Incamake ya Copper Electrorefining
Gutunganya amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe umuringa ni inzira y’inganda ikoreshwa mu gukora cathode z’umuringa zifite isuku nyinshi, ubusanzwe zifite isuku irenga 99.99%. Iyi nzira ni ingenzi mu kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga, harimo na LME Grade A, isabwa n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, itumanaho, n’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya amashanyarazi, anode z’umuringa zanduye zishyirwa muri electrolyte igizwe na sulfate y’umuringa na aside sulfuriki. Binyuze mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi ugenzurwa, umuringa ushongera kuri anode hanyuma ugasubiramo impapuro za cathode zifite isuku nyinshi.
Inshingano y'ingenzi y'iyi gahunda ni ugutandukanya umuringa n'ibintu bihumanya nka lisansi, arseniki, na antimoni. Kuri anode, atome z'umuringa zitakaza electron, zigakora iyoni z'umuringa (Cu²⁺) zinyura muri electrolyte. Kuri cathode, izo iyoni zibona electron na plate nk'umuringa w'umwimerere. Mu gihe kimwe, ibyuma bidakenewe biguma bishonga muri electrolyte cyangwa bikagwa nk'amazi adashonga, bigatuma habaho gukumira neza aho umwanda uherereye. Ubushobozi bwo gukumira ko umwanda ushyirwa mu gihe cyo gutunganya ni ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura no kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa.
Imikorere y’umucuzi wo gutunganya amashanyarazi ishingiye cyane ku micungire ihamye ya electrolyte. Imiterere nyayo y’uruvange rw’aside sulfate-sulfuriki y’umuringa, hamwe n’ubucucike bwayo n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza y’amashanyarazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y’umuringa. Kubungabunga urujya n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi rwiza bitanga icyizere cyo gushyiramo electrolyte imwe, bikarinda ko ingano y’amazi ihinduka, kandi bigafasha kwanga umwanda. Abakoresha bakoresha ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter liquid density meter kugira ngo electrolyte ikurikirane kandi ihindure ubucucike bw’amazi, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku bucucike bw’amazi no gutwara amashanyarazi menshi.
Gutunganya amashanyarazi mu muringa
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Ubwiza mu mikorere bushingiye ku kugabanuka kw'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi no kunoza ingufu z'uturemangingo. Ingufu z'uturemangingo zidagenzurwa zongera imyanda y'ingufu kandi zishobora kwangiza ubuziranenge bwa cathode. Gutunganya neza umuringa w'uturemangingo bigabanya igihombo cyo kurwanya amashanyarazi kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora. Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu rirushaho kugabanuka no kunoza umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuzigama ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi. Gupima neza ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bishyigikira izi ntego, kuko imiterere y'ibisubizo igira ingaruka ku ngufu zo kohereza no ku mikoreshereze y'amashanyarazi.
Imbogamizi zikomeye mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa zirimo kugera ku bwiza bw'umuringa wa cathode, kongera imikorere myiza, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi menshi byongera umusaruro ariko bishobora gutuma habaho cathode ihindagurika cyangwa ihindagurika ndetse n'imyanda ishyirwa mu bikorwa keretse icunzwe neza. Inganda zishaje zikoresha impapuro zo gutangira zihura n'uburyo bwo gusimbuza cathode kenshi kandi zigatuma imikorere irushaho kuba mibi. Imiterere y'uturemangingo igezweho ihuza ikoranabuhanga, cathode zihoraho, kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, na reactors zo gusukura ibisubizo kugira ngo hakorwe neza umutekano w'imikorere n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe bishyigikira imiterere ya electrolyte y'umuringa no kunoza imikorere ya electrolyte kugira ngo umusaruro uboneke mu nganda.
Gucunga amashanyarazi, kunoza imikorere, n'ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ni byo bishyigikira ingamba zigezweho zo kunoza igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa, kugabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere, no gukemura imbogamizi mu gutunganya umuringa. Uku kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi y'umuringa bishyigikira uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'inganda mu gutanga umuringa utagira inenge cyane mu bukungu bwa none.
Imiterere n'imikorere ya Electrolyte ya Copper Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid
Uruvange rw'aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa ni electrolyte isanzwe mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa, itanga uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara no gushyira iyoni y'umuringa mu buryo bugenzurwa. Ifite ibice bibiri by'ingenzi: sulfate y'umuringa (CuSO₄) nk'isoko y'ibanze ya iyoni y'umuringa na aside sulfuriki (H₂SO₄) nk'inyunganizi mu gutuma amashanyarazi arushaho kuba meza kandi ikanatuma ibintu bikomera.
