Uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo gutunganya ibyuma bugizwe n'intambwe zo gusukura, gutunganya no gukora kugira ngo hategurwe ubuso bwo gutunganya ibyuma. Ubu buryo bukuraho imyanda yo ku buso, bugatunganya imikorere ya shimi, kandi bugashyiraho urufatiro rwo gufatana neza kw'ibirahure.
Incamake y'Inzira yo Kuvura Mbere yo Gukoresha Electroplating
Gutunganya mbere yo gupima amashanyarazi bitangirana no gusukura bwa mbere kugira ngo haveho amavuta, amavuta, cyangwa umwanda ku buso bw'ubutaka. Gusukura imiyoboro y'amazi, nko kwinjizwa muri trichloroethylene cyangwa guhanagura hakoreshejwe imiti y'umwimerere, bibanda ku bisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima. Gusukura alkaline bikoresha imiti irimo surfactants na sabuni—nka sodium carbonate na trisodium phosphate—akenshi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukurura cyangwa gukoresha amashanyarazi kugira ngo birusheho gusenya imyanda.
Hanyuma, ibintu bishobora gutegurwa ku buso bwa mashini. Ubuhanga nko gutwika umucanga, gutwika amasaro, cyangwa koza bukuraho ingese, ibikanka, na okiside zidakira. Ubu buryo bwa mashini bukenewe cyane cyane ku buso bwa mashini cyangwa butose cyane.
Gusukura imiti bikurikizaho, akenshi hakoreshejwe imashini zisukura aside (pickling), zikuraho imyanda idakomoka ku bimera birimo ingano, okiside, n'ingese. Aside hydrochloric ikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma, mu gihe aside sulfurike itoranywa mu bipimo biremereye. Uruvange rw'ibintu bifite ibipimo birinda icyuma cy'ibanze kwibasirwa cyane mu gihe cyo gukamura. Ku byuma bitari ferrous, ibisubizo byabugenewe nka sodium hydroxide kuri aluminiyumu cyangwa aside sulfurike ivanze kuri umuringa bitanga umusaruro uhuye kandi bikabyara umusaruro mwiza.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho byo gushushanya hejuru y'ubutaka
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Gusukura bishyirwa mu byiciro byose mbere yo kuvurwa kugira ngo haveho ibisigazwa by’imiti no gukumira ingaruka zitari ngombwa mu kuvura nyuma yaho. Gusukura mu byiciro bibiri, cyane cyane nyuma yo gukaraba aside, bigabanya cyane uburyo iyoni inyuramo kandi byongera ubwiza bw’imikorere yo hasi, bigabanya inenge zo gupfuka.
Gukoresha ni intambwe ya nyuma y’ingenzi ya shimi. Kwinjizwa mu buryo bw’igihe gito muri aside zivanze, nka aside hydrochloric cyangwa sulfurique iri hagati ya 10–20%, bikuraho ogiside zisigaye kandi bigafata substrate mu buryo bwa shimi. Ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe, hakoreshwa activators cyangwa cathodic aside bath.
Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ibara ry'icyuma gikoresha ingufu nke (flash or "strike" coat) cyongerwaho mbere y'ibara ry'ibanze, cyane cyane ku byuma bitari ibyuma cyangwa alloys zidakora. Iyi ntambwe yo gushyiramo ingufu mbere yo gushyiramo ingufu ituma inzira yo gushyiramo ingufu ze (electroplating) irushaho kuba nziza kandi ikagira imbaraga zo gufata neza.
Uruhare rw'Inzira yo Kuvura Ubuso Mbere yo Kuvura mu Kugira Ingufu mu Gukoresha Electroplating
Gutunganya mbere y’ubuso ni ingenzi cyane ku bwiza rusange bw’uburyo bwo gushushanya amashanyarazi. Buri cyiciro bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku migozi ihuza substrate n’urwego rukurikiraho rushushanyije amashanyarazi.
Gukuraho amavuta, okiside, n'utubumbe neza bituma electrolyte n'icyuma gifite electrode bishobora gukorana neza n'ubuso bw'ibanze. Gutakaza uburyo bwo gufatana, gusiga irangi rito cyangwa ritaringaniye, no gushyuha akenshi bigaragazwa no gusukura kutuzuye cyangwa intambwe zidakwiye zo gukora. Kwanduza ubuso ni byo bikomeza kuba impamvu nyamukuru itera kwangwa kw'ibice, bigatuma ibirenze kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibice byose byangirika mu nganda.
Kugenzura imbaraga nziza zo gufatanya hagati y'ubutaka n'ubukorikori
Gufatana kw'urwego rutwikiriwe bishingiye ku gice cy'ubutaka kidakoresha imiti, kidafite umwanda. Gukoresha neza uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo gukoresha amashanyarazi bituma habaho guhuza neza kwa mekanike no guhuza atome mu buryo bugaragara. Urugero, intambwe yo gukora, mu gukuraho ibyuma bito bya okiside, yongera imikorere ya electrochemical kandi igatuma imbaraga nyinshi zo gufatana mu gukoresha amashanyarazi ziyongera. Iyo gukora bidahagije cyangwa ubuso bwongeye gushyirwa mu kirere mbere yo gushyiramo umwuka, gufatana bishobora kwangirika cyane.
