Gupima neza kandi bihoraho ubucucike ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora naphtha no mu mikorere ya ethylene cracker—bigaragaza imiterere y’ibiryo (hydrocarbon maquillage, sulfure, nibindi), biyobora ihinduka ry’ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo (ubushyuhe bw’itanura/igihe cyo gutura), bigabanya ibyago bitari ngombwa, bigabanya imyuka ihumanya/coke, kandi bishyigikira kubahiriza amategeko n’imikorere myiza y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho biri ku murongo nka densitometero za tube zizunguruka hamwe n’ubushyuhe/umuvuduko bitanga icyizere cy’uko ibintu bizagenda neza.
Incamake y'uburyo bwo gukora nafta no gukata ethylene
Uburyo bwo gukora naphtha ni inkingi y'ibanze y'urwego rwa peteroli rugezweho. Naphtha, uruvange rw'amazi ashyushye ruri hagati ya C5 na C12, ituruka ahanini mu gutunganya amavuta ashyushye no gutunganya condensates. Akamaro ka naphtha gaturuka ku buryo butandukanye: nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi gitunganywa mu gukora ethylene na propylene, inagira uruhare runini mu kuvanga lisansi, gukora solvent, no gukora imiti yihariye.
Ibyiciro byo Gutunganya Nafta
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Gutunganya nafta bitangirana no gutegura ibiryo, hagamijwe gukuraho imyanda iva muri peteroli cyangwa ibintu bivanze. Kugenzura imyanda, nko gukuraho sulfur, ni ingenzi kugira ngo birinde ibice byo hasi mu miyoboro no guhuza n'amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije. Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugutunganya by'ibanze—gukoresha inkingi zo mu kirere cyangwa zidafite umwuka kugira ngo ukuremo nafta nk'igice cyoroheje. Gutunganya amazi bikurikizaho, gutunganya nafta binyuze mu gukuramo sulfur, azote, n'ibyuma bisigaye. Iki cyiciro gitera imbere cyane mu ntambwe zikurikiraho zo guhindura imiti.
Izindi ntambwe zo kuvugurura zirimo guhindura ibintu mu buryo bwa catalytic na isomerization, ibyo bikaba bihindura imiterere ya naphtha hakurikijwe ikoreshwa ryayo. Kuvugurura byongera amanota ya octane kuri lisansi, mu gihe isomerization ihindura imiterere ya hydrocarbon kugira ngo ihuze neza n'ibinyabutabire. Izi ntambwe zo gutunganya zigaragaza uburyo ibicuruzwa bya nyuma bikwiye gukoreshwa mu gucika cyangwa kuvanga.
Uruhare rwa Naphtha nk'umusaruro w'ifuru ya ethylene cracker ruterwa n'imiterere yayo iringaniye ya molekile. Iyo ishyizwe mu bikorwa byo gucika kw'umwuka, imiterere ya naphtha ishyigikira umusaruro utandukanye w'ibicuruzwa—harimo uruvange rwa ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, na xylene. Ubu buryo bworoshye bushyigikira imiterere y'ibinyabutabire ihuriweho, ikenera olefini nini n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'agaciro kugira ngo yongere inyungu kandi ihaze ibyo isoko rikeneye.
Mu itanura rya ethylene cracker, igikorwa kibera mu byiciro byinshi bigenzurwa neza:
- Gushyushya ibiryo:Naphtha ivangwa n'umwuka wo gushonga, cyane cyane kugira ngo ibuze ko coke ibaho. Iyi mvange ishyuha vuba, igatanga ingufu z'ubushyuhe zikenewe kugira ngo habeho imvubura.
- Gucika k'umwuka (Aho Irabagirana):Umugezi ushyushye winjira mu miyoboro y'itanura, uhura n'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 850°C na 950°C. Muri ubu bushyuhe bwinshi n'igihe gito cyo guturamo, imigozi ya hydrocarbon iracika, igakora ethylene, propylene, n'izindi olefini z'urumuri.
- Kuzimya no Gutandukanya Ibicuruzwa:Iyo isohotse, iyo gazi yacitse ihita ikonjeshwa mu gice cyo kuzimya kugira ngo ihagarike ingaruka mbi kandi ikomeze gutanga ethylene. Umuyoboro w'ibikomoka ku bimera uvamo ugenda utandukana hakoreshejwe iminara yo gutandukanya, imiyoboro yo gukata, n'imiyoboro ifata ibintu, bigacamo olefini n'ibikomoka ku bimera.
- Gutunganya ibicuruzwa:Amaherezo, buri muyoboro w'ibicuruzwa utunganywa neza ku buryo buzwi, ugakuraho ibintu byose bisigaye bivanwaho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe, ibice bigabanya ubushyuhe, n'inkingi zo gusya.
Ubwoko bw'ibiryo byacitse bugira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye mu gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa. Naphtha ikora urutonde rw'ibicuruzwa bikomeye ariko ifite umusaruro muto wa ethylene—ubusanzwe 25-35% ukurikije uburemere bw'ibiryo. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibiryo by'inyongera nka ethane bitanga umusaruro wa ethylene ungana na 80% ariko hamwe n'ibikomoka ku bimera bike. Uku gutandukana kugize imiterere y'ibimera, umusaruro w'ubukungu, n'ingorane zo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bya ethylene bikoresha naphtha bisaba ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubucucike n'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bikurikirana ubwiza bw'ibiryo bya naphtha, bivanga neza, kandi bifasha kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi neza bitanga uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi kandi bigashyigikira icyitegererezo cy'umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa, bigaragaza uburyo ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bikoreshwa - ni ingenzi cyane ku bakoresha ibimera binini bya ethylene.
Gusobanukirwa inzira yo gukora nafta n'uruhare rwayo mu gushonga kwa ethylene ni ingenzi mu gukoresha uburyo inganda zikora peteroli zikora neza ndetse n'imikorere yazo. Uburyo imikorere y'ubwoko bw'ibiryo, imiterere y'imikorere, n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima bituma ibimera birushaho kunozwa kandi bigahura n'ibisabwa ku isoko n'ibidukikije.
Gutunganya Imikorere n'Ibipimo by'Igenzura ry'Ibintu by'Ibanze
Kugenzura neza ibintu bihinduka mu itanura rya ethylene cracker bigena mu buryo butaziguye umusaruro wa ethylene n'imikorere myiza y'ibikorwa. Guhitamo ibiryo, kugenzura imiterere y'itanura, no gucunga igihe cyo gukora ni byo shingiro ry'ibikorwa byiza byo gukora naphtha.
