Gusobanukirwa amazi afunze mu gutunganya peteroli na gaze
Gusobanura ibinyabutabire bifunze n'ibinyabutabire bya gaze
Ifumbire muurwego rwa peteroli na gazeni hydrocarboni zihinduka ziva ku mwuka zijya ku mazi iyo ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bigabanutse munsi y'imiterere y'ikigega. Ibi binyobwa bivanze ubusanzwe bigizwe na hydrocarboni zoroheje—cyane cyane alkanes z'uruhererekane rugororotse ziva kuri ethane (C2) zijya kuri hexane (C6+) kandi ziremereye, hamwe n'igice gito cy'ibinyabutabire bihumura neza na heteroatomic. Kuba hari ibinyabutabire, inkomoko yabyo, n'ikoreshwa ryabyo nyuma y'amazi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo gutandukanya hydrocarboni n'agaciro k'isoko.
Hari itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y’ibinyampeke bya gaze n’ibinyampeke. Ibinyampeke bya gaze ni ibinyampeke bisanzwe bikomoka ku binyampeke biva mu migezi ya gaze karemano, akenshi iyo bigeze ku buso cyangwa hafi y’ubuso. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibinyampeke ni ibinyampeke bya karuboni bikomoka ku binyampeke bya hydrocarbon bikozwe binyuze mu kubinyampeke ku bushake—cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gutunganya cyangwa gutunganya gaze. Aho bitandukaniye n’imiterere y’umubiri (ibinyampeke ugereranyije no kubinyampeke) ni byo bigaragaza niba umugezi ushyirwa mu cyiciro cy’ibinyampeke cyangwa ibinyampeke.
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza peteroli mu bice bimwe
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Hari ibindi bibazo hagati y’ubukode n’ibice by’imvange. Ubukode bw’ibice by’imvange bufatwa ku mutwe w’isoko cyangwa hafi y’aho biherereye, butandukanijwe n’igice cya gaze ku muvuduko w’ikirere hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanya ubutaka. Ubusanzwe bushyirwa mu mugezi w’amavuta ya peteroli mu gupima no mu bucuruzi, bugaragaza uburemere bwa API busanzwe buri hagati ya 45 na 75. Gusubirana ubukode bw’ibice by’imvange biba mu nganda zitunganya gaze, aho gutandukana biba ku muvuduko uri hejuru n’ubushyuhe buri hasi. Itandukaniro rigira ingaruka ku ibaruramari, raporo, n’igenagaciro ry’isoko. Ubukode bw’ibice by’imvange bukunze gufatwa nk’igice cya peteroli ya peteroli, mu gihe ibice by’imvange bikunze gushyirwa mu matsinda y’ibice by’imvange ya gaze karemano (NGPL). Inzego zitandukanye z’amategeko n’imikorere y’isoko ry’akarere birushaho kugora ishyirwa mu byiciro, bigira ingaruka ku gutanga raporo no kugenzura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga.
Ibinyobwa bifunze bigira uruhare runini mu gutandukanya no gutunganya hifashishijwe hydrocarbon. Bikora nk'ibiribwa by'inganda zitunganya hifashishijwe hydrocarbon—bifite agaciro kubera ko bikungahaye ku bice byoroheje bya hydrocarbon nka lisansi, nafta, na LPG—kandi nk'ibigabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire mu kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire.ubukana bw'amavuta akomeyeku gutwara imiyoboro y'amazi. Ihindagurika ryazo rikabije kandi ingano yabyo y'umwanda ni nto, ugereranije n'amavuta akomeye, byoroshya gutunganya no kuvanga mu gihe cyo gutwika peteroli, bigafasha mu koroshya uruganda rutunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli no kunoza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa.
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire n'ibifatika ni ingenzi mu gutandukanya
Imyitwarire n'uburyo ibintu bivanze mu mikorere ya peteroli na gazi bigengwa n'imiterere y'ibintu bifatika n'ibikomoka kuri shimi. Muri ibyo, imbaraga za API zitanga igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'amazi ugereranyije n'amazi. Ingufu, zifite imbaraga za API zikunze kuba hagati ya 45 na 75, zoroshye cyane kurusha izindi mashini zisanzwe, bigatuma zitandukana vuba mu gihe cyo gutunganya peteroli na gazi. Ubucucike, bufitanye isano itaziguye na API, ni ingenzi mu gushushanya imiyoboro y'amazi, kuyimura no kugenzura inzira. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike buri ku murongo, nk'ibyakozwe naLonnmeter, zishyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo zigenzure kandi zigenzure neza ibipimo by'imikorere, cyane cyane iyo zivanga cyangwa zitunganya imiyoboro y'urumuri.
