongera ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire. Urugero, ibinyabutabire bya organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) bigumana hejuru ya 89.7% by'ubukana bwabyo bwa mbere kuri 120 °C munsi y'ubushyuhe bwinshi, birusha uburyo busanzwe kandi bitanga ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutwara propant mu binyabutabire bivanze.
- Ubwinshi bw'ibice bihuza, bugerwaho no kongera ubwinshi bw'ibice binini, bukomeza imiterere ya gel kandi bugatuma habaho ubusugire buhebuje, ndetse no mu bihe bigoye byo mu kigega.
Gukora gel vuba kwa Guar gum bituma imiterere y’ikigega cy’amazi avangavanga neza ihinduka. Ariko, irakomera ku gukata no kwibasira mikorobe; bityo rero, gutegura neza no kongeramo inyongera bikwiye birakenewe kugira ngo ikore neza.
Ifu ya Guar Gum
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Imiterere y'ingenzi ijyanye n'imikorere yo gucika kw'ibice
Ubushyuhe buhamye
Amavuta ya Guar gum agomba kugumana ubushyuhe bwinshi mu kigega. Guar gum idahinduwe itangira kwangirika hejuru ya 160°C, bigatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka ndetse no kugabanuka kwa propant suspension. Impinduka mu bya shimi—nk'ubushyuhe buvanze na sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate—bituma ubushyuhe bukomeza kwiyongera, bigatuma amazi akomeza kuba hejuru ya 200 mPa·s kuri 180°C mu gihe cy'amasaha abiri (gukata 170 s⁻¹).
Crosslinkers ni ingenzi mu gutuma ubushyuhe budahungabana:
- Organozirconium crosslinkers zigaragaza ko ubushyuhe bwinshi bugumana mu bushyuhe bwinshi ugereranyije na borate systems.
- Jeli zifatanye na borate zigira akamaro kari munsi ya 100°C ariko zitakaza imbaraga vuba cyane zirenze urugero, cyane cyane iyo zirimo biopolymer nkeya.
Inyongeramusaruro n'ibikomoka kuri shimi byahinduwe n'imiti bisunika imipaka y'ibigega by'amazi byimbitse cyane, bigatuma habaho kuvunika kw'amazi no kugenzura ubushyuhe mu buryo bwagutse.
Ubudahangarwa bwo kuyungurura
Ubudahangarwa bwo kuyungurura ni ingenzi cyane mu gukumira ibura ry'amazi mu miterere y'amazi make. Amavuta ya Guar gum, cyane cyane ahujwe n'uduce duto nka nano-ZrO₂ (zirconium dioxide), agaragaza ko umucanga uhagaze neza kandi akagabanya ibura ry'amazi. Urugero, kongeramo nano-ZrO₂ ya 0.4% bigabanya cyane gutuza kw'amazi, bigatuma uduce duto duhagarara mu gihe cy'umwuka udahinduka kandi ufite umuvuduko mwinshi.
Guar gum irusha polymer nyinshi za sintetike mu kurwanya gukata no kuyungurura, cyane cyane ahantu hari ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umunyu mwinshi. Ariko, ikibazo cy'ibisigazwa by'ibikoresho nyuma yo gushwanyagurika kwa gel kiracyari ikibazo kandi kigomba gucungwa kugira ngo hongererwe ubushobozi bwo gutwara amazi mu kigega.
Gushyiramo inyongeramusaruro nka thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) — methanol na PEG-200 — bishobora kongera imikorere yo kurwanya kuyungurura, cyane cyane mu myanda ifite hydrate. Izi ntambwe zorohereza gukira neza kwa gazi kandi zigafasha mu mikorere myiza y’ikigega cyo kuvanga amazi akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika.
Ingaruka zo Kubuza Ibumba
Kubuza ibumba kubyimba no kwimuka kw'ibumba, bigabanya kwangirika kw'ibumba mu gihe cyo kuvunika kw'amazi. Amavuta ya Guar gum atuma ibumba rikomera binyuze mu:
- Kongera ubukana no guhagarara kw'ibumba, bikagabanya urujya n'uruza rw'ibumba rushobora kwangiza ibumba.
- Kwinjira mu buryo butaziguye ku buso bw'umukara, bishobora kubuza uruhererekane rw'ibumba kwimuka.
Ibikomoka kuri guar byahinduwe—nk'ibikomoka kuri anionic bya maleic anhydride—bigabanya ingano y'amazi idashonga, bigabanya kwangirika kw'imiterere y'ibimera kandi bikongera ubuziranenge bw'ibumba. Ingano za gum za fluorine hydrophobic cationic guar na polyacrylamide-guar copolymers byongera uburyo bwo kwinjiza amazi mu mubiri, bigatanga uburyo bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe no kugira imikoranire ihamye hagati y'amazi n'ibumba.
Mu bigega bikungahaye kuri hydrate, ikoreshwa rya THIs zifite hydroxyl group (urugero,methanoli, PEG-200) bifasha kubungabunga imiterere y'amazi acikagurika, bigafasha mu buryo butaziguye kugumana ibumba no kongera umusaruro muri rusange.
Binyuze mu guhuza impinduka zigezweho za shimi n'inyongera zigamije, amazi agezweho akoreshwa mu guar gum atanga ubukana bworoshye, kudapfa kuyungurura, no kugenzura ibumba, bifasha gutwara neza propant no kwangiza bike.
Ingingo z'ibanze z'ubucucike bwa Guar Gum n'uburyo bwo kwibanda ku bintu
Isano: Guar Gum Viscosity vs Concentration
Ubushyuhe bwa gum ya Guar bugaragaza isano itaziguye, akenshi ijyanye n'ubwinshi bwayo mu bisubizo by'amazi. Uko ubushyuhe bwa gum ya Guar bwiyongera, ubushyuhe bwa gum ya Guar bugenda bwiyongera, bigatuma ubushobozi bw'amazi bwo guhagarika no gutwara ibintu biyikomokaho mu bikorwa byo gushwanyaguza amazi. Urugero, amazi afite ubushyuhe bwa gum ya Guar kuva kuri 0.2% kugeza kuri 0.6% (w/w) ashobora guhindurwa kugira ngo asa n'ubushyuhe cyangwa ubuki, bikaba ingirakamaro mu gusunika prop ya Gum mu bigega bifite amazi make n'afite amazi menshi.