Guhitamo ibiryo by’ibiribwa ni ikintu cy’ingenzi. Naphtha yoroheje n’ibindi biryo nka ethane bitanga ubucucike buke kandi bikungahaye kuri parafini, byongera ubushobozi bwo guhitamo ethylene mu gihe bigabanya umusaruro mubi no kwirema kwa coke. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibiryo byacitse bifite ubucucike bwinshi—kubera hydrocarbon nyinshi—bituma umusaruro wa ethylene uba muke kandi bikongera imyuka ihumanya. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko buri kwiyongera k’umusaruro wa C8+ bifitanye isano n’igihombo cy’umusaruro, bigaragaza akamaro ko kugaragaza no kugenzura ibiryo by’ibiribwa buri gihe.
Mu itanura, kubungabunga ubushyuhe bwiza bwo gusohora amazi mu itanura (≈850°C) ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho ingaruka nziza zo gucika kw'ibice by'inyuma. Guhindagurika bitera ingaruka mbi cyangwa koke nyinshi. Igihe cyo gutura kigomba gutegurwa neza; iyo ari gito cyane, guhindura ibintu biragabanuka, ariko iyo bitinze, ethylene ikoreshwa mu buryo bukurikiranye, bigabanura umusaruro. Guhuza ubushyuhe n'igihe cyo gutura, bigahuzwa n'ubucucike n'imiterere y'ibiryo, ni inkingi ikomeye y'imikorere myiza.
Gupima ubucucike ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi butuma habaho uru rwego rwo kugenzura. Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubucucike, nka Lonnmeter's inline density meters, abakoresha babona amakuru nyayo ku miterere y'ibiryo by'amazi. Ibyo bikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bitanga igisubizo cyihuse ku miterere ya naphtha yinjira n'ibiryo byacitse. Iki gitekerezo gifasha mu guhindura uburyo umuriro unyuramo, umuvuduko w'imyotsi, na ogisijeni ya arch, bikarinda umusaruro nubwo imiterere y'ibiryo ihindagurika.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi muri uru rwego burimo gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byabugenewe byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, cyane cyane binyuze mu byuma bipima ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko usanzwe ukoreshwa mu gukaraba ibyuma bya ethylene. Ibi bikoresho bigabanya ibyago byo guhindagurika kw'ibiryo biganisha ku gihombo cy'umusaruro kandi bigatuma bihuzwa neza na sisitemu zo kugenzura ibikorwa.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi neza bushyigikira kugenzura no kunoza igihe ibintu biteganyijwe. Abakoresha bakoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike kugira ngo bamenye niba ibiryo bije bikwiranye no guhindura neza cyangwa niba bikenewe kuvanga. Urugero, amatsinda ya naphtha ashobora gutegurwa neza kandi akavangwa hashingiwe ku gaciro k'ubucucike bwapimwe, bigatuma imiterere y'itanura iguma mu buryo bwiza bwo gukora ethylene.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gihe, guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo, no gukoresha ingufu. Iyo ibipimo by'ubucucike byerekana impinduka zigana ku biryo by'ubucucike bwinshi, abahanga mu by'imikorere bashobora kubigiramo uruhare bahindura ubushyuhe bw'itanura, igipimo cy'umwuka, cyangwa igihe cyo gukora, bagasubiza iyo gahunda ku musaruro. Mu nganda zigezweho, amakuru y'ubucucike bw'igihe nyacyo aturuka mu bikoresho bikomeye anashyigikira icyitegererezo cy'ibice byinshi mu gutanga ibiryo no gucunga uburyo bikoreshwa.
Muri make, kunoza imikorere mu ikorwa rya ethylene bishingiye ku gukurikirana no kugenzura buri gihe ibintu by'ingenzi bigenda: guhitamo ibiribwa, ibipimo by'itanura, n'igihe cyo gukora. Gukoresha ibikoresho byizewe byo gupima ubucucike bivuye muri Lonnmeter bitanga ubumenyi bufatika ku mikorere, kurinda umusaruro no gutuma habaho imikorere irambye kandi inoze mu byiciro byose byo gucika kwa nafta.
Amahame n'akamaro ko gupima ubucucike
Gupima ubucucike ni inkingi ikomeye mu kugenzura inzira zo gukora naphtha n'imikorere y'itanura rya ethylene cracker. Mu gucikamo umwuka wa naphtha n'umwuka, ubucucike butanga ubumenyi bwihuse ku nkomoko y'ibiryo ndetse n'amateka yabyo yo kubitunganya, bigatuma biba ngombwa mu micungire y'ibikorwa. Ubucucike bwa naphtha—bukunze gupimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi nka ASTM D4052—ntibugaragaza gusa imiterere ya hydrocarbon ahubwo bunagaragaza impinduka mu ngano ya sulfur, impumuro nziza, n'ikwirakwizwa rya parafini. Izi tandukaniro zigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibicuruzwa, imikorere myiza, n'uburyo bihumanya mu itanura rya ethylene cracker, bikongera ubucucike nk'ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'ubwiza bw'ibiryo n'uburyo bicikamo.
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bituma abakora uruganda bakurikirana uburyo ibiryo byacitse mu buryo bufatika mu gihe nyacyo. Mu gufata ihindagurika ry'ubucucike, birashoboka guhindura ubushyuhe bw'itanura n'igihe cyo guturamo vuba, kunoza ikwirakwizwa ry'ibicuruzwa no kugabanya ibyago byo kunyura mu buryo butari bwo. Ubwo buryo bwo kugenzura buri kuri interineti ni ingenzi mu kongera umusaruro wa ethylene, kugabanya ishyirwa rya coke, no kongera imikorere y'amatanura acika.
Mu mizi yabwo, ubucucike busobanurwa nk'uburemere kuri buri gipimo cy'ingano (ρ = m/V). Gupima ubucucike mu rwego rwo gutunganya ibintu bikubiyemo kumenya uburemere n'ingano nyayo y'icyitegererezo cy'amazi mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'inganda byibanda ku gupima uburemere n'ingano nyayo hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye. Isuzuma ry'ubucucike bw'imiyoboro ya oscillating tube, cyane cyane rikoreshwa muri metero za Lonnmeter inline densitometry, ripima ubucucike rigasuzuma impinduka za frequency muri U-tube irimo amazi y'icyitegererezo—impinduka zijyanye neza n'ubucucike bw'icyitegererezo. Ubu buryo bugera ku bintu bitazwi neza biri munsi ya 0.1% hamwe no gupima neza kandi bukoreshwa cyane bitewe n'uburyo bwizewe n'ubushobozi bwabwo.
