Incamake y'igabanuka rya Chrome mu mazi akoreshwa mu nganda akoresha amashanyarazi
Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) ni umwanda ukomeye mu gikorwa cyo gushyiramo amashanyarazi mu nganda. Ishyirwa ahanini mu bwogero bwa aside chromic na chromate-based surface finishing. Amazi yanduye ashobora kuba arimo Cr (VI) kuva kuri miligarama icumi kugeza kuri amagana kuri litiro, ari nabyo birengeje urugero rw’ibipimo mpuzamahanga bikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi.
Cr (VI) irashongesha cyane, irakomeza mu bidukikije byo mu mazi, kandi ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cya kanseri. Ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu zirimo kumva uruhu rudakora neza, ibisebe by'ibisebe, ibibazo byo guhumeka, impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo, ndetse n'ingaruka nyinshi ku ndwara ya kanseri. Mu rwego rw'ibidukikije, Cr (VI) ibangamira imikorere ya enzyme mu bimera kandi ikaba uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi ku rugero ruri hasi nka 0.05 mg / L. Kugenda kwayo bituma ijya mu butaka no mu mazi yo munsi y'ubutaka, bigatuma habaho umwanda uhoraho kandi ukwirakwira hose.
Bitewe n’uburozi bwa Cr(VI) n’uburyo bugoye bwo kugenzura, inzira yo kugabanya chrome ni intambwe y’ingenzi mu gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Iyi nzira ikubiyemo guhindura Cr(VI) yangiza uburozi mu buryo bwa shimi ikaba chromium ya trivalenti (Cr(III)), ikaba idateza akaga gakomeye kandi ishobora gukurwamo neza. Umuti wa sodium bisulfite ni umuti ukoreshwa kenshi, aho ubwinshi bwayo bukorwa bugenzurwa kugira ngo bugire ingaruka nziza. Gupima neza bigerwaho hakoreshejwe gupima ubucucike bwa sodium bisulfite y’amazi; gupima ubucucike bw’amazi, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga nka metero zipima ubucucike, bituma habaho kugenzura neza inzira no kugabanya imyanda ya shimi.
Gukurikiza amategeko agenga ibidukikije ku bijyanye n’ibikoresho byo gushushanya amashanyarazi bisaba ko chromium ifite hexavalent igabanuka ikagera munsi y’amategeko mbere y’uko amazi yanduye asohoka. Amategeko agenga EPA ya Amerika n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi akunze kugabanya igipimo cyemewe cya Cr(VI) kikagera munsi ya 0.05 mg/L mu mazi y’imyanda. Gukurikiza aya mahame bisaba kugenzura iyoni ya chromium mu buryo bwihuse, gupima ubucucike bwikora, no gukora neza mu gutunganya. Gupima ubucucike buri hagati y’amazi ku miyoboro ya electroplating ni ingenzi cyane, kuko igipimo kibi cya bisulfite cyangwa kugabanya ingano ituzuye bituma igipimo cya Cr(VI) kirenga igipimo cy’amategeko, bigatera inshingano ku bidukikije ndetse n’ibihano bishobora gutangwa n’amategeko.
Uburyo bwo gucunga imyanda hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi burimo ibikoresho byo kugenzura biva mu nganda nka Lonnmeter, zihariye mu gukora ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo. Ibi bikoresho bitanga amakuru y’igihe nyacyo, yikora ku buryo bwo kugenzura ubucucike bwa sodium bisulfite kandi bikorohereza kugenzura inzira yo kugabanya chrome.ubushyuhenaubucucikeGukurikirana bigabanya ibyago, byongera umutekano mu mikorere, kandi bigakurikiza amategeko akomeye yo gusohora amazi yanduye. Ibi ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ihumana rya chromium rigezweho no gutunganya chromium mu nganda.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe Chrome Plating
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Guhindura imiti: Hexavalent Chromium kuva kuri Trivalent
Uburyo n'Ubutabire
Guhindura chromium hexavalenti (Cr (VI)) muri chromium trivalent (Cr (III)) ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kugabanya chrome mu buryo bwo gutunganya electroplating mu nganda no gutunganya electroplating amazi yanduye. Umuti wa sodium bisulfite na sodium bisulfite y'amazi ni ibintu bisanzwe bigabanya chromium hexavalenti, ifite uburozi bwinshi, ishonga, kandi igenda, mu mazi yanduye. Kugabanuka bibaho cyane cyane mu gihe cy'aside, hamwe n'imikorere myiza kuri pH iri hasi (<4).