Gupima neza gum ya guar bipima ubukana bw'amazi kugira ngo ubushobozi bwo gutwara propant burusheho kwiyongera no koroha. Gupima cyane bishobora gutuma propant ihagarara vuba kandi bigagabanya ubugari bwo kwangirika; gupima cyane bishobora kubangamira urujya n'uruza rw'amazi no kongera ikiguzi cyo gukora. Urugero, gum ya guar ya 0.5 wt% muri hydrogels yongera ubushobozi bwo gukataho hafi 40%. Ariko, kuri 0.75 wt%, ubusugire bw'umuyoboro buragabanuka, bigagabanya uburyo bwo guhagarika propant no gutwara.
Ingaruka z'igipimo cyo gukata no gushyuha ku bushyuhe
Guar gum solutions zigaragaza imyitwarire yo kugabanya cyane shear: viscosity igabanuka uko umuvuduko wo gukata wiyongera. Iyi miterere ni ingenzi mu gukata hydraulic, bigatuma ipompa neza mu gihe cyo gukata cyane no gutwara propant ikomeye ku muvuduko muto w'amazi. Urugero, mu gihe cyo gutera vuba, viscosity ya guar gum iragabanuka, bigatuma amazi agenda mu miyoboro no mu kuvunika. Uko amazi agenda agabanuka mu miyoboro yo kuvunika, viscosity iragaruka, ikomeza guhagarara no kugabanya umuvuduko wo gutuza.
Ubushyuhe nabwo bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka k'amazi. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, polymer za gum zihura n'ubushyuhe bwangiritse, kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe no gukomera. Isesengura ry'ubushyuhe rigaragaza ko gum ya sulfonated irwanya gutakaza ubushyuhe kurusha imiterere idahinduka, igumana ubushobozi bwo gutwara propant ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 90–100°C. Nyamara, ku bushyuhe bukabije bw'ikigega kiri hejuru y'iki gipimo, ubwoko bwinshi bwa gum ya gum (harimo hydroxypropyl guar cyangwa HPG) bugaragaza kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe no guhagarara, bigasaba impinduka cyangwa ingamba zo kongeramo.
Umunyu mwinshi n'ingano ya iyoni mu mazi y'ibanze (urugero, amazi yo mu nyanja) bigira ingaruka ku kugabanya ubushyuhe no ku kudahinduka. Umunyu mwinshi, cyane cyane iyo hari cations nyinshi, bishobora kugabanya cyane kubyimba no kugorana kw'amazi, bikagira ingaruka ku buryo propant itwara neza.
Ingaruka z'impinduka mu gum ya Guar
Guhindura gum ya guar bituma habaho gukosora ubushyuhe, gushonga, no kwihanganira ubushyuhe, bigatuma amazi acika neza. Gushyira sulfonate mu matsinda ya sulfonate muri gum ya guar yongera ubushyuhe bw'amazi kandi bigatanga izamuka rya 33% ry'ubushyuhe, byemejwe na IR, DSC, TGA, na elemental analysis. Gum ya guar ya sulfonate ikomeza ubushyuhe no kugumana ubushyuhe ndetse no mu duce twa saline cyangwa alkaline, irusha gum idahinduka mu bihe bigoye byo mu kigega.
Hydroxypropylation (HPG) kandi yongera ubukana bw'ibinure kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo gushonga, cyane cyane mu mazi afite imbaraga nyinshi za iyoni. Gel za HPG zigaragaza ubukana n'ubukonje buri hagati ya pH 7 na 12.5, zigahinduka zikagera ku miterere ya Newtonian gusa kuri pH >13. Mu mazi yo mu nyanja, HPG na guar gum bigumana ubukana bwiza kurusha izindi gum zahinduwe nka carboxymethyl guar (CMG), bikongera ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byo mu mazi no mu mazi y'umunyu.
Guhuza, akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibintu nka aside boric, organoboron, cyangwa organozirconium, ni ubundi buryo bwo gukomeza imiterere y'urusobe rwa guar gum. Kongera ubucucike bw'ibice bihuza byongera imbaraga za gel n'ubucucike, ingenzi cyane ku gufunga proppant ku bushyuhe bwinshi no gukata. Guhitamo igikoresho cyiza cyo guhuza n'ubucucike biterwa n'ubushyuhe bwihariye bw'ikigega n'imiterere y'amazi. Ingero zigaragaza uko ibintu bimeze zituma abahanga mu by'imashini bashobora gupima ubwinshi bw'ibice bihuza n'ibice bihuza kugira ngo habeho rheology y'amazi acitse ndetse no kugenzura ubucucike.
Imbogamizi n'ibisubizo byo kugenzura ubukana bw'amazi mu buryo nyabwo mu nganda
Gutsinda Ibipimo no Kuvanga Ingorane
Gutunganya ibyuma bya guar gum mu nganda bihura n'imbogamizi zihoraho mu gupima ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo. Guhumanya imiterere y'ibice bipima ...
Imiterere y’ibigega ihindagurika, nko gukata amazi mu buryo budahindagurika, ubushyuhe buhindagurika, no gukwirakwiza ibintu mu buryo budahuje, nabyo bigira ingaruka ku kugenzura ubushyuhe. Urugero, kuvanga ibigega bidafite imiterere myiza bishobora gusiga ibigega bitavanze, bigatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka kandi amazi akaba make. Gutunganya imiterere y’ibigega—binyuze mu mamashini avangavanze n’amamashini avangavanze—bitera gukwirakwira mu buryo bungana kandi bigatanga igipimo nyacyo mu gihe nyacyo. Gupima igipimo biracyari ingenzi; gupima buri gihe mu buryo busanzwe hakoreshejwe amahame akurikiranwa bifasha kurwanya guhindagurika no gutakaza imikorere mu gihe kirekire cy’imikorere.