Izindi nzira z'ibanze zirimo gupima amazi n'ubunini bw'amazi (hydrostatic wearing) na pycnometry. Ariko, ibi ahanini bishyirwa mu isesengura rya laboratwari cyangwa isuzuma ry'ubuziranenge kuko akenshi bisaba ubufasha bwinshi bw'intoki kandi ntibishobora gutanga ibipimo bihoraho kandi by'igihe nyacyo bikenewe mu nganda zigezweho. Mu nganda, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike buhanitse bishyirwa ahantu hakomeye mu mikorere kugira ngo bipime ubucucike bw'amazi buri gihe, bigatuma habaho ibisubizo byihuse ku kutubahiriza amabwiriza y'ibicuruzwa.
Ni ngombwa ko ibikoresho bipima ubucucike bishingira ku ngaruka z'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, kuko impinduka zo mu bidukikije n'iziterwa n'imikorere zishobora guhindura cyane agaciro kapimwe. Ibikoresho bigezweho bihuza uburyo bwo kwishyura ubushyuhe kugira ngo birebe ko uburemere n'ingano bihuye n'imiterere isanzwe, akazi kagizwe ingorabahizi ariko kandi gafite ubuziranenge burushijeho kubera udushya mu gushushanya sensor no gupima.
Muri make, gupima neza kandi bihoraho ubucucike bw'amazi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bikomeye nka inline oscillating tube meters ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ubuziranenge no kunoza imikorere mu gikorwa cyo gukora naphtha no mu bikorwa by'ifuru ya ethylene cracker. Ubu buryo bwo gupima ubucucike butanga amakuru y'ingenzi yo kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ibiryo, kunoza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, no guteza imbere ubukungu n'imikorere y'inganda zikora peteroli.
Ikoranabuhanga n'Ibikoresho byo Gupima Ubucucike Buhanitse
Impinduka kuva ku gupima ubucucike bw'amazi busanzwe kugera ku bucucike bushingiye ku byuma bya sensor byahinduye inganda zikora ibintu nk'inganda zikora naphtha, imikorere y'ifuru ya ethylene cracker, no gukurikirana buri gihe ibiribwa byacitse. Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bwa mbere bwashingiraga ku buryo bwo gukora intoki cyangwa bukoresha ikoranabuhanga rito, busaba uburyo bunini bwo gufata ingero no kongera igihe cy'umukoresha. Viscometers za capillary, uburyo bwa hydrostatic, n'ihame rya Archimedes byari ingenzi ariko byatwaraga igihe, akenshi bigatanga amakuru ya laboratwari y'ingingo imwe aho kuba uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo.
Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gupima ubucucike, nka Coriolis flow meters cyangwa oscillating tube viscometers, byatanze uburyo bwo kunoza ariko byanahuye n'imbogamizi. Urugero, Coriolis meters ishobora gutakaza uburyo bwo kunoza hakoreshejwe imvange nyinshi, gaze ivanze, cyangwa amazi atemba mu buryo budasanzwe—ibintu bikunze kugaragara mu nganda zikora peteroli. Ubu buryo muri rusange busaba kubungabunga cyane, gupima, no gutera gutinda bitewe no gukuramo ingero cyangwa gukoresha intoki.
Ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubucucike byashyizeho ibikoresho bipima ubucucike bifite uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga butuma habaho isuzuma ry’ubucucike bw’amazi mu buryo bwihuse kandi bukora mu buryo bwihuse. Ikoranabuhanga rya sensor nka tuning fork densitometers, acoustic na capacitive devices, na x-ray absorption systems ubu bitanga ibipimo bihoraho, bikuraho gukenera gupima hanze no kugabanya amakosa y’abantu.
Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucikebishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro byinshi by'ingenzi, buri kimwe gikoresha amahame atandukanye ya fiziki:
Uburyo bwo Gutembera (Gutunganya Iforogo, Cantilever):
Ibikoresho bipima imihindagurikire, harimo na metero zipima ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter, byishingikiriza ku mpinduka mu ngano y’umuvuduko w’amazi uko amazi anyura cyangwa agakorana n’ikintu kivunga. Mu gupima ibikoresho bya fork, amenyo abiri ashyirwaho kugira ngo azunguruke; ubucucike bw’amazi bugira ingaruka ku ngano karemano. Ibidukikije bifite umuvuduko uhoraho, nk’imiyoboro yo mu itanura rya ethylene cracker, bigira uruhare muri ibi bikoresho kubera ko bihamye kandi byihuta. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri Cantilever bitanga amahame asa, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo kumva neza ibikomoka kuri Newtonian n’ibikomoka kuri Newtonian. Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kugenzura buri gihe mu kuvanga, kuvugurura, no kugenzura umuvuduko w’amazi, hamwe n’impinduka z’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko zituma habaho imikorere yizewe mu bihe bikomeye bya peteroli.
Utwuma tw’amajwi:
Ibikoresho by'amajwi bipima umuvuduko w'amajwi binyuze mu mazi, bikaba bitandukanye bitewe n'ubucucike bw'amazi n'imiterere yayo. Mu kohereza umuvuduko wa ultrasonic mu nzira runaka no gufata igihe cyo kunyuramo, sensor ibarura ubucucike mu buryo butaziguye. Ibikoresho by'amajwi ni ingirakamaro ku miyoboro irimo uruvange rw'ibice byinshi—nk'ibice byacitse—aho impinduka zihuse z'ibyiciro zikunze kubaho. Uburyo bwo kumva amajwi bukwirakwira (DAS) na fiber optic arrays byongerera ubushobozi bwo gukora igenamigambi rirambuye ry'uburyo bwo kugenda n'ihindagurika ry'ubucucike nta guhagarara kw'imikorere. Izi sisitemu zirahebuje mu bikorwa bisaba ingero nke zo guhindagurika, zigakomeza ku muvuduko mwinshi no guhindagurika kw'ibice bitandukanye.
Uburyo bwo gushyuha no gukoresha diaphragm:
Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri diaphragm bikoresha umuvuduko utandukanye mu buryo buzwi kugira ngo bibare ubucucike. Mu bidukikije bikomeye, nko kugabanya ubushyuhe cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bipima ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibifunga bya diaphragm birinda ibice by'umubiri mu gihe byohereza impinduka nyazo ku gitutu ku byuma bitwara imizigo biri kure cyangwa mu murongo. Ibikoresho byihariye nk'icyuma kitagira umugese n'amazi akoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi bikomeza gukora neza kw'igikoresho mu gihe kirenze 400°C n'umuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe no gupima neza bigamije gukurikirana no gupima neza. Gukomeza kubungabunga buri gihe (urugero, gusohora amazi mu mazi) bikomeza gukora neza mu nzira zikoresha umwanda usanzwe ku miyoboro y'ibisigazwa by'ibisigazwa.