Bisulfite ya sodiyumu ikundwa kurusha dioxyde sulfur kuko yoroshye kuyifata, ntikenera uburyo bwo gushyuha, kandi ikwiriye cyane mu kugenzura neza ikoreshwa ryayo. Dioxyde sulfur ni ingirakamaro mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ryayo; icyakora, ihura n'imbogamizi mu kuyikoresha bitewe n'imiterere yayo y'imyuka n'uburozi. Mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari n'inganda, bisulfite ya sodiyumu ikuramo Cr(VI) mu buryo buhoraho kandi bunoze, bitewe n'uko pH n'ingano yayo bigenzurwa neza, mu gihe dioxyde sulfur ishobora gutanga igabanuka ringana ariko hamwe n'ibisabwa byiyongera ku mikorere n'umutekano.
Ingufu zo kugabanya zishingiye cyane kuri pH. pH iri hagati ya 2-3 ni nziza cyane kugira ngo yongere umuvuduko n'uburyo bwuzuye bwo guhindura Cr(VI) no kugabanya ikoreshwa ryinshi rya bisulfite no gukora sulfate ya kabiri. Uko pH yiyongera hejuru ya 4, umuvuduko w'ibisubizo n'ubushobozi bigabanuka cyane, bigatuma igabanuka ridahagije n'ibiciro bya shimi byiyongera. Kubwibyo, ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike bw'inline n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, nk'uko byakozwe na Lonnmeter, rikoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura ubucucike bw'amazi ya sodium bisulfite mu buryo bwihuse, rigamije kwemeza ko igipimo gikwiye cya reagent cyongerwamo kugira ngo gihuze n'intego zo gukuraho chromium hexavalent mu gihe cyo kunoza ikiguzi no kugabanya imyanda.
Gukurikirana ubwinshi bwa sodium bisulfite binafasha guhindura ingano y'ibiryo by'amazi no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibirenze urugero, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu gukomeza kubahiriza amategeko yo gusohora amazi yanduye no kugabanya umutwaro w'imigezi y'amazi yuzuyemo sulfate.
Imvura n'ikurwaho
Iyo chromium hexavalenti imaze kugabanuka ikaba chromium trivalenti, intambwe ikurikiraho ni imvura. Cr (III) ikora chromium hydroxide idashonga iyo pH y'umuti izamutse, akenshi iyo wongeyeho alkali nka sodium hydroxide.
Kugira ngo amazi agwe neza bisaba kugenzura neza pH. pH nziza yo kuvura chromium hydroxide ubusanzwe iri hagati ya 7.5 na 9.0. Iyo pH iri hasi cyane, hydroxide ntizongera gushonga cyangwa ngo yongere gushonga; iyo pH iri hejuru cyane, amphoteric solved ishobora kubaho, bigatuma chromium yiyongera mu gisubizo. Ubucucike bwa chromium trivalent bugira ingaruka ku miterere y'uduce no ku buryo duhagarara neza; ingano nini ya Cr(III) ituma uduce dukura neza, bikongera imiterere y'ibitaka no koroshya gutandukana.
Kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga imyanda mu gutunganya imyanda hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, gutandukanya neza chromium hydroxide precipitate ni ingenzi cyane. Ubuhanga nko gusya uburemere, gusesengura no kuyungurura burakoreshwa. Uburyo bwiza burimo kugumana pH ihamye, kunoza ikoreshwa ry’amazi mu kongeramo flocculant, no gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo harebwe uko imyanda ihagaze, ibi bikaba bifitanye isano no kubahiriza amategeko no kudahinduka kw’imikorere mu gutunganya chromium mu mazi yanduye.
Gupima ubucucike bw'umurongo mu gupima hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nkaibipimo by'ubucucike buhindagurika(ihame ryo gupima ubucucike bw'ibipimo), riha abakora imikorere ibitekerezo byihuse ku bipimo by'ibintu bikomeye kandi rigafasha mu guhindura imikorere kugira ngo habeho gukuraho neza umwanda nta mazi menshi cyangwa iyoni za chromium zidagabanutse. Gutandukanya no gufata neza amazi asanzwe bigabanya umwanda kandi bigafasha kugera ku kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije ku bikoresho byo gushushanya amashanyarazi.
