Gupima ubucucike bw'ibice biri ku murongo ni ingenzi mu kugenzura no kunoza ikorwa rya butadiene. Ubu buryo butuma habaho gukurikirana buri gihe ingano y'ibicuruzwa n'ibinyabutabire mu ntambwe z'ingenzi nko gukuramo ibinyabutabire, kubitunganya no kubitunganya. Mu nganda zigezweho, amakuru aturuka ku bikoresho biri ku murongo ahita yinjira mu buryo butaziguye mu buryo bw'igenzura, ashyigikira imikorere ihinduka no guhindura ibintu bitandukanye nk'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, kongeramo ibinyabutabire, no kuringaniza amazi. Uku guhuza neza byongera icyizere cyo gukuramo ibinyabutabire kandi bigabanya ikorwa rya "polimeri za popcorn" cyangwa ibindi bintu bihumanya ikirere.
Intangiriro ku buryo bwo gukora Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene ni ingenzi cyane mu nganda zikora kabutike ku isi, cyane cyane mu gukora kabutike ya butadiene (BR) na kabutike ya styrene-butadiene (SBR), byose hamwe bikoreshwa mu matoni miliyoni buri mwaka. Ikoreshwa ryayo rigera no ku mapine y'imodoka, ibicuruzwa by'inganda, na polimeri z'ubwubatsi, aho ikenewe cyane mu turere nka Aziya-Pasifika bitewe n'inganda zikora n'ikorwa ry'ibinyabiziga.
Gukuramo Butadiene
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Uburyo bwo gukora butangirana no guhitamo ibiryo bikwiye. Ubusanzwe, ibikoresho fatizo bya peteroli nka naphtha na butane ni byo bikoreshwa cyane. Izi hydrocarboni zitanga umusaruro mwinshi mu buryo busanzwe kandi zikungukira ku miyoboro y’ibicuruzwa yashyizweho. Ariko, kwibanda ku iterambere rirambye byatumye abantu bashishikazwa n’ibindi biryo, nka bioethanol ikomoka ku bikomoka ku bimera bishobora kongera gukoreshwa ndetse n’ibikomoka ku bimera bitari ibiryo. Ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura ethanol muri butadiene ririmo kwiyongera kugira ngo rigabanuke karubone no gukwirakwiza umutungo kamere, nubwo hakiri imbogamizi zikomeye mu bukungu.
Uburyo bw'ingenzi mu nganda bwo gukora butadiene ni ugucika kw'umwuka. Ubu buryo butuma naphtha cyangwa izindi hydrocarbons zoroheje zigera ku bushyuhe bwinshi (hafi 750–900°C) iyo hari umwuka. Ubushyuhe bugabanya molekile nini mo olefini nto na diolefini, butadiene ikorwa hamwe na ethylene, propylene, n'ibindi bikomoka ku bintu by'agaciro. Nyuma yo gucika, kuzimya vuba birinda ingaruka mbi, hagakurikiraho urukurikirane rugoye rwo gutandukanya gaze. Butadiene ikunze gukurwa hakoreshejwe imashini itunganya, ikoresha solvents polar nka DMF cyangwa NMP kugira ngo itandukanye butadiene na hydrocarbons C4 zisa. Inkingi zo kugabana inkuta cyangwa kongera imbaraga mu mwuka bishobora gukoreshwa mu kongera ingufu no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere.
Uburyo bushya bwo "gukora ku bushake", nko guhindura ethanol mu byuma bitanga umwuka mwinshi cyangwa ibikoresho bitanga umwuka, bugaragaza ubundi buryo burambye aho gucikamo umwuka. Ubu buryo bukoresha ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye byagenewe guhitamo no guhagarara neza. Uburyo bwa Catalyst na reactor ni ingenzi mu kunoza umuvuduko w'impinduka no kugabanya umusaruro utifuzwa.
Urugendo rusange rw'imikorere yo gukora butadiene rutangirana no gutegura ibiryo by'ibiribwa, rugakomeza binyuze mu gucikagurika (cyangwa guhindura ibintu mu buryo bwa catalytic), kandi rugakomeza no kuzimya umusaruro, gutandukanya gazi, no gusohora amazi mu buryo bwa nyuma kugira ngo butadiene itunganywe neza itange butadiene isukuye. Muri rusange, igenzura rikomeye—nk'ibipimo bihoraho by'ubwinshi bwa butadiene—n'uburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura ni ingenzi kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kuba mwiza, umusaruro, n'umutekano w'akazi. Guhumanya ibikoresho bya kera, kwangirika kw'ibinyabutabire, no guhindagurika kw'imikorere bicungwa binyuze mu buhanga n'iterambere ryo gutunganya ibinyabutabire—kugira ngo hatangwe umusaruro wizewe kandi utunganye mu nganda zigezweho za peteroli.