Ingamba zo Guhuza Ibice Binini mu Miterere y'Ibintu
Kugira ngo habeho ubukana buhamye bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum mu buryo bunini bwo kuvanga bisaba uburyo bwo kugenzura bwikora kandi bwikora. Viscometers ziri ku murongo zihujwe na PLC (programmable logic controller) process automation zemerera guhindura umuvuduko wo kuvanga, dosing y'inyongera, n'ubushyuhe. Imiterere ya IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) ituma hafatwa amakuru mu buryo buhoraho, hagakurikiranwa mu buryo nyabwo, kandi hagakorwa ibikorwa byo guhanura—imiterere yo kwiga imashini iteganya ko ibintu bizahinduka kandi igashyira mu bikorwa impinduka mbere yuko ubukana buhinduka butari mu buryo bugenwa.
Sisitemu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zigabanya cyane itandukaniro ry’itsinda ry’ibikoresho. Inyigo ziheruka zigaragaza ko itandukaniro ry’ubushyuhe rigabanuka kugeza kuri 97% naho imyanda y’ibikoresho ikagabanukaho 3.5% iyo igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo rihari. Gupima ibikoresho bihuza ibyuma byikora—harimo aside boric, organoboron, na organozirconium—hamwe no kugenzura ubushyuhe neza, bitanga imikorere isubirwamo y’amazi atwara propanti. Isuzuma ryakozwe mu kuvanga guar gum y’ibiribwa ryerekana ko moderi zikoresha IIoT zirenze uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki, bigatuma propanti ihagarara neza kandi ikagabanya umuvuduko wo gutuza, bikaba ari ngombwa kugira ngo hydraulic fracturing ikore neza.
Ingamba zo kugabanya itandukaniro ry’ibice bitandukanye birimo guhitamo no kugenzura neza inyongera zihuza kandi zigatuza. Guhuza imiti igabanya ubushyuhe bwa thermodynamic hydrate (THIs) nka methanol cyangwa PEG-200 byongera ubukana bw’ubushyuhe n’ubusugire bwa gel, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Ariko, ingano yabyo igomba kunozwa—gupima cyane bikongera ubukana bw’ibice bigabanya ubushyuhe kandi bikangiza ubushobozi bwo gutwara propanti, bigasaba uburinganire bwitondewe n’ibintu bifasha mu kugabanya ubushyuhe.
Gukemura ibibazo: Gukemura imiterere y'amazi adasobanutse
Iyo gushyushya amazi mu buryo butunguranye birenze ubushobozi bw'imikorere, intambwe nyinshi zo gukemura ibibazo ni ngombwa. Gushyushya amazi mu buryo butuzuye no gushyushya gum mu buryo butunguranye akenshi bituma habaho uduce duto, bigatuma gushyushya amazi mu buryo butunguranye no kugabanuka kw'ingufu. Kuvanga gum mbere y'uko ikoreshwa cyangwa gukwirakwiza ifu mu bintu bitari amazi nka glycol bishobora gukumira gushyushya amazi no guteza imbere uburyo bumwe bwo gutegura umuti. Uburyo bwo kongeramo amazi mu buryo bwihuse kandi bukorwa mu byiciro bukoreshwa cyane kugira ngo hirindwe kwiyongera gutunguranye kw'amazi mu buryo butunguranye; iyi nzira ituma habaho kuvanga neza no kugabanya ikorwa ry'ibishingwe mu bigega bivanze amazi mu buryo butunguranye.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge bishingiye ku gukurikirana imikoranire hagati y’inyongeramusaruro no kugenzura iyangirika riterwa n’ubushyuhe cyangwa shear. Uburyo bwa microscopic na spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) bugaragaza imiterere y’ibisigazwa n’igabanuka rya gel, bigaragaza ibibazo byo gukora. Guhindura bishobora gusaba guhindura ibyuma bihuza—urugero, sisitemu za organozirconium, zigumana ibirenga 89% by’ubushyuhe bw’ibanze mu bihe bikomeye (>120°C, shear nyinshi), nziza ku mazi y’ikigega cy’amazi yimbitse cyane. Mu gihe ukoresha ibintu bikomeza guhindagurika nka methanol na PEG-200, ubunini bugomba guhindurwa neza; ubunini buke bugahagarara, ariko uburenze urugero bushobora kugabanya ubushyuhe no kwangiza ubushobozi bwo gutwara propant.
Imiterere y’amazi idasobanutse neza isaba ko habaho igisubizo cy’igihe gito giturutse ku byuma bipima amazi biri kuri interineti no kugenzura uburyo amazi akoreshwa. Gutunganya no gusukura, hamwe no kubungabunga ibintu mbere y’igihe, bikemura ibitagenda neza kandi bikongera icyizere cyo gupima ubukana bw’amazi, bigakoresha neza imiterere y’ikigega cyo kuvanga, imiterere y’amazi avunika, no guhagarika propant igihe kirekire mu bikorwa byo gusohora amazi hakoreshejwe hydraulic.
gum ifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo kuyihagarika no kuyishyiramo amazi
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Viscometer zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo mu bwoko bwa "In-line Automated Viscometers"
Mu bikorwa byo gushwanyagurika hakoreshejwe hydraulic,viscometer ziri ku murongoIshyirwa mu miyoboro y’ibigega bivangavanga itanga amakuru ahoraho y’ubukana. Uburyo bugezweho—harimo imashini zikoresha uburyo bwo kwigira hamwe n’uburyo bwo kubona ibintu muri mudasobwa—bupima ubukana bwa zeru buturuka ku ishusho y’amazi cyangwa igisubizo gihindagurika, bukubiyemo kuva ku gushonga kugeza ku gushonga cyane. Ubu buryo bushobora gushyirwa mu igenzura ry’imikorere ryikora, bigabanyiriza uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki.
Urugero:
- Viscometer zishingiye kuri mudasobwa zikora ku buryo bworoshye gusuzuma ubukana bw'amazi binyuze mu gusesengura imikorere y'amazi mu gacupa kari mu gikoresho gihindagurika cyangwa gitembera, bigatanga ibisubizo byihuse ku buryo bwo gukora cyangwa gutanga ibitekerezo nyuma yaho.