Muri make, guhuza ikoreshwa ry’uburyo bwo gutunganya neza sodium bisulfite mu gukoresha electroplating, kugenzura pH mu buryo buhamye, no gukurikirana ibikorwa mu buryo bwihuse—bifashijwemo n’ibikoresho bigezweho nk’ibya Lonnmeter—bigize inkingi y’ubuhanga bugezweho bwo kugabanya chromium mu gukoresha electroplating kandi bigatanga icyizere ku bikorwa byo gutunganya amazi yanduye mu buryo bwizewe kandi bukurikije amategeko.
Igenzura ry'Imikorere n'Ibikoresho
Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo kugenzura
Gukurikirana buri gihe kugabanya chromium hexavalenti ni ingenzi cyane mu kubahiriza gahunda yo gushyira mu nganda electroplating no kurengera ibidukikije. Ibipimo by'ingenzi mu mikorere birimo pH, ubushobozi bwo kugabanya oxidation (ORP), na chromium ion. Kugumana pH mu rugero rwiza ruri hagati ya 2.0–3.0 byongera ubushobozi bwo kugabanya chromium hexavalenti kandi bigatuma habaho kugenzura neza ihinduka rya chromium trivavalenti, kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura no kwemeza ko amategeko agenga iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko mu bijyanye no gusohora amazi mabi.
Gukurikirana ORP bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku miterere ya redox, bigakora nk'ikimenyetso cya mbere cyo gukuraho chromium hexavalent idahagije. Electrodes za zahabu, zikundwa kubera kudakora neza no kudahindagurika kw'ibinyabutabire, zitanga umusaruro mwiza mu miterere y'amazi mabi. Bitandukanye n'ibindi byuma, zahabu irwanya kwangirika kandi igakomeza ibimenyetso bya ORP neza, cyane cyane aho chloride nyinshi, ibyuma biremereye, cyangwa ibintu bihumanya ikirere byakwangiza ibindi bikoresho bya electrode. Urugero, mu gihe cyo kugabanya chrome nyinshi, electrodes za zahabu zikomeza gupima mu gihe cy'ibikorwa birebire kandi zigatanga umusaruro ushoboka nubwo haba hari ibintu byinshi bihindagurika mu mikorere ya chemical.
Gukurikirana iyoni ya chromium, bikorwa hifashishijwe isesengura ry’igihe nyacyo, bipima iterambere ry’igabanuka kandi bigatuma habaho ihinduka ryuzuye. Iyi ntambwe ni ingenzi cyane kuko chromium ifite hexavalent ikomeza gutera ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima no kubahiriza amategeko mu gutunganya no gucunga amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe electroplating.
Ibikoresho byo gupima biri ku murongo n'ibikoresha ikoranabuhanga
Gukurikirana neza ingano ya sodium bisulfite ni ingenzi mu kugenzura inzira yo kugabanya, kuko sodium bisulfite ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ikintu kigabanya chromium hexavalent. Igipimo cya sodium bisulfite y'amazi kigomba guhuzwa n'umutwaro w'umwanda, bigatuma gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu nganda ari ingenzi mu gutunganya amazi yanduye.
Igipimo cy'ubucucike buzenguruka gitanga igipimo cyikora kandi kiri mu murongo binyuze mu kugena ubucucike bw'umuti binyuze mu ihame rya gipimo cy'ubucucike buzenguruka. Kubera ko igipimo cya sodium bisulfite gihuye neza n'ubucucike, ibi bikoresho bitanga igipimo gihoraho kandi kitabangamira. Urugero, igipimo cy'ubucucike buzenguruka cya Lonnmeter nezaimpinduka mu bucucike bw'umurongo, byoroshya ihinduka ryihuse ry’ingano kugira ngo hakorwe neza ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite mu buryo bwo gushushanya.
Ibipimo by’ubucucike bigezweho, harimo n’ibyavuye muri Lonnmeter, bitanga ikimenyetso gisanzwe cya 4–20 mA, bigatuma habaho guhuza neza na sisitemu zo kugenzura imikorere zikora. Iyo bihujwe n’ibikoresho bya pH na ORP, birema uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bufunze. Ubu buryo buhindura ibipimo by’imiti n’imikorere mu gihe nyacyo, bikarinda ko ikoreshwa cyane, ko idakoreshwa neza, cyangwa ko amategeko atubahirije amategeko mu kugabanya chrome. Amakuru ava muri ibi bikoresho akoreshwa kandi mu kwandika no gutanga raporo ku nzego zishinzwe kugenzura.