Intambwe z'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gukuramo Butadiene
Gutegura no Gutegura Ibiryo Bishyushye
Gushyuha kw'ubushyuhe ni byo shingiro ry'uburyo bwo gukora butadiene. Ibiryo nka naphtha, butane, na ethane bikunze gukoreshwa; buri kimwe gitanga umusaruro utandukanye. Naphtha, iboneka cyane, itanga ibice bya C4 binini n'umusaruro uringaniye wa butadiene, mu gihe butane na ethane muri rusange bitanga amahitamo menshi ku bicuruzwa byifuzwa.
Imiterere y'imikorere mu itanura riturika ni ingenzi cyane. Ubushyuhe bugomba kugenzurwa neza hagati ya 750° na 900°C, ikirere kidakora neza kugira ngo hirindwe ogisijeni idakenewe. Igihe cyo gutura ni ingenzi: igihe gito cyane cyo gutura no kuzimya vuba birinda ingaruka za kabiri zigabanya guhitamo butadiene no gutera umusaruro uturutse kuri byo. Urugero, kongera ubushyuhe muri uru rwego bishobora kongera umusaruro ariko nanone bikazamura ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ingaruka mbi zitifuzwa. Bityo, gutunganya neza bigomba kuringaniza ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w'amazi, n'umuvuduko wo kuzimya kugira ngo butadiene ikuremo neza.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ibiribwa mbere yo kubyaza umusaruro, cyane cyane ku bindi biryo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nka bioethanol cyangwa 1,3-butanediol, bukoresha uburyo bwa hydrolysis cyangwa fermentation. Ubuhanga nko guturika kw'umwuka cyangwa amazi ashyushye mbere yo kubyaza umusaruro bukoreshwa kuri biomass, bigatuma habaho substrate ishobora gushyuha no kunoza igipimo rusange cyo guhindura imiterere y'ibiryo. Igishushanyo mbonera cya reactor kigira ingaruka kuri izi ntambwe: reactor nyinshi zishyigikira ubushyuhe n'ihererekanya ry'ibiryo, mu gihe sisitemu nyinshi za adiabatic zoroshya uburyo bwo kwaguka no guhitamo.
Gutandukanya gazi, icukurwa ry'ibanze n'iry'inyongera
Iyo gazi imaze gucika, umugezi w’imyanda utangira kugabanya gazi. Gutandukanya gazi bitangirana no kuzimya no gutandukanya gazi kugira ngo bikureho hydrocarboni zikomeye, hanyuma ibikoresho byo gukanda bigabanya ingano y’amazi no kongera umuvuduko kugira ngo byorohe kuyifata. Kumisha bikuraho ubushuhe, bishobora kubangamira imikorere y’ibinyabutabire biri hasi n’ubwiza bw’umusaruro.
Gukuramo ibintu by'ibanze bikoresha ibintu bikuramo ibintu cyangwa ibintu bivangura ibintu mu minara ifite umuvuduko mwinshi. Aha, butadiene itandukanywa n'ibindi bintu bya C4 hashingiwe ku itandukaniro mu gushonga. Ibintu bivangura ibintu nka N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), cyangwa ibindi bishya birambye nka 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) bitoranywa kubera uburyo butadiene ifatana, ituze, n'umutekano wabyo. Umuvuduko usesa butadiene mu buryo bwihariye, hanyuma ugakurwa muri uwo muvuduko hakoreshejwe umwuka cyangwa umuvuduko ukagabanuka.
Gukuramo kabiri bikorwa kugira ngo hakorwe ibishoboka byose kugira ngo hakorwe butadiene isigaye mu gice cy’amazi cyangwa icy’ibinyabutabire cyatakaye mu cyiciro cya mbere. Iyi gahunda ishobora gusaba kongera gukoranaho kw’ibinyabutabire cyangwa ibikorwa bikomeye by’inkingi. Kugira ngo butadiene igaruke neza (kugeza kuri 98%) no kugira ubuziranenge (hafi 99.5%), ibipimo nk’ikigereranyo cya solvent-to-feed (ubusanzwe 1.5: 1) n’ikigereranyo cya reflux (akenshi hafi 4.2: 1) biratunganywa neza. Kongera umubare w’ibyiciro by’inkingi byongera ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya hamwe n’ingufu nke z’inyongera. Guhuza imiyoboro yo kugarura ubushyuhe hagati y’ibice by’inkingi bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zose ku kigero cya 12%.