Ibikoresho bishingiye ku rubuga rwa rukuruzi:
Densimetero za rukuruzi zikoresha uburyo amazi akorana n'umurima wa rukuruzi—byaba binyuze mu kuzunguruka kwa rukuruzi mu muyoboro w'icyitegererezo cyangwa binyuze mu byuma bipima ingaruka za Hall—aho impinduka mu mbaraga z'amazi zifitanye isano n'ubucucike bw'amazi. Ibi ni ingirakamaro ku ngero zidatwara amazi cyangwa zirimo kwangirika; icyakora, bisaba kwitabwaho cyane iyo bikoreshejwe mu migezi ifite imiterere ihindagurika cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Uburyo bwo kwinjiza X-ray:
Mu bushakashatsi no mu bikorwa byihariye bisaba ubuhanga bwo hejuru mu bushyuhe n'umuvuduko ukabije, gukoresha X-ray bitanga igisubizo gikomeye kandi kidatera ingaruka mbi. X-ray zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zinyura mu rugero, kandi kugabanya umuvuduko birapimwa; urwego rwo gukoresha rufitanye isano itaziguye n'ubucucike bw'urugero n'ubunini bwarwo. Iyo bihujwe n'uturemangingo twa diyama dushyushye hakoreshejwe laser, ubu buryo butuma umuntu apima umuvuduko uri hejuru ya 20 GPa n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 2000 K—imimerere iboneka mu bushakashatsi bw'ibikoresho bigezweho no mu bushakashatsi bwa peteroli bukoresha umuvuduko ukabije. Ubu buryo butanga amakuru atazwi neza agera kuri 0.01%, bukubiyemo ibice bikomeye n'ibikomoka ku mazi mu gihe nyacyo no mu mpinduka z'ubushyuhe.
Ibiranga Imikorere Igereranya
Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gupima ubucucike ryanogejwe kugira ngo rikore neza kandi rihuze ibikorwa. Ibikoresho byo gupima biri ku murongo n'ibikoresho nk'ibyo Lonnmeter itanga bitanga inyungu nyinshi ugereranije n'uburyo gakondo:
- Igipimo cy'igihe nyacyo, gihorahoyemerera gutanga ibitekerezo bitaziguye ku ihinduka ryikora ry’imikorere mu itanura rya ethylene cracker cyangwa ibikorwa byo kuvanga naphtha.
- Uburyo bwo gufata ingero bugabanutsenaigihe cyo gusubiza vubakugabanya ibyago byo kwandura no kunoza umutekano w'ibikorwa.
- Uburyo bwo kwishyura no gupima hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhangakugabanya itandukaniro rishingiye ku mukozi, kongera uburinganire bw'ibicuruzwa no kugenzura ubuziranenge.
- Ubudahangarwa ku isuku, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amaziMu bikoresho bigezweho bipima neza nubwo haba hari amazi yacitse, imvange ikomeye ya hydrocarbon, cyangwa ahantu hanini ho gukata.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo muri laboratwari buracyari igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gupima, cyane cyane iyo hakenewe kumenya neza niba ibipimo bitarasobanuka cyangwa niba bireba neza ibice bya SI. Ariko, ku igenzura risanzwe kandi rigezweho ry’imiyoboro y’ibikorwa, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw’inline ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda.
Ibiranga Imikorere n'Ibintu Bituma Imikorere Ikorwa
Kwizerwa mu gupima mu nganda biterwa n'ibipimo byinshi. Ubunini bw'icyitegererezo bugira ingaruka ku buryo ibipimo by'ubucucike bigaragazwa ndetse n'umuvuduko w'ibipimo by'ubucucike. Ibikoresho bikora ku bunini bw'icyitegererezo buke bigomba kugenzura neza ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo kugira ngo birebe ko amakuru afite akamaro, cyane cyane ku bikorwa biri ku murongo nk'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bya Lonnmeter. Ubuhanga bwo kumenya impinduka zigaragara mu miterere y'ibicuruzwa ni ingenzi cyane mu kubungabunga imiterere y'ibicuruzwa no gukemura ibibazo mu mikorere y'ibiryo byacitse cyangwa mu mikorere y'ibikomoka ku bimera.
Ingano y'ubushyuhe igira uruhare runini mu guhitamo ibikoresho no mu gupima neza. Ibikoresho bipima ubucucike bw'ibinyobwa bigomba gukora mu buryo butandukanye, kuva ku bushyuhe bukabije kugeza ku bushyuhe bukabije mu mikorere ya ethylene cracker. Urugero, gupima neza kuri >800°C, nk'uko bigaragara mu itanura rya ethylene cracker, bitanga imbogamizi zirimo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho bya sensor, gutembera, no kugabanya imikorere. Ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mikorere bwihutisha ingese, butera umunaniro mu byuma, kandi bugatuma hashyirwaho uburyo bwihariye bwo gusiga sensor cyangwa ibikoresho bikomeye kugira ngo byongere igihe cyo gukora no gukomeza gukora neza.
Ubunyangamugayo ubwabwo ni urwego rw'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho ndetse n'imikorere yabyo. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyobwa bushingiye ku kwemeza kenshi ukurikije amahame ngenderwaho yemewe. Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'ibinyobwa byacitse, amakosa mato mu gupima ubucucike akwirakwira mu guhindura inzira nabi, bigagabanya imikorere n'umusaruro. Gukurikiza cyane gahunda zo gupima no guhuza ahantu ho gusuzuma buri gihe bishingira ku gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyobwa neza cyane mu nganda zitunganya ibinyobwa.
Gupima ubucucike bw'ibiryo byacitse mu bihe bikomeye bitanga imbogamizi zidasanzwe. Imiyoboro y'ibikorwa mu itanura rya ethylene cracker n'ibimera bya naphtha akenshi iba irimo uduce duto, urujya n'uruza rw'ibice byinshi, na hydrocarboni nyinshi zikora neza. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter byakozwe kugira ngo bihangane n'ibi bidukikije birimo inyubako zikomeye n'ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe n'imiti. Nubwo hari iterambere rigaragara, uruvange rw'umuvuduko mwinshi, impinduka zihuse mu byiciro, no gushyuha cyane imbere mu miyoboro y'ibikorwa bishobora guteza ikosa ryo gupima ubushyuhe n'imikorere, bigasaba ko habaho uburyo bukomeye bwo gufata no gushyiraho ingero.