Uburyo bwo gupima no kubungabunga ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho gupima neza. Ibikoresho byo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi bisaba gupima buri gihe ntarengwa hakoreshejwe uburyo buzwi bwa sodium bisulfite cyangwa amazi adacukuwemo mineral. Ibipimo bya ORP bigomba kwemezwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa redox buffers, hamwe n'ibikoresho bya pH bigenzurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa NIST bushobora gukurikiranwa mbere ya buri gikorwa, cyane cyane mu gutunganya chromium mu mazi yanduye.
Kugira ngo ibidukikije bikurikize neza uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi no kugenzura ihumana rya chromium hexavalent, ibi bikoresho bipima bishyigikira:
- Gupima ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo hamenyekane ko imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo buhoraho
- Gukurikirana ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo hakosorwe neza ibikorwa
- Gusubiza byimbitse kuri sisitemu za PLC cyangwa SCADA hakoreshejwe umusaruro wa 4–20 mA
Amabwiriza agena uburyo bwo kugenzura buri munsi, gusukura sensor buri kwezi, no kugenzura buri gihe uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiterere y’amazi mu buryo bwa laboratwari kugira ngo hakomeze kuba nyabwo kandi bigabanye ubwiyongere bw’amazi. Ubu buryo buhamye bwagenewe kubungabunga imikorere idahindagurika, kurinda iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko, no kunoza uburyo bwo kugabanya chromium mu bidukikije bikoresha amashanyarazi.
Guharanira ko Chromium ikurwaho neza kandi ikubahirizwa n'amategeko agenga ibidukikije
Gahunda zo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi zigamije kubahiriza amahame agenga gusohora amazi yanduye ku gipimo cya hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)). Ubusanzwe, imikorere itangirira ku gutandukanya imigezi ifite chromium kandi igakurikira inzira yo kugabanya no gukurikirana ibyiciro byinshi.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya amazi butangirana no guhindura pH y'amazi yanduye, hanyuma hongerwamo ikintu kigabanya amazi nk'umuti wa sodium bisulfite. Intambwe yo kugabanya ihindura chromium y'uburozi ifite uburozi bungana na hexavalenti chromium (Cr (III)), ikaba ifite uburozi buke kandi ishobora kwibasirwa na hydroxide. Gukurikirana ubwinshi bwa sodium bisulfite ni ingenzi kugira ngo hagabanuke bihagije kandi hirindwe ikoreshwa ryinshi, rigatera ikiguzi cy'ibisubizo bitari ngombwa ndetse n'umwanda ukabije.
Igenzura ry’imikorere rigezweho rishingiye ku gupima ubucucike buri ku murongo, bitangwa n’ikoranabuhanga nka metero zipima ubucucike zituruka kuri Lonnmeter. Igenzura ry’ubucucike ripima ubwinshi bwa sodium bisulfite mu gihe nyacyo, rigatanga ingero zikwiye mu gihe cyo kugabanya chrome. Gupima ubucucike buri ku murongo kugira ngo hakorwe electroplating bituma habaho gukurikirana imbaraga za reagent mu buryo bwikora kandi buhoraho, bigagabanya ingaruka z’umukoresha n’amakosa.
Nyuma yo kugabanya, gusesengura no kuyungurura bikuraho chromium ya trivalentine yatembagajwe. Kugira ngo harebwe ko imyanda yujuje ibisabwa ku bwinshi bwa chromium ion, amabwiriza yo kubahiriza iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko agenga ikoreshwa ry’amazi yanduye asaba igenzura ryimbitse ry’isesengura. Spektrophotometry yo gufata atome (AAS) ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya ingano ya Cr(VI) na chromium yose; umwihariko wayo ushyigikira raporo yizewe y’amategeko. Isesengura rya Colorimetric, rishingiye ku gikorwa cya diphenylcarbazide, ritanga igikoresho cyo gusuzuma vuba chromium ya hexavalenti isigaye, bigatuma habaho igenzura ryihuta, aho rikorerwa kandi rikagira ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibintu byinshi.