Ubushyuhe butuma imikorere irushaho kuba myiza. Ubusanzwe, ubushyuhe bugaragaza ubushyuhe buke, butuma habaho urujya n'uruza rwiza, bworoshya gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo butandukanye, kandi bugatuma ingufu ziyongera mu gihe cyo kuvanga no kuvoma. Ubushyuhe bufitanye isano rikomeye n'ubushyuhe, imiterere ya shimi, n'imyitwarire y'ibice; gupima neza ni ingenzi mu kunoza umusaruro no kugabanya kuziba kw'imiyoboro.
Imiterere ya Hydrocarboni—cyane cyane igice cya parafini yoroheje, aromatiki, n'imyanda isanzwe—igena imiterere y'ibyiciro n'agaciro ko gutunganya. Ubwinshi bw'urumuri (butanes, pentanes, hexanes) byongera imihindagurikire y'ikirere, ariko bishobora no guteza ibyago mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha bitewe n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'umwuka. Ibintu bito, nka asphaltenes, resins, na waxes, bigira ingaruka nyinshi kurusha izindi; bishobora kugwa nk'ibintu bikomeye ku bushyuhe buri hasi, bigatuma habaho ibibazo byo gushyira ishashi mu miyoboro no mu nzira zo gutandukanya. Urugero, imirima nka Astrakhan na Altyguyi yagaragaje imvura ya parafini ku bushyuhe bujyanye n'imikorere, bikaba ngombwa ko hakorwa isesengura ryitondewe ry'imiterere n'ingamba zo kongeramo kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo byo kwemeza amazi atemba.
Akamaro ko gupima umutungo karenze imikorere myiza—bigira ingaruka ku igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa n’agaciro k’ubucuruzi. Amakuru yizewe y’ubucucike n’ubucucike ni byo bishyigikira imikorere yo gutunganya peteroli no kuyitunganya, bishyigikira gutandukanya neza ibice bya hydrocarbon, nk’uko bisabwa mu gikorwa cyo gutwika peteroli. Ubuhanga bugezweho bwo gupima ubucucike ubu ni igice cy’ingenzi mu gukurikirana ibikorwa, kwemeza ko hubahirizwa amahame yo kwimura abantu no koroshya uburyo bwo kubika no kuvanga mu bikorwa byo mu majyaruguru no mu ntara.
Imiterere ya molekile inagenga uburinganire bw'umwuka n'amazi n'imyitwarire y'icyiciro, cyane cyane mu bice byoroheje bya hydrocarbon. Mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'imikorere, itandukaniro rito mu buremere bwa molekile cyangwa imiterere rishobora gutera impinduka zikomeye mu gipimo cya gazi ku mazi, bikagira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'itandukanya n'igenamiterere ry'ibipimo, ndetse no kuringaniza uburemere bw'ibimera. Isesengura risanzwe ry'imyitwarire y'icyiciro rituma abatunganya lisansi bahitamo uburyo bwiza bwo gusya lisansi butuma yongera imbaraga mu gihe bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ingufu n'igihombo cy'ubwiza.
Gusuzuma ibi bintu—uburemere bwa API, ubucucike bw'umubiri, ubukana, n'imiterere—bishyiraho urufatiro rwo gutandukanya no gutunganya neza ubucucike n'imigezi yoroheje ya hydrocarbon. Gupima buri gihe kandi neza ibi bintu by'amazi bifunze bituma habaho kugenzura ibikorwa, gushyigikira igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bwa hydrocarbon condensate, kandi bigashyigikira ubukungu bw'uruhererekane rw'agaciro ka peteroli na gazi.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi yakuwemo
Ubuhanga buhanitse bwo kunoza imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga
Kugira ngo hakemurwe ibibazo biri mu gupima ubucucike bw'amazi yoroheje n'akomeye ya hydrocarbon, uburyo bwo kuyavanga bwarushijeho kugaragara. Ibice biremereye bikunze kunyuzwamo ibintu bishongesha nk'ibinyabutabire bya toluene, bigabanya ubushyuhe no kugabanya ubushyuhe. Ubu buryo butuma habaho kumenya neza ubucucike, kuko imiterere y'ibipimo irushaho kuba myiza kandi amakosa yo mu mikorere agabanuka. Uburyo bwo kuyavanga ni ingenzi cyane mu kugena ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'ibivanze bikomeye, aho ubucucike bukenewe kugira ngo hakorwe neza imikorere no gusobanura ibikomoka kuri peteroli.