Ingaruka ku buriri, ku kuramba no kugabanuka kw'ibinure byo hejuru
Uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere y’uko ibintu bikorwa neza butanga urumuri rwinshi, kuramba kw’imiterere, ndetse n’ubusembwa buke ku buso nko gupfuka imyanda, gupfuka udusebe no guhindagurika. Ubuso busukuwe kandi butunganyijwe butanga imiterere ihamye yo gushyira icyuma mu buryo buhamye, bigatuma uburebure n’ubugari bingana.
Kugenzura imiterere y'ubwogero bwo gushushanya, harimo n'ubwinshi bw'umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate mu gihe cyo gutunganya, bishobora kongera ingufu mu gukora ku buso, cyane cyane kuri pulasitiki na bimwe mu byuma. Ubunini bwiza bwa potaziyamu permanganate bugenwa n'ubwoko bwa substrate n'uburyo wifuza gukora. Potaziyamu permanganate yo gushushanya, iyo iteguwe neza kandi ikagezwaho amazi, yongera ubukana bw'ubuso mu buryo bwa mikorobe, bigatanga uburyo bwo gufunga neza urwego rwo hejuru rw'igitambaro kandi bikanoza gufatana no kuramba igihe kirekire. Ariko, ubwinshi budakwiye cyangwa koza bidahagije mu gihe cyo gutegura umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate wo gutunganya ubuso, bishobora gutera inenge cyangwa ibara, bigatera ingaruka mbi ku bwiza no ku mikorere ya mashini.
Muri make, uburyo bukomeye bwo gutegura ubuso bukozwe mu buryo bwa electroplating bugena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere, ubwizerwe, n'isura y'ibice bya electroplating. Intambwe yose mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubuso mbere yo kubutunganya—kuva ku gusohora amavuta bwa mbere kugeza ku gukora kwa nyuma no gusiga irangi ku buryo bworoshye—igamije ubwoko bwihariye bw'ibintu byanduye cyangwa imiterere y'ubuso. Gukoresha neza uru rutonde ni ingenzi kugira ngo electroplating ibe nziza cyane kandi ifite imbaraga nke zo gufata neza ubuso n'ubusembwa buke.
Intambwe z'ingenzi zo gutegura ubuso
Kumenya no gukuraho imyanda isanzwe ku buso
Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere yo gukoresha electroplatingBitangirana no kumenya ibintu bihumanya nk'amavuta, amavuta, imiterere ya okiside, ivumbi, ibicuruzwa bya corruption, n'imyambaro ishaje. Amavuta n'amavuta akenshi bikomoka ku nganda zikora cyangwa mu gutunganya. Okiside zikora ku byuma bihuzwa n'umwuka, bigagabanya amashanyarazi yo gupfunyika. Ivumbi n'ibisigazwa by'udusimba bishobora kuguma mu buryo bwo gukora cyangwa gutwara.
Kudakuramo neza ibi binyabutabire bituma habaho gufatana nabi, kuzana udusebe, imyobo, no gushyira ibintu mu buryo butaringaniye mu gice cy’icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi. Urugero, amavuta asigaye atera kudafatana neza, mu gihe ibice bya okiside bishobora gutuma habaho udusebe cyangwa gukurura bitewe n’imbaraga.
Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y'uko ukoresha ikoranabuhanga
Uburyo bwa mekanike ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya ubuso mbere yo kubushyira ku gisenge. Gusya bikuraho ubwandu bwinshi kandi bigahindura ibitagenda neza. Gusukura byongera uburyo bworoshye bwo kuzunguruka, bigabanya utuyobo duto aho inenge zishobora gutera nuclea. Gutwika umucanga ("grit blasting") bikuraho oxyde zikomeye, ibisigazwa, n'uduce twinjijwemo, kandi byongera ubukana bw'ubuso kugira ngo bifatanye neza. Gukuraho uduce duto duto n'uduce duto dushobora kwangiza uburyo bwo gutwikira.
Ibipimo byo guhitamo bishingiye ku bwoko bwa substrate n'ibyo ikoreshwa. Urugero, guturika grit ni byiza ku byuma mbere yo guturika nickel-tungsten (Ni-W / SiC), bigatuma ubukomere n'ubufatane birushaho kwiyongera ugereranije no gusya. Aloyi za aluminiyumu zakozwe hamwe n'uturemangingo tw'ubusa zisubiza neza ku byifuzo byo kurwanya ingese mu mikoreshereze y'amazi yo mu nyanja.
Ubukana bw'ubuso ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho imbaraga zo gufatana mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Ubukana bwinshi—buterwa no gusya umucanga cyangwa gusya—butuma habaho guhuza kw'ibice, bigafatana n'ibice bya electroplated. Ubuso busesuye, nubwo buringaniye, bushobora kudakomeza gufatana kugira ngo bugere ku buryo bumwe. Ubushakashatsi buhora bugaragaza ko ubuso busembuye umucanga butanga umusaruro mwiza mu bijyanye no gufatana no kuramba.
Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y'imiti
Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere y’uko imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura bugamije kwibasira ibintu byanduye bidakemuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mekanike, nk’amavuta yoroheje n’ibice bya okiside bihoraho.Gukuraho amavutaikoresha imiti ivangavanze cyangwa imiti ya alkaline kugira ngo ikureho amavuta n'amavuta burundu; ibintu bisanzwe birimo sodium hydroxide cyangwa trichloroethylene, bitewe n'uko substrate ihuye.