Gukomeza kubahiriza ibidukikije mu bikorwa byo gushushanya amashanyarazi bishingira ku bushobozi bwo gukurikirana no kugenzura ubwoko bwa chromium mu gihe cyose amazi yanduye asukurwa kugira ngo habeho imikorere ya chromium. Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu buryo bwikora bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite mu gushushanya amashanyarazi, bishyigikira kugenzura neza igipimo cy'ingano y'amazi akoreshwa. Ibisubizo byo gukurikirana ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa AAS n'ibipimo bya colorimetric bigaragazwa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho—akenshi ≤0.1 mg/L kuri Cr (VI)—kugira ngo byemezwe ko kugenzura umwanda bishoboye kandi bigaragaze ko inzego zibishinzwe zubahiriza amategeko.
Iyo inzira yo kuvura ibonye urugero rwo hejuru rwa chromium hexavalent isigaye, ingamba zo guhangana n’ikibazo nko kongeramo reagent, kongera pH, cyangwa igihe cyo kubika amazi mu buryo bworoshye ziratangira. Uku guhinduranya ibintu, hamwe no kugenzura ubucucike bw’imirongo hifashishijwe metero ya Lonnmeter, bitanga icyizere cyo gukuraho chromium hexavalent neza. Mu guhuza ibi bintu, inzira yo kugabanya chrome ihura n’amahame ahinduka yo gusohora amazi kandi ikagabanya ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’ibidukikije n’ubw’akazi zijyanye no guhura na chromium hexavalent.
Ingamba zo kunoza ibikorwa by'inganda
Gukurikirana neza ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite ni ingenzi mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire n’ikiguzi mu kugabanya chrome mu gihe cyo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe electroplating. Umuti wa sodium bisulfite ukora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi mu guhindura iyoni za chromium hexavalent (Cr (VI)) zihumanya mu miterere ya chromium trivalent (Cr (III) itekanye cyane, bityo bigatuma amategeko agenga ikoreshwa ry’amazi akoreshwa mu bidukikije akurikizwa.
Gupima ubucucike bw'inline—hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka metero zipima ubucucike bw'inside—bigira uruhare runini mu kugenzura no kugenzura urugero rwa sodium bisulfite. Igipimo cy'ubucucike cya Lonnmeter gikurikirana ubucucike bw'umuti buri gihe, gitanga ibitekerezo by'igihe nyacyo abakoresha bashobora gukoresha kugira ngo bamenye neza ubucucike bwa sodium bisulfite y'amazi mu nzira y'imikorere. Aya makuru ataziguye yemerera guhindura ingero z'umuti mu gihe cy'indege, bigabanye imyanda ikomoka ku binyabutabire kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cya shimi. Gupima neza ntibirinda gusa ikoreshwa ry'umuti bisulfite cyane ahubwo binagabanya ibyago byo kugabanya chromium iyoni idahagije, byashoboraga gutuma habaho kutubahiriza amategeko cyangwa gukenera kwisubiraho bihenze.
Urugero: Muri sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, gushyiramo ikigereranyo cy’ubucucike mu kugenzura bisulfite mu gihe nyacyo byatumye reagent igabanuka kugeza kuri 15% mu gihe ikomeza kugabanya urugero rwa chromium rungana n’igice kiri munsi y’amategeko. Gukurikirana ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo bishyigikira umutekano mu mikorere binyuze mu kubona impinduka zitunguranye mu mikorere hakiri kare, nko guhinduka gutunguranye mu myanda cyangwa ingano y’imyanda. Uku kwita ku kibazo bigabanya igihe gihenze cyo kudakora kandi bikagabanya ibyago byo kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije.
Gucunga ubuziranenge bw'imyanda n'ubwiza bw'imyanda bigira ingaruka ku mikorere n'ikiguzi cy'imikorere. Gukuraho chromium hexavalent mu myanda ikoreshwa mu nganda ikora imyanda, iyo ikoreshejwe oxidized nyinshi, ishobora kubangamira chromium sedimentation no kuyungurura nyuma yayo. Gukurikirana neza—gukoresha gupima ubucucike bw'imyanda mu gukoresha electroplating no gusesengura ibintu bigamije—bituma imiterere y'imyanda ikomeza kuba myiza mu kuyicunga no kuyijugunya. Kugenzura neza imiterere y'imyanda n'imiterere yayo bishobora gufasha kugabanya amazi menshi nyuma yo kuyisohora, kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kuyijugunya, no kugabanya ibyago byo kurenza urugero rw'amategeko agenga amazi yanduye.