Ubutabire n'Imiterere y'ingenzi
Mu by’ukuri, electrolyte isanzwe igizwe na 40-50 g/L sulfate y’umuringa na aside sulfurike ingana na 100 g/L mu bikorwa by’inganda. Uruvange ni umuti w’amazi usobanutse neza kandi utanga umusaruro mwinshi aho sulfate y’umuringa itanga Cu²⁺ iyoni zo gushyiramo electrode. Aside sulfuri yongera imikorere ya iyoni y’umuti, ikongera ubushobozi bwo kugumana electrolyte neza, kandi igafasha mu gucunga ingaruka mbi nko guhinduka kwa hydrogen kuri cathode.
Inzira z'ingenzi z'amashanyarazi ni izi zikurikira:
- Anode: Cu (s) → Cu²⁺ (aq) + 2e⁻
- Katode: Cu²⁺ (aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu (s)
Kugenzura neza ingano ya buri gice bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku muvuduko w'impinduka, ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ndetse n'ubwiza bwa cathode y'umuringa ivamo.
Akamaro ko kugenzura ubucucike n'ubwinshi bw'umwuka neza
Kugenzura neza ubucucike bwa electrolyte n'imiterere yayo ni ingenzi cyane mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa no kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike bwa electrolyte, rijyanye n'ubwinshi, rigira ingaruka ku ihinduka rya iyoni no ku buryo umuringa ushyirwa mu buryo bumwe. Gutandukana n'ibipimo by'ingenzi bishobora gutuma ubunini bw'ibice bungana, kwiyongera k'imiterere y'umwanda, cyangwa gukura kw'umuringa nk'igiti, bigatera ikibazo ku isuku n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Inganda zitunganya umuringa zigezweho zikoresha ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’amazi—nk’ibipimo bya Lonnmeter—mu gupima ubucucike bw’amazi kuri interineti mu gutunganya umuringa. Ibi bikoresho bishyigikira igenzura rya electrolyte mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo habeho uburinganire bukenewe bwa sulfate y’umuringa na aside sulfuriki kandi bishyigikire kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa cathode y’umuringa.
Ingero zo mu mirimo iheruka yo kunoza imikorere zigaragaza ko aside sulfurike igumana hafi 100 g / L igera ku musaruro mwiza w'amashanyarazi. Iri ringaniza rituma umusaruro w'umuringa wiyongera kandi rigashyigikira imiterere y'uturemangingo ihamye, bigabanye kubaho kwa short circuits cyangwa se imiterere y'ibitaka bitewe n'urugero rwa aside rurenze urugero cyangwa rudahagije.
Isano iri hagati y’imiterere ya Electrolyte, imikorere yayo, no gukumira ishyirwa mu myanya y’umwanda
Uburyo electrolyte itwara amazi ifitanye isano rikomeye n’imiterere yayo. Ingano ya aside sulfuriki ni yo igena uburyo electrolyte itwara amazi mu buryo bwinshi; aside nke cyane ituma uturemangingo turwanya cyane kandi tugakoresha ingufu nyinshi, mu gihe aside nyinshi igabanya umuringa ushyirwa mu buryo butunguranye kandi igatuma habaho imiterere y’imyanda.
Igipimo cya sulfate y'umuringa ni cyo kigena uburyo iyoni z'umuringa zijya muri cathode kandi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'amashanyarazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa. Iyo igipimo cyagabanutse cyane, kugabanuka kw'amazi biba kuri cathode, byongera ibyago byo kwiyongera kwa hydrogen no kwangirika kw'amazi. Ariko, igipimo kinini gisaba kugenzura neza kugira ngo hirindwe ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nyinshi n'ibintu bidasanzwe bya crystallographic mu muringa wabitswe.
Kugenzura neza imiterere y'ibinyabutabire, bityo, uburyo bitwara amazi neza ni ingenzi kuri:
- Gutunganya ingufu z'uturemangingo mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa (gutuma ingufu z'uturemangingo zigabanuka kugira ngo bigabanye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutanga ubushyuhe)
- Kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi (kureba neza ko hafi ya yose akoreshwa mu gushyira umuringa mu kirere, atari mu buryo butunguranye)
- Kurinda ko ibintu bihumanya bishyirwa mu gutunganya umuringa (kugabanya uburyo ibintu nk'ubutare, arsenic, cyangwa antimoni bishobora kubaho mu gihe imiterere y'amashanyarazi idakwiye)
Ingaruka zabyo ni ukugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kuzigama ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi, kunoza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, no kunoza ubuziranenge bw'umuringa wa cathode. Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'amazi n'imiterere yawo, harimo na sisitemu za Lonnmeter, ni ingenzi mu kugabanya igihombo, kunoza imikorere myiza, no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa kuva ku itsinda rimwe kugeza ku rindi.