Guteka, gukoresha aside, bishongesha ogiside n'ibipimo byo ku buso bw'icyuma. Urugero, aside sulfurike cyangwa hydrochloric ni ibisanzwe ku cyuma, mu gihe aside nitrike ikwiranye n'ibyuma bya aluminiyumu. Guteka aside—igitero kigenzurwa ku butaka—binongera ubushobozi bwa shimi, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo icyuma gishyirwe neza. Guteka aside hydrofluoric ni ingirakamaro cyane ku byuma bya keramike, bikuraho ibice bya siliceous kandi byongera imbaraga zo gusana.
Nyuma yo gusukurwa cyane hakoreshejwe imiti, koza amazi yakuwemo iyoni birinda kongera gukurura imyanda yashongeshejwe. Hakurikiraho gusibanganya, hakoreshejwe ishingiro ridafite imbaraga (nk'umusemburo wa sodium bicarbonate) kugira ngo habeho gutuza ubuso bw'umusemburo uhinduka kandi hirindwe ingaruka zitari ngombwa mu bwogero bukurikiraho. Ibi bituma habaho ituze kandi bihuye n'imiterere y'ubwogero bukoreshwa mu bwogero.
Gukora ku buso bw'amashanyarazi
Gukoresha amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki birushaho gutegura ubuso bw'ubutaka, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "short current pulses" cyangwa "anodic/cathodic treatments" mu bwogero bwa electrolyte. Ubu buryo buhindura ingufu zo hejuru, bukuraho oxyde zisigaye, kandi bukongera ubushobozi bwo gutoserwa n'amazi—ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo electrolyte ifatanye neza kandi ikomeze gukwirakwira nyuma.
Amahame yo gukoresha amashanyarazi ashingiye ku gice cy’ubutaka n’aho gitwikiriye. Urugero, uburyo bwo kuvura bwa cathodic muri sodium hydroxide busubiza inyuma amashanyarazi ku buso kandi bugakuraho filimi za okiside zitinze. Iyi ntambwe yongera ubwinshi bw’ahantu hakora amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho imiterere imwe y’urukuta rw’amashanyarazi.
Muri rusange, buri buryo bwo gutunganya mbere y’uko buvurwa butoranywa kandi bugakurikiranwa hakurikijwe imiterere y’ibikoresho bya substrate, ubwoko bw’ibyandujwe, ikoreshwa ryabwo, n’ubwiza bw’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Gutunganya ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, gusukura imiti, no gukoresha amashanyarazi hamwe bituma habaho imbaraga nziza zo gufunga no gusiga irangi mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya amashanyarazi.
Uruhare rwa Potasiyumu ihoraho mu kuvura mbere yo gukoresha amashanyarazi
Ubutabire bwa Potasiyumu ihoraho
Potasiyumu permanganate (KMnO₄) izwiho ubushobozi bwayo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe mu buryo bwo gushushanya. Iyo ishongeshejwe mu mazi, KMnO₄ iratandukana ikarekura iyoni za permanganate (MnO₄⁻), zifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe. Ibi bituma habaho kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera n'ibitari umwimerere, bigatuma iba igikoresho cy'agaciro cyo gutunganya ubuso mbere yo gushushanya.
Ingufu zo gukaraba kw'umuti ni ingenzi cyane mu gukuraho imyanda ihoraho ya organic. Ibi birimo amavuta, surfactants, na polymers zisigaye zisigara ku byuma. Igikorwa cya oxidative gikomeza binyuze mu kohereza electron mu buryo butaziguye, biganisha ku gusenyuka kw'izi molekile za organic mu bwoko bushonga mu mazi cyangwa kuzura burundu kw'amabuye y'agaciro. Urugero, ubuso bugezweho bukora neza nka Mo-doped MnO₂ kuri TiO₂ nanotube arrays - byagaragaye ko bitera kwangirika vuba kw'imyanda ya organic binyuze mu gukaraba kw'umuti bitaziguye no gukora oxydants zikomeye zo hagati, nka Mn(III/IV) na hydroxyl radicals, byongerera imikorere myiza.
Kugira ngo haveho imyanda idakomoka ku bimera, umuti wa KMnO₄ worohereza okiside no guhagarika ibyuma bikomeye, nka Pb(II), Cd(II), na Cu(II), ku buso cyangwa muri matrices. Ibi ahanini biterwa no kugwa kwa MnO₂ microparticles muri situ mu gihe cya KMnO₄ reaction, aho usanga hari ahantu henshi hakora ho kwinjiza iyoni z'icyuma. Byongeye kandi, KMnO₄ ishobora guhindura adsorbents zishingiye kuri karuboni, nka hydrochar, binyuze mu kongeramo amatsinda y'imikorere afite ogisijeni no kongera ubushobozi bwazo bwo gufata ibyuma bikomeye - ni ingenzi mu gutegura ubuso bufite isuku nyinshi mbere yuko ubwogero bwa electroplating buteranywa.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima potassium permanganate ni ingenzi mu kuringaniza uburyo bwo gukuraho imyanda no kuyikuraho neza. Ubunini bwayo bukabije bushobora gutuma ubuso bushonga cyane cyangwa bukanaba bwinshi, mu gihe ubunini bwayo bushobora kwangiza imbaraga za kole mu gupima amashanyarazi no gusiga ibisigazwa bibangamira imiterere y’ubwogero.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu bikorwa byo kuvura mbere yo kuvura
Gushyiramo potaziyamu permanganate mu buryo busanzwe bwo kuvura mbere yo kuyikoresha bitangirana no gutegura umuti neza. Mbere yo kuyikoresha ubusanzwe ikurikiza izi ntambwe:
- Gusukura ubuso:Gukuraho ubutaka butose, amavuta, cyangwa uduce duto tw’ibimera hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukaraba cyangwa gukaraba hakoreshejwe alkaline.
