Gupima Ubucucike Buhoraho
I. Imiterere idasanzwe y'amazi n'imbogamizi zo gupima
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryagenze nezagupima ubukana buhorahosisitemu mu rwego rwagucukura amavuta ya shalenagucukura umucanga w'amavutabisaba kumenya neza imiterere ikabije y’ubwonko igaragara muri aya mazi adasanzwe. Bitandukanye n’urumuri gakondo.inyama zikozwe mu giti, amavuta menshi,bitumeni, kandi ibiryo bifitanye isano akenshi bigaragaza imiterere itari iya Newtonia, ifite ibyiciro byinshi hamwe n’uburyo bunini bwo kumva ubushyuhe, bigatera ingorane zidasanzwe ku buryo ibikoresho bihamye kandi bitunganye.
1.1 Gusobanura Imiterere y'Imitekerereze Idasanzwe
1.1.1 Imiterere y'ubucucike bwinshi: Ikibazo cya Bitumen n'amavuta menshi
Karubone zidasanzwe, cyane cyane bitumen ikomoka kurigucukura umucanga w'amavuta, birangwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Bitumeni iva mu bidukikije bikomeye ikunze kugaragaza ubushyuhe buri hagati ya mPa·s (cP) ku bushyuhe busanzwe (25°C). Ubu bunini bw'ubushyuhe bw'imbere ni bwo bubangamira urujya n'uruza rw'amazi kandi busaba uburyo bugezweho, nko gukoresha uburyo bwo kugarura ubushyuhe nka Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), kugira ngo ikuremo amazi kandi ikoreshwe mu buryo buhendutse.
Kuba amavuta menshi akoresha ubushyuhe n'ubukonje si ikintu cy'ingenzi gusa; ni cyo gipimo cy'ibanze cyo gusuzuma uburyo amazi agenda no gusuzuma imiterere y'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amazi mu kigega. Ubushyuhe buhinduka bugabanuka cyane uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Iri hinduka rikomeye bivuze ko hari ikosa rito mu gupima ubushyuhe mu gihegupima ubukana buhorahoBihindura mu buryo butaziguye ikosa rikomeye mu gaciro ka viscosity kavuzwe. Bityo rero, kwishyura ubushyuhe neza kandi buhuriweho ni ingenzi kuri sisitemu iyo ari yo yose yizewe ikoreshwa muri ibi bidukikije bifite ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe. Byongeye kandi, itandukaniro ry’ubushyuhe buterwa n’ubushyuhe rituma habaho uturere dutandukanye twa geomekanike (dutose amazi, dutose amazi igice, tudatose amazi) bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku rujya n’uruza rw’amazi n’ihindagurika ry’ikigega, bigasaba amakuru nyayo y’ubushyuhe kugira ngo ayobore imiterere myiza y’uburyo bwo kugarura amazi.
1.1.2 Imyitwarire itari iya Newtonian: Gukata no Kugabanya Ingufu, Thixotropy, n'Ingaruka zo Gukata
Amazi menshi yabonetse mu kugarura umutungo mu buryo budasanzwe agaragaza imiterere itari iya Newtonian.gucukura amavuta ya shale, akenshi ishingiye kuri gel, ni amazi asanzwe yo gukata shear, aho ubushyuhe bugabanuka cyane uko igipimo cyo gukata shear kiyongera. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibisubizo bya polymer bikoreshwa mu kugarura amavuta mu buryo burushijeho kwiyongera (EOR) mu bigega by'amavuta biremereye nabyo bigaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukata shear, akenshi bipimwa n'igipimo cy'imyitwarire yo kumanuka (n), nka n = 0.3655 ku bisubizo bimwe na bimwe bya polyacrylamide.
Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe hamwe n'igipimo cyo gukata ritera imbogamizi ikomeye ku bikoresho biri mu murongo. Kubera ko ubushyuhe bw'amazi atari Newtonian atari ikintu kidahinduka ahubwo giterwa n'aho icyuma cyihariye giherereye, ubushyuhe bukomezaIgikoresho cyo gupima ubukana bw'amavutaIgomba gukora ku gipimo cyagenwe, kiri hasi, kandi gishobora gusubiramo cyane, kandi gihoraho hatitawe ku miterere y'urujya n'uruza rw'ibintu (laminar, transition, cyangwa turbulent). Iyo igipimo cya scatter gikoreshwa na sensor kidahinduka, isesengura rya viscosity rivamo riba ry'igihe gito gusa kandi ntirishobora gukoreshwa neza mu kugereranya, guhindura ibintu, cyangwa kugenzura. Iki gisabwa cy'ibanze gitegeka guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rya sensor, nk'ibikoresho bifite frequency resonant, bivanzwe nkana n'uburyo bwa macro-fluid bw'umuyoboro cyangwa ubwato.
1.1.3 Ingaruka z'umusaruro ukabije n'imiterere y'ibyiciro byinshi
Uretse gukata buhoro buhoro, amavuta menshi na bitumen bishobora kugaragaza imiterere ya pulasitiki ya Bingham, bivuze ko bifite Umuvuduko w'Umuvuduko (TPG) ugomba kubanza gukurwaho mbere yuko amazi atangira gutemba mu buryo butuma amazi atemba. Mu nzira y'imiyoboro n'amazi atemba mu kigega, ingaruka zo gukata buhoro buhoro no gutakaza umusaruro bigabanya cyane uburyo bwo kugenda kandi bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kugarura umusaruro.