Iyi sano yemejwe mu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko kugumana aside sulfurike kuri garama 100/L binoza imikorere y’ubu buryo gusa, ahubwo binatuma habaho ibyago bike byo guhumeka hamwe n’isukura no kugenzura neza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, byose hamwe bigafasha mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y’umuringa.
Igipimo cy'ubucucike mu gutunganya amashanyarazi mu muringa
Ubucucike bwa electrolyte ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya amashanyarazi mu muringa, kuko kigaragaza neza imiterere y'uruvange rwa aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa. Kugumana ubucucike bwiza bw'amazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ubwiza bw'umuringa wa cathode no kugenzura ubwiza bwa cathode y'umuringa. Abakoresha bakoresha ubucucike nk'igipimo cyihuse cyo kumenya ingano ya iyoni y'umuringa na aside, bigatuma habaho impinduka nziza kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza mu gutunganya amashanyarazi mu muringa no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu.
Uruhare rw'ubucucike mu kugenzura ibikorwa
Ubucucike bugenga ingaruka nyinshi z'ingenzi mu mikorere:
- Imikorere myiza n'ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi muri iki gihe:Ubucucike bwinshi bw'umuringa na aside byongera ubucucike, muri rusange byongera imikorere ya electrolyte n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi - kugeza ku rugero runaka. Uretse ubucucike bwiza, igipimo cyo gukwirakwira gitemba buhoro kandi gishobora kugabanya imikorere, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo kunoza ingufu z'amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo kugira ngo umuringa utunganywe.
- Kurinda ishyirwa ry'umwanda mu buryo bw'imyanya:Ubucucike buhoraho bufasha gukumira ko imyanda ikomeza kwiyongera mu gihe cyo gutunganya umuringa, bikagabanya ihindagurika ry’ubucucike rituma ibyuma nka arsenic, antimoni na bismuth bishyirwa mu buryo buboneye.
- Ibiranga Cathode:Ubucucike buhamye bushyigikira ikorwa rya kristu imwe, bugatuma habaho cathode z'umuringa zoroshye kandi zifite inenge nke. Kuziba bishobora gutuma habaho ifu mbi, uduce duto, cyangwa uduce duto, bigagabanya ubwiza bwa cathode kandi bigasaba ibikorwa byo kuyikosora kenshi.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gupima Ubucucike bw'Amazi mu Gukoresha Uburyo Bufatika mu Gutunganya mu Gihe Nyacyo
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi, cyane cyane ubwoko bw'ibintu bihindagurika, ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kugenzura ubucucike bwa electrolyte mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa muri iki gihe. Ibi bikoresho bifasha kugenzura no kugenzura mu buryo bwihuse uruvange rw'aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa, bishyigikira mu buryo butaziguye ubwiza bw'umuringa wa cathode no kunoza imikorere myiza.
Ihame ry'imikorere n'ihuzwa ry'ibikorwa
Igipimo cy’ubucucike bw’amazi gihindagurika gikora mu gushyira sensor—akenshi ikaba ari umuyoboro, ikanya, cyangwa silinda ifite ishusho ya U—mu buryo butaziguye muri electrolyte y’umuringa. Icyo gikoresho gipima frequency ya sensor, ikagabanuka uko ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi bwiyongera. Iyi frequency ihinduka agaciro k’ubucucike binyuze mu gupima hakoreshejwe ibipimo (nk’amazi ya deionized na sulfate y’umuringa), bigatanga readouts zitaziguye muri g/cm³.
Mu buryo bwo gutunganya umuringa hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, ibi bipimo byinjira neza mu gice cy’urukiramende cyangwa mu ruganda rutunganya amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho bya sensor, nka titaniyumu cyangwa Hastelloy, bitanga ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibinyabutabire n’ibivanze bya aside sulfate-sulfuriki y’umuringa. Ibipimo by’ubushyuhe bihuza bikemura impinduka z’ubushyuhe bitewe n’ubushyuhe, bigakomeza gukora neza nubwo imiterere y’imikorere ihinduka.
Ibyiza Ugereranije n'Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Gupima
Itsindaigipimo cy'ibintu bihindagurikairenga ibikoresho bishaje byo kugenzura ubucucike—urugero, hydrometers zakozwe n'intoki n'isesengura rya gravimetric—itanga amakuru y'ubucucike bwa digitale yikora kandi akoresha ikoranabuhanga rya digitale.