- Uburyo bwo kuvura bwa KMnO₄:Gushyira cyangwa gutera umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate kuri substrate. Ingano y'umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate mu gushushanya igomba guhuzwa n'ubwoko bw'umuti n'umutwaro w'umwanda kugira ngo ikureho neza.
- Igihe cyo Gusubiza:Gutanga igihe gihagije cyo gukoranaho kugira ngo habeho ogisijeni, akenshi hagati y'iminota myinshi kugeza ku gice cy'isaha, bitewe n'imiterere y'ubuso n'ubwoko bw'ibintu byanduye.
- Gusukura no Kugabanya ubushyuhe:Koza neza n'amazi kugira ngo ukureho ibisigazwa byangiritse, kandi nibiba ngombwa, uvaneho KMnO₄ isigaye ukoresheje sodium bisulfite cyangwa ikindi kintu gisa nayo kugira ngo wirinde ko habaho kwivanga mu buryo bwo koga bukoresha amashanyarazi.
- Igenzura ry'Umuhuza:Gukoresha ibipimo by'ubucucike cyangwa ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire bya Lonnmeter kugira ngo harebwe ko ibisigazwa n'imiti mbere yo kubikora byakuweho bihagije kandi ko imiterere y'ubuso ihamye kugira ngo habeho imbaraga nziza zo gufunga mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi.
Ubu buryo bushobora guhindurwa ku byuma bitandukanye—umuringa, nikeli, cyangwa zinki—binyuze mu guhindura uburyo bwo gutegura umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate kugira ngo utunganywe ku buso. Gukurikirana iherezo ry’umuti mbere yo kuwutunganya ni ingenzi mu gukumira ko urenze urugero rw’amazi, bishobora kwangiza ubwiza bwa nyuma bw’amashanyarazi cyangwa imbaraga z’ubutare.
Potasiyumu permanganate itanga ibyiza byinshi ugereranyije n’imiti isanzwe yo kuvura mbere yo kuvura nka chromates cyangwa aside zoroshye. Ntabwo ari bibi cyane kuyikoresha no kuyijugunya kurusha ibintu bya chromium bifite hexavalent. Ubushobozi bwa KMnO₄ bwo gusiga oxidize mu buryo bwagutse busobanura ko ishobora gukemura ubwoko bwinshi bw’imyanda ikomoka ku bimera n’ibitari umwimerere mu ntambwe imwe, bikongera umubare w’ibyiciro bikenewe mbere yo kuvura. Byongeye kandi, gukora uduce duto twa MnO₂ bishobora kongera uburyo bwo gutegura ubuso binyuze mu kunoza uburyo imyanda ishyirwamo no koroshya uburyo icyuma gishyirwa ku bintu byateguwe mbere.
Muri make, permanganate ya potasiyumu yo gukoresha electroplating itanga inzira nziza yo kunoza uburyo bwo gutegura ubuso bwa electroplating, hamwe n’inyongera zanditse mu mikorere myiza yo gukuraho ndetse n’imbaraga za nyuma zo gufata kole. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryiza rishingiye ku kugenzura neza ubwinshi bwa KMnO₄ no guhuza n’uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa, nko kugenzura ubucucike n’ubukana bw’ibice hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nk’ibitangwa na Lonnmeter.
Uburyo bwo gutwikira ibyuma
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Kugenzura ko ikora neza kandi ikagira ubuziranenge bwo gupfuka
Gutunganya potaziyamu permanganate ni ingenzi mu gutunganya mbere yo gukoresha amashanyarazi, cyane cyane kuri polymer nka ABS. Iyi ntambwe ikemura ikibazo cy’ingenzi cyo gufatana kw’icyuma binyuze mu guhindura ubuso bw’ubutaka hakoreshejwe imiti n’ingufu.
Uburyo: Uburyo Potasiyumu Ihoraho Yongera Ingufu zo Gufata
Potasiyumu permanganate, igikoresho gikomeye cyo kugabanya ubushyuhe, ihindura ubuso mu gihe cyo gutegura ubuso bwa electroplating. Ku bintu bya polymer, yibasira amatsinda y’ubuso bw’ibinyabuzima, cyane cyane mu bice bya polybutadiene biboneka muri pulasitiki ya ABS. Oxidation igabanya imigozi ibiri, igashyiramo amatsinda akungahaye kuri ogisijeni nka hydroxyl (–OH) na carboxyl (–COOH). Aya matsinda y’ibice bya polar yongera imbaraga z’ubuso, yongera ubushobozi bwo kumena no guhuza imiti na iyoni z’icyuma mu buryo bukurikiraho bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe.