Uburyo bushya, cyane cyane bukoresha ibipimo by'ubucucike bushingiye ku muvuduko (nk'ibipimoIbikoresho bya Lonnmeter), bigabanya imbogamizi ku bikoresho bisanzwe. Ibi bikoresho bikora ku buryo bwikora ku kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'ingero, kumenya ibibuno, no gupima ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa peteroli na gaze. Ibipimo byikora kandi byemerera kwinjira mu miyoboro y'inganda kugira ngo bipimwe buri gihe, bishyigikira kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa hydrocarbon condensate nta guhagarika inzira z'amazi.
Isesengura rigereranya rigaragaza ko ibikoresho gakondo byo muri laboratwari n'ibyo mu butaka bikunze gutanga ibimenyetso by'ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa, aho amakosa atemerwa mu gutunganya hydrocarbons zoroheje n'uburyo bwo gusya lisansi, bisaba imbibi zikomeye z'ibicuruzwa. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibipimo byikora ku murongo ntibigabanya gusa itandukaniro ry'imikorere, ahubwo binatanga umusaruro w'ikoranabuhanga ushobora gukurikiranwa, ni ingenzi mu kubahiriza amategeko, gutanga raporo, no gutandukanya ibice bya hydrocarbon.
Uduce duto twa hydrocarbon dutera ingorane zo gupima bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere n’ubucucike buke. Gutakaza umwuka, guhumeka kw’ingero, no guhinduka guto k’ubushyuhe bishobora kubangamira ubucucike bw’ikirere. Ibipimo bigezweho bigabanya izi ngaruka binyuze mu kubungabunga ahantu hapimwe hafunze no gucunga neza ubushyuhe. Uduce duto, hagati aho, twungukira cyane mu gutunganya solvent no gupima viscosity hamwe n’ibipimo by’ikoranabuhanga.
Guhuza Ibikoresho byo Gusesengura mu Isuzuma ry'Ubucucike
Isesengura ry’ibikubiye mu bipimo rirushaho gupima neza ubucucike. Koromatografia y’umwuka (GC), koromatografia y’amazi ifite imikorere myiza (HPLC), na spectrometry y’ubucucike bw’umwuka (GCMS) bigaragaza imiterere ya hydrocarbon, bikagaragaza ibice byoroheje n’ibiremereye mu gusya amavuta mabi no gukora akazi ko gukuramo condensate. Ibikoresho nk'ibi byo gusesengura bifasha guhuza neza ubucucike bwapimwe n’imiterere y’ibikubiye mu bipimo, bigateza imbere igenzura ry’ubuziranenge bwa hydrocarbon condensate no gushyigikira guhitamo imigezi ivanze yo gutunganya cyangwa guhindura peteroli.
Amakuru ya kromatografiya hamwe n'ibipimo by'ubucucike byorohereza kumenya imiterere y'amazi afunze muri hydrocarbon, ingenzi mu gutunganya neza inzira yo gusya peteroli no gutandukanya ibice bya hydrocarbon. Urugero, ibikumwe bya GCMS bisobanura isano iri hagati y'ubucucike n'ibipimo by'uburemere bwa molekile mu bicucu bicuzwe neza, bifasha abahanga mu by'imikorere mu kunoza itandukanyirizo ry'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ivangavanga.
Ubushyuhe bw'umuvuduko (PVT)Isesengura rikoreshwa mu kumenya ubucucike n'imyitwarire y'ibice by'amazi mu gihe cy'imikorere. Inyigo za PVT zihuza ubucucike bwapimwe n'iteganyagihe ry'imiterere y'amazi, zinoza imiterere y'ibikorwa kandi zishyigikira ikoreshwa mu gutandukanya ibice bya hydrocarbon no gutunganya hydrocarbon z'urumuri.