Uburyo bworoshye bwo kugenzura no kugenzura ibikorwa:
Amakuru akoreshwa mu buryo bwihuse no kuri interineti ashobora guhuzwa na sisitemu ya PLC/SCADA y’uruganda, bigatuma habaho ihinduka ryikora rya sulfate y’umuringa cyangwa aside sulfuriki, kandi bigatanga ibitekerezo bihamye ku miterere myiza ya electrolyte y’umuringa. Ubu buryo bwikora bukomeza kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’umuringa wa cathode binyuze mu gushimangira ibipimo by’imikorere no gushyigikira ububiko bw’amakuru kugira ngo hamenyekane neza.
Ubuhanga bwo gucunga Electrolyte mu buryo bwiza cyane:
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'ibice by'amazi bihindagurika bitanga ubuziranengeuagaceo ± 0.001 g/cm³, ni ingenzi mu kunoza igipimo cya aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa. Guhindagurika guto mu bucucike bwa electrolyte bishobora gutera kwiyongera kwa voltage y'uturemangingo cyangwa ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kugabanya imikorere y'amashanyarazi, cyangwa guteza imbere uburyo bwo gushyira ibintu mu buryo buhumanye kuri cathode. Ibipimo nk'ibi byorohereza imicungire myiza ya voltage y'uturemangingo no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu muri rusange mu gutunganya amashanyarazi hatabayeho gukoresha intoki kenshi, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku kiguzi cy'imikorere n'ubwiza bw'umusaruro.
Kugabanya ingufu zo gusohora no kunoza umutekano:
Gukurikirana umurongo ku murongo bigabanya gukenera gupima, bigabanya electrolyte ikwirakwizwa n'umwuka, bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ndetse n'ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo ingero ziyohererezwe hanze y'umurongo.
Ingero z'Ikoreshwa mu Gukurikirana mu Murongo no mu Gukoresha Interineti
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyiraho ibikoresho bufite sensor ya Lonnmeter ikora vibrating element density ishyizwe mu murongo wa electrolyte recirculation. Urugero, mu nzu nini y’amazi,Lonnmeteritanga ibipimo by’ubucucike buhoraho buri masegonda make, bigatuma abahanga mu by’imashini babona uko ubucucike bugenda kandi bagasubiza vuba mu mikorere y’ibintu.
Mu buryo bufatika, uruganda rukoresha 1.2 g/cm³ electrolyte ya sulfate y'umuringa rwageze ku kugenzura neza ingano ya iyoni y'umuringa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusubiza ubucucike bw'umubyimba. Iterambere ryazamuye imikorere myiza mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa, rigabanya ikiguzi cy'ingufu, kandi rigabanya imiterere y'imyanda. Ibimera bifite uburyo bwo gupima imiti bishobora gukora ku buryo bwikora gupima aside cyangwa umuringa hashingiwe ku bice by'ubucucike kugira ngo birusheho kunoza imikorere ya electrolyte.
Abakora bateri bategura electrolyte za sulfate z'umuringa banakoresha ibipimo by'ibintu bihindagurika kugira ngo bagenzure ubuziranenge; Lonnmeter igenzura ko ubucucike n'ubwinshi bw'ibicuruzwa bigerwaho mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Gupima buri gihe hakoreshejwe ingero z'ibikorwa bikomeza kuba ingirakamaro mu gupima ahantu hagoye.
Muri rusange, ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’ibintu bihindagurika bihindura cyane uburyo ibikorwa byo gutunganya umuringa bikurikirana kandi bigagenzura electrolytes, bigakora nk'ibisesengura byizewe, binonosoye kandi bigezweho, byongera ireme n'imikorere myiza muri buri cyiciro cy'uruhererekane rw'umuyoboro w'umuringa.
Ingaruka zo Kugenzura Ubucucike bwa Electrolyte ku Bipimo by'Ingenzi by'Imikorere
Kugenzura neza ubucucike bwa electrolyte, cyane cyane mu mvange ya aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa, ni ingenzi mu gutunganya electrode y'umuringa mu buryo buhanitse. Ubucucike bugira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'umuringa wa cathode, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi, ingufu z'uturemangingo, n'umusaruro rusange.
Isano n'ubwiza bw'umuringa wa Cathode
Ubucucike bwa electrolyte bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa n'ubwiza bw'ubuso. Iyo ubucucike bwiyongera bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'umuringa cyangwa aside, kugenda kwa anode slime kurahinduka, bikongera ibyago byo gushyira ibintu mu buryo bw'umwanda - cyane cyane kuri nikeli, icyuma cy'ubutare, na arseniki. Electrolyte nyinshi zishobora gufata uduce twinshi, cyane cyane iyo electrode ingana cyangwa ubucucike bwinshi bw'amashanyarazi. Iyi myanda ishyirwamo yangiza uburyo cathode ikora, ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho, no kwemerwa n'isoko. Ubushakashatsi bwa multivariate bwerekana ko ingano nini ya nikeli mu electrode nini ituma habaho cathode zikomeye kandi zidasukuye cyane, byemezwa na microscopy ya electron na atomic absorption spectroscopy. Inyongeramusaruro nka thiourea na gelatine rimwe na rimwe zigabanya ubucucike bw'ubuso ariko, ku rugero rudakwiriye, zishobora kongera ubucucike bw'imyanda iyo imiterere ya electrolyte idagenzuwe neza.