Byongeye kandi, imigezi idasanzwe ikuramo amazi isanzwe ifite ibyiciro byinshi kandi itandukanye cyane. Iyi migezi ikunze kuba irimo ibintu bikomeye bihagaze, nk'umucanga n'ibinure, cyane cyane iyo ikuramo amazi menshi.amavuta y'ubushyuhekuva ku mabuye y'umucanga adakomeye. Ukwinjira k'umucanga ni ikibazo gikomeye mu mikorere, bigatera isuri ikomeye y'ibikoresho, gufunga amariba, no gusenyuka kw'umwobo wo hasi. Uruvange rw'ibinyabutabire bya hydrocarboni bito cyane (asphaltenes, bitumen) n'amabuye y'agaciro akura bitera ikibazo kibiri ku kuramba kw'ibikoresho: gukomeragukora ikosa(gufata ibikoresho) no gukoresha ikoranabuhangagushwanyagurikaIcyo ari cyo cyosegupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongosisitemu igomba kuba ikomeye mu buryo bwa mekanike kandi ikozwe neza ifite ubuso bukomeye kugira ngo ihangane n'ibintu byangiza cyangwa byangiza ariko kandi ikarwanya ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwinshi.filime.
1.2 Kunanirwa kw'ibipimo gakondo
Uburyo gakondo bwo muri laboratwari, nka viscometer zizunguruka, zikoresha imiyoboro ya capillary, cyangwa izigwa, nubwo zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, ntizikwiriye uburyo buhoraho bwo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo busabwa n'ibikorwa bidasanzwe bya none. Ibipimo bya laboratwari ni ibintu bidahinduka, ntibishobora gufata imikorere ihindagurika, ishingiye ku bushyuhe, iranga inzira zo kuvanga no kugarura ubushyuhe.
Ikoranabuhanga rya kera rikoresha ibice bisanzwe bizenguruka, nk'ibice bimwe na bimwe bizunguruka, bifite intege nke iyo bikoreshejwe mu gutanga amavuta menshi cyangwa bitumen. Kwishingikiriza ku matwi n'ibice byoroshye bigenda bituma ibi bikoresho bishobora kwangirika cyane, kwangirika vuba bitewe n'uduce tw'umucanga duto, ndetse no kwangirika gukomeye bitewe n'uburyo bwo gufatana kw'ibikomoka ku bimera. Guhumanya cyane bigabanya vuba uburyo bwo kubona ibintu bito cyangwa ubuso bukenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ubukana bw'ibimera, bigatuma habaho imikorere idahwitse no kugabanya uburyo bwo kubitunganya buhenze. Imiterere mibi y'ibiceubushyuhe bw'amavuta ya shalenagucukura umucanga w'amavutabisaba ikoranabuhanga ryakozwe mu buryo bw'ibanze kugira ngo rikureho izi ngingo z'imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga.
II. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima rigezweho: Amahame ya Viscometry iri ku murongo
Imiterere y'imikorere ya peteroli idasanzwe isaba ko ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ryatoranijwe rigomba kuba rikomeye cyane, ritanga urwego runini rw'ihindagurika, kandi rigatanga ibipimo bidashingiye ku miterere y'amazi menshi. Kuri iyi serivisi, ikoranabuhanga rya viscometer rihindagurika cyangwa rituma amazi ahinduka ryagaragaje imikorere myiza n'ubwizerwe.
2.1 Amahame ya tekiniki ya Viscometers zihindagurika (Resonant Sensors)
Viscometer zitigita zikora hashingiwe ku ihame ryo kudasinya umuvuduko w'ingufu. Ikintu gitera umuvuduko, akenshi kikaba ari resonator ya torsional cyangwa tuning fork, gitwarwa n'amashanyarazi kugira ngo gihuze umuvuduko uhoraho (ωn) na amplitude idahinduka (x). Amazi akikije bigira ingaruka zo kudasinya, bisaba imbaraga zidasanzwe zo gushyushya (F) kugira ngo bigumane ibipimo bidahinduka byo kudasinya umuvuduko.
Isano ihindagurika isobanurwa ku buryo, iyo amplitude n'umuvuduko karemano bigumanye, imbaraga zikenewe zo gushyushya zihwanye neza na viscosity coefficient (C). Ubu buryo bugera ku bipimo by'ubushyuhe bworoheje cyane mu gihe bukuraho gukenera ibice bikomeye kandi bishobora kwangirika.
2.2 Igipimo cy'ubucucike buhindagurika n'uburyo bwo kubona ibintu icyarimwe
Ihame ryo gupima resonant rigena by'umwihariko ubushobozi bw'amazi mu guhangana n'amazi atemba n'uburemere bwayo, bigatuma igipimo gikunze kugaragazwa nk'umusaruro w'uburemere buhinduka (μ) n'ubucucike (ρ), bugaragazwa nka μ×ρ. Kugira ngo hamenyekane kandi hagaragazwe uburemere nyakuri buhinduka (ρ), ubucucike bw'amazi (ρ) bugomba kumenyekana neza.