Mu gutunganya peteroli no gutunganya amazi ashyushye, guhuza ubu buryo bitanga urwego rukomeye rwo kugena imigezi ya hydrocarbon, gupima ubucucike bwa hydrocarbon condensates, no kunoza inzira yo gutandukanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bupimye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge muri buri cyiciro. Ubu buryo buhuriweho—guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike butaziguye bya hydrocarbons, nk'ibikoresho bikomeye bya Lonnmeter, hamwe n'isesengura rigezweho ry'ibikubiye mu bicuruzwa—bishimangira imiterere y'amazi ashyushye mu nganda.
Akamaro ko gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi afunze
Ingaruka ku Gutandukanya Hydrocarbon no Gutunganya Indabo
Incamake nezagupima ubucucike bw'amazini ingenzi mu gutandukanya hydrocarbon, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gucukura peteroli no gucukura ingano y'amazi. Gutandukanya ibice bya hydrocarbon bishingiye ku itandukaniro mu bucucike kugira ngo biyobore gutandukanya ibice, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza y'inkingi no kugenzura aho bicishwa. Mu buryo bwo gucukura peteroli no gucukura peteroli, ubucucike bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku busumbane bw'umwuka n'amazi (VLE). Impinduka mu bucucike zihindura imirongo yo guteka, bigatera ihinduka mu bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'umusaruro rusange.
Gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bikoreshwa mu kubara ibintu bikosora ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, bigira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry'amazi ava ku ngano y'amazi ajya ku bwinshi. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gupima neza imigezi ya peteroli na gaze mu gihe inyura mu nkingi z'amazi ashyushye. Gutunganya ubucucike bifasha abakora mu kunoza imikorere yabo binyuze mu kugenzura neza imiterere y'ubushyuhe, ingano ya reflux, n'igipimo cyo gukuraho kuri buri gasanduku cyangwa umugezi wo ku ruhande. Gushyira mu bikorwa ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bwiza, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bituma habaho ibitekerezo bihoraho, ari na ngombwa mu guhindura ibipimo by'imikorere kugira ngo bihuze n'impinduka mu mikoreshereze y'amazi cyangwa impinduka mu busabe bw'amazi.
Gupima ubucucike ni ingenzi mu guhitamo ibikoresho mu micungire y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli no gutunganya ubucucike. Bitanga ingano y’inkingi z’imbere, ibyo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, na pompe, ndetse bikanayobora guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye gukoreshwa mu bidukikije birimo kwangirika cyangwa umuvuduko mwinshi. Urugero, ubucucike butunganya inkingi bufite parafini nyinshi busaba intera igaragara mu dusanduku cyangwa ubwoko bwo gupakira, ibyo bikaba byamenyekana gusa binyuze mu isesengura ry’ubucucike n’uduce tw’ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi.
Guteganya umusaruro no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu gihe cyo gutunganya hydrocarbon z'urumuri biterwa n'amakuru y'ubucucike. Abakoresha bakoresha ubucucike nk'icyitegererezo kugira ngo bakomeze ibipimo bisabwa ku bicuruzwa nka naphtha, lisansi, cyangwa lisansi ya jeti, buri kimwe gisobanurwa n'amadirishya y'ubucucike n'ubwihindurize. Gutandukana guto mu gupima ubucucike bishobora guterana bikabyara ibintu bitari ibya spec, bigatera kugabanuka cyangwa kongera gutunganya bihenze. Ibi bishimangira uruhare rw'ubucucike mu ikoreshwa ry'ibice by'urumuri bya hydrocarbon n'itandukaniro ryagutse ry'ibice by'urumuri bya hydrocarbon.