Muri ubwo buryo, gucukura permanganate bitera micro-roughening, byongera ubuso bw'ubuso kandi bigatanga ahantu ho guhagarara. Uku gushushanya ibintu mu buryo buciriritse no mu buryo buciriritse bituma imiterere y'icyuma yakira neza imiterere y'icyuma no gukura, amaherezo byongera imbaraga zo gufungana no gufatana.
Isano iri hagati yo kuvura permanganate, gukora surface activation, no kuramba kwa coating
Uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo kuvura bugomba kunoza imikorere y’imiti ndetse n’imiterere yayo. Iyo potaziyamu permanganate ikoreshejwe mu bihe byiza—ubusanzwe ku gipimo kiri hagati ya 0.5% na 2%, mu gihe cy’iminota 3-10 kuri 60-80°C—ikora neza ku buso bwayo nta kwangiza substrate.
Ubuso bwa oxidized neza bugaragaza umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni n'ubukana bw'ubuso, nk'uko bigaragazwa na XPS na SEM. Ibi biranga bifitanye isano itaziguye no gukomera kw'igitambaro cya nyuma. Ubukana bw'ubukorikori butuma habaho ubudahangarwa bukabije bwo kwangirika, gushyuha, no gushyuha, bikaba ari ingenzi mu bikorwa bikomeye nko mu gukora imodoka cyangwa ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Byongeye kandi, ibintu bihungabanya ibidukikije birimo kwihutisha ihinduka ryo gukoresha permanganate mbere yo kuvurwa. Kubera ko amahame agenga imiterere abuza ikoreshwa rya aside chromic, oxidation ya permanganate itanga uburyo bwo gufatana bungana cyangwa bwiza mu gihe bigabanya imyanda ihumanya. Ubu buryo burimo kugaragara ko bufite akamaro mu bintu bitandukanye bya pulasitiki, harimo polypropylene na polycarbonate, iyo imiterere y’umuti ihinduwe ku gice cy’ubutaka kirimo ikibazo.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo gusuzuma imbaraga zo gufatana nyuma yo kuvura ubuso mbere yo kubutunganya
Gusuzuma uburyo intambwe ya potasiyumu permanganate ikora mbere yo kuvurwa ku buso bw'umuti ishingiye ku bipimo byinshi bipimirwa:
- Ikizamini cy'imbaraga z'amashishwa:Ipima imbaraga zikenewe kugira ngo ikureho urwego rwasizwe ku gice cy'ubutaka. Kuri ABS ivuwe na permanganate, agaciro kayo kakunze kwiyongera kuva kuri ~8 N/cm (itavuwe) kugeza kuri >25 N/cm, bigaragaza inyungu ikomeye y'igikorwa.
- Ibizamini byo gushwanyagurika no gushwanyagurika:Suzuma uburyo ibyuma birwanya gusenyuka kw'imitsi, bitagaragaza gusa ubwiza bw'ubufatanye, ahubwo binagaragaza imikoranire iri hagati y'ubukana bw'ubuso n'ubucucike bw'itsinda.
- Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje:Igaragaza ingero zishushanyijeho ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bihindagurika kenshi, igapima ubusugire bw'icyuma na polimeri uko igihe kigenda gihita.
- Isesengura rya Mikorosikopi na Spektrosikopu:SEM na XPS bitanga amakuru y’imibare ku miterere y’ubuso n’imiterere y’ibice by’umubiri, bitanga isano iri hagati y’ubwinshi bw’umwuka wa ogisijeni n’imiterere mito hamwe n’ibipimo by’ubufatanye bipimwe mu buryo bw’igerageza.
Ku bijyanye no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'inganda, kugenzura neza no gusubiramo ubwinshi bw'umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate ni ingenzi cyane. Aha niho ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike cyangwa ubunini bw'amazi, nk'uko byatanzwe na Lonnmeter, rituma buri cyiciro kigera ku gipimo cyiza, rigashyigikira ireme rihoraho mu bisubizo byo gushyiramo amazi mu nzira.
Ibigomba kwitabwaho mu mutekano, mu bidukikije no mu mikorere
Gukoresha umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate mu gutunganya amashanyarazi no mu bikorwa byo gutunganya ubutaka bisaba amabwiriza akomeye yo kubungabunga ubuzima, umutekano, no kurengera ibidukikije. Bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kongera ogisijeni n'uburyo ikora, intambwe yose kuva mu kubika kugeza mu gutabwamo isaba kwitabwaho mu buryo burambuye n'amabwiriza agenga imikorere.
Gufata neza, kubika no gutatanya umuti wa Potasiyumu ihoraho
Ibikoresho byo kwirinda umuntu ku giti cye (PPE) ni ingenzi mu gihe cyose ukoresha potaziyamu permanganate. Abakoresha bagomba gukoresha uturindantoki tudakoresha imiti, indorerwamo zo kwirinda, ubwikingo bwo mu maso, n'amakoti yo muri laboratwari kugira ngo wirinde ko uruhu n'amaso bihura. Korana n'imiti ahantu hahumeka neza cyangwa munsi y'aho umwuka uturuka kugira ngo wirinde guhumeka ivumbi cyangwa umwuka. Irinde ko byagera ku bintu bitaziguye no gukora aerosol—ivumbi rya KMnO₄ cyangwa igihu ni bibi.