Ingaruka ku kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu no kuzigama ingufu
Ubucucike bugira ingaruka ku bucucike—ubucucike bwinshi byongera ubudahangarwa ku rujya n’uruza rw’amazi. Gupompa electrolyte bityo bisaba ingufu nyinshi ku bucucike bwinshi; kugenzura ubucucike bishobora gutanga uburyo bwo kuzigama ingufu nyinshi zo kompa. Ibisubizo by’ubucucike buke bigabanya gukurura kw’amazi, bigatuma electrolyte itembera neza kandi igakuraho ubushyuhe, bigafasha mu buryo butaziguye kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu gutunganya electrolyte y’umuringa. Gupima ubucucike bw’amazi neza ni ingenzi atari ku bwiza bw’itsinda gusa ahubwo no ku kugenzura ikiguzi cy’imikorere; ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter bifasha kugenzura neza imiterere ya electrolyte y’umuringa, kunoza gahunda zo kompa no gukoresha ingufu.
Ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'ubu, kunoza amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo, no ku musaruro rusange
Kuringaniza ingano y'umuringa n'aside (bigaragarira mu bucucike bwa electrolyte) bigenga kugenda kwa iyoni, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa. Ubucucike bukabije butuma iyoni zigenda buhoro, byongera ingufu z'uturemangingo kandi bikagabanya imikorere. Ku rwego rwiza rw'ubucucike, iyoni z'umuringa zimuka neza zijya muri cathode, bigabanyiriza ingaruka mbi zo gusesagura no gutuza ingufu z'uturemangingo. Gutunganya ingufu z'uturemangingo mu gutunganya umuringa ni ngombwa—kuba hejuru cyane byongera ikiguzi cy'ingufu n'imiterere y'umwanda, kuba hasi cyane bibangamira umusaruro.Kugenzura ubucucike bwa electrolytebinoza ibi bisubizo, bikongera umusaruro binyuze mu kubungabunga uburyo bwiza bwo kohereza charge no kubaka cathode. Imiterere y'imibare yemeza isano itaziguye hagati y'ubucucike bwa electrolyte, imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi, na voltage y'uturemangingo.
Uruhare mu kubungabunga imikorere myiza ya electrolyte no kugabanya imiterere y'umwanda
Gutunganya electrolyte y'umuringa bishingiye ku kugumana ubucucike bw'ibikenewe n'ingano ya sulfate y'umuringa. Iyo ubucucike buzamutse bitewe n'umutwaro mwinshi w'ibintu bidafite amashanyarazi cyangwa ubushyuhe, electrolyte y'amashanyarazi iragabanuka, imbaraga z'uturemangingo ziyongera kandi bigashyira mu kaga ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa. Electrolyte z'ubucucike bwinshi nazo zongera amahirwe yo gushyira ibintu mu buryo bw'umwanda—uduce duto n'ubwoko bwashongeshejwe (nikeli, icyuma cy'umusatsi) bishobora kubura imbaraga cyangwa bikagabanuka ku buso bwa cathode, cyane cyane mu gihe habayeho uburyo butari bwiza bwo kongeramo ibintu cyangwa imiterere mibi y'amazi. Kubuza ko imyanda ishyirwa mu gutunganya umuringa bityo bisaba kugenzura neza ubucucike n'imiterere yawo, gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gutunganya umuringa, no guhindura neza ingano ya sulfate y'umuringa na aside. Ubu buryo buhuriweho bugabanya inzira zo gushyiramo imyanda (gufata uduce, gushyiramo electrolyte, no gushyiramo electrode hamwe) kandi bugashyigikira intego zikomeye zo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa cathode y'umuringa.
Gucunga neza ubucucike mu byiciro byagenwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bigezweho by’ubucucike bw’amazi nka Lonnmeter bishimangira isuku ya electrolyte, bigabanya ikiguzi cy’ingufu, byongera umusaruro, kandi bigashyigikira umusaruro w’umuringa utagira inenge nyinshi, bigashimangira uruhare rwawo rw’ibanze mu bipimo byose by’ingenzi by’imikorere yo gutunganya umuringa.