Akamaro k'imiterere y'ikigega n'igenzura ry'umusaruro
Ubucucike bw'amazi ya hydrocarbon bushyigikira uburyo bugezweho bwo kugena imiterere y'ibigega. Gupima ubucucike, iyo bihujwe n'amakuru y'ibikubiye mu bigega n'ay'ubuhanga, byongera cyane ukuri kw'ingero za geologiya n'iteganyagihe ry'umusaruro. Mu mirima ikora gazi ya hydrocarbon, itandukaniro rito mu bucucike bw'amazi ya hydrocarbon rishobora kwerekana impinduka mu guhuza ibigega, aho amazi yahurira, cyangwa imikorere myiza y'ibikorwa byo kugarura amazi bya kabiri.
Amakuru y’ubucucike bw’ibipimo ahuzwa n’ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’ibanze, ibisubizo bya log, na moderi za petrofiziki, bitanga amakarita y’imiterere yo hejuru y’ikwirakwizwa ry’amazi y’urutare. Urugero, gushushanya imiterere y’ubucucike n’ubucucike hamwe na moderi ya PVT ikoresha imiterere y’ubucucike kugira ngo igaragaze ubucucike bw’amazi. Ibi bituma abakora ibikorwa bashobora guhanura neza uko umusaruro ugenda, kunoza aho amariba ashyirwa, no kunoza ingamba zo kurangiza kugira ngo habeho kongera kuboneka kw’amazi y’urutare.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bugira uruhare mu gukurikirana mu buryo nyabwo, bigatuma habaho guhindura uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi mu rwego rwo guhangana n'impinduka mu miterere y'amazi. Aya makuru agaragaza impinduka mu myitwarire, ari ingenzi mu kubungabunga ingamba zo gukaza umuvuduko no gukuramo amazi, ndetse no kumenya ingaruka zo kugabanuka cyangwa kugabanuka kw'amazi mu gihe cyo kugabanuka. Amaherezo, gupima neza bishimangira ko bihujwe neza n'ubuhanga mu by'amazi n'imiterere y'ubutaka, bifitanye isano itaziguye n'agaciro k'umutungo n'imikorere y'ibikorwa.
Isuzuma ry'ibicuruzwa by'inganda zitunganya ubuziranenge n'isukura
Guhitamo ibiribwa n'isuzuma ry'ibivangwa biterwa cyane n'ubwiza bw'imigezi ya peteroli na gaze, igaragazwa binyuze mu bucucike n'amakuru y'ibivangwa. Mu rwego rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa hydrocarbon condensate, ubucucike bukoreshwa nk'igenzura ryihuse ry'uko ibivangwa bihuye ndetse nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubucucike bwa sulfur, ibyuma, n'ibirungo bihumura. Isesengura ry'ukuri kandi ryihuse rivuye mu bikoresho bipima ubucucike bw'imirongo ya condensate ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibivangwa bitahuye, bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho byo gutunganya cyangwa kwangiza imikorere ya catalyst.
Iyubahirizwa ry’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa bitunganywa rishyirwa mu bikorwa binyuze mu kugenzura ubucucike mu buryo busanzwe ndetse no mu buryo bwo gupima ibintu mu byiciro bitandukanye. Ibisubizo bigomba guhuza imipaka isabwa ku bice bishobora kugurishwa—nk’imirongo y’ubucucike ya naphtha cyangwa peteroli—kugira ngo bihuze n’amahame agenga ubucuruzi. Iterambere mu isesengura, harimo no gusubira inyuma mu gihe nyacyo no gusesengura imiterere, bituma habaho uburyo bwo kumenya imiterere itari iya spec mu gihe cyo kohereza feedstock no guhindura imikorere.
Byongeye kandi, binyuze mu guhuza isesengura ry’ubucucike n’isesengura rya chromatographic n’iry’ibanze, inganda zitunganya peteroli zigaragaza umusaruro n’uburyo peteroli ishobora kuvunika mu buryo busanzwe n’ishobora kuvunika. Ubu buryo butuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura neza uburyo peteroli ikoreshwa, kunoza uburyo ikoreshwa, no kugabanya ibyago byo gukora binyuze mu kwitega ko hazabaho ihumana, guteka, no guhindagurika kw’ibikoresho. Bityo, imiterere y’amazi yakuwe mu ruganda rwa hydrocarboni ishyigikira ipiganwa ry’inganda zitunganya peteroli kandi zigatuma habaho imikorere ihamye muri buri ntambwe yo gutunganya peteroli no gutunganya peteroli.