Gukurikirana iyoni ya chromium, hamwe no gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo, bitanga ibitekerezo bifatika byo kunoza imikorere. Urugero, gushushanya agaciro k'ubucucike hamwe n'igipimo cyo kugabanya chromium bituma amatsinda ashobora guhuza vuba impinduka mu mikorere n'ibyavuye mu mikorere nyayo. Ishusho yo gukuraho kinetic igaragaza ko kugumana igipimo cya sodium bisulfite ku rugero rwiza byihutisha ihinduka rya Cr(VI) ku kigero cya 35%, ugereranije no gutunganya batch nta gusubiza ibintu uko byagenda kose:
-- ...
| Igihe (iminota) | Gukuraho Cr(VI) (%) | Ubucucike (g/cm³) |
|-------------|- ...|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-- ...
Amakuru n'isesengura ry'imikorere birushaho kunoza uburyo bwo kugabanya chrome mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe electroplating binyuze mu gutuma habaho gupima mbere y'igihe no gukosora hakiri kare. Gukurikirana buri gihe imiterere y'ibisubizo—nk'ubucucike binyuze mu bipimo by'ubucucike buhindagurika—bifasha mu kubona vuba ubusumbane bw'ibinyabutabire. Isesengura ry'imikorere rigezweho rikoresha ibi bipimo by'igihe nyacyo kugira ngo riyobore ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite mu gushushanya electroplating, bigabanya ikiguzi cya reagent ndetse n'ikorwa ry'ibikomoka kuri reproduct, ibyo bikaba byoroshya imicungire y'imyanda ikoreshwa mu gushushanya electroplating kandi bikongera imikorere myiza muri rusange.
Igipimo cyizewe cy’ubucucike bw’inline mu gupima amashanyarazi ntigishyigikira gusa kugenzura ihumana rya chromium hexavalent, ahubwo kinashimangira kubahiriza ibidukikije mu bikorwa byo gupima amashanyarazi. Hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya Lonnmeter ryashyizwe mu ngingo z’ingenzi mu mikorere y’ibicuruzwa, ibigo bishobora kubungabunga ingano ya chromium neza, kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho, no gukomeza ibikorwa by’inganda bihamye nta gukoresha imiti ihumanya cyangwa ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.
Gukemura ibibazo no kubungabunga
Imbogamizi zisanzwe: Uburozi bw'ibice bipima, gukoresha nabi ikoreshwa ry'ibice bipima, gukoresha ibikoresho bipima
Mu kugabanya chrome mu gutunganya amazi yanduye, kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo ubwinshi bwa sodium bisulfite no kugabanya chromium iyoni bishingiye ku byuma bipima imiterere y’ibintu bikorerwa ahantu hakomeye cyane. Uburozi bw’ibintu bipima imiterere y’ibintu, bukunze guterwa no gushyira chromium hexavalent, chromium trivalent, n’ibindi bintu bihumanya, bibangamira gupima neza ubucucike bw’ibintu bipima imiterere y’ibintu bipima sodium bisulfite. Ibice bishyirwa ku byuma bipima imiterere y’ibintu ...
Gukoresha nabi reagent, cyane cyane iyo bisulfite y'amazi, birushaho kugorana kugenzura ibikorwa. Gukoresha dose nkeya bishobora gutuma chromium igabanuka idahagije, bigatera kutubahiriza amabwiriza yo gusohora amazi yanduye. Gukoresha dose nyinshi byongera ikiguzi cya shimi kandi bishobora guteza imyanda idakenewe. Gukoresha ibikoresho bihindagurika—bihinduka mu gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bw'ibanze bitewe n'imyaka y'ibikoresho, umwanda, cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibintu—bituma habaho kugenzura neza ingano ya sodium bisulfite kandi bigasaba kongera gupimwa kenshi kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa mu buryo bwikora bwo gutanga dose cyangwa gutanga ibitekerezo. Izi mbogamizi zituma gupima chromium mu buryo buhoraho ari ingenzi kugira ngo ibidukikije bikurikize amategeko mu buryo bwo gushushanya amashanyarazi mu nganda.