Gufata neza birinda ingaruka mbi. Potasiyumu permanganate ihura cyane n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, ibigabanya ubushyuhe, na aside, bigatuma habaho inkongi y'umuriro cyangwa guturika. Irinde ibintu byose bishobora gushya n'ibindi binyabutabire bidahuye nabyo muri buri cyiciro cy'uburyo bwo kubikora mbere yo kubikora.
Bika potaziyamu permanganate mu bikoresho bifunze neza kandi birwanya ingese (cyane cyane HDPE cyangwa ikirahure) ahantu hakonje, humutse kandi hafite umwuka mwiza. Shyira ikimenyetso ku bikoresho byose neza. Bika kure y'izuba, amasoko y'ubushyuhe, n'ibindi bishobora kwanduza. Gutandukanya ibintu ni ngombwa: ntuzigere ubibika hamwe na aside, ibikoresho bishobora gushya, cyangwa ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe.
Kurinda ko amazi yasohoka mu mazi, mu butaka cyangwa mu miyoboro y'amazi. Uburyo bwo kubika amazi mu buryo bwa kabiri, nk'udusanduku turwanya imiti ihumanya munsi y'imyobo ibikwamo, bufasha guhagarika amazi ava mu mazi ku buryo bw'impanuka kugera ku bidukikije. Kugira ngo amazi ajugunywe, imiti ya potasiyumu permanganate igomba kurwanywa—ubusanzwe mu gihe cyo kugenzura hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo kuyagabanya—mbere yo gufatwa nk'imyanda ihumanya. Kura ibikoresho byose byo gusukura no koza hakurikijwe amabwiriza yo mu gace utuyemo kugira ngo urinde ubuziranenge bw'amazi n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima.
Iyo hamenetse, hita utandukanya aho hantu hanyuma ukureho amasoko y'umuriro. Koresha gusa ibintu bito bito kandi bidashya mu gusukura. Ntugasukure cyangwa ngo wumishe imiti iva mu cyuma—gusukura amazi hakoreshejwe PPE ni byo byiza. Ibisigazwa byose byamenetse bifatwa nk'imyanda ihumanya kandi bisaba inyandiko zijyanye n'amategeko agenga ibidukikije.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije n'ibisabwa mu mabwiriza agenga ikoreshwa rya manganese rihoraho
Potasiyumu permanganate ni uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi kandi ikomeza kubaho mu bidukikije. Uburyo bwo koga hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso bigomba kuba birimo uburyo bwo kwirinda ko amazi asohoka mu buryo butateganijwe. Ahantu hakorerwa imirimo hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo kubirinda kandi hagasuzumwa buri gihe niba hari aho amazi aturuka.
Gukurikiza amabwiriza y’igihugu n’ay’akarere ni itegeko. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) gishyiraho imipaka ikomeye ku isukurwa rya permanganate mu mazi. Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga kandi yemera permanganate ya potasiyumu nk'ikintu gihangayikishije, asaba inyandiko zisanzwe zerekana ububiko, ikoreshwa, n'uburyo bwo guta imyanda. Iyo habaye impanuka, isohoka ryose rigomba gutangazwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'amategeko yo mu gace runaka. Igenzura ry’amategeko rikunze kwibanda ku buryo bwo kubika, gahunda zo guhangana n'imyanda yamenetse, no kubahiriza inzira z’imyanda ihumanya.
Amabwiriza y'Ubuzima n'Umutekano by'Abakoresha
Abakoresha bagomba guhabwa amahugurwa ajyanye n'ingaruka zo gukoresha potaziyamu permanganate mu gutunganya amashanyarazi mbere yo kuyatunganya no kuyatunganya mbere yo kuyatunganya. Ibi birimo gukoresha neza PPE, guhangana n'ibyavuye mu gusuka kw'amazi, no guhangana n'ibyavuye mu kaga.
Uburyo bwo gutanga ubufasha bw'ibanze burimo koza n'amazi ako kanya kugira ngo umuntu akore ku ruhu no mu maso. Iyo umuntu ahumetse, mujyane mu mwuka mwiza kandi mushake isuzuma rya muganga. Iyo umuntu anyoye, agomba kwitabwaho na muganga—ntimumutere kuruka. Kugera ahantu ho koza amaso no kwiyuhagira byihutirwa mu kazi ntibishobora kuganirwaho.
Imyitozo yihutirwa igomba kuba ikubiyemo uburyo bwo gukumira isuka, kumenyesha inzego zishinzwe umutekano, n'amabwiriza yo guhunga. Inyandiko z'ibyabaye n'amahugurwa y'abakoresha bigomba kubikwa kugira ngo byuzuze amahame y'amategeko n'ay'imbere mu gucunga ingaruka.
Muri make, umutekano ukomeye, ibidukikije, n'igenzura ry'imikorere ni ingenzi mu gukoresha permanganate ya potasiyumu mu gusiga amashanyarazi. Bishyigikira iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'intego z'imikorere nko kunoza imbaraga zo gusiga amashanyarazi mu gusiga amashanyarazi mu gihe birengera abakozi n'ibidukikije. Ibikoresho bikwiye byo kugenzura, nk'ibyatanzwe na Lonnmeter, bifasha cyane mu gutegura umuti wa permanganate ya potasiyumu mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwizewe wo gutunganya ubuso no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibikorwa.