Isuzuma ry'amakosa muri ubwo buryo bukabije rikoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gusesengura no gufata amashusho. Uburyo gakondo bwo kuzura no gufata amashusho butanga umusaruro wizewe mu buryo bugenzurwa ariko ntibugira ingaruka nziza mu bushyuhe bwinshi bitewe no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, kubura impande, no guhindagurika kw'ishusho. Uburyo bugezweho, burimo amashusho ya UV n'ubushyuhe, bwongera ubushobozi bwo gukora amashusho binyuze mu kugabanya ibikoresho by'imirasire no kunoza itandukaniro mu gace ko gupima. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kunoza imiterere y'amashusho—nk'iy'inyuma yo gukuramo no gushyiramo elliptical—bishobora kugabanya kabiri ingano y'amakosa nubwo byaba bikorerwa hejuru ya 3000 K. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza inkomoko y'amakosa n'ingaruka zayo ku buryo buboneye:
Kwemeza neza igikoresho bikubiyemo gupima inshuro nyinshi hakoreshejwe ingero zemewe. Mu ikoreshwa ry’ibiryo byacitse, kugenzura bigomba kuba bifite ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw’ingero n’ikosa riterwa n’ubushyuhe, ahubwo binagomba kuba bifite ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw’ingero gusa, ahubwo binatuma habaho no kuzenguruka kw’igihe kirekire kw’ibikoresho. Inyigo zasohotse zigaragaza ko kongera gupima mu buryo busanzwe hakoreshejwe amazi ashobora gukurikiranwa bishobora kongera igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho, kugabanya inshuro zo kongera gupima, no kugumana urwego rw’amakosa ruri munsi ya 1% mu bihe bikomeye. Kwemeza buri gihe—kongerwaho ubushakashatsi bw’ibikoresho—bikomeje kuba ingenzi kugira ngo ibikorwa bikomeze kubaho neza kandi bigire umutekano mu buryo burambye mu bice bya peteroli.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bufite imikorere myiza, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bihuza uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike, gahunda zo gusukura zikora mu buryo bwikora, no kugenzura uburyo bwo gupima kure kugira ngo birusheho kuba ingirakamaro. Mu bikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, gusuzuma amakosa vuba no kuyasuzuma ni ibipimo ngenderwaho mu kubahiriza amategeko, kugenzura inzira, no gukorana neza n'isoko. Amaherezo, gupima ubucucike bwizewe mu bidukikije bikomeye bishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho, gupima neza, no gukurikirana amakosa mu buryo buhamye—inkingi z'ingenzi kuri buri buryo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu nganda zikora peteroli.
Imikoreshereze y'Ubucucike mu Mikorere ya Petrochemical
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'imiyoboro, nka vibrating tube densitometers, ni ingenzi mu gukora naphtha no gukora amatanura ya ethylene cracker. Bishyizwe mu miyoboro y'ibikorwa, ibi bikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bitanga igenzura rihoraho ry'ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo—ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi mu kugenzura ubwiza bw'ibikoresho fatizo no guhita ugira icyo ukora ku mpinduka mu mikorere. Urugero, vibrating tube densitometers zigena ubucucike zipima impinduka z'umuyoboro wuzuyemo amazi; uko ubucucike buhinduka, ni nako resonance frequency ihinduka, bigatanga amakuru yihuse kandi nyayo ndetse no mu bushyuhe butandukanye n'umuvuduko, harimo n'ibihe by'ubukonje bifitanye isano n'ibihe byo gukonjesha kw'ibiryo byacitse. Gupima hifashishijwe hydrocarbon nka methane na ethane bituma ibi bikoresho biguma ari ukuri ku mazi atandukanye ya peteroli.
Mu gikorwa cyo gukora naphtha, ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'inline bifasha abakora mu kazi gukurikirana ubuziranenge bw'ibiryo n'ingano yabyo nta guhagarara kw'ingero z'intoki. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bipima impinduka zigaragara zijyanye no gutandukana kw'ibiryo cyangwa kuba hari imyanda idakenewe—nk'umunyu n'ibyuma—bishobora gutera umwanda mu miyoboro y'ifuru ya ethylene cracker. Gusoma ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bifasha guhindura igipimo cyo kuyungurura no gutunganya ibiryo, bifasha kugabanya ikorwa rya coke no kongera igihe cyo gukoresha itanura mu gihe bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kitateganijwe. Mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ibiryo, igikoresho cyo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyobwa nacyo kirushaho kunoza imikorere n'ingaruka ku bidukikije, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwinshi na raporo z'ubucuruzi.
Amakuru ajyanye n'ubucucike bw'ibikoresho ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho bya ethylene. Bishyizwe muri Sisitemu zo Kugenzura Zikwirakwiza (DCS), ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter byohereza amakuru ahoraho ku bikoresho bigenzura imikorere, bigatanga amakuru ku bushyuhe bw'itanura n'uburyo ibiribwa binyuramo. Urugero, gutandukana mu bipimo by'ubucucike bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu miterere y'imikorere cyangwa gutangira kwangirika; abakora bashobora gusubiza banonosora imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'itanura cyangwa bagahindura umusaruro w'ibikoresho, bityo bagakoresha neza umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Isesengura ry'inganda rigaragaza inyungu zishobora gupimwa: kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho, kugabanuka kw'igihe cyo kudakora, no kuzigama ingufu, hamwe n'inyungu ku ishoramari ry'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike akenshi bigerwaho mu mezi menshi bitewe n'imikorere myiza.
Ku bijyanye n'umutekano, kugenzura ubucucike buhoraho bitanga umuburo hakiri kare ku bintu bitagenda neza bishobora kwangiza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho mu itanura rya ethylene cracker. Ibimenyetso byasohotse bishimangira ko gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bishyigikira ingamba zo kwirinda; ababikora bashobora kugira icyo bakora mbere yuko ubwandu cyangwa kwibumbira muri coke birushaho kwangirika bigatera ibibazo bikomeye cyangwa ibyago by'umutekano. Uku gukora neza ntigutanga gusa imikorere myiza ahubwo binagabanya ingaruka zose ku bidukikije binyuze mu kugenzura imyuka ihumanya iterwa no gutwika nabi no kohereza ubushyuhe.
Ingero zo mu nganda zikora za peteroli zigaragaza ko gukoresha ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bitera imikorere ihamye y'itanura, ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa buri hejuru, no kubahiriza amabwiriza ahamye. Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi—harimo n'uburyo bwo kuzunguruka, uburyo bwa vibronic, na Coriolis—butanga ubushishozi bukenewe kuri ibi bidukikije bigoye, akenshi bugatanga ubuziranenge bwa ± 0.1 kg / m³ cyangwa buruta mu buryo bushyushye cyane. Gutandukana n'ubucucike bwitezwe bituma hamenyekana vuba uburyo ibintu bihindagurika, bigashyigikira uburyo bwo kunoza no kugenzura ubuziranenge mu nganda zikora naphtha no mu bikoresho byo gushonga bya ethylene.
Guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bya Lonnmeter muri izi nzira bigaragaza uburyo amakuru akoreshwa mu gihe nyacyo atuma inganda z’ibinyabutabire zihinduka kuva ku gupima intoki buri gihe zikajya ku kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bwikora kandi bukoresha ikoranabuhanga. Uko ibikorwa bya peteroli bigenda birushaho kuba ingorabahizi kandi bigenzurwa, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bishyirwaho nk'ingenzi mu mikorere y'ubukungu n'umutekano.
Inzitizi n'ibisubizo
Ibikoresho gakondo byo gupima ubucucike nka pycnometers, hydrometers, n'ibikoresho bya U-tube bikoresha intoki byakoreye urwego rwa peteroli mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo. Ariko, ibidukikije bikorerwamo peteroli—nk'amatanura ya ethylene cracker n'imikorere yo gukora naphtha—bitera imbogamizi zikunze kurenza ubushobozi bwabyo. Uburyo bwo gufata ingero z'ubu buryo busaba akazi kenshi kandi bushobora kugorana. Impinduka z'ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo kwimura zishobora guhindura ibisubizo, mu gihe ibibazo nko gufata umwuka mubi akenshi bibangamira ubuziranenge. Urugero, gupima ubucucike bw'ibiryo byacitse cyangwa imigezi ya naphtha izenguruka bisaba kugenzura neza imiterere n'ubuziranenge bw'ingero, imiterere idakunze kugaragara mu buryo bworoshye muri laboratwari, cyane cyane iyo hari ingero zigoranye cyangwa nyinshi.
Mu gihe cy’imikorere—ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, cyangwa iyo hari imiti ikaze cyangwa yanduye—ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gupima ubucucike birangirika vuba cyangwa ntibitange umusaruro usubirwamo. Muri rusange ibi bikoresho ntibishobora gukurikirana impinduka mu buryo bw’imikorere mu gihe nyacyo, bityo amatsinda akora nta makuru yihuse kandi ashobora gukorwa. Urugero, mu gihe cyo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi mu itanura rya ethylene cracker, uburyo bushaje busaba isuzuma n’intoki, bigatera gutinda ku buryo butuma inzira zihinduka. Uku kubura ibitekerezo ku gihe bishobora gutuma habaho ibyemezo bito byo gucika no kugabanya umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa.
Kwishingikiriza ku gupima intoki bigabanya uburyo bwo guhuza n’ibikoresho byikora. Ibikoresho byinshi byo gupima ubucucike bw’ibinyobwa bya kera ntibitanga amakuru ahoraho kandi bisaba ko ababikora babikora kugira ngo bagenzure kandi babungabunge. Gusubiramo kenshi no kwihanganira gutwarwa n’amazi bituma habaho kutita ku mikorere no gukoresha umutungo mwinshi. Mu nganda zigezweho zikoresha peteroli, ibi bitinda n’imikorere mibi bigira ingaruka ku kwiyongera kw’ibiciro no guhura n’ingaruka mbi.
Ibikoresho bipima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bikemura izi mbogamizi binyuze mu gutanga isesengura rihoraho, aho biri hamwe no kubungabunga bike. Ibi bikoresho byakozwe by'umwihariko kugira ngo byihanganire imiterere mibi y'ibikorwa—ubushyuhe bwinshi, itandukaniro rikomeye ry'umuvuduko, n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gutembera bugaragara mu bikoresho bya peteroli. Urugero, ibyuma bipima ubucucike bw'imiyoboro ya peteroli hamwe n'ibipimo bipima ubucucike bw'amajwi bishobora gushyirwa mu buryo butaziguye mu miyoboro y'ibikorwa cyangwa yo kohereza, bigakuraho amakosa yo gukoresha ingero n'imiterere idahuye hagati y'imiyoboro ya laboratwari n'imiyoboro y'ibikorwa. Ibisubizo byabyo byihuse bitanga amakuru mu gihe nyacyo, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo gusubiza ibitekerezo byihuse no kugenzura ibikorwa, ingenzi mu gukora naphtha no kunoza imiterere y'ibikoresho mu itanura rya ethylene cracker.
Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupima ubucucike si ibintu byose; bigomba kuba bishingiye ku bisabwa mu mikorere n'imiterere y'ibikomoka ku binyabutabire. Urugero, guhitamo uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu mikorere ya naphtha bisaba igikoresho gifite ubuziranenge, ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo, no guhuza ibinyabutabire mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko. Ibipimo by'imiyoboro bizenguruka mu murongo birakundwa cyane ku miyoboro y'amazi isukuye mu gice kimwe bitewe n'ubuhanga bwabyo bwo hejuru, mu gihe sisitemu zigezweho z'amajwi cyangwa za sensor nyinshi zikwiriye gupima ubucucike mu miyoboro yacitse irimo gaze cyangwa uduce duto. Bitewe n'ibyo gahunda ishyira imbere—uburyo ikoreshwa, uburyo bwizewe, cyangwa uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyibungabunga—abahanga mu by'injeniyeri bagomba gusuzuma ibisabwa mu gupima ubucucike bw'ibikoresho, uburyo bwo guhuza, n'ibikenewe mu buryo buhoraho mu gufasha.
Muri make, kongera ubwizerwe mu bikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bikoreshwa mu bidukikije bya peteroli biterwa no guhitamo ibisubizo bikomeye bihuye n'uburyo ibintu bikorwamo n'ukuri kw'ibikomoka ku bimera. Ibikoresho bigezweho biziba icyuho kiri hagati y'ubuziranenge bwa laboratwari n'ibikenewe mu buryo nyabwo, bigatuma habaho imikorere inoze, ikora neza kandi ifite umutekano mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro ka peteroli, kuva ku isesengura ry'ibikomoka ku bimera byacitse kugeza ku igenzura rya nyuma ry'ubuziranenge bwa naphtha.
Uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo no gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike
Guhitamo igikoresho gikwiriye cyo gupima ubucucike mu bikorwa bya peteroli nka ethylene cracker furnace cyangwa inzira yo gukora naphtha bisaba guhuza neza ubushobozi bw'igikoresho n'ibisabwa mu buryo n'amabwiriza agenga. Abakoresha bagomba kuzirikana guhuza imiti n'ibikenewe, amahame yo gupima, imiterere y'aho ishyirwa, ibikenewe mu buryo buboneye, n'ikiguzi cy'ubuzima bw'ibikoresho mu gihe bahitamo ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi—harimo na densitometers zo mu murongo nk'izakozwe na Lonnmeter.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ibikoresho bipima ubucucike
Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa birimo ibiribwa byacitse cyangwa gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo ubwinshi bw'amazi mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, iby'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
Ihame ryo gupima: Hitamo ibikoresho hashingiwe ku miterere y’ingero n’imiti. Ibipimo bya U-tube bipima neza, bikurikira ASTM D4052, bitanga ibipimo by’ubuziranenge kandi bishobora gusubirwamo, cyane cyane ku bipimo bya hydrocarboni y’amazi. Ibipimo bya radiometric (gamma) bitanga ibisubizo bikomeye ku bihe by’ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa umuvuduko mwinshi bihura nabyo mu duce tw’ifuru ya ethylene cracker na zimwe mu nzira za naphtha, kuko bitabangamira kandi ntibigira ingaruka ku buryo bukabije bw’imikorere.