Guhuza intambwe zo gusukura—kumisha, gukuraho ibintu bivamo nk'asideri n'ibirungo byuzuye—ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze gukoreshwa neza kw'ibirungo no kugena neza ibirungo. Imiterere igezweho y'ibikorwa, nko kugabanya inkingi z'inkuta cyangwa ibikoresho byo kongeramo amazi hakoreshejwe pompe z'ubushyuhe, byagaragaye ko bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ingufu (kugeza kuri 55%) kandi bigagabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere muri rusange mu gihe bikongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura butadiene.
Gutunganya no gutunganya ibicuruzwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Extractive Distillation
Gutunganya ibintu biva mu bimera ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutandukanya butadiene ifite isuku nyinshi mu bice bya hydrocarbon C4. Muri iyi ntambwe, umuti watoranijwe ugira uruhare runini mu kongera cyane itandukaniro riri hagati ya butadiene n'imyanda yayo ishyuha cyane, bityo bigatuma itandukana neza.
Guhitamo imitako y’amazi bigenwa n’ibipimo bitandukanye: guhitamo butadiene, ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabutabire n’ubushyuhe, igipimo cyo kugarura amazi mu buryo burambye, ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’umutekano, ndetse n’ikiguzi. NMP na DMF byahoze ari ibintu byiganje mu mateka ariko ubu birimo gusimburwa n’imitako y’icyatsi kibisi nka 1,2-propylene carbonate, itanga ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya ibintu, idahumanya, kandi yemerwa n’amategeko. Imitako y’amazi mu buryo bwimbitse (DES) nayo igaragaza icyizere, itanga uburambe n’ubushobozi bwo kongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bwuzuye mu gihe ikomeza gukora neza mu gucukura.
Ibishongesho bivumburwa kandi bigasubirwamo binyuze mu buryo bwo gusya no kuyungurura membrane, bikuraho tar na foulants kandi bikongera igihe cyo gushonga. Guhuza modules za membrane kugira ngo zikureho tar bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora kandi bigashyigikira imikorere ifunze.
Gusukura ibicuruzwa bikoresha uburyo bwo kongera gusya ndetse rimwe na rimwe no gukuramo ibikomoka ku bimera bivanze. Ingamba zigezweho zo gusukura, nko gutandukanya ibice byinshi cyangwa gusya ibikomoka ku bimera bivanze, zituma ubuziranenge bwa nyuma bw'ibikomoka kuri butadiene bugera cyangwa burenga 99.5%. Gukurikirana buri gihe—akenshi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'ibikomoka ku bimera, nk'ibipimo by'ubucucike n'ubukana bw'ibikomoka kuri Lonnmeter—bifasha gukurikirana ingano ya butadiene mu migezi no kunoza uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa. Ibi bikoresho bipima ubucucike bw'ibikomoka ku bimera bitanga amakuru y'igihe nyacyo yo kunoza umusaruro wa butadiene, bigatuma ababikora bakomeza kugira ubuziranenge buri hejuru kandi bakagabanya urwego rw'ubuhumane.
Guhuza neza uburyo bwo guhitamo ibintu bishongesha, guhuza ibikorwa, no gupima ubunini bwa butadiene mu buryo buhoraho bitanga uburyo bukomeye bwo gukora butadiene bushobora guhaza ibyifuzo bikomeye by’ubwiza n’uburambe.
Igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'ibipimo: Amahame n'akamaro
Gupima ubunini bw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu gukora butadiene ni ukumenya mu buryo nyabwo kandi buhoraho ibinyabutabire mu buryo butaziguye. Ubu buryo ni ingenzi mu kugenzura no kunoza uburyo bwose bwo gukura butadiene, kugenzura umutekano no kunoza imikorere muri buri cyiciro cy'ingenzi.
Igipimo ni iki?
Uburyo bwo gukuramo butadiene busaba gupima neza ibintu byinshi. Intego z'ibanze zirimo butadiene ubwayo, aho urwego rw'ubuziranenge bwayo rugomba kugera cyangwa kurenza 97%, hamwe n'ibintu biyungurura nk'ifurural na N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, bigize ingenzi mu ntambwe zo gukuramo amazi n'amazi n'intambwe zo gukuramo amazi. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bipima ubunini bwa butadiene bikoreshwa mu kumenya no gukurikirana ibintu bihumanya nk'ibindi bintu bikomoka ku bimera bihinduka n'ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora guteza akaga - akenshi harimo n'ibisigazwa biboneka mu migezi ya propylene, cyangwa mu byuka biva mu nkingi zo kugarura ibinyabutabire. Gukurikirana ubunini bw'ibicuruzwa n'ubutabire ni ingenzi kugira ngo harebwe ko byubahirijwe kandi bikomeze gukora neza.