Inama ku bijyanye no kubungabunga ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, electrode, n'ibipimo by'ubucucike
Gukomeza kubungabunga buri gihe ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka z'uburozi bw'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa sensor no guhindagurika kw'ibikoresho. Ibikoresho byo gupima n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa electrode bigomba gusuzumwa kenshi kugira ngo harebwe niba hari umwanda ugaragara, ibara ryabyo ryahindutse, cyangwa ibyangiritse ku mubiri. Uburyo bwo gusukura buterwa n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gupima n'imiterere y'imikorere. Gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga (urugero: uburoso bworoshye cyangwa udupira two guhanagura) bishobora gukuraho uduce duto n'udupira two hejuru. Gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic byikora bifasha gukuraho imyanda mu gihe nyacyo nta gihe cyo kuyisukura.
Imikorere yo gusukura imiti—ukoresheje aside igabanya ubushyuhe, bases, cyangwa solvents zihariye—ikuraho scale ihoraho, ibyuma bya oxyde, hamwe n’imyanda ikomoka ku bimera. Nyuma yo gusukura, sensors zigomba kozwa neza n’amazi yakuwemo iyoni kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura kwa kabiri. Imashini zipima n’amashanyarazi byubatswe muri PTFE, platine, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho birwanya ingese akenshi bigaragaza ko zirwanya ubushyuhe kandi zigasaba ko zitangizwa cyane.
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bigomba gupimwa hakoreshejwe ibinyobwa byemewe mu bihe bigenwa n'uburyo ibintu bihagaze neza n'ibyo ababikora basaba. Igenzura rya buri gihe rituma amazi atembera cyangwa akangirika bitagira ingaruka ku buryo buboneye bwo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu kugenzura ubucucike bwa sodium bisulfite mu gihe cyo gukuraho chromium hexavalent. Ibimenyetso byose by'urusaku cyangwa kudahinduka kw'ikimenyetso cy'ubucucike bw'amazi bishobora kugaragaza ko hari ubucucike cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibikoresho kandi bigomba gutuma igenzura n'isukura byihuse.
Simbuza gasket, seal, n'ibice bitose mu bihe byagenwe kugira ngo wirinde amazi ava kandi urebe ko sensor iramba mu migezi y'amazi yanduye ikenera imiti. Bika urutonde rw'ibikorwa byo kubungabunga, ibyabaye mu gusubiramo ibintu, amakosa atunguranye, n'igihe cyo gusubiza kugira ngo bifashe mu kumenya ibibazo bigaruka no kunoza imicungire y'ibintu mu gihe kizaza.
Igenamiterere ry'Impera n'Iterambere Ridahungabanyije
Uburyo bwo kubuza amazi kuvunika no kwirinda kwangirika ni ingenzi mu gukomeza kubahiriza amategeko no gukumira ihindagurika ry’imikorere mu gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Ibipimo by'ingenzi—harimo ubwinshi bwa sodium bisulfite, ubucucike bw’amazi, ubushobozi bwo kugabanya, n'umuvuduko w'amazi akoreshwa—bigomba kugira ibipimo by'ubucucike byashyizweho mu buryo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa by'uruganda. Ubucucike bw'ingenzi bugomba gutangira niba gupima ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo bigaragaza ko hari aho bitandukaniye n'aho bishyirwa mu gipimo cya sodium bisulfite cyangwa niba intego zo kugabanya iyoni ya chromium zitagezweho.
Ibyuma bitanga amakuru biva mu byuma by'ingenzi, nka Lonnmeter inline density meters, bigomba guhuzwa neza n'ibikoresho bifunga imashini zitanga amakuru bihagarika ipompo zipima amazi cyangwa biganisha amazi mabi ku bigega bifata amazi. Uburyo bwo kwirinda ikibazo bugomba kwemeza ko, mu gihe sensor yananiwe gukora (nk'ikimenyetso kidashira cyangwa gusoma hanze y'aho iherereye), sisitemu isubira mu buryo bwizewe bushoboka bwo gukora—urugero, guhagarika ikoreshwa rya chromium cyangwa gukuraho imirongo yo kuvura yagizweho ingaruka.
Gutinda kw'inyobo n'imigozi bigabanya inzobo zibangamira ibikorwa bitewe n'ihindagurika rito ry'imikorere, ariko ahantu ho gushyira inyobo hagomba kugaragaza imipaka y'amategeko agenga isohoka rya chromium n'ibindi bintu biteza akaga. Mu gushyiraho byemewe, gusibanganya—gukoresha sensors parallel cyangwa backup density metres—bishobora kurinda ibura ry'amakuru riturutse ku burozi bw'inyobo cyangwa kunanirwa k'ibikoresho. Gusuzuma buri gihe imikorere y'inyobo n'imigozi, byemejwe hakurikijwe ingendo nyazo z'imikorere, birakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane igihe cyo gusubiza abakora no gukumira iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko mu isohoka ry'amazi yanduye mu nganda.