Gutunganya Umuringa - Gutunganya Ubuso bwa Electroplating
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Guhuza Igipimo cy'Ubucucike mu Guhindura mu Gihe Nyacyo
Agaciro nyako ko gupima ubucucike kari mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa. Ihujwe na SCADA, isuzuma ry’ubucucike rigaragara mu bikoresho nka Lonnmeter ritanga amakuru ku buryo butaziguye ku miyoboro y’igenzura ry’ingenzi:
- Gutunganya ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu turemangingo: Guhindura ibipimo by'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi mu gihe nyacyo, hashingiwe ku bucucike bwa electrolyte, birinda igihombo gikabije kandi bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ritari ngombwa.
- Kugenzura imikorere myiza y'ubu: Kubungabunga ubucucike bw'intego bitanga umusaruro mwiza w'ubucucike binyuze mu kugumana ubwinshi bwiza bwa iyoni kuri cathode, kongera ubwiyongere bw'icyuma no kugabanya ingaruka za parasite.
- Kunoza uburyo electrolyte itwara neza: Kugenzura neza ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bituma electrolyte ikomeza gutwara neza, bigafasha ibyuma gushyira mu buryo bunoze kandi bungana mu turemangingo two gutunganya amashanyarazi.
- Kurinda ko ibintu bidahuye n’imiterere y’umwanda: Mu gushimangira imiterere ya electrolyte, amakuru y’ubucucike bw’ibintu mu gihe nyacyo afasha mu kubungabunga imiterere ishyigikira ko umuringa ushyirwa mu buryo butoranijwe, bikagabanya ibyago byo gushyira hamwe imyanda nka nikeli cyangwa icyuma.
Ibyiza byo Kwizerwa, Gukemura Ibibazo, no Guhuza Ibitekerezo
Gushyira hamwe ibikoresho mu buryo bwihuse muri platform ikomeye ya SCADA byongera ubwizerwe mu mikorere. Abakoresha babona ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'imikorere amasaha yose, bikihutisha kumenyekana no gusubiza ku ihinduka iryo ari ryo ryose ry'umusemburo wa electrolyte y'umuringa.
Ubu buryo butanga:
- Gukemura ibibazo neza: Kubona amakuru ako kanya n'inyandiko z'amateka bishyigikira isesengura ry'impamvu nyamukuru iyo ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa bugabanutse cyangwa ingufu z'uturemangingo ziyongera mu buryo butunguranye.
- Kwizerwa mu mikorere: Igenzura rishingiye ku buryo bw'icyitegererezo rigabanya ihindagurika ry'imikorere, rigabanya igihe cyo kudakora, kandi rikarinda ibihe bihenze nko gukora cathode yuzuyemo umwanda.
- Ubushobozi bw'itsinda: Igenzura ryikora ry'ibipimo nk'ubucucike n'ubushyuhe rituma habaho imiterere imwe y'umuringa ushyirwa mu itsinda rimwe cyangwa mu gihe cyo gukomeza gukoresha.
- Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu: Gukoresha neza ingufu z'uturemangingo no kugabanya ubushyuhe butari ngombwa bw'amashanyarazi bigabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere.
- Kongera ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi: Mu kubika imiterere myiza ya electrolyte, amashanyarazi menshi atuma habaho gukira kw'umuringa mu buryo busanzwe aho kugira ingaruka mbi.
- Kuzigama ingufu zo gupompa: Gukurikirana ubucucike bwa electrolyte byoroshya kugenzura neza pompe, birinda gutembera cyane mu mubiri cyangwa gufungana, bikongera igihe cyo kubaho kw'ibikoresho.
Izi nyungu zihuriweho kugira ngo zishyigikire igenzura ryiza ry’ubuziranenge bwa cathode y’umuringa no kwemeza umusaruro muri rusange no kubahiriza ibidukikije mu bikorwa bigezweho byo gutunganya amashanyarazi.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi muri Copper
Amabwiriza yo gushyiraho no gupima aside nyinshi mu buryo bwo kuyivanga
Guhitamo igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'amazi gikwiye cyo gutunganya umuringa bitangirira ku bikoresho byacyo. Ibice bitose bigomba kurwanya aside sulfuriki nyinshi na sulfate y'umuringa. PTFE, PFA, PVDF, n'ibirahure ni byo bikoresho bikunzwe cyane, bitanga ubudahangarwa bwizewe mu bidukikije bifite electrolyte nyinshi. Ibyuma bigomba kwirindwa keretse bibaye ngombwa; koresha gusa ingano nini nka Hastelloy C-276 cyangwa titanium niba ibice by'icyuma bidashobora gukurwaho.