Iyi mbonerahamwe yashushanyije igaragaza ko umusaruro mwiza mu gutunganya ibice byoroheje bya hydrocarbon uba mu migozi ikomeye y’ubucucike, bigaragaza ko ari ngombwa kugenzura neza ubucucike mu gihe cyose cyo gutandukanya. Guhindagurika, ndetse no kuri kg/m³ nke, bitera igihombo mu mikorere ndetse n’umusaruro ushobora kuba utari uw’ingenzi.
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'amazi afunze ni ishingiro ry'ibikorwa byo gutandukanya hydrocarbon mu gutunganya peteroli, kuva ku gukora icyitegererezo cy'ibigega kugeza ku kunoza ibikorwa byo mu nganda, gusuzuma ibiribwa, no kugenzura ubuziranenge, bigaragaza uruhare rwabyo rw'ingenzi mu mikorere myiza no mu ntsinzi y'ubucuruzi.
Ibitekerezo bifatika n'imikorere myiza
Uburyo bwo Gupima Ibipimo Byizewe
Gutoranya ibipimo by’ingenzi ni ishingiro ry’isesengura ry’amazi yakuwemo amazi, cyane cyane mu migezi ya peteroli na gaze aho amakosa ashobora kongera ubwiyongere bw’amazi yo hasi. Kugira ngo hasuzumwe imiterere y’amazi yakuwemo amazi muri hydrocarbon cyangwa hakorwe isesengura ry’uduce tw’amazi yakuwemo amazi, icyitegererezo kigomba kwigana imiterere y’imikorere yacyo uko bishoboka kose. Ibi ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane impinduka mu miterere y’ibice bigizweho ingaruka n’ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ibice mu gihe cyo gutandukanya hydrocarbon mu gutunganya peteroli.
Aho icyitegererezo gikorerwa hagomba kuba haherereye aho amazi aguma avanze neza mbere yuko habaho gutandukanya ibice. Urugero, gushyira icyitegererezo mu murongo uri hejuru y’ibice bitandukanya ibice bitanga ishusho nyayo y’amazi yatunganyijwe. Imirongo yose y’icyitegererezo n’imiyoboro yo gukusanya bigomba kuba byateguwe mbere kandi bigasukurwa n’umuyoboro w’ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bigabanye ubwandu buturuka ku bisigazwa kandi hirindwe ko umwuka winjira, ibyo bikaba bibangamira ubucucike n’isesengura ry’ibice.
Gutuza ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cyo gufata ingero. Iyo umuvuduko ugabanutse vuba cyane mu gihe cyo gucukura amavuta mabi no gukuramo umwuka uvanze n'amazi, ibice by'umuvuduko bishobora kuzima, bigahindura imiterere y'urumuri rwa hydrocarbon kandi bigatanga umusaruro utizewe ku buryo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi avanze n'amazi. Sisitemu zo gukusanya amazi zifunganye zigabanya ikirere n'igihombo gihindagurika, zishyigikira isano nyayo hagati y'amakuru yapimwe n'imiterere nyayo y'ubutaka.
Gusukura buri gihe, kwimura isuzuma ako kanya, no gufunga bigabanya ibyago byo kwibeshya no kwanduzanya. Ku bijyanye no kwimura cyangwa kugenzura ubuziranenge bwemewe n'amategeko, gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire bya hydrocarbon no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire bya hydrocarbon.
Gucunga no guhuza amakuru n'ibipimo by'ubuhanga
Hafashwe amakuru y’ubucucike n’ibikubiye mu bikoresho nk’ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter byo gupima ubucucike bw’ibikomoka ku bimera bivanze n’ibi ...
Kugira ngo bakoreshe amakuru y’ubucucike mu gukora icyitegererezo cy’imikorere, injeniyeri zihuza ibipimo by’ibikoresho bya laboratwari cyangwa ibyo mu gihe nyacyo hamwe n’ibipimo by’ingenzi by’ubuhanga. Urugero, ubucucike bwa API bubarwa mu buryo butaziguye uhereye ku bucucike bwapimwe kandi ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gufata ibyemezo by’imikorere, kuvanga, no gutanga umusaruro. Isuzuma ry’ubucucike rya API neza rituma habaho impinduka mu buryo bwo gukwirakwiza lisansi kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwinshi kandi habeho ireme ry’ibice by’ubucucike bw’umutuku.