Sisitemu zigezweho, nk'umuryango wa SRD w'ibikoresho, ni umwihariko kuko zirimo ubushobozi bwo gupima ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, n'ubucucike icyarimwe mu gice kimwe cy'ubushakashatsi. Ubu bushobozi ni ingenzi mu migezi idasanzwe y'ibice byinshi aho ubucucike buhinduka bitewe na gaze yashyizwemo, amazi atandukanye, cyangwa impinduka mu bipimo by'ubucucike. Mu gutanga ubucucike bwo gusubiramo buri hasi nka g/cc, ibi bikoresho byemeza ko ibara rya dynamic viscosity rikomeza kuba ryiza nubwo imiterere y'amazi ihinduka. Uku guhuza bikuraho ingorane n'ikosa bifitanye isano no gushyira hamwe ibikoresho bitatu bitandukanye kandi bigatanga ikimenyetso cyuzuye cy'imiterere y'amazi mu gihe nyacyo.
2.3 Ubuhanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga no kugabanya umwanda
Ibikoresho bipima ikirere bibereye neza mu bihe bikomeye byoubushyuhe bw'amavuta ya shaleserivisi kuko zifite ibice bikomeye byo gupima bitagize aho bihurira, bigatuma zikora mu bihe bikomeye, harimo igitutu kigera kuri 5000 psi n'ubushyuhe bugera kuri 200°C.
Akamaro k'ingenzi ni ubudahangarwa bw'iki gikoresho cyo gupima imiterere y'urujya n'uruza rw'amazi mu buryo bwa macroscopic. Igice cyo gupima gikora ku muvuduko wo hejuru cyane (akenshi ni miliyoni z'ingendo ku isegonda). Uku guhindagurika kw'umuvuduko wo hejuru, ukabije, bivuze ko gupima ubunini bw'amazi mu buryo bufatika bidafite aho bihuriye n'umuvuduko w'urujya n'uruza rw'amazi mu buryo bunini, bikuraho amakosa yo gupima aturuka ku guhindagurika kw'imiyoboro y'amazi, impinduka z'urujya n'uruza rw'amazi mu buryo bwa laminar, cyangwa imiterere y'urujya n'uruza idahuye.
Byongeye kandi, imiterere y’umubiri igira uruhare runini mu gutuma ibintu bihora bihindagurika mu gihe cyo gukora, bigatuma ibintu birushaho kuba bibi. Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka butuma ibintu bihora bifatanye n’ibintu bifite ubukana bwinshi nka bitumen cyangwa asphaltenes, bigatuma ibintu byisukura byikora. Iyo bihujwe n’ubuso bw’inyuma, budasibangana kandi budashobora kwangirika, ibi byuma bipima ubukana bushobora kwihanganira ingaruka mbi z’umucanga n’ibinure bikunze kugaragara murigucukura umucanga w'amavutaibitonyanga. Uku gukomera gukomeye ni ingenzi kugira ngo sensor irambe igihe kirekire mu bidukikije bikurura.
2.4 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo ibidukikije bikomeye
Guhitamo ibikwiyegupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongoIkoranabuhanga rya serivisi zidasanzwe risaba gusuzuma neza uburyo imikorere iramba kandi ihamye, rigashyira imbere ibi bintu kurusha ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho bya mbere.
2.4.1 Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere n'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ingano y'ibipimo
Kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza uburyo bwo gukora, viscometer igomba kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, aho ibisobanuro bikunze kuba birenga ± 0.5% by'ubuso. Ubu buryo bwo gukora neza ntibushobora kuganirwaho ku bikorwa byo kugenzura ibintu bifunze, nko gutera imiti aho amakosa make mu muvuduko w'amazi ashobora gutera ibihano bikomeye by'ikiguzi n'imikorere. Ingano ya viscosity igomba kuba nini bihagije kugira ngo ijyane n'uburyo bwose bwo gukora, kuva ku mavuta yoroshye kugeza kuri bitumen nini kandi idafunguye. Ibyuma bigezweho byo gupima resonant bitanga kuva kuri 0.5 cP kugeza kuri 50.000 cP no hejuru, bigamije kwemeza ko sisitemu ikomeza gukora mu gihe cyo guhinduranya no guhindagurika kw'ibintu.