Gukemura ibibazo n'uburyo bwiza bwo kubikemura
Gufata neza no kudakora neza mu buryo bwo gushushanya amashanyarazi akenshi bishingiye ku bibazo biri mu buryo bwo gutunganya amashanyarazi mbere yo kuyatunganya, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate. Urutonde rw'ibintu bisuzuma ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba byagenze neza mbere yo kuyatunganya. Ibintu by'ingenzi birimo kugenzura ubwinshi bw'umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate mu bwogero bwo gushushanya amashanyarazi no kwemeza ko umuti utegurwa neza kugira ngo uhindurwe neza. Gukoresha amashanyarazi ku buryo budahagije akenshi bituruka ku kuba ubwinshi budakwiye, kudakoresha ubushyuhe buhagije, cyangwa igihe gito cyo kuyashyiramo, bishobora kugabanya imbaraga zo gufata amashanyarazi no gutuma habaho imigozi idakomeye.
Ibintu byanduye bisigaye, nk'amavuta yo gutunganya cyangwa ibisigazwa by'imyenda yakoreshejwe mbere, bigomba gukurwaho binyuze mu gusukura no koza neza. Umunyu wa permanganate usigaye cyangwa ibisigazwa by'umwimerere bishobora kugabanya cyane ingaruka z'ubwinshi bwa permanganate ya potasiyumu ku bwiza bwa electroplating. Guca ibintu byinshi bitewe na permanganate ya potasiyumu nyinshi cyangwa igihe kirekire bishobora gutuma ubuso bucika intege. Ubushyuhe bwo mu bwogero, pH, n'igihe cyo kugaragara bigomba gutondekwa no gukurikiranwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwinshi bwiza bwa permanganate ya potasiyumu muri buri cyiciro. Itandukaniro ry'ibice bya substrate naryo rigomba kwandikwa, kuko itandukaniro mu bipimo bya resin cyangwa kuzuza rishobora guhindura uko umuntu yabyitwaramo mbere yo kuvurwa, bikagira ingaruka ku mbaraga za kole mu gushushanya electroplating.
Urutonde rw'ibipimo byo gusuzuma indwara:
- Emeza ko imiterere y'ubwogero bw'amashanyarazi yujuje ibisabwa bya permanganate ya potasiyumu n'ibindi bikoresho.
- Reba buri gihe kandi upime icyuma gipima ubucucike bw'amazi kiri kuri Lonnmeter kugira ngo urebe ko ubwogero buhagaze neza.
- Genzura ubushyuhe bw'ubwogero na pH mu gihe cyose cyo gutegura ubuso kugira ngo ukomeze kuba mwiza mu gupima potassium permanganate.
- Koresha ibikoresho byo kugereranya ubuso—nk'igipimo cy'inguni yo mu gice cy'amazi na FTIR—kugira ngo upime ingano y'ubushyuhe bw'amazi kandi urebe neza ko ubuso bukora neza.
- Kora isuzuma ry’ubufatanye mu buryo bwa mekanike (urugero, isuzuma ryo gukata imigozi cyangwa gukurura) kugira ngo umenye itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibitagenda neza, ibikometse, cyangwa ibifitanye isano na substrate.
- Andika inomero z'urutonde rw'ibice by'ubutaka kandi ukurikize igihe cyagenwe hagati yo kubitunganya no kubikoresha kole.
Guhindura ibipimo by'imikorere ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho uburinganire. Ibipimo by'imikorere bigomba kunozwa hakoreshejwe amakuru akurikiranwa aturutse mu bipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi, bitanga agaciro k'igihe nyacyo k'imiterere y'ubwogero bukoresha amashanyarazi. Urugero, niba ibipimo by'ubucucike bigaragaza ko potassium permanganate yagabanutse, igipimo cy'ingano kigomba guhindurwa kugira ngo hagarurwe igipimo cyitezwe. Niba ibipimo by'ubucucike bigaragaza ko permanganate irenze urugero, gabanya igipimo cyangwa wongere uburyo bwo gushonga kugira ngo wirinde ko amazi arenga urugero. Igenzura ry'ubushyuhe bw'ubwogero rifasha gukomeza gukora neza ku buso, bigabanya ibyago byo kudafata neza. Igipimo cy'ubucucike mu gihe cyo kwibiza kigomba kuba gihuje kugira ngo cyongere imiterere y'ubuso kandi hirindwe ko habaho uburyo butari bumwe bwo kuvura.