Igipimo cy'umurongo ugereranije n'aho utari kuri interineti: Ingaruka z'imikorere
Guhitamo hagati y’uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bwa butadiene buri ku murongo n’ubudakoreshejwe bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere. Ibikoresho biri ku murongo—nk’ibipimo bya spectrometero, sensor, na metero—bishyirwa mu buryo butaziguye mu miyoboro y’ibikorwa, bigatanga amakuru ahoraho. Iki gitekerezo gitangwa mu gihe nyacyo gituma ibikorwa byo gukosora ako kanya, kugenzura cyane ubucucike bwa butadiene, no gutunganya neza uburyo amazi atemba n’ibipimo byo gukuramo. Mu kugereranya, gupima ubucucike buri ku murongo bisaba gufata ingero n’intoki, gutunganya muri laboratwari, no gutinda kubona ibisubizo. Ibi bihe byo gutinda bishobora kongera ibyago by’ibicuruzwa bitari ku murongo, kudakora neza kw’ibikorwa, no gusesagura, kuko guhindura ibintu ari ingirakamaro aho kuba ingirakamaro.
Gupima mu buryo bwihuse, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka metero zipima ubucucike cyangwa metero zipima ubucucike zo muri Lonnmeter, bifasha mu buryo bwiza bwo gukurikirana ubucucike bwa butadiene buri gihe. Ubu buryo bugabanya cyane ibyago byo kwibeshya kw'abantu no kwanduzwa n'ibipimo, kandi bunafasha kugenzura ibikorwa byikora ku buryo bwikora ku bikoresho bya peteroli bikoresha ingano nyinshi. Urugero, uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bwa gaze mu buryo bwikora bwagaragaye ko ari ingenzi mu gupima ubucucike bwa hydrogenation, aho ibisubizo byihuse bifasha guhindura uburyo bwo gusubiza kugira ngo bigabanye umusaruro kandi bikomeze kugira ubuziranenge.
Imashini zisesengura ibipimo zitanga amakuru mu masegonda make, zituma habaho kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bwihuse. Gutoranya ingero hanze y’aho umuntu akorera bigira ingaruka ku gihe, bigatera ingorane mu mikorere idakora neza.
Ihame n'uruhare mu kugenzura ibikorwa
Urugero, moderi zo gupima neza zemejwe hamwe n’amakuru y’ubucucike bw’imirongo n’ubuso bw’ingufu zemerera injeniyeri kunoza imikorere myiza yo gutandukanya no kunoza ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa—byongera umusaruro wa butadiene mu gihe bigabanya ingufu n’ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire. Gupima mu mirongo kandi bishyigikira iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko binyuze mu kugenzura buri gihe ibiva mu mwuka n’imyanda ku bintu byanduye, uburyo bwemejwe n’imiyoboro y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga byakemuwe mu buryo bw’ikirere hamwe n’ibyavumbuwe vuba aha n’urungano.
Muri make, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi ya hydrocarbon—harimo n’ibyakorewe butadiene by’umwihariko—bituma habaho igisubizo cyihuse cy’imikorere gikenewe kugira ngo umusaruro ube mwinshi, imyanda mike, kandi ingaruka nke ku bidukikije zibe nke. Ubu buryo butaziguye kandi butaziguye bwo gukwirakwiza amakuru ubu bufatwa nk'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gukora butadiene, bukaba ari bwo bushyigikira gahunda yose yo kunoza no kugenzura icukurwa ry’amazi.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubushobozi n'ibikoresho mu gukuramo Butadiene
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu gucukura Butadiene mu nganda
Mu gikorwa cyo gukuramo butadiene, ibikoresho bishyirwa ahantu hanini ho gufatira ingero kugira ngo bikurikirane urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho. Ahantu hasanzwe ho guhuza ibikoresho harimo aho bikura ibikoresho, aho binjirira n'aho bicukurwa, hamwe n'aho ububiko bw'ibicuruzwa bubikwa. Gushyira ibintu muri ubwo buryo bituma impinduka mu mikorere, nko mu miterere y'ibiryo cyangwa uburyo bwo kubitandukanya, zigaragara vuba.