2.4.2 Ibahasha Ikora (HPHT) n'Ibikoresho
Bitewe n'umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubushyuhe bifitanye isano no kugarura no gutwara ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, sensor igomba gupimwa ku ibahasha yose ikora, akenshi isaba ibisobanuro bigera kuri 5000 psi naviscometer iri mu murongoUbushyuhe bujyanye n'ubushyuhe (urugero, kugeza kuri 200°C). Uretse igitutu n'ubushyuhe buhamye, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi ni ingenzi cyane. Gukoresha ubuso bukomeye ni ikintu cy'ingenzi, gitanga uburinzi bukenewe ku isuri iterwa n'uduce tw'umucanga n'ibitero bya shimi, bigatuma imikorere ihoraho.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 itanga incamake y'ibyiza byo kugereranya by'ibikoresho bipima urumuri muri ubu buryo busaba imbaraga nyinshi.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1: Isesengura ry'igereranya ry'ikoranabuhanga rya Inline Viscometer kuri serivisi zidasanzwe z'amavuta
| Ikoranabuhanga | Ihame ryo gupima | Uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi atari ay’ubunyobwa bwa Newtonian | Ubudahangarwa bw'imyanda/Uburibwe | Inshuro zisanzwe zo kubungabunga |
| Gutigita kw'inyuma (Resonant) | Gushonga kw'ikintu gihindagurika (μ×ρ) | Ni nziza cyane (Umurima woroshye wo gukata neza) | Hejuru (Nta bice bigenda, nta gupfuka kw'ijipo gukomeye) | Hasi (Ubushobozi bwo kwisukura) |
| Izenguruka (Iri ku murongo) | Ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo umuntu azunguruke ikintu | Hejuru (Ishobora gutanga amakuru y'imigendekere y'amazi) | Hasi kugeza Hagati (Bisaba ko intera ifata amapine, ishobora kwiyongera/kwangirika) | Hejuru (Bisaba gusukurwa/gupimwa kenshi) |
| Umuraba wa Ultrasonic/Acoustic | Guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'imiraba y'amajwi | Iciriritse (Igisobanuro cya Shear ni gito) | Hejuru (Kudakora ku muntu cyangwa gukora ku muntu muto cyane) | Hasi |
Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza ibipimo by'ingenzi bikenewe kugira ngo hakorwe imirimo ikomeye, nko gutunganya bitumen.
Imbonerahamwe ya 2: Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi ku mikorere ya Viscometers zikora Vibrating Process
| Igipimo | Ibisabwa ku bijyanye na Bitumen/Serivisi y'amavuta akomeye | Ingano Isanzwe ya Sensors za Resonant zigezweho | Akamaro |
| Urugendo rw'ubucucike | Igomba kwakira uburebure bwa cP bugera ku 100,000+ | 0.5 cP kugeza kuri 50.000+ cP | Igomba gutwikira ihinduka ry'imiyoboro y'ibiribwa (ivanze n'ibidavanze). |
| Gusubiramo kw'ubukana | Biruta ± 0.5% by'ibyo umuntu yasoma | Ubusanzwe ± 0.5% cyangwa birenga | Ni ngombwa cyane mu kugenzura inshinge z'imiti zifunze. |
| Igipimo cy'umuvuduko (HP) | Nibura psi 1500 (akenshi psi 5000 zirakenewe) | Kugeza kuri 5000 psi | Ni ngombwa ku miyoboro ifite umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa imiyoboro ivunagurika. |
| Igipimo cy'ubucucike | Bisabwa (μ na ρ icyarimwe) | gusubirwamo kwa g/cc | Ni ngombwa mu gupima intera nyinshi no kubara viscosity ihindagurika.
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III. Gushyiramo, gushyiraho, no kuramba k'imikorere
Intsinzi mu mikorere yagupima ubukana buhorahoMu kugarura umutungo mu buryo budasanzwe, ikoranabuhanga rihambaye rya sensor n'ubuhanga mu gukoresha ibikoresho by'inzobere rigabanya ingaruka z'amazi yo hanze kandi rikirinda ahantu hashobora guhagarara, mu gihe amabwiriza akomeye yo kubungabunga akemura ibibazo by'umwanda no kwangirika kw'amazi.
3.1 Ingamba nziza zo kohereza abantu mu bikorwa
3.1.1 Gushyira sensor no kugabanya ahantu hadakora neza
Igipimo kigomba gufatwa buri gihe mu buryo bwo gutemba aho amazi agenda ahora anyura mu gace kose gashobora gupimwa. Iki ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku mavuta akomeye na bitumen, akenshi agaragaza imyitwarire yo guhangayika. Iyo amazi yemerewe guhagarara, igipimo kizahinduka cyane, kidahagarariye umugezi mwinshi, kandi gishobora kuba kiri hejuru y’inshuro amagana ugereranyije n’ubushyuhe nyabwo bw’amazi agenda.
Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bagomba gukuraho cyane uduce twose dushobora guhagarara, ndetse n’utundi duto, cyane cyane hafi y’ishingiro ry’ikintu cyo gupima. Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho ibice bya T, bikunze kugaragara mu miyoboro, imashini ngufi akenshi ntihagije. Kugira ngo ikintu cyo gupima kigaragare mu buryo buhoraho kandi bungana, ni ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bwosensor ndende yo gushyiramoigera kure mu mwobo w'umuyoboro, byaba byiza irenze aho umugezi usohoka kuri T-piece. Iyi ngamba ishyira ikintu cy’ingenzi mu mutima w’umugezi, bigatuma habaho ubwiyongere bw’amazi akoreshwa mu mikorere. Mu ikoreshwa ry’amazi afite umuvuduko ugaragara, icyerekezo cyiza cyo gushyiraho kiba gihuye n’icyerekezo cy’umugezi kugira ngo kigabanye ubukana no guteza imbere gukata amazi ku maso y’icyuma gipima.