Ingero zo guhuza: Huza ibikoresho byatosewe n'icyuma gikoresha ikoranabuhanga—urebe neza ko birwanya ingese kandi bigapima igitutu ku bidukikije bikomeye. Gushyiramo ibikoresho mu murongo (mu buryo butaziguye) ni byiza cyane mu gupima ubucucike buhoraho, mu gihe uburyo bwo kunyura mu nzira butanga ingero ku bintu bigoye.
Uburinganire n'Ubwizerwe: Guhitamo igikoresho bishingira ku buziranenge bukenewe. Aho kubika bishobora gusaba ubuziranenge bwa ± 0.001 g/cm³, mu gihe gukurikirana ibikorwa rusange by'amazi yakozwe byihanganira ibisobanuro birambuye.
Ibisabwa ku bidukikije mu buryo bw'imikorere: Suzuma amanota y'ibikoresho kugira ngo bikore neza mu gihe habayeho umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi, n'imiti ikoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro y'ibicanwa n'ibinyabutabire. Ibikoresho bigomba kwihanganira umwanda no gukomeza gupima mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'imikorere.
Guhuza no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwikora: Ibikoresho bigomba gutuma habaho guhuza ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza ibikorwa, bigabanye ibikorwa n'intoki kandi bigabanye amakosa y'ababikora.
Inama zo Gushyiraho Kugira ngo Upime Ubucucike Bwiza
Gushyiraho neza ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hapimwe neza ubucucike mu bidukikije nko mu bivugururwa by’umwuka ushyushye cyangwa imiyoboro y’amazi mu bisuguti:
Aho umuntu aherereye n'aho aherereye: Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bigomba gushyirwaho aho amazi y'imikorere ari ingenzi—wirinde ahantu hashobora gufatirwa n'umwuka cyangwa kwikubira kw'ibishanga. Ku bipimo biri hagati, menya neza ko imiyoboro igenda neza hejuru no hepfo kugira ngo ugabanye ihungabana ry'amazi. Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho ibikoresho bihagaze, menya neza ko icyuma gipima ubushyuhe gihora cyinjijwe mu mazi igihe cyose.
Gutandukanya ubushyuhe n'imikorere ya mashini: Shyira ubushyuhe mu miyoboro kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo bukomeze kugumana ariko wirinde gupfuka ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo wirinde gushyuha cyane. Shyira ibikoresho kure y'aho ubushyuhe buturuka cyangwa gutigita, bishobora gutuma ikimenyetso kinyura.
Guhuza Sisitemu: Koresha imiyoboro y’amazi n’ibikoresho byabugenewe bikoreshwa mu bijyanye n’umuvuduko n’ubushyuhe bw’imiyoboro ya cracker furnace cyangwa naphtha hydrotreating units. Emeza ko imiyoboro yose y’amashanyarazi ihuye n’amategeko y’aho iherereye kugira ngo ikomeze kandi irinde amazi gusohoka.
Uburyo bwo kubungabunga: Teganya gushyiraho ahantu hasobanutse neza kugira ngo hagenzurwe, hasukurwe kandi hakosorwe buri gihe kugira ngo amakuru y’ubwinshi bw’ibikoresho akomeze kuba meza mu gihe cyose bikora.
Gukomeza Imikorere y'Igihe Kirekire
Igenzura risanzwe n'isukura rikozwe mu buryo bunoze bishimangira uburyo ibikoresho bipima ubucucike mu buryo buhanitse kandi bwizewe:
Igenzura n'Isukura: Suzuma buri gihe ubuso bw'ibikoresho byo gupima kugira ngo urebe niba bwikubise—cyane cyane bukunze kugaragara ku bintu bitose cyangwa ibiryo byanduye byangiritse. Sukura uko bikenewe kugira ngo wirinde amakosa yo gupima.
Gupima: Koresha ibinyabutabire byemewe kugira ngo urebe neza aho ibintu biherereye cyangwa ahantu habiri mu buryo bwose bwo gukora. Gupima ibintu mu buryo buhamye hamwe n'ibinyabutabire nyabyo ni byiza ku buryo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo busanzwe. Andika ibikorwa byose byo gupima hakurikijwe amabwiriza mpuzamahanga yemewe kugira ngo ukomeze gukurikirana ibintu.
Gukurikirana amakuru: Gukurikirana buri gihe ibyavuye mu gupima ibimenyetso by'uko umwana yacitse intege. Koresha isesengura rigezweho kugira ngo umenye ibibazo bivuka mbere yuko bigira ingaruka ku igenzura ry'ubuziranenge cyangwa ku bwizere bw'uko umwana yakwimurwa.
Amahugurwa ku bakoresha: Menya neza ko abakozi bahuguwe mu mikorere y'ibikoresho ndetse no mu buryo bwihutirwa, cyane cyane iyo bakora ibikoresho bishyushye cyane mu byuma bitunganya ethylene cracker cyangwa naphtha.
Ibigomba kwitabwaho mu mutekano mu gihe hari ubushyuhe bwinshi/umuvuduko mwinshi
Umutekano ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho no gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike mu bidukikije nko mu miyoboro yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu itanura:
Ibisobanuro by'ibikoresho: Hitamo ibikoresho bifite igipimo cy’umuvuduko n’ubushyuhe byemejwe. Koresha valves, flanges, n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga byemewe birwanya gukurura, ingese, n’ihungabana ry’ubushyuhe.
Gutanga akazi gakomeye: Gerageza imiyoboro yose ikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi kandi ukurikize amategeko y'ubwubatsi akurikizwa. Emeza ko hari uburyo bwo gucunga ubushyuhe kugira ngo wirinde ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibikoresho byangirike.
Gutandukanya inzira n'ibikoresho byo kwirinda impanuka: Koresha valve zifunga zikora kandi ubuze abantu kwinjira mu gihe cyo kubungabunga. Gutegeka gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwirinda no gushyira imbaraga mu guhumeka neza mu gihe habayeho guhura n'imigezi ishyushye kandi ifite umuvuduko.
Aho sensor iherereye: Shyira ibikoresho kure y'ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi urebe neza ko bitoroshye kugira ngo bisohoke mu buryo bwihutirwa. Niba bishoboka, koresha ikoranabuhanga rya kure mu bidukikije bikomeye, nko mu gice cy'urumuri rw'ifuru ya ethylene cracker.