Gushyiramo bigomba kuba ahantu hagaragaza imiterere ya electrolyte y'umuringa mu bwinshi. Irinde ahantu electrolyte idakora neza cyangwa ahantu electrolyte ihurira. Imirongo mikuru yo kuzenguruka cyangwa gusubiramo uruziga ni myiza, ituma habaho uruvange rumwe rw'umuringa na aside sulfuriki hamwe n'ubucucike buhoraho. Umugozi wo kunyuramo ugufasha gutandukanya icyuma mu gihe cyo gupima cyangwa kubungabunga, ugatuza imikorere no kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora.
Impinduka mu bushyuhe zihindura ubucucike bwa aside sulfuriki, ndetse no mu buryo bw'inyongera, imiterere ya electrolyte y'umuringa. Shyiramo icyuma gipima ubushyuhe iruhande rw'igipimo cy'ubucucike hanyuma ukoreshe uburyo bwo kwishyura ubushyuhe ku gikoresho cyawe. Koresha ingero zo gupima zigaragaza ubucucike nyabwo bw'umuringa n'aside mu ruganda rwawe. Ibi bituma icyuma cyawe gipima ubucucike bw'amazi kuri electrolyte gitanga amakuru nyayo kandi ashobora gukoreshwa yo kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'umuringa wa cathode no kunoza imikorere y'ubuhanga mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura bunyura mu gipimo cy’ubucucike kugeza ku rwego ruringaniye kandi ruhamye. Guhindagurika cyane bitera urusaku rwo gupima no kwangirika kw’imashini, mu gihe amazi make ashobora gufata uduheri, bigahindura imiterere y’ibikoresho. Insinga zose zigasigwa hanyuma zigatandukanya igikoresho n’amashanyarazi. Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyobora amashanyarazi butuma amazi anyura mu kirere aba ari ikibazo, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y’amashanyarazi y’uturemangingo no kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa cathode y’umuringa.
Amabwiriza y'umutekano n'uburyo Electrolyte zikoreshwa mu buryo butunguranye
Shyiramo ibikoresho byo gupfuka no kubika ibikoresho bya kabiri hafi y’icyuma gipima ubucucike aho abakozi bashobora guhura n’ibivanze bya aside sulfate-sulfuriki y’umuringa. Shyira ibimenyetso byo kuburira n’ibibuza kwinjira hafi y’aho icyuma gipima. Menya neza ko ibikoresho, ibifunga, n’aho bihurira bihuye n’ibinyabutabire bikomeye, wirinde elastomer na plastiki bitapimwe ko bifite aside nyinshi na oxidative.
Gushyira amashanyarazi mu mwanya wayo no kuyishyiraho neza ni ingenzi cyane. Ingaruka z'imigezi itemba ziyongera mu gutunganya amashanyarazi mu muringa, gukoresha neza ibyuma bipima amashanyarazi ndetse no kwirinda impanuka. Suzuma buri gihe ibice by'imiyoboro n'ibiyikikije kugira ngo hirindwe ko hari amakosa ashobora guteza akaga.
Inama zo guhuza neza ibikorwa by'inganda zisanzweho
Shyira igipimo cy’ubucucike mu buryo busanzwe bwo kugenzura uruganda rwawe, ukoreshe ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bisohoka mu kugenzura imiterere ya electrolyte y’umuringa mu buryo bwihuse. Shyira ibipimo mu miyoboro mikuru cyangwa mu miyoboro yo gusubiramo amakuru kugira ngo ubone amakuru ahuriweho. Koresha uburyo bwo gufunga kugira ngo wihutishe vuba iyo bikenewe gupima cyangwa kubungabunga, wirinde ko imikorere y’uturemangingo ihagarara kandi ushyigikire imikorere myiza y’amashanyarazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y’umuringa.
Huza n'abahanga mu by'imikorere kugira ngo bemeze aho icyuma gipima ubucucike giherereye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima imikorere; inyigo za CFD zishobora kwerekana imiterere y'ahantu hatandukanye n'aho havangwa. Koresha umusaruro w'icyuma gipima kugira ngo uhindure amashanyarazi y'uturemangingo n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gutunganya amashanyarazi, wongere ikoreshwa ry'ingufu kandi wirinde ko habaho ihinduka ry'imiterere y'amazi mu gihe cyo gutunganya umuringa.
Shyiraho amabwiriza yo gupima sensor buri gihe, koresha ingero zijyanye n'uruvange rw'aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'uruganda. Gahunda yo kubungabunga no imiterere yihuse yo kugera ku ruganda bituma rwongera gukoreshwa vuba nyuma yo gusukura cyangwa gusana, bikagabanya igihombo cy'umusaruro kandi bigafasha kuzigama ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni uruhe ruhare rw'igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'amazi mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa?