3.1.2 Guhuza ibikorwa byo kuvanga no gukoresha ibigega by'amazi
Nubwo kwemeza ko amazi anyura mu miyoboro ari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi gikoreshwa, ikoreshwa ryagupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongoMu bidukikije bidahinduka nabyo ni ingenzi cyane. Viscometer zikoreshwa cyane mu bigega byo kuvanga aho amavuta atandukanye, bitumen, na diluents bivangwa kugira ngo bihuze n'ibipimo byo hasi. Muri ubu buryo, sensor ishobora gushyirwa mu kigega mu cyerekezo icyo ari cyo cyose, mu gihe hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo guhuza ibintu. Ibimenyetso by'igihe nyacyo bitanga igisubizo cyihuse ku buryo iki kigega gihuzwa n'ibipimo by'ubuziranenge, nk'ibisabwa.igipimo cy'uburemere.
3.2 Amabwiriza yo Gupima no Kwemeza
Ubunyangamugayo bushobora gukomeza gusa iyo inzira zo gupima zihamye kandi zishobora gukurikiranwa neza. Ibi bisaba guhitamo neza amahame ngenderwaho yo gupima no kugenzura neza ibihinduka mu bidukikije.
Uburemere bw'ingandaamavuta yo kwisigabipimirwa muricentipoise cyangwa millipascal-seconds (mPa⋅s) cyangwa kinematic viscosity muri centistokes (cSt), kandi ukuri kubungabungwa hagaragazwa agaciro kapimwe ugereranije n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byemewe byo gupima. Ibi bipimo ngenderwaho bigomba gukurikizwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga (urugero, NIST, ISO 17025) kugira ngo byemerwe ko biringirwa. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bigomba gutoranywa kugira ngo bifatanye mu buryo bwuzuye n'urwego rwose rw'imikorere, kuva ku kigero gito cyane cyitezwe (ibicuruzwa bivanzwe) kugeza ku kigero kinini cyitezwe (ibiryo by'umwimerere).
Bitewe n’ubushyuhe bukabije bw’ubushyuhe bwinshi bw’amavuta menshi, kugera ku gupima neza bishingiye gusa ku kugumana ubushyuhe nyabwo. Iyo ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gupima bugabanutseho gato, agaciro k’ubushyuhe bw’amavuta asanzwe karagabanuka, ibyo bigatuma ubuziranenge bw’ibipimo byashyizweho kuri sensor yo mu murima bugabanuka. Bityo rero, kugenzura ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gupima ni ikintu gishingiye ku bushyuhe bungana, kigena uburyo bwo kwizera kw’ibipimo.gupima ubukana buhorahosisitemu iri gukora. Abatunganya imikorere bakunze gukoresha sensor ebyiri zipima ubushyuhe runaka, nka 40°C na 100°C, kugira ngo babare neza igihe nyacyoIgipimo cy'ubucucike(VI) by'amavuta yo kwisiga.
3.3 Gukemura ibibazo no kubungabunga ahantu handuye cyane
Ndetse n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho bizakenera kwitabwaho buri gihe mu bidukikije birimo uburozi bwinshi buturuka kuri bitumen, asphaltenes, n'ibisigazwa by'ibimera biremereye. Gahunda yihariye kandi ijyanye no gusukura ni ingenzi kugira ngo bigabanye igihe cyo gukora no gukumira guhindagurika kw'ibipimo.
3.3.1 Ibisubizo byihariye byo gusukura
Isuku isanzwe y’inganda akenshi ntigira ingaruka nziza ku myanda ikomeye kandi ifata neza ikomoka ku mavuta menshi na bitumen. Gusukura neza bisaba imiti yihariye kandi ikoze mu buryo bwa shimi ikoresha imiti ikomeye ikwirakwiza ibintu n’ibintu bisukura hamwe na sisitemu ihumura neza. Iyi miti, nka HYDROSOL, yakozwe by’umwihariko kugira ngo yongere uburyo bwo gusohora no gutoseza ku buso, ishongesha vuba kandi neza amavuta akomeye, amavuta maremare, bitumen, asphaltenes, na parafini, mu gihe kandi ikarinda kongera gushyira ibi bikoresho ahandi muri sisitemu mu gihe cyo gusukura.
3.3.2 Porogaramu y'isuku
Uburyo bwo gusukura busanzwe busaba kuzenguruka umuti wihariye w’ibanze, akenshi uhuzwa no gusukura nyuma hakoreshejwe umuti wica cyane, nka acetone. Acetone ikundwa cyane kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushonga ibisigazwa bya peteroli n’amazi. Nyuma yo gusukura umuti, sensor n’aho utuye bigomba kunyuzwa neza. Ibi bikorwa neza hakoreshejwe umuvuduko muto w’umwuka usukuye kandi ushyushye. Guhumeka vuba kw’imiti yica bishobora gukonjesha ubuso bw’umuti munsi y’aho amazi anyura, bigatuma umwuka utose uhuha, bigatera amazi gufungana, byanduza amazi mu gihe cyo gutangira. Gushyushya umwuka cyangwa igikoresho ubwacyo bigabanya iyi ngaruka. Gahunda zo gusukura zigomba gushyirwa mu miyoboro cyangwa ubwato busanzwe kugira ngo bigabanye ihungabana ry’imikorere.