Igipimo cya gazi n'amavuta, gituruka ku bipimo by'ubucucike n'ibipimo by'imiterere, gifasha mu gukora inyigo y'ikigega cyo hejuru ndetse no mu mikorere ihoraho. Urugero, niba ingero z'ubucucike zigaragaza impinduka bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'urumuri, abakora bashobora guhindura aho bagabanya ibicanwa kugira ngo barusheho gutandukanya ibice no kwemeza ko ibisabwa n'ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa.
Guhuza amakuru ahoraho bituma habaho igenzura ry’ubuziranenge rihindagurika. Ibikoresho byinjiza ubucucike bwikora—kuva kuri metero za Lonnmeter—bihura neza mu miterere y’igenzura ikwirakwizwa, bitanga ubushobozi bwo kugenzura no gukoresha neza igihe bikenewe mu kugenzura ibice by’amazi, ibikoresho bishya, n’ibidahindura imiterere. Ibi bigabanya ihindagurika ry’imikorere, bigabanya uburyo bwo gufata ingero, kandi bigakomeza ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa hydrocarbon condensate binyuze mu gutanga ibitekerezo mu buryo bwihuse.
Muri make, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibintu bushingiye ku ngamba zikomeye zo gupima no guhuza amakuru neza. Ibi ni byo bishingira ku isesengura ry’uduce tw’urumuri rwa hydrocarbon, uburyo bwo gukora neza mu gutandukanya hydrocarbon, no gucunga neza ubuziranenge mu miyoboro yo gutunganya peteroli no gutunganya hydrocarbon—cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigezweho byagenewe kuzuza amahame ahinduka y’imikorere ya peteroli na gazi.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ibinyobwa bivanze ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi mu gutunganya ibinyobwa bivanze na peteroli na gaze?
Ibinyobwa bifunze ni hydrocarboni zihinduka ziva kuri gazi zijya kuri gazi uko ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bigabanuka munsi y'aho biva mu gihe cyo gukuramo gazi karemano. Ibi binyobwa byoroshye kandi ntibikomeye cyane ugereranyije na peteroli, akenshi bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe aho bikusanyirizwa—byaba ari ibinyobwa bifunze ku isoko ry'amazi cyangwa nk'ibinyobwa bifunze mu nganda zitunganya. Ubwoko bwombi butandukanye n'ibinyobwa bifunze bya gazi karemano (NGLs) mu miterere yabyo no mu miterere yabyo. Akamaro kabyo gashingiye ku gaciro kabyo ku isoko, uruhare rwabyo nk'uruganda rutunganya ibinyabutabire n'ibikomoka ku binyabutabire, ndetse n'ingaruka zabyo ku ngamba z'imikorere yo gukoresha, gutunganya no kohereza mu mahanga ibigega. Kubera ko ibinyobwa bifunze bihinduka kandi bishya, amabwiriza akomeye y'imikorere arakurikizwa mu gucunga, gutwara no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Imiterere yabyo, cyane cyane ubwinshi n'uburemere bwa molekile, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza, ku gipimo cyo kugarura ibintu, no ku ikorwa ry'agaciro mu mikorere ya peteroli na gazi.
Ni gute ubucucike bw'amazi afunze bupimwa mu gihe cyo gutandukanya hydrocarbon?
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bufunze ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ibikorwa no gusobanura ibicuruzwa. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima burimo hydrometers, zikoresha ibyuma bipima ubucucike kugira ngo zitange ubucucike butaziguye cyangwa API gravity reading, na pycnometers, zigena ubucucike bushingiye ku bunini buzwi n'ingano y'icyitegererezo cy'amazi. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura bushobora kandi gukoreshwa, akenshi hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubucucike kugira ngo hakorwe isuzuma ryimbitse. Uburyo bwo guhanura nka Hankinson-Thomson (HT) na Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) bupima ubucucike bw'amazi yuzuye n'ayafunze ya hydrocarbon mu mikorere. Muri urwo rwego, ibikoresho nk'ibipimo bya Lonnmeter inline density bikoreshwa cyane mu gukurikirana ubucucike buri gihe kandi neza, bishyigikira uburyo bwo kunoza ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo. Ubu buryo bwose bugize inkingi y'ubuhanga bwo gupima ubucucike bwa hydrocarbon, butuma ibisabwa mu mategeko no mu bucuruzi mu gutandukanya hydrocarbon mu gutunganya peteroli byuzuzwa.