Gupima neza, umutekano, kandi byizewe ubucucike bw'amazi mu nganda zikora peteroli biterwa no guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye—nk'ibitangwa na Lonnmeter—byashyizweho kandi bigafatwa neza hakurikijwe uburyo bwiza bwo kubikoresha. Gukurikiza aya mahame bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ibikorwa, ireme ry'ibicuruzwa, n'umutekano w'abakozi mu bikorwa bikenewe cyane.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni gute wapima ubucucike bw'amazi mu itanura rya ethylene cracker cyangwa naphtha?
Ubucucike bw'amazi mu itanura rya ethylene cracker cyangwa mu gihe cyo gukora naphtha bushobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi hashingiwe ku mahame nka vibration, acoustic, cyangwa pressure-based sensitization. Oscillating U-tube densitometers zikoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo mu bice bikomeye by'imikorere, zigapima mu buryo butaziguye impinduka z'umuvuduko w'amazi uterwa n'impinduka mu bucucike bw'amazi. Tuning fork na acoustic sensors bikora kimwe no gusesengura imiterere y'imivuduko kugira ngo hamenyekane ubucucike. Ubu buryo bwagenewe kwihanganira ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko wo gucika kwa ethylene kandi bushyirwa ku murongo kugira ngo bukomeze gukurikirana imigezi y'amazi, butanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku kugenzura imikorere. Guhuza na sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura bifasha kwemeza neza kandi zihamye ndetse no mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ryihuse mu mikorere. Urugero, Lonnmeter inline vibration density meter ishobora gutanga amakuru yizewe ava kuri naphtha feed mu cyumba cyo kugenzura itanura.
Ni uruhe ruhare rwo gupima ubucucike mu kunoza umusaruro wa ethylene ukomoka ku biryo bya naphtha?
Ibipimo nyabyo kandi by’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu kunoza umusaruro wa ethylene uva mu biryo bya naphtha. Impinduka mu bucucike bw’ibiryo bigaragaza impinduka mu miterere, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku miterere y’ibicurane, ubukana bw’itanura, n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ibicuruzwa. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike ku murongo bifasha ababikora guhindura vuba ibipimo by’imikorere nk’ubushyuhe, igipimo cy’ibiryo, n’ikigereranyo cy’umwuka uva kuri hydrocarbon. Izi mpinduka zifasha kongera umusaruro wa ethylene, kugabanya ikorwa ry’ibikomoka ku bimera, no gutuma inzira ihagarara neza ugereranyije n’impinduka mu biryo. Urugero, gukurikirana buri gihe bituma habaho kumenya hakiri kare ibiryo bitari imiterere yabyo bishobora gutuma habaho imikorere idahwitse cyangwa kwiyongera kw’ibihumanya, bigashyigikira imiterere y’umusaruro n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bukoreshwa mu nganda zikora peteroli?
Ibikorwa bya peterolikemike bikoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gupima ubucucike kugira ngo bigenzure kandi bigenzure imikorere y'amazi. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'imiyoboro ihindagurika mu murongo birasanzwe, bitanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru n'igihe cyo gusubiza vuba kibereye ahantu hahindagurika. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amajwi bikoresha ibipimo by'umuvuduko w'amajwi n'ubucucike, bitanga imbaraga nyinshi mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bisesengura ubwinshi n'inshuro zo guhindagura kugira ngo bimenye ubucucike bw'amazi, hamwe n'imikorere yizewe mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko. Sisitemu zo gufata X-ray, nubwo zidakunze kugaragara ku mazi, zikoreshwa ahantu hihariye aho gupima bidasaba kwivanga ari ngombwa. Uburyo bwihariye bwatoranijwe buterwa n'ibikenewe mu mikorere, guhuza imiti, n'ibisabwa mu guhuza. Lonnmeter ikora ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'imiyoboro bihindagurika mu murongo, bibereye cyane cyane mu gukurikirana ubucucike mu mikorere ya ethylene cracker na naphtha.
Ni gute gupima ubucucike byungukira ku mutekano n'ubushobozi bwo gutunganya nafta no gucika kwa ethylene?
Gukurikirana ubucucike buhoraho bigira uruhare runini mu mutekano no mu gukora neza kwa nafta no mu gukora ethylene. Guhindagurika mu bucucike bwa nafta akenshi bigaragaza impinduka mu miterere, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku myitwarire yo gutwika, guteza imbere ikorwa rya coke, cyangwa guhindura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa biri munsi y'amazi. Amakuru y'ubucucike ku gihe atuma sisitemu zo kugenzura zishobora guhita zikora zihindura ibipimo by'itanura, zihindura ibyongerwamo nk'umwuka, cyangwa zitangire ibikorwa byo gukosora kugira ngo zikomeze gukora neza. Ibi bigabanya ibyago byo guhindagurika kw'imikorere, bigabanya gufunga bitateganijwe, kandi bikongera igihe cyo gukora hagati y'igihe cyo kubungabunga. Urugero, gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bifasha gukumira gucika intege cyangwa kwiyongera kwa coke mu miyoboro y'itanura - byombi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibicuruzwa no gukoresha ingufu - bityo bigashyigikira umusaruro uhoraho kandi uboneye.
Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo igikoresho gipima ubucucike gikoreshwa mu gukora naphtha cyangwa mu gutunganya ifuru ya ethylene cracker?
Guhitamo igikoresho gipima ubucucike gikwiye mu mikorere ya peteroli bikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bigenderwaho. Igikoresho kigomba kugumana ubuziranenge no gusubiramo mu bihe by'imikorere byihariye—ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, no guhura n'ibinyabutabire bikomeye. Kigomba kuba gihuye n'imiterere ya shimi ya naphtha n'ibindi bicuruzwa, kandi kigatanga imikorere yihuse yo gupima kugira ngo gitange amakuru afatika mu gihe nyacyo. Ingano y'ibipimo igomba gupima ihindagurika ryitezwe ry'imikorere. Koroshya gushyiraho, guhuza na sisitemu zo kugenzura zikwirakwizwa, no kubungabunga mu buryo bworoshye ni ingenzi kugira ngo kibe cyizerwa igihe kirekire. Ibipimo bya densitometero bihindagurika, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, byujuje ibi bisabwa bitanga ubucucike bunoze, bwihuse kandi bukomeye mu buryo butaziguye mu mikorere, bigamije imikorere myiza no koroshya ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imikorere. Uburyo bwo gupima, kurinda ihumana, no kubahiriza amabwiriza y'umutekano w'imikorere nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho mu nzira yo guhitamo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2025