Imiyoboro yo kubona amakuru ikwirakwiza ibisubizo kuri sisitemu zo kugenzura zikwirakwizwa (DCS) cyangwa ibyuma bigenzura imikorere (PLC), biha abahanga mu by’imikorere ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibipimo by’ingenzi by’imikorere n’ibipimo by’itangazo. Ibipimo by’ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter n’ibipimo by’ubucucike byinjira muri ubu buryo binyuze muri protocole zisanzwe z’inganda (Modbus, Ethernet / IP), bishyigikira uburyo bwo kubika amakuru mu buryo bwikora no kuyakoresha mu buryo bugezweho.
Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike byemejwe kandi bigenzurwa bigira uruhare runini mu gukurikirana ibikorwa. Gupima buri gihe ukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho byemewe cyangwa uburyo bwo muri laboratwari bujyanye nabyo, nka chromatography yo kwinjira muri gel hanze y’umurongo, byemeza ko ibipimo ari ukuri, bikerekana ko ibyemezo byo kugenzura ibikorwa ari ukuri.
Guhuza neza uburyo bwo gupima ubunini bwa butadiene mu buryo butaziguye n’ibikoresho byikora bitanga inyungu zifatika. Guhuza umusaruro birarushaho kuba byiza uko ibintu bihinduka bihita bigaragara, imyanda n’ibicuruzwa bidakozwe neza bikagabanuka, kandi umusaruro w’ibikorwa ukarushaho kunozwa binyuze mu gutuma ibikorwa byo gukosora bikosorwa ku gihe. Ubu buryo bushyigikira ibikorwa bisanzwe ndetse no kunoza uburyo bwo gukora, bushyira ahantu ho gucukura butadiene mu buryo bwiza kandi butekanye.
Gukoresha uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubwiyongere bw'imibare
Gupima ubucucike bw'ibipimo mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo ni byo bigize inkingi yo kunoza imikorere mu ikorwa rya butadiene. Mu gufata no kohereza amakuru ahoraho ku rwego rwa butadiene n'ibinyabutabire, ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter inline density na viscosity meters bitanga umusanzu w'ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere bishingiye ku gipimo n'ingamba zo kugenzura zigezweho. Gushyira aya makuru mu buryo bwo kwigana bituma hafatwa ibyemezo bifatika kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa neza ku bipimo byo gukuramo, bigagabanya ihungabana ry'imikorere n'ihindagurika.
Iyo imiterere nyayo y’ibipimo by’ibipimo by’igihe nyacyo ishyizwe mu miyoboro yo kugenzura—cyane cyane mu nzira yo gukuramo butadiene no mu nzira yo gukuramo kabiri—imideli ihindagurika ishobora guhindura ingano y’ibipimo bya solvent-to-feed, igipimo cya reflux, n’imikorere y’inkingi ku buryo bunonosoye cyane. Urugero, ubushakashatsi bwo kwigana bwerekana ko umusaruro wa butadiene wiyongera binyuze mu gutuma habaho gukosora ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko w’ibipimo n’ubushyuhe bw’ibipimo by ...
Uru rwego rwo hejuru rw’igenzura ry’imikorere rugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu buryo butaziguye. Ubushobozi bwo kubika buri cyiciro cyo gucukura cyangwa gukuramo ibintu ku "gipimo cyiza"—biyobowe n’ubwinshi n’imiterere yabyo—burinda gukoreshwa cyane (bigapfusha ubusa ingufu z’umwuka n’amashanyarazi) ndetse no kudakoreshwa neza (bituma habaho gutandukana kw’ibinyampeke, gusubiramo imikorere, no gukoresha ibinyabutabire byinshi). Ibyasohotse bigaragaza ko ingufu zigabanuka kuva kuri 12% kugeza kuri 30% iyo uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bushingiye ku murongo buhujwe no guhuza imashini zishyushya cyangwa ingamba zo gushyushya hagati. Urugero, umusoro muto cyane wo kongera gushyushya wagaragaye mu nkuta zicukura butadiene, bigatuma habaho kuzigama amafaranga menshi no kugabanya imyuka ya CO₂.
Kunoza uburyo bwo kugarura ibintu mu buryo bw'umwuka ni indi nyungu ikomeye. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu buryo bw'umurongo bifasha gukurikirana buri gihe uburemere bw'ibintu mu mwuka mu butaka no mu migezi yo hejuru. Mu kumenya ubunini bw'ibintu mu mwuka, ababikora bashobora guhindura uburyo bwo kugaruka no gukura amazi mu buryo bwikora, bakongeramo ibintu byinshi mu mwuka mbere yuko bitakaza imyanda cyangwa imyuka ihumanya. Uburyo bwo guhuza hakoreshejwe inkingi zo ku nkuta zigabanyamo ibice no gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo bw'umwuka, bukurikiranwa mu gihe nyacyo hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gupima ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu murongo, byatumye ibisabwa mu bushyuhe bwo hanze bigabanuka kugeza kuri 80% kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura ibintu mu buryo rusange.