Igipimo cy’ubucucike bw’amazi, nka Lonnmeter, gitanga igenzura rihoraho, mu buryo bw’igihe nyacyo ry’uruvange rw’aside sulfate-sulfuriki y’umuringa mu turemangingo tw’amashanyarazi y’umuringa. Ibi bituma abakora basuzuma ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi nk'ikimenyetso cy’ubucucike bw’umuringa na aside sulfuriki—ibipimo bibiri by’ingenzi kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza ubuziranenge bw’umuringa wa cathode. Amakuru ahoraho y’ubucucike ahuzwa na sisitemu zo kugenzura imikorere, bigatuma habaho impinduka zifatika kandi zikora ku bushyuhe, igipimo cy’ibiribwa, n’ubucucike bw’aside, bigabanya cyane kwishingikiriza ku gupima intoki. Ubu buryo bwongera imiterere ya electrolyte y’umuringa, bushyigikira imiterere yihariye kugira ngo haboneke ubuziranenge bw’umuringa wa cathode no kugabanya ihindagurika ry’imikorere.
Ni gute ubucucike bwa electrolyte bugira ingaruka ku igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bwa cathode muri umuringa?
Ubucucike bwa electrolyte bugaragaza uburinganire bwa umuringa na aside sulfuriki mu gisubizo. Guhindagurika mu bucucike bw'ibimenyetso bihinduka mu bucucike, ibyo, iyo bitakosowe, bishobora gutuma imyanda nka nikeli, tin, cyangwa antimoni ishyirwa mu buryo butanoze kuri cathode. Kugumana ubucucike bw'intego birinda ko imyanda ishyirwa mu buryo butanoze, bishyigikira ubwiza bwa cathode umuringa kandi bikerekana ko umusaruro wa nyuma w'umuringa wujuje ibisabwa bikomeye byo gutunganywa. Kugenzura ubucucike bw'inyongera bifasha mu gusuzuma ibibazo byo gushyiramo electrolyte, bikongera imbaraga mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa cathode umuringa.
Ese gupima neza ubucucike bishobora gufasha mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu?
Yego. Gupima neza ubucucike bituma habaho kugenzura neza uruvange rwa aside sulfate-sulfuriki y'umuringa, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bucucike bwa electrolyte. Kubera ko ubucucike bugena ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo umuringa ushyirwe mu bubiko, gukomeza ubucucike bwiza binyuze mu gupima mu gihe nyacyo bituma ingufu zigabanuka cyane—bishyigikira imikorere myiza ya volteji y'uturemangingo no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gutunganya amashanyarazi y'umuringa. Gucunga neza ubucucike bigabanya kandi kuvanga no gukurura ibidakenewe, bigabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'ingufu n'imikorere.
Kuki imikorere myiza iriho ubu mu gutunganya umuringa ishingiye ku bucucike bwa electrolyte?
Ubuhanga bw'amashanyarazi bupima igice cy'amashanyarazi atangwa akoreshwa mu gushyiramo umuringa mwiza. Ubucucike bwiza bwemeza ko electrolyte itanga uburinganire bukwiye bwa iyoni z'umuringa na aside, ari ingenzi kugira ngo iyoni zifashishwe neza. Iyo ubucucike burenze urugero rwasabwaga, ingaruka mbi zidakenewe (nk'ihindagurika rya hydrogen cyangwa ogisijeni) zishobora kubaho, zigahindura amashanyarazi akava mu bubiko bw'umuringa kandi zikagabanya imikorere y'amashanyarazi. Kugumana ubucucike mu buryo bugenwe ni ingamba y'ibanze yo kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu gutunganya umuringa.
Ni gute gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bigira uruhare mu kuzigama ingufu zo gupompa?
Uburyo electrolyte itemberamo n'umuvuduko w'amazi bigomba guhuza ubucucike n'ubucucike bw'umuti kugira ngo habeho ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'umuringa. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu gihe nyacyo bitanga ibitekerezo nyabyo ku mpinduka z'imiterere ya electrolyte, bigatuma habaho guhindura umuvuduko w'ipompo n'uburyo bwo kuvanga. Mu gukomeza ubucucike bukwiye, inganda zirinda gupompa cyane, bityo zigashobora kuzigama ingufu mu gupompa electron no kongera igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho binyuze mu kugabanya ubusaza bw'ibikoresho. Ibi kandi bigabanya ubushobozi bw'imyanda iboneka mu gace runaka no gukura kw'umuringa ku buryo butari bumwe bitewe n'ahantu hadahagaze mu bwogero bwa electrolyte.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-05-2025