Gukurikirana Guar Gum mu gihe nyacyo
Kugumana urugero rwiza rw'igufwa mu gihe cyo kuvanga bigabanya ihinduka ry'ingufu kandi bigafasha imikorere myiza y'amazi yo gushwanyagurika. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura urugero rw'igufwa mu gihe nyacyo rikubiyemo:
Ikoranabuhanga rya SLIM (Ross Solids/Liquid Injection Manifold):SLIM itera ifu ya guar gum munsi y'ubuso bw'amazi, ihita iyivanga n'amazi binyuze mu kuvanga cyane. Iyi miterere igabanya ubwiyongere bw'amazi n'ubutaka buterwa no kuvanga cyane, bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw'amazi muri buri cyiciro.
Non-Nuclear Slurry DensubwizaMguter:Ibipimo by'ubucucike byashyizwe mu matangi yo kuvanga bikurikirana imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'impinduka mu bucucike uko guar gum yongerwamo kandi igakwirakwizwa, bigatuma habaho gukurikirana buri gihe ubucucike no guhita bikosorwa.
Ishusho ya Ultrasonic ijyanye na Rheometry ("Rheo-ultrasound"):Ubu buryo bugezweho bufata amashusho yihuta cyane ya ultrasound (agera ku mashusho 10.000 ku masegonda) hamwe n'amakuru ya viscosity ya rheometric. Bufasha gukurikirana icyarimwe ingano y'ibice byaho, igipimo cyo gukata, n'ubudahangarwa, ingenzi mu kumenya uruvange rudahuye n'impinduka zihuse mu bisubizo bya guar gum.
Ingero:
- Ibyuma bipima ubukana bw'amashanyarazi bimenyesha abakoresha niba kongeramo ifu byateje ihinduka ry'ibipimo, bigatuma bikosorwa ako kanya.
- Sisitemu za Rheo-ultrasound zigaragaza ibintu bivanze, zigaragaza ko aho amazi ahurira cyangwa ko amazi atatanye neza bishobora kwangiza ubuziranenge bw'amazi avunika.
Ibikoresho byo Gukurikirana Ibikorwa n'Ibikorwa Bisanzwe
Uburyo nk'ubuViscometers zo mu nganda za Lonnmetergutanga uburyo bufatika kandi bwizewe bwo gupima ubunini bw'ibimera mu bidukikije. Ibi bikoresho birakwiriye mu igenzura risanzwe mu gihe cyo kuvanga, mu gihe ibikorwa biguma mu byiciro byagenwe.
Amabwiriza agenga igenzura ry'ubuziranenge n'ihuzwa ry'imikoreshereze
Uburyo bwo gupima ubukana n'ubwinshi bw'ibipimo bugomba kwemezwa kugira ngo habeho ubwizerwe n'ubuziranenge:
- Uburyo bwo gupima:Gupima buri gihe ukurikije ibipimo bizwi bitanga uburenganzira bwo gukora neza no guhuza neza kwa sensor.
- Kwemeza imashini yigiraho:Ibikoresho bya viscometer bishingiye ku kureba kuri mudasobwa bikorerwa amahugurwa no gupima imiyoboro y'ubwonko kugira ngo byemeze imikorere yabyo mu gupima guar gum no mu mazi atandukanye.
- Guhuza Ibijyanye n'Ibizamini mu gihe nyacyo:Guhuza na sisitemu zo kugenzura ibikorwa bituma habaho impinduka, kumenya amakosa, no gusubiza vuba ibitagenda neza, bigashyigikira ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa ndetse no kubahiriza amategeko.
Muri make, ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ubukana bw'ingufu n'ubwinshi bw'ingufu bushingiye ku guhitamo no guhuza ikoranabuhanga rikwiye. Ibyuma bizunguruka, ibikoresho bigezweho byo mu murongo, ikoranabuhanga ryo kuvanga SLIM, na rheo-ultrasound bitanga umugongo w'ibyumviro, mu gihe ibikoresho ngiro na protocole zikomeye za QA bitanga imikorere yizewe mu buryo bwose bwo kuvanga ingufu.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima mu kugenzura buri gihe mu byuma bivangavanga
Amahame yo gupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko
Isuzuma rihoraho ry’ubucucike mu matangi yo kuvanga ni ingenzi mu kugenzura imiterere y’amazi akoreshwa mu guar gum. Ibikoresho bya viscometer bishyirwa mu buryo burambuye mu nganda kugira ngo bitange amakuru nyayo ku bucucike bwa guar gum. Ibi byuma bikora neza mu nzira y’amazi, bikuraho gukenera gupimwa n’intoki bityo bigabanye gutinda gusubiza.
ViisutiyetionalviscometerIfite ubushobozi bwo gupima amazi atari aya Newtoniya bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gufata ibisubizo by'amazi bihindagurika. Ibikoresho nka viscometer yo mu murongo byagenewe gushyirwa mu murongo kandi bitanga ingero zihoraho zijyanye n'ibipimo bitandukanye n'ubucucike, nk'uko bigaragara mu gutegura amazi ya hydraulic fracturing. Ubu buryo burahebuje mu guar gum bitewe n'imyitwarire yayo yo gukata no gupima ubucucike bwagutse, bigatuma amakuru aboneka neza kandi akizewe.
Isuzuma rihoraho ry'uburyo ibintu byitabwaho
Kugira ngo ugere ku musaruro mwiza w'amazi avunika bisaba kugenzura neza ubwinshi bw'amashinya. Ibi bigerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubwinshi bw'amashinya buri gihe nkaACOMP (Gukurikirana byikora buri gihe kuri interineti ibijyanye na polimeri)tekiniki. ACOMP ikoresha imashini zikoresha pompe zo mu kirere, imashini zivangavanze, n'ibikoresho bipima urumuri byo mu kirere kugira ngo bitange imiterere y'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo n'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bw'imbere mu gihe ibisubizo bya polymer bitegurwa mu matangi manini yo kuvanga.