Kugabanya umusaruro no kugabanya umwanda bishingiye ku bitekerezo bito bitangwa no gupima ubunini bwa butadiene. Kugira ngo habeho kunoza umusaruro wa butadiene, buri cyiciro kuva ku gutegura ibiryo kugeza ku gutandukanya umusaruro burundu biragira ingaruka. Amakuru yapimwe yemerera gukurikirana ubunini bwa butadiene buri gihe, bityo hashobora gukorwa impinduka mu gutunganya ibipimo kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo guhitamo cyangwa gutandukanya ibintu. Urugero, kunoza uburyo bwo gusohora amazi hakoreshejwe amakuru yavuye mu bikoresho bipima ubunini bwa butadiene byashyigikiye ikibazo cyasohotse aho 98% bya butadiene byongeye kuboneka n'ubuziranenge bwa 99.5% byagezweho mu gihe cy'imikorere ijyanye n'igihe.
Byongeye kandi, gupima ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n'umurongo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kiguzi cy'imikorere n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Mu kugabanya inshuro zo gupima intoki no gukora ibintu bitari ngombwa, ibikoresho bigabanya abakozi, ibikoresho fatizo, n'imyanda. Gucunga neza ibitekerezo bigabanya umubare w'ibintu bihindagurika mu mikorere n'igihe bitaragera. Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa buva mu miterere ihoraho no kugabanya urwego rw'umwanda, ibyo bigatuma icyizere cy'abakiriya n'amategeko yubahirizwa. Gukurikirana neza ubucucike bw'ibicuruzwa bigabanya uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima, bigatuma abantu bake babyanga kandi bigatuma isoko rirushaho kuba ryiza.
Mu bikorwa bikoresha ingufu nyinshi nko gukora butadiene, buri gutera imbere buhoro buhoro mu kugenzura bitanga inyungu nyinshi kurusha izindi. Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bwa butadiene buracyari ingenzi kugira ngo habeho uburinganire bwiza hagati y’umusaruro, ingufu, n’igiciro. Ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter, byibanda ku gupima ubucucike n’ubucucike, bigira uruhare runini muri iyi ngamba ihoraho yo kunoza umusaruro wa butadiene, kugarura ibinyabutabire, n’ubwiza bw’umusaruro, mu gihe bigabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu n’imyanda.
Ibitekerezo ku igenzura ry'ubuziranenge n'uburyo burambye
Gukurikirana buri gihe ubwinshi bw'ibice bya butadiene mu murongo bishingira ku ireme ry'ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyo gukuramo butadiene. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubwinshi bw'ibice bya gaze mu murongo byinjijwe mu buryo butaziguye mu mikorere—nk'ibikurikiza ASTM D2593-23—bitanga amakuru nyayo y'ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikomeze gutungana no kubahiriza amategeko. Mu gutanga ibipimo bidasibangana, izi sisitemu zirinda kubahiriza amabwiriza akomeye y'ubuziranenge n'umwanda yagenwe ku rwego rwa 1,3-butadiene ya polymerization.
Urugero, igenzura rihoraho ritanga uburyo bwo gupima bwa vuba ubwandu bwa butadiene na hydrocarbon, rigafata ihindagurika ryihuse ry’imikorere rishobora kubura mu isesengura risanzwe ritari mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. Ibi bituma habaho igikorwa cyo gukosora byihuse, bigabanya ibintu bitari mu buryo buzwi ndetse n’ibinyuranyije n’amategeko. Guhuza na porogaramu zo kugenzura ibikorwa by’ibarurishamibare (SPC) bihindura uburyo bwo gupima mu gihe nyacyo bukajya mu bwenge bushobora gukorwa, bigabanya ihindagurika kandi bigakomeza guhuza ibintu mu buryo bw’ibanze n’ubwa kabiri mu ikorwa rya butadiene.
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza ubusugire bw'ibidukikije, ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bwa butadiene nabyo bigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'igihombo cya solvent. Mu ikorwa rya butadiene, ibikoresho byo gukurura solvent bishingiye ku binyabutabire bishobora gutakaza bitewe no guhumeka no guhumeka, bishyirwa mu byiciro bya VOC. Ibipimo byo gupima solvent bituma habaho impinduka zihuse ku bipimo by'imikorere, bigagabanya igihe cyo gukuramo solvent cyangwa gutakaza solvent. Urugero, gupima ubucucike buhoraho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter bituma hamenyekana neza ubucucike bwa solvent n'imbibi z'icyiciro cy'imikorere. Amakuru yihuse kandi nyayo y'ubucucike atuma habaho kunoza uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha solvent mu buryo bwihuse, bigagabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije kandi bigahuza ibikorwa n'amahame ahora ahinduka ya VOC.