Imbonerahamwe ya 3: Inzira yo gukemura ibibazo ku gupima ubucucike buhoraho
| Indwara yagaragaye | Impamvu ishobora kuba ihari mu mirimo idasanzwe | Igikorwa cyo gukosora/Ubuyobozi bw'aho utuye | Ibiranga sensor bifitanye isano |
| Gusoma ibintu byinshi bitunguranye kandi bitasobanuwe neza | Guhumanya imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga (asphaltene, amavuta menshi) cyangwa ubwiyongere bw'uduce tw'ibice | Tangira gahunda yo gusukura imiti hakoreshejwe imiti yihariye ihumura neza. | Gutigita kw'umuvuduko mwinshi akenshi bigabanya ubukana bw'imyanda. |
| Ubushyuhe buratandukana cyane bitewe n'umuvuduko w'amazi | Sensor ishyirwa mu gace k'aho amazi ahagarara cyangwa aho anyura ni laminar/non-uniform (amazi atari Newtonian) | Shyiramo sensor ndende yo gushyiramo kugira ngo igere ku mutima w'urujya n'uruza; shyiramo aho ruhurira n'uruza. | Sensor ndende yo gushyiramo (Imiterere y'igishushanyo). |
| Gusoma ibintu bishya nyuma yo gutangira | Imifuka y'umwuka/gaze ifunze (ingaruka nyinshi) | Menya neza ko umwuka uhumeka neza kandi ko umuvuduko uhagaze neza; koresha uburyo bwo gusohora amazi mu buryo bwihuse. | Gusoma ubucucike bwa saa munani (SRD) bishobora kumenya igice cya gaze/ubusa. |
| Ibizamini bya laboratwari bihora biri hasi ugereranyije n'ibya laboratwari | Kwangirika cyane/kugabanuka kw'inyongera ya polymer/DRA | Emeza imikorere y'ipompo ziterwa mu buryo bworoshye; hindura uburyo bwo gutegura umuti wa DRA. | Gupima nta kwigenga ku muvuduko w'amazi (igishushanyo cya sensor). |
IV. Amakuru y'igihe nyacyo yo kunoza imikorere no kubungabunga ibintu mbere y'igihe
Amakuru atangwa mu gihe nyacyo aturuka ku rubuga rwizewe cyanegupima ubukana buhorahosisitemu ihindura uburyo bwo kugenzura imikorere kuva ku kugenzura ibikorwa bishya kugeza ku gucunga neza kandi mu buryo butunguranye mu bice byinshi byo gucukura no gutwara ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe.
4.1 Kugenzura neza inshinge z'imiti
4.1.1 Gutunganya uburyo bwo kugabanya gukurura (DRA)
Ibikoresho byo Kugabanya Gukurura (DRAs) bikoreshwa cyane mu bintu bidafite ishingiroubushyuhe bw'amavutaimiyoboro kugira ngo igabanye gukururana gukabije no kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gupompa. Izi mashini, akenshi zikoresha polymer cyangwa surfactants, zigira uruhare mu gutuma amazi agabanuka. Kwishingikiriza gusa ku bipimo byo kugabanuka k'umuvuduko kugira ngo ugenzure inshinge za DRA ntabwo bikora neza kuko kugabanuka k'umuvuduko bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe, ihindagurika ry'umuvuduko w'amazi, ndetse no kwangirika k'imashini.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura bukoresha viscosity igaragara mu gihe nyacyo nk'impinduka nyamukuru y'ibitekerezo ku gipimo cya shimi. Mu kugenzura mu buryo butaziguye rheology y'amazi ivamo, sisitemu ishobora guhindura neza igipimo cya DRA iterwa kugira ngo amazi agume ku rugero rwiza rwa rheological (ni ukuvuga kugera ku kugabanuka kw'ibipimo bigaragara no kongera igipimo cyo kugabanya shear-thinning, ). Ubu buryo butuma kugabanuka cyane kw'ibicuruzwa bigerwaho hamwe n'ikoreshwa rito rya shimi, bigatuma hagabanywa amafaranga menshi. Byongeye kandi, gukurikirana buri gihe bituma abakora ibikorwa babasha kubona no kugabanya kwangirika kwa DRA, bishobora guterwa n'umuvuduko mwinshi wo gukata shear. Gukoresha pompe zo gukata shear nke no gukurikirana viscosity bihita bimanuka mu gice cyo gukata shear byemeza ko gukwirakwira neza nta kwangiza kwa polymer chain bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kugabanya shear.
4.1.2 Gukoresha uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza inshinge mu buryo bwo gutwara amavuta menshi
Gushonga ni ingenzi mu gutwara peteroli na bitumen bito cyane, bisaba kuvanga ibinyabutabire (ibinyabutabire cyangwa ibinyabutabire byoroheje) kugira ngo habeho umugezi uhuza neza n'ibipimo by'imiyoboro.gupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongoitanga igisubizo cyihuse ku buryo bugaragara bw'uruvange (μm).