Gutoranya neza ibipimo mu bidukikije bihindagurika bikubiyemo icyitegererezo cya sisitemu yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu kugira ngo hasobanurwe ihindagurika ry’ibipimo mu gihe nyacyo. Isesengura ry’impinduka rigaragaza isano nyayo hagati y’ibyitegererezo by’inyigisho n’amakuru y’igerageza, bitanga ubumenyi bufatika bwo gutegura umuti wa guar gum mu buryo buhoraho. Ubu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga bukwiriye cyane cyane mu kugenzura vuba ibipimo, gukoresha ingero zihuye n’izisanzwe, no kugabanya ihindagurika ry’ibipimo.
Guhuza na sisitemu zo gupima imikorere zikora ku buryo bwikorairushaho kunoza imicungire y'ibipimo. LonnmeterIgipimo cy'ubucucike bwa ultrasoundIshyirwa mu kigega cyangwa mu muyoboro, itanga ibitekerezo bihoraho; pompe zikora ku buryo bwikora zihindura igipimo cy’ingano y’ibipimo hakurikijwe amakuru y’ibipimo by’imashini, zigatuma ubukana bw’ingufu za guar gum n’ubwinshi bwazo bihura n’uburyo amazi yacitse. Ubu buryo bugabanya uburyo abantu babikora kandi bugatuma habaho igikorwa cyo gukosora byihuse ku bice bitari ibyakozwe.
Ingaruka z'inyongeramusaruro n'impinduka mu mikorere ku kuzura kwa Guar Gum
Guhindura Sulfonation
Sulfonation ishyira amatsinda ya sulfonate kuri guar gum, bigatuma ubushyuhe n'ubushonge bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum bikoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika kw'amazi birushaho kwiyongera. Imiterere myiza yo gukora ibiza bisaba kugenzura neza ubushyuhe, igihe, n'ingano ya reagent. Urugero, gukoresha sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate kuri 26°C, hamwe n'igihe cyo gukora ibiza, 1.0% by'amasaha.NaOH, na 0.5% ya sulfonate ikoresheje guar gum mass, bituma ubwiyongere bwa 33% mu buryo bugaragara bw’ubushyuhe n’igabanuka ry’ibidashongesha amazi ku kigero cya 0.42%. Izi mpinduka zongerera ubushobozi bwo gutwara propanti mu mazi acukura kandi zigashyigikira ubushyuhe n’ubudahangarwa bw’ingufu.
Uburyo bundi bwo gukoresha sulfonation—nk'ubushyuhe bukoresheje sulfure trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex kuri 60°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 2.9, hakoreshejwe aside chlorosulfonique ya 3.1 mL—nabwo bugaragaza ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibice bito bidashobora gushonga. Izi ntambwe zigabanya ibisigazwa mu bigega bivanga amazi ya hydraulic fracturing, bigabanya ibyago byo kuziba no koroshya gusubira inyuma kw'amazi. FTIR, DSC, n'isesengura ry'ibanze byemeza izi mpinduka mu miterere, aho zisimburana cyane ku mwanya wa C-6. Urwego rwo gusimburana no kugabanuka k'uburemere bwa molekile bitanga ubushobozi bwo gushonga neza, imikorere ya antioxidant, no kongera ubushyuhe neza—ibipimo by'ingenzi byo kugenzura neza ubushyuhe bw'amazi ya fracturing no kugenzura ubushyuhe.
Uburyo bwo guhuza imiti n'imikorere yayo mu kuyitunganya
Ubushyuhe bwa gum mu mazi avunguka bugira akamaro kanini mu gushyiramo ibintu bihuza. Organozirconium na borate-based cross-linkers ni byo bikunze kugaragara cyane:
Organozirconium Cross-links:Ibikoresho bya organozirconium bikundwa cyane mu bigega bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, byongera ubushyuhe bwa guar gels. Ku bushyuhe bwa 120°C na 170 s⁻¹ shear, hydroxypropyl guar gum ifatanye na organozirconium igumana hejuru ya 89.7% by'ubushyuhe bwayo bwa mbere. Ishusho ya SEM yerekana imiterere y'urusobe rw'imirongo ifite imyenge iri munsi ya 12 μm, ishyigikira uburyo bwo guhagarara neza kwa proppant no kugabanya umuvuduko wo gutuza kwa proppant mu gucika kw'amazi.
Borate Cross-linkers:Aside boric na organoboron cross-linkers gakondo bigaragaza ubushobozi ku bushyuhe buringaniye. Umusaruro ushobora kwiyongera hakoreshejwe inyongeramusaruro nka polyethyleneimine (PEI) cyangwa nanocellulose. Urugero, nanocellulose-boron crosslinkers zigumana viscosity isigaye hejuru ya 50 mPa·s kuri 110°C mu gihe cy'iminota 60 munsi y'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigaragaza ubushyuhe bukomeye n'ubudahangarwa bw'umunyu. Hydrogen ihuza na nanocellulose ifasha mu gukomeza imiterere ya viscoelastic ikenewe kugira ngo propant itware ubushobozi mu mazi avunguka.
Guhuza ibyuma mu gum bituma habaho kunoza uburyo bwo gukata no gushya, byombi bikaba ari ingenzi mu gupompa no gusunika propant. Hydrogels zihuza ibyuma zigaragaza ko zigarura ubukana bukomeye bwa thixotropic, bivuze ko ubukana n'imiterere bisubizwa inyuma nyuma yo gukata cyane—ni ingenzi mu gihe cyo gushyira amazi no gusukura mu bikorwa byo gukata amazi.
Ingaruka zigereranywa z'uburyo bw'amazi adafite polymeric ugereranije n'uburyo bw'amazi akoreshwa mu gupima polymeric
Sisitemu z'amazi zikoresha polymer n'izidakoresha polymer zigaragaza imiterere itandukanye ya rheological, zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere myiza y'ubwikorezi bw'amazi:
Sisitemu za polimeri:Ibi birimo polimeri karemano (guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar) na polimeri zikoze mu buryo bw'ubukonje. Amavuta ya polimeri ashobora guhindurwa kugira ngo agire ubukonje, aho yinjirira, kandi agire ubukonje. Copolymers zigezweho za amphoteric (urugero, ATP-I) zituma habaho kugumana ubukonje no guhagarara neza mu buryo bw'imitsi mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umunyu mwinshi ugereranije n'uburyo bwa kera bwa polyanionic cellulose. Ubukonje n'ubukonje byiyongera byongera uburyo proppant ihagarara, bigagabanya umuvuduko wo gutembera, kandi bigatunganya imiterere y'ikigega cyo kuvanga amazi akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika. Ariko, ubukonje bwinshi bushobora kubangamira uburyo proppant itwara mu buryo budakoresha imbaraga nyinshi keretse iyo bipimwe neza.