Gukomeza kugenzura neza ibikorwa binyuze mu makuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo binashyigikira intego zagutse zo kubahiriza ibidukikije. Uburyo bwo gupima ubwinshi bw'imyuka mu buryo bunyuranyije n'umurongo ntabwo bugabanya gusa ibyago byo kurekura VOC mu buryo bw'impanuka ahubwo bunatuma habaho kubahiriza imipaka y'ibyangiritse ku kazi n'ibisabwa ku ruhushya rwo kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Umutekano w’imikorere urushaho gukomera cyane binyuze mu guhita umenya indwara zidasanzwe. Urugero, kwiyongera gutunguranye k’ubwinshi bwa butadiene—biterwa no kudakora neza kwa valve cyangwa gukwirakwira kw’ibinyabutabire—bishobora kumenyekana mu masegonda make hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa “inline analysts”, bigatuma umukozi ahita asubiza vuba. Ibi bitandukanye cyane n’amatangazo yatinze aturuka ku gupima no guhindura uburyo bwa laboratwari. Byongeye kandi, gupima mu buryo bwikora bigabanya inshuro n’ibikenewe byo gupima mu buryo bw’intoki ahantu hashobora guteza akaga, bigagabanya ingaruka mbi ku bakozi ku bintu bihumanya ikirere mu gikorwa cyo gukuramo butadiene.
Ibikoresho bipima ubucucike mu buryo bwihuse kuri butadiene ntibinoza gusa umusaruro no kwemeza ko umusaruro uhagaze neza, ahubwo binakoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nk'ibikoresho byiza byo gupima ubucucike bwa butadiene binyuze mu gushyigikira intego zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, umutekano w'ibikorwa, no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Uko amategeko n'ibisabwa n'abakiriya bigenda birushaho gukomera, ubwo bushobozi ni ingenzi mu iterambere rikomeje mu kunoza umusaruro wa butadiene.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Uburyo bwo gukuramo butadiene ni ubuhe?
Uburyo bwo gukuramo butadiene bwibanda ku gutandukanya no gutunganya butadiene mu mvange za hydrocarbon, akenshi zikomoka ku gucika kw'umwuka wa naphtha cyangwa ibindi biryo. Gutunganya no gukuramo ibintu bishingiye ku binyabutabire ni bwo buryo bw'ibanze bukoreshwa. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku binyabutabire nka dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), cyangwa ibindi binyabutabire byiza cyane nka 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), bigeraho neza cyane mu gutandukanya ibintu mu gihe bishyigikira intego zo gukomeza. Uburyo bwo gupima imikorere ya thermodynamic buyobora guhitamo imiterere myiza, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu no kongera ubuziranenge n'umusaruro bya butadiene. Intambwe zo gusukura za kabiri, harimo no kongera gutunganya ibinyabutabire bishingiye ku ruhu, zishimangira ubwizigirwa bw'imikorere mu gihe kirekire kandi zongerera ubuzima bw'ibinyabutabire binyuze mu gukuraho imyanda ikusanyirizwa mu ruziga rwo gukuramo. Gukoresha uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere bushingiye ku rugero bishobora gutuma umusaruro ugera kuri 98% n'ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire burenga 99.5%, hamwe n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu rigabanuka binyuze mu guhuza ubushyuhe n'imicungire y'ibinyabutabire.
Ni gute gupima ubunini bw'ibipimo mu buryo bw'umurongo bigira akamaro mu ikorwa rya butadiene?
Gupima ubucucike bw'ibipimo mu murongo byongera cyane kugenzura inzira yo gukora butadiene. Utwuma dushyirwa mu murongo w'imikorere dutanga amakuru ahoraho kandi ahoraho ku rugero rwa butadiene. Ibi byihutisha ibisubizo ku kunyuranya kw'imikorere, bigabanya igihombo cy'ibikoresho kandi bikongera umusaruro. Uburyo bwo gusubiza amakuru bwihuse bukoreshwa n'ibikoresho biri ku murongo butuma ababikora bahindura imiterere—nk'ubushyuhe, igipimo cy'ibinyabutabire, n'ibipimo byo gusya—mu gihe gito, birinda ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa kandi bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Gukurikirana ibintu mu murongo bigabanya gukenera gupimwa n'intoki no gusesengura ibikoresho bihenze muri laboratwari, bishyigikira kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya butadiene mu gihe bishimangira ahantu hatekanye ho gukorera. Iyi ngamba ni ingenzi aho imihindagurikire n'akaga bya butadiene bisaba imicungire nyayo kandi yihuse kugira ngo igabanye ibyago kandi ihuze n'amahame y'inganda kugira ngo habeho isuku n'umutekano.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gupima ubunini bukoreshwa mu gukuramo butadiene?
Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gupima ubucucike mu gukuramo butadiene birimo isesengura rya hafi ya infrared (NIR), spectrometers z'ubucucike (MS), na chromatographs za gaz (GC). Isesengura rya NIR ryemerera gupima vuba kandi bitangiza muri matrices zikomeye za hydrocarbon, hakoreshejwe moderi za chemometric no gutegura icyitegererezo gito. Chromatographs za gaz—akenshi zihuzwa na spectrometers z'ubucucike—bituma butadiene itandukana neza kandi ikamenyekana mu bivanze by'ibinyabuzima bihindagurika. Ibi bitanga ubushobozi bwo guhitamo no kumva neza, ingenzi mu kubahiriza amategeko no kunoza imikorere. Byongeye kandi, isesengura rya VOC ryihariye rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kumenya, nk'amatara ya ultraviolet (UV) ahujwe n'imiyoboro yo kuyungurura, kugira ngo rikomeze kandi rigenzure ubucucike budashobora kubangamira. Ibi bikoresho bitoranywa kubera imikorere yabyo ikomeye mu bihe bitandukanye n'umusaruro wabyo uhoraho kandi wizewe, bishyigikira imikorere isanzwe y'ibimera n'ibisabwa n'amategeko.
Kuki gukuramo ibikomoka kuri butadiene ari ingenzi mu gukora butadiene?
Gukuramo ibintu mu buryo bwa kabiri ni ingenzi mu gukora butadiene kugira ngo byongere umusaruro kandi bigabanye igihombo cy’umusaruro. Nyuma yo gukuramo ibintu mu buryo bwa mbere, imigezi isigaye iracyafite ingano ya butadiene ishobora kugaruzwa. Kubitunganya hifashishijwe inyongeramusaruro cyangwa intambwe zo gusya bikongera umusaruro muri rusange n’ikoreshwa ry’umutungo. Icyitegererezo cyiza cyo guhanura—gukoresha uburyo nka NRTL-RK cyangwa COSMO-RS—bifasha kumenya uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imiterere y’ibintu mu buryo bwa kabiri, ubushyuhe, n’iy’isuku mu buryo bwa kabiri, bigerwa ku ntego zikenewe mu nganda. Gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere y’ibintu mu buryo bwa kabiri bigabanya imyanda kandi bigatanga umusanzu mu bukungu bwiza bw’imikorere, bishyigikira intego zo kubahiriza amategeko no kurengera ibidukikije binyuze mu kongera ikoreshwa ry’ibiribwa n’ibintu mu buryo bwa kabiri mu gihe bigabanya ingufu n’ibikenewe mu buryo bwagutse.
Ni izihe mbogamizi zihari mu gupima ubucucike mu mikorere ya butadiene?
Gupima ubucucike mu mikorere ya butadiene bihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi za tekiniki n'imikorere. Uruvange rugoye rwa hydrocarbon, hamwe n'ihindagurika rya butadiene n'ingaruka za kanseri, bisaba ibikoresho bifite umwihariko n'ubuhanga bwinshi - akenshi ku rwego rwa sub-ppm. Ubuziranenge bwo gupima bugomba gukomeza uko imiterere y'imikorere ihinduka; ubushyuhe, igitutu, n'ihindagurika ry'ubushuhe bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bipimo by'ibikoresho byo gupima no kudatezuka. Ibidukikije by'inganda bishyira ibikoresho byo gupima ku bintu bikomeye bya shimi n'ibikomeye, bisaba igishushanyo gikomeye no kugenzura ubuziranenge kenshi. Gukemura ikibazo cy'ibintu biba mu mugezi w'umwuka - nka benzene n'ubundi bwoko bwa C4 - ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane neza. Uburyo bwiza burimo gahunda zo gupima buri gihe, guhitamo ibikoresho bipima bifite uburinzi ku bihumanya, no guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima biri ku murongo bishobora kwihanganira ubukana bw'imikorere bidatakaje ubuziranenge cyangwa ubuziranenge bwo gupima. Ibi bisubizo hamwe bituma habaho gukurikirana ubucucike bwa butadiene no kunoza umusaruro mu gihe hagenzurwa umutekano w'abakozi n'uko ibikorwa byubahirizwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2025