Iyi nyigo itangwa mu gihe nyacyo yemerera kugenzura neza kandi buri gihe igipimo cy’ikoreshwa ry’imiyoboro y’amazi (). Kubera ko imiyoboro y’amazi akenshi iba ifite agaciro kanini, kugabanya ikoreshwa ryayo mugihe ikurikiza amabwiriza agenga imiyoboro y’amazi n’umutekano ni intego y’ingenzi mu bukungu murigucukura umucanga w'amavutaGukurikirana ubucucike n'ubucucike bw'ibikomoka ku bimera nabyo ni ingenzi mu kugaragaza ibintu bidahuye neza mu gihe cyo kuvanga, bishobora kwihutisha ihumana no kongera ikiguzi cy'ingufu mu bikorwa biri imbere.
4.2 Gutanga serivisi zo kugenzura amazi no kunoza ubwikorezi bw'imiyoboro
Kugumana urujya n'uruza rw'ibinyampeke rudahinduka kandi rukora neza biragoye bitewe n'uko rukunda guhindura ibyiciro no gutakaza imbaraga nyinshi. Amakuru y'ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu ngamba zigezweho zo kugenzura ko amazi anyura.
4.2.1 Ibarura ry'Umuvuduko Nyaryo
Ubushyuhe ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku bikoresho bya hydraulic bipima igihombo cyo gucikagurika n'imiterere y'umuvuduko. Ku mavuta asanzwe, aho imiterere ishobora gutandukana cyane bitewe n'umurima umwe ujya ku wundi, amakuru ahoraho kandi nyayo yemeza ko ibikoresho bya hydraulic by'umuyoboro bikomeza kuba byiza kandi byizewe.
4.2.2 Kongera uburyo bwo gutahura amazi asohoka
Uburyo bwo gupima amazi asohoka muri iki gihe bushingiye cyane ku isesengura rya Real Time Transient Model (RTTM), rikoresha amakuru y’umuvuduko n’amazi asohoka kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu bitagenda neza bigaragaza ko amazi asohoka. Kubera ko ubushyuhe bw’amazi bugira ingaruka ku kugabanuka k’umuvuduko n’imigendekere y’amazi, impinduka zisanzwe mu miterere y’amavuta ahumanya ikirere zishobora gutera impinduka mu miterere y’umuvuduko zigasa n’aho amazi asohoka, bigatera ingaruka nyinshi z’amakuru atari yo. Mu guhuza uburyo bwo gupima amazi asohoka mu gihe nyacyo.gupima ubukana buhorahoamakuru, RTTM ishobora guhindura uburyo bwayo mu buryo buhamye kugira ngo ihuze n'izi mpinduka mu mutungo utimukanwa. Uku kuvugurura kunoza cyane uburyo bwo kumenya aho amazi aturuka n'aho aturuka, bigatuma habaho kubara neza ibipimo by'aho amazi aturuka n'aho aturuka kandi bikagabanya ibyago byo gukora.
4.3 Gutanga Pompe no Kubungabunga Ibikenewe
Imiterere y'amazi mu maraso igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ibikoresho byo kuvoma no ku mikorere myiza yabyo. Amakuru ajyanye n'ubukana bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo atuma habaho uburyo bwo kunoza no kugenzura imiterere y'amazi.
4.3.1 Gukoresha neza no kugenzura uburyo bwo gukata amasasu
Uko ubushyuhe bw'amazi bwiyongera, igihombo cy'ingufu muri pompe kigenda cyiyongera, bigatuma imikorere myiza ya hydraulic igabanuka cyane ndetse n'ingufu zikoreshwa ziyongera cyane kugira ngo amazi akomeze kugenda. Gukurikirana ubushyuhe buri gihe bituma abakoresha bakurikirana imikorere nyayo ya pompe no guhindura umuvuduko uhindagurika kugira ngo barebe ko amashanyarazi akora neza kandi bagacunga neza imikoreshereze y'amashanyarazi.
Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bwinshi byongera ibyago byo kwangirika k'umuyoboro w'amazi. Amazi afite ubushyuhe bwinshi yongera ubushyuhe ku gipimo cyo gukurura ipompo, bigatuma umurongo wa pompe uhinduka kandi yongera umubare w'amashanyarazi ukenewe (NPSHr). Iyo NPSHr ikenewe idafatwa nk'iy'ukuri—ibintu bikunze kubaho iyo ukoresha amakuru y'ubushyuhe adahinduka cyangwa yatinze—ipompo ikora hafi y'aho ipfundikiye, bigatuma habaho kwangirika k'umuyoboro w'amazi.gupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongoitanga amakuru akenewe kugira ngo ibarwe neza ku buryo bugaragara igipimo gikwiye cyo gukosora NPSHr, igenzura ko pompe igumana urwego rw'imikorere rutekanye kandi ikarinda kwangirika no kwangirika kw'ibikoresho.
4.3.2 Gusuzuma indwara zitari nziza
Amakuru yerekeye ubucucike atanga urwego rukomeye rw’imiterere y’ibintu mu kubungabunga ibintu mbere y’uko bitangazwa. Impinduka zidasanzwe mu bucucike (urugero, kwiyongera gutunguranye bitewe no kwinjira mu tunyangingo, cyangwa kugabanuka bitewe no kwiyongera gutunguranye kw’ibinyabutabire cyangwa gucika kw’umwuka) bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu bijyanye no gushyira ibintu mu mashini cyangwa ibibazo byo guhuza amazi n’amazi. Guhuza amakuru yerekeye ubucucike n’ibipimo bisanzwe byo kugenzura, nk’ibimenyetso by’umuvuduko n’ihindagurika ry’amazi, bituma haboneka uburyo bwo kumenya ibitagenda neza mbere kandi neza no gusuzuma amakosa, bikarinda ko ibikoresho by’ingenzi nka za pompe ziterwa.