Sisitemu zidafite polymer (zishingiye ku binyabutabire):Ibi byishingikiriza ku bikoresho bya surfactants bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya viscoelastic aho gukoresha polymer. Ibikoresho bikoresha surfactants bitanga ibisigazwa bike, bisubira inyuma vuba, kandi bigatwara neza propants, cyane cyane mu bigega bidasanzwe aho gusukura ibisigazwa ari byo byibanze. Nubwo izi sisitemu zitanga ubukana buke bushoboka kurusha polymers, zikora neza mu bijyanye no guhagarika propants kandi zikagabanya ibyago byo kuziba mu bigega bivanga amazi hakoreshejwe hydraulic fracturing.
Guhitamo hagati y’amazi akoreshwa mu gutandukanya polymer n’atari ayo gukoresha polymer biterwa n’uburyo busabwa hagati y’ubushyuhe, imikorere myiza yo gusukura, ingaruka ku bidukikije, n’ibisabwa mu gutwara propanti. Sisitemu zivanze zihuza polymer n’ibintu bikoreshwa mu gutandukanya polymer n’ibikoreshwa mu gutandukanya amashanyarazi birimo kugaragara kugira ngo bikoreshe ubushyuhe bwinshi no kugarura amazi vuba. Isuzuma rya rheological—rikoresheje uburyo bwo gutandukanya amashanyarazi n’amazi—ritanga ubumenyi ku mikorere ya thixotropic na pseudoplastic, bifasha mu kunoza uburyo bwo gukora imiterere y’amazi mu buryo bwihariye.
Ingamba zo kunoza uburyo bwo gucika kw'amazi n'ubushobozi bwo kuyatwara
Imyitwarire y'iby'imitsi n'ubwikorezi bw'ibintu bidasanzwe
Gukoresha neza gum viscosity ni ingenzi mu kugenzura umuvuduko wo gutembera kwa proppant mu gutembera kwa hydraulic. Gukoresha amazi menshi bigabanya umuvuduko aho uduce twa proppant twinjira, byongera amahirwe yo kwimurwa neza mu rusobe rw'amagufwa. Guhuza ibyuma byongera ubukana binyuze mu gukora imiterere ikomeye ya gel; urugero, hydroxypropyl guar fluids ya organozirconium-crosslinked ikora urusobe rw'amagufwa rufite imyenge iri munsi ya 12 μm, ibyo bikaba birushaho kunoza umuvuduko wo gutembera ugereranije na organoboron systems.
Gutunganya igipimo cy’igishishwa cya guar bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bucucike bw’ibisubizo bya guar gum. Uko ubucucike bwa polymer bwiyongera, ni nako ubucucike bw’ibishishwa bya gel bugenda bwiyongera, ibyo bigabanya ubucucike bwa proppant kandi bigatuma ahantu hashyirwa harushaho kuba heza. Urugero: kongera ubucucike bw’ibishishwa bya crosslinker mu mazi ya HPG byongera ubucucike buri hejuru ya 89% mu gihe cyo gukata ubushyuhe bwinshi (120°C), bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gutwara proppant burushaho kuba bwiza ndetse no mu bihe bigoye byo mu kigega.
Amabwiriza yo Guhindura Imiterere
Ingamba zishingiye ku makuru ubu zituma habaho kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo ubukana bw'amazi avunika n'uburyo acukurwa. Imashini zikoresha uburyo bwo kwiga—ishyamba ryihariye n'igiti cy'icyemezo—zihanura ibipimo bya rheological nka viscometer bisomwa ako kanya, bisimbura ibizamini bya laboratwari bitinze kandi bihoraho. Mu buryo bufatika, ibigega bivanga amazi avunika hakoreshejwe hydraulic bifite uburyo bujyanye n'amategeko hamwe n'ibikoresho bya piezoelectric bipima ubukana bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum uko imiterere y'amazi ihinduka, hamwe no gukosora amakosa binyuze mu ihinduka ry'uburyo bwo gukora.
Abakoresha bagenzura ubushyuhe n'ubwinshi bw'amazi aho ari, hanyuma bagahindura urugero rwa guar gum, crosslinkers, cyangwa izindi thickeners hashingiwe ku buryo sensor ikora. Uku guhinduranya igihe cyose biguruka bituma amazi yo gushwanyagurika agumana ubushyuhe bwiza bw'amazi yo gushwanyagurika ku buryo proppant ihagarara nta gihe cyo guhagarara. Urugero, gupima ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu buryo butaziguye bushyirwa muri sisitemu zo kugenzura bituma amazi ahinduka, bigatuma proppant ihagarara neza uko ibipimo by'amazi cyangwa ibikorwa bihinduka.
Ingaruka zihuriweho hamwe n'inyongeramusaruro z'ibumba n'ubushyuhe
Ibikoresho bikomeza ibumba n'ibindi bikoresho bikomeza ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga ubushyuhe bw'ibumba mu duce twa shale n'ahantu hashyuha cyane. Ibikoresho bikomeza ibumba—nk'ibikomoka kuri sulfonated guar—birinda kubyimba no kwimuka kw'ibumba; ibi birinda ubushyuhe bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum kubura gitunguranye binyuze mu kugabanya imikoranire n'ubwoko bwa ionic mu miterere yabyo. Ifite ubushyuhe busanzwe, sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–guar gum yahinduwe, itanga ubushyuhe bw'imbere bukwiriye kuvunika kandi ikarwanya ibitavangwa n'amazi, ikomeza imiterere ya gel no gusunika proppant neza ndetse no mu miterere y'ibumba ikungahaye ku ibumba.