Gahunda zo kubungabunga ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa mu bwogero no kubungabunga umusaruro mwiza wo gukoresha amashanyarazi. Suzuma buri gihe kandi usukure ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi, harimo n'ibigega n'imiyoboro, kugira ngo ukureho kwirundanya kw'ibisigazwa cyangwa amazi.Ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa Lonnmetergukurikirana ihinduka ry’ubwiherero mu gihe nyacyo; impinduka zitunguranye z’ubucucike akenshi zigaragaza ubwandu cyangwa ibora ry’imiti. Shyiraho gahunda yo gupima ibikoresho byo kugenzura no guhindura ibihe byo kubungabunga hashingiwe ku makuru y’uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi. Simbuza umuti wo mu bwiherero mu bihe bisanzwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’imikorere, cyane cyane niba umubare w’uduce cyangwa ibisigazwa bitayunguruwe birengeje agaciro k’umubare. Kubika neza inyandiko, kuva ku gusukura kugeza ku gupima ibikoresho, bifasha gukomeza gutegura neza umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate kugira ngo uvurwe ku buso kandi bigabanya ibibazo bifitanye isano n’imiterere y’ubwogero n’ubwandu.
Gukurikiza buri gihe izi gahunda zo gusuzuma no kubungabunga bishyigikira uburyo bwo gutegura ubuso buhamye kandi bwizewe bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi kandi bikongera uburyo bwo kunoza imbaraga zo gukoresha kole mu gukoresha amashanyarazi. Gushyiramo amakuru ajyanye n'imikorere aturuka mu bipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bituma habaho impinduka mu buryo bwihuse, amaherezo bikagabanya ibibazo byo gukoresha kole no kwemeza ko umusaruro uhuye mu byiciro byose by'umusaruro.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Ni iki kigamije kuvura mbere yo gukoresha electroplating?
Gutunganya mbere yo gutunganya hejuru ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byo gutunganya hejuru mbere yo gutunganya, hagamijwe gukuraho imyanda no gutunganya substrate mbere yo gushyira icyuma mu cyuma. Ibi birimo gukuraho amavuta, amavuta, okiside, n'uduce duto, bishobora kubangamira gufatana no gutwikira. Gutunganya mbere yo gutunganya hejuru binoza uburyo ubuso bumeze neza kandi bugatuma habaho uburyo bumwe bwo gushyira urwego rw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bumwe. Uduce duto nka aluminiyumu na plastiki byacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D bisaba uburyo bwo gutunganya mbere yo gutunganya kugira ngo habeho isuku yizewe kandi bigabanye inenge nk'ibinogo cyangwa udusebe.
Ni gute permanganate ya potasiyumu yongera uburyo bwo gushushanya amashanyarazi?
Potasiyumu permanganate yo gusiga ikoreshwa nk'umusemburo ukomeye mu gikorwa cyo gusukura. Ikorana neza n'ibisigazwa by'umwimerere n'ibindi bidafite umwimerere, bigatuma bikurwa ku buso bw'ubutaka. Iki gikorwa cya Oxidative gituma ubuso bugira isuku kandi bukoresha imiti, bigatuma bugira imbaraga zo gufata neza mu gusiga irangi no gukora neza. Ku bintu bigoye, nk'ibishobora kwibasirwa n'ingufu za oxide zidakora, gutegura umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate yo gutunganya ubuso byongera cyane imbaraga zo gukora ku buso.
Kuki kugenzura ubwinshi bw'umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate ari ingenzi cyane?
Igipimo cy'umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate mu gushushanya bigomba kugenzurwa neza. Iyo igipimo kiri munsi y'urugero rwiza, hakorwa isuku idahagije, bigatuma imbaraga nke z'umuti zifatana n'umuti zishobora kunanirwa gufatana. Iyo umuti uri mwinshi cyane, gukata cyane bishobora kwangiza cyangwa kwangiza substrate, bigatera inenge. Igipimo cyiza cy'umuti wa potaziyamu permanganate gituma umwanda ukurwaho neza kandi bikabungabunga ubuziranenge bw'umuti, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku miterere y'umuti wo gushushanya no ku bwiza bw'umuti wa nyuma.
Ni gute napima neza ingano y'umuti wa potasiyumu permanganate?
Laboratwari zikunze gukoresha isesengura rya titrimetrike kugira ngo zipime urugero rwa potasiyumu permanganate. Ubu buryo bw'imiti bugena ubwinshi bw'ibipimo mu buryo bunoze cyane, ariko buratwara igihe. Kugira ngo hagenzurwe ibikorwa bihoraho, ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa inline nka density cyangwa viscosity metres bya Lonnmeter bishobora gushyirwa mu bwogero bwa electroplating. Ibi bitanga igenzura ry'ibipimo by'umubiri mu buryo nyabwo bijyanye n'ubwinshi bw'ibipimo, bigashyigikira ihinduka ry'imikorere neza no kunoza umusaruro.
Ese permanganate ya potasiyumu ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'ibyuma byose mu kuvura mbere yo gukoresha electroplating?
Nubwo permanganate ya potasiyumu ikoreshwa ku byuma bitandukanye, kuba ikwiriye biterwa n’uburyo substrate ikora. Urugero, aluminiyumu, hamwe no kuba ikora okiside vuba, bisaba intambwe zigenewe mbere yo kuyitunganya; kuyikoresha nabi bishobora gutera ingaruka cyangwa kwangirika ku buso bidakenewe. Suzuma uburyo buri gikoresho gihuye na buri kimwe n’ikoreshwa ryacyo. Uburyo bwo kuyitunganya mbere yo kuyitunganya bugomba guhindurwa buri gihe kugira ngo bunoze uburyo bwo kuyitegura no kwirinda ingaruka mbi ku buso.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-08-2025