Imbonerahamwe ya 4: Ikoreshwa ry'amakuru y'ubukana bw'igihe nyacyo mu mikorere idasanzwe ya peteroli
| Akarere k'ibikorwa | Gusobanura amakuru y'ubucucike | Umusaruro wo kunoza | Igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere (KPI) |
| Kugabanya Gukurura (Umuyoboro) | Kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe nyuma yo guterwa inshinge bifitanye isano no kugabanya ubushyuhe. | Kugabanya urugero rw'ibinyabutabire mu gihe bikomeza kunyura neza mu mubiri. | Ingufu zo gupompa zagabanutse (kWh/bbl); Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko. |
| Kuvanga bivanze (Igikoresho cyo gupima ubukana bw'amavuta) | Uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru bwihuse butuma habaho ubukana bw'imvange y'ibicuruzwa. | Ibyemezo by'imiyoboro y'amazi byemejwe kandi bigagabanya ikiguzi cyo kuyigabanya. | Ubwinshi bw'igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa bisohoka (VI); Igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'amavuta/amavuta. |
| Gukurikirana ubuzima bwa pompe | Guhindagurika cyangwa guhinduka kw'ishusho bitasobanuwe. | Kuburira hakiri kare ku kudahuza kw'amazi, kwinjira, cyangwa gucika kw'amazi mu jisho; NPSHr ingana neza. | Kugabanya igihe cyo gukora kitateganijwe; Ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ryiza. |
| Igenzura ry'umuvuduko w'amazi (Gupima Ubucucike Buhoraho) | Uburyo bwo kubara neza igihombo cyo gushwanyagurika no gukoresha neza icyitegererezo cy'igihe gito. | Kugabanya ibyago byo kuziba imiyoboro; kongera ubushobozi bwo kumenya aho amazi aturuka. | Uburyo bwo Kwemeza Uburyo bwo Gutemba; Kugabanya Ibimenyetso by'Impamyabumenyi Zidafite Ishingiro. |
Umwanzuro n'ibyifuzo
Ibyizewe kandi byuzuye ukurigupima ubukana buhorahoby'ingufu zidasanzwe za hydrocarbon—cyane cyaneubushyuhe bw'amavuta ya shalen'amazi aturuka murigucukura umucanga w'amavuta—si ikintu gisabwa mu isesengura gusa ahubwo ni ikintu cy’ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere n’ubukungu birusheho kuba byiza. Ingorane ziterwa n’ubukana bukabije bw’ibintu, imyitwarire igoye itari iya Newtonia, imiterere y’imihangayiko, hamwe n’ibibazo bibiri byo kwanduza no gushwanyagurika bituma ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo gupima mu murongo ritagikoreshwa.
Impuzandengo igezweho cyangwaviscometer zitigitaIkoranabuhanga rikwiye cyane kuri iyi serivisi bitewe n'inyungu zaryo z'ibanze mu gushushanya: nta bice bigenda, gupima nta gukoraho, kudakomera cyane mu gushwanyagurika (binyuze mu gusiga ibintu bikomeye), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri mu ihindagurika ry'amazi menshi. Ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bigezweho bwo gupima ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe, n'ubucucike icyarimwe (SRD) ni ingenzi cyane mu kubona ubushyuhe buhamye mu migezi myinshi no gutuma habaho imicungire yuzuye y'umutungo w'amazi.
Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba bisaba kwitonda cyane ku miterere y’ibikoresho, bigatuma ibikoresho binini byo gushyiramo ibikoresho mu bice bya T n’inkokora byirinda ahantu hadakora neza hashobora kuba hari amazi akoreshwa mu musaruro. Kugira ngo imikorere irambe bigengwa no kubungabunga imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi hakoreshejwe imiti yihariye ihumura neza yagenewe kwinjira no gukwirakwiza imyuka ihumanya ya hydrocarbon.
Gukoresha amakuru y’ubushyuhe mu gihe nyacyo birenga kugenzura byoroshye, bigatuma habaho kugenzura ibikorwa by’ingenzi mu buryo bugezweho. Ingaruka z’ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere zirimo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire mu kugabanya ubushyuhe binyuze mu kugenzura imiterere y’ubwonko, kunoza neza ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire mu bikorwa byo kuvanga, kunoza uburyo bwo gutahura amazi aturuka muri RTTM, no gukumira gutsindwa kwa mashini binyuze mu kwemeza ko pompe zikora mu ntera zitekanye za NPSHr zihinduka mu buryo buhamye kugira ngo amazi ahinduke neza. Gushora imari mu bikorwa bikomeye kandi bihoraho.gupima ubukana bw'umuvuduko mu murongoni ingamba y'ingenzi yo kongera umusaruro, kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa, no kwemeza ko umusaruro unyura mu bicuruzwa bidasanzwe bya peteroli n'ubwikorezi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira 11-2025