Ibifasha mu kubungabunga ubushyuhe, harimo ibitera imbaraga mu gupima ubushyuhe bwa supramolecular hamwe n'ibibuza ubushyuhe bwa thermodynamic hydrate (urugero,methanoli, PEG-200), birinda kwangirika kwa viscosity hejuru ya 160°C. Mu buryo bw'amazi bushingiye ku munyu n'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane, izi nyongeramusaruro zituma viscosity iguma hejuru ya 200 mPa·s munsi ya 180°C shear, irenze kure viscosifiers gakondo za guar gum.
Ingero zirimo:
- Ishinya ya guar ifite sulfonatedkugira ngo ibumba rishobore kwihanganira ubushyuhe.
- Organozirconium crosslinkskugira ngo ubushyuhe bukomeze kuba bwiza cyane.
- PEG-200nk'ikinyabutabire cya THI cyo kongera imikorere y'amazi no kugabanya ibisigazwa.
Ayo mabwiriza n'amapaki y'inyongera byemerera abakoresha kunoza imiterere y'ibigega byo kuvanga ibinyabiziga mu gusohora amazi no guhindura uburyo bwo gupima ubukana bwa guar gum kugira ngo bukomeze kuba bwiza kandi bukomeze kuba bwiza.gupima ubucucikeIngaruka ni ubushobozi bwo gutwara propant bwiza kandi ikwirakwira neza mu buryo buhoraho, ndetse no mu bidukikije bikomeye cyane.
Guhuza Guar Gum Viscosity na Proppant Restricting Velocity and Fracturing Efficiency
Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki ku bijyanye no gufunga Proppant
Guar gum viscosity igira uruhare rutaziguye mu kugenzura umuvuduko wo gutembera kwa proppant mu gihe cyo gucika kw'amazi. Uko ubukana bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum bwiyongera, imbaraga zo gukurura zikora ku duce twa proppant ziyongera, bigabanya cyane umuvuduko wazo wo gutembera. Mu by'ukuri, amazi afite ubwinshi bwa guar gum kandi afite imiterere myiza yo gutembera—harimo n'ayahinduwe hifashishijwe inyongera za polymer na fibre—bitanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara proppant neza, bigatuma uduce duhagaze dukomeza gukwirakwira neza mu rusobe rw'ibice aho kwiteranya hasi.
Ubushakashatsi bwa laboratwari bwerekanye ko, ugereranije n'amazi ya Newtonian, ibisubizo bya guar gel bigabanya umuvuduko muke wo guterura propant, bituruka ku kwiyongera kwa viscosity n'ingaruka zo gushinyagura. Urugero, gukuba kabiri igipimo cya guar gum bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko wo guterura, bigatuma propant ikomeza guhagarikwa igihe kirekire. Kongeramo fibres birushaho kubangamira sedimentation binyuze mu gukora urusobe rumeze nk'urushundura, bigateza imbere ahantu hamwe ho gushyira propant. Modeli na coefficients byakozwe kugira ngo bihanure izi ngaruka mu bihe bitandukanye byo kuvunika no guterura, byemeza ubufatanye hagati ya rheology y'amazi na propant suspension.
Mu gihe ubugari buhuye neza n'umurambararo w'icyuma gikingira, gufungana bigira ingaruka ku kudindiza gutuza, bikongera inyungu zo gukoresha uburyo bwo gukingira bukoresha imbaraga nyinshi. Ariko, ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kugabanya kugenda kw'amazi, bigashobora kugabanya uburebure bw'igikingira gikingira kandi byongera ibyago byo kurema ibisigazwa bishobora gushyira mu kaga ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu mu buryo butunguranye.
Kongera Ubugari n'Uburebure bw'Imvune
Guhindura ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire bya guar gum bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ikwirakwira ry'amagufwa mu gihe cyo gushwanyagurika kw'amazi. Amavuta afite ubukana bwinshi akunze gutera amagufwa manini bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya igitutu cyo gufunga no gukwirakwiza imiyoboro mu rutare. Imiterere y'amajwi y'amakuru (CFD) hamwe no kugenzura imyuka y'amajwi byemeza ko ubukana bwinshi butuma habaho imiterere y'amagufwa igoye cyane kandi ubugari burushaho kwiyongera.
Ariko, gutandukana hagati y’uburebure bw’ubushyuhe n’ubugari bw’ubushyuhe bigomba gucungwa neza. Nubwo ubushyuhe bunini bworohereza gushyira propanti neza no kuyobora neza, amazi menshi ashobora gusohora umuvuduko vuba, bikabangamira iterambere ry’ubushyuhe burebure. Igereranya ry’ubushyuhe rigaragaza ko kugabanya ubushyuhe mu mbibi zigenzurwa bituma umuntu yinjira cyane, bigatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka butuma yongera uburyo bwo kwinjira mu kigega. Bityo, ubushyuhe bugomba kunozwa—ntibwakongerwa—hashingiwe ku bwoko bw’amabuye, ingano y’ubushyuhe, n’ingamba z’imikorere.
Guhindura imiterere y'amazi avunika, harimo no gukata no gukata neza bitewe no guhindura gum, bigena imiterere y'imyanya ya mbere n'uburyo ikura nyuma yaho. Igerageza ryakozwe mu bigega bya karubone ryemeza ko guhindura ingano y'imyanya ya karubone, kongeramo ibintu bitanga ubushyuhe, cyangwa gushyiraho ubundi buryo bushingiye kuri surfactant bishobora kunoza ikwirakwira ry'imyanya yavunika, bikongera ubugari n'uburebure bitewe n'intego yo kuyitera.