Ni izihe ngaruka ubucucike bw'amazi afunze bugira ku musaruro w'ibikorwa byo gutwika lisansi?
Ubucucike ni imiterere y'ibanze igenga uburyo hydrocarboni zitandukana mu gihe cyo gucukura peteroli. Ubucucike bw'amazi afunze bugena uburyo ibintu bitandukaniye hagati y'ibice bya distillate nka naphtha, lisansi, na mazutu. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike rigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, n'umusaruro wa buri gice cya distillate, kuko ibiryo byoroheje cyangwa binini bisaba reflux itandukanye n'imiterere y'imikorere. Gupima neza ubucucike bituma habaho gutunganya neza imikorere ya reflux drum na protocole zo gutandukanya icyiciro, biganisha ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa no guhuza neza. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kubungabunga ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa mu biryo bituma ibicuruzwa bihura n'ibipimo, bikagabanya imyanda no kunoza ubukungu bw'inganda zitunganya. Gushyiramo ubucucike bwizewe bwa hydrocarboni bishyigikira gutandukanya neza ibice bya hydrocarboni kandi bigashyigikira imikorere ihamye mu bicuruzwa bicukura peteroli n'ibikomoka kuri condensate.
Kuki amakuru nyayo y’ubucucike ari ngombwa mu gutunganya ibice by’urumuri rwa hydrocarbon?
Uduce tw’amazi twa hydrocarbon duto, ubusanzwe turi mu cyiciro cya C5–C10, ni ingenzi mu gukora ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini nka lisansi na peteroli. Amakuru nyayo y’ubucucike ni ingenzi mu gukora icyitegererezo cy’imikorere, kugenzura ubuziranenge, no kugera ku iyubahirizwa ry’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa. Gutunganya hydrocarbons z’ubucucike bisaba guhindura neza ibice byo gutandukanya hashingiwe ku bitekerezo by’ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo—akenshi bitangwa n’ibikoresho bya inline nka Lonnmeter metres—kugira ngo bikomeze gukora neza no kwirinda umusaruro uhenze utari uw’ibipimo. Ubuhanga bwo gusesengura, harimo na chromatography ya gaze hamwe n’isesengura ry’ubucucike, bukoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura imiterere n’imiterere y’umubiri. Ubu buryo bwitondewe butuma habaho ubworoherane mu mikorere no kwemeza ubuziranenge mu isesengura ry’uduce tw’amazi twa hydrocarbon duto, biganisha ku buryo bwiza bwo gukoresha no gucunga ingufu mu mikorere yo gutandukanya hydrocarbons mu gutunganya peteroli.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwiza bukwiye gukurikizwa mu gupima ibinyobwa bivanze kugira ngo hamenyekane ubucucike bw'ibinyobwa?
Gufata ingero z'amazi afunze bisaba gukurikiza cyane uburyo bwiza bwo gukora kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ari ingirakamaro kandi ko agaragara neza. Ingero zigomba gukusanywa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bisukuye, bidafite umwanda—bisukuwe mbere yo gukoreshwa—kandi bikabikwa mu bikoresho bidakura cyangwa ngo binjize karubone. Amabwiriza ashimangira gufata igice cy'amazi agenda, birinda gutakaza ingero bitewe no guhumeka cyangwa gucika, cyane cyane ku bice bishyuha cyane. Amasanduku afungwa kandi agashyirwaho ikimenyetso ako kanya kugira ngo agabanye ubwiyongere bw'amazi. Abakozi bakurikiza amabwiriza akomeye y'umutekano bitewe n'uburyo amazi afunze ashobora gushya kandi agahinduka. Amabwiriza agenga, nk'ayatanzwe na ASTM International, agena uburyo bwihariye bwo gutegura, gufata no kubika. Aya mabwiriza akomeye ni ingenzi kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza ubuziranenge bwa karubone kandi ashyigikire ibisubizo nyabyo kandi bishobora gukorwa bivuye mu bikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bwa karubone.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 11-2025