Guhuza na downhole operational parameters
Gur gum viscosity igomba gucungwa mu gihe nyacyo kuko ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bihindagurika mu gihe cyo gucikagurika kw'amazi. Ubushyuhe bwinshi mu bujyakuzimu bushobora kugabanya gur gum viscosity, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kuyihagarika. Gukoresha crosslinkers, thermal stabilizers, hamwe n'ibindi bikoresho bigezweho—nk'ibibuza thermodynamic hydrate—bifasha mu kugumana gur gum viscosity nziza, cyane cyane mu bigega bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Iterambere riherutse gukorwa mu buhanga bwo gupima ubushyuhe, harimo no gupima imiyoboro y'amazi no guhindura imiterere y'amazi, rituma abakoresha bashobora gukurikirana no guhindura ubushyuhe bw'amazi acikagurika mu buryo buhindagurika. Urugero, ibigega bivanga amazi acikagurika mu buryo bwa hydraulic fracturing fluid bihuza ibikoresho bipima igihe nyacyo kugira ngo bikurikirane impinduka mu bushyuhe kandi binatange inyongera ya guar gum cyangwa stabilizers uko bikenewe, bigamije gutuma ubushobozi bwo gutwara propant buhora buhagaze.
Bamwe mu bakoresha ibyuma bongera cyangwa basimbuza guar gum bakoresheje HVFR cyangwa polymers zikora ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo ubushyuhe bukomeze neza kandi bigabanye ibyago byo gusigara. Izi sisitemu zindi zikoresha amazi zigaragaza ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gukuba no kurwanya kwangirika kw'ibice, zigakomeza kuba nziza cyane ku buryo propant suspension ihagarara ndetse no mu gihe cy'umwobo mwinshi.
Ibipimo by'imikorere nk'ingano ya propanti, ubwinshi bw'amazi, umuvuduko w'amazi, n'imiterere y'amavunika bihuzwa n'ingamba zo kugenzura ubucucike. Gukoresha neza ibi bipimo bituma amazi avunika ashobora gukomeza gutwara propanti ku burebure n'ubugari bw'amavunika, bigabanye ibyago byo kuziba, gufunga inzira, cyangwa gupfukirana ku buryo budahagije. Guhindura ubucucike ntibikomeza gusa imikorere y'amavunika ahubwo binanoza urujya n'uruza rwa hydrocarbon mu gace karimo umwuka.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Q1: Ni gute ubwinshi bwa guar gum bugira ingaruka ku bucucike bwayo mu mazi avunika?
Ubushyuhe bw'igufwa rya Guar bugenda bwiyongera uko ubushyuhe bwinshi bungana, bikongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara propanti y'amazi. Amakuru ya laboratwari yemeza ko ubushyuhe buri kuri 40 pptg butanga ubushyuhe buhamye, igipimo cyiza cyo gufungura imvune, n'ibisigazwa bike ugereranyije n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bihuza imikorere n'igiciro. Umunyu mwinshi cyangwa iyoni nyinshi mu mazi bishobora kubangamira kubyimba kw'igufwa rya Guar, kugabanya ubushyuhe no gucika kw'igufwa.
Q2: Ni uruhe ruhare rw'ikigega cyo kuvanga mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'umuti wa guar gum?
Ikigega cyo kuvanga amazi gikozwe mu buryo bwa hydraulic gifasha guar gum gukwirakwira mu buryo bumwe, kikarinda ko ibintu bihindagurika. Imashini zivanga cyane zirakundwa, kuko zigabanya igihe cyo kuvanga, zigasenya polymer agglomerates, kandi zigatuma habaho ubukana buhamye mu gisubizo cyose. Ibikoresho byo gupima mu gihe nyacyo mu bigega byo kuvanga bifasha kugumana ubunini bukenewe bwa guar gum n'ubwiza bw'amazi muri rusange, bigatuma habaho gukosorwa ako kanya niba imiterere yayo itandukaniye ku gaciro k'intego.
Q3: Ni gute ubwinshi bw'amazi avunika bugira ingaruka ku muvuduko wo gutuza kw'umuvuduko w'amazi?
Gucika kw'amazi ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kigena uburyo uduce twa propant twinjira vuba. Gucika kw'amazi menshi bigabanya umuvuduko wo gutembera, bigatuma propant ihagarara igihe kirekire kandi bigatuma yinjira cyane mu gucika kw'amazi. Imiterere y'imibare yemeza ko amazi afite ubukana bwinshi atuma ubwikorezi butambitse burushaho kuba bwiza, bunoza imiterere y'amazi, kandi bugatera inkunga yo gushyira propant ahantu hamwe. Ariko, hari aho bihurira: ubukana bwinshi cyane bushobora kugabanya igihe cyo gucika kw'amazi, bityo ubukana bwiza bugomba gutorwa ku miterere yihariye y'ikigega.
Q4: Ni izihe nyongeramusaruro zigira ingaruka ku bucucike bw'ibisubizo bya guar gum?
Guhindura gum ya sulfonation byongera ubukana n'ubudahangarwa. Inyongera nka aside boric, organoboron, na organozirconium cross-linkers byongera cyane ubukana n'ubushyuhe, cyane cyane mu bihe bikomeye bikunze kubaho mu mirimo yo mu gasozi. Ingaruka ziterwa n'ubwinshi bw'inyongera: urugero rwo hejuru rw'inyongera rutanga ubukana bwinshi ariko rushobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bworoshye bwo gukora no ku giciro. Umunyu n'ingufu mu gisubizo nabyo bigira uruhare, kuko umunyu mwinshi (cyane cyane cation nyinshi) bishobora kugabanya ubukana binyuze mu kugabanya ubukana bwa polymer.
Q5: Ese ubushyuhe bw'amazi bushobora gupimwa no kugenzurwa buri gihe mu gihe cyo kuvunika?
Yego, gupima ubucucike buhoraho bigerwaho hakoreshejwe viscometers ziri ku murongo hamwe na sisitemu zo kugenzura ubucucike zikora. Viscometers z'imiyoboro na sensors zikoresha igihe nyacyo zihujwe na algorithms zigezweho zemerera abakoresha gukurikirana, guhindura no kunoza ubucucike bw'amazi acikagurika mu gihe cy'impanuka. Izi sisitemu zishobora kwishyura urusaku rw'ibipimo n'imihindagurikire y'ibidukikije, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza yo gutwara propants no kunoza umusaruro wo gucikagurika kw'amazi. Sisitemu zo kugenzura zikoresha ubwenge nazo zituma habaho guhindura vuba ihinduka ry'ubwiza bw'amazi cyangwa igipimo cyo gusohora amazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-05-2025