Gutunganya neza, gushyiraho uburyo bwo kumenyesha ku gihe, no gusubiza neza mu buryo burambye nta kibazo ni byo shingiro ry’uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ingano ya sodium bisulfite, kugenzura ihumana rya chromium hexavalent, no gucunga imyanda ikoreshwa mu buryo burambye hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi.
Kugabanya neza chrome mu buryo bwo gukoresha electroplating mu nganda bishingiye ku buryo bunoze bwo kugenzura, kugenzura no kubahiriza ibidukikije. Ishingiro ry’ingenzi ryo gukuraho chromium hexavalent ni ugukomeza imiterere ikwiye ya aside—ubusanzwe iri kuri pH 3—kugira ngo bisulfite sodium bisulfite ikoreshwe neza, hagahindurwa burundu chromium hexavalent (Cr (VI)) itekanye ikaba chromium trivalent (Cr (III)) nk’uko byasabwe n’inzego zishinzwe kugenzura kandi bigashyigikirwa n’inganda. Gukomeza gupima ingano ya sodium bisulfite inshuro 3-5 z’ingano ya molar Cr (VI) bifasha kwemeza ko chromium igabanuka vuba kandi neza kandi ikanagwa mu bihe bizaza mu kuvura.
Gukurikirana ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite mu buryo bwihuse ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere ikomeze kuba myiza. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, nk'iryo rishingiye ku mahame yo gupima ubucucike bw'amazi, riha abakoresha uburyo bwo gukurikirana buri gihe imbaraga n'ubudahinduka bw'ibiryo bya sodium bisulfite. Gushyiramo ibipimo by'ubucucike bwikora muri gahunda bituma habaho ihinduka ry'ingano neza, bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire, kandi bigahita bimenya aho bitandukaniye n'imimerere myiza yo kugaburira. Uru rwego rwo hejuru rw'igenzura rushyigikira uburyo bwo kugabanya chromium buri gihe no kubahiriza amahame y'imbere mu gusohora amazi ndetse n'inshingano z'amategeko zo kubahiriza ikoreshwa ry'amazi yanduye.
Gukurikirana neza iyoni ya chromium bifasha kandi kubahiriza ibidukikije neza ku bikoresho byo gushushanya amashanyarazi. Gupima ubucucike bw'imirongo yo gushushanya amashanyarazi ntibikurikirana gusa kugabanya ibiribwa by'ibinyabutabire ahubwo binatanga amakuru ku zindi ngingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura mu gutunganya chromium mu mazi yanduye, bifasha abakora ibikorwa byo gupima chromium mu buryo bwizewe no kugabanya ingaruka mbi zo kurwanya ihumana rya chromium. Gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike mu buryo bwikora kandi mu gihe nyacyo mu kugabanya chrome bigabanya amakosa y'abakora ibikorwa byo gupima amashanyarazi kandi bigabanya kwishingikiriza ku gufata ingero z'intoki zitwara igihe kinini, bishyigikira imikorere myiza no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije.
Guhuza tekiniki, birimo ibikoresho bigezweho nkaubucucike bw'umurongonaibipimo by'uburemereKuva ku bigo nka Lonnmeter, bigenzura ko inzira yo kugabanya chrome ikomeza kuba yizewe kandi ikora neza mu gihe cy'impinduka no mu mazi menshi atandukanye. Ibipimo byizewe bituma abahanga mu by'imikorere bashobora gusubiza vuba impinduka, bagakurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya chromium mu gukoresha electroplating, kandi bagahindura ingamba zo kuyipima uko bikenewe kugira ngo ibidukikije byubahirizwe. Ubu buryo bushyigikira imicungire irambye y'imyanda yo gukoresha electroplating kandi bugatuma habaho kongera kubahiriza amabwiriza yo kuyisohora nta gukoresha imiti cyangwa ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.
Guhuza uburyo bwo kugenzura neza icungamutungo rya sodium bisulfite, gupima ubucucike bw’ibinyabutabire, no kugenzura neza inzira zikoreshwa ni byo shingiro ry’uburyo bugezweho bwo gukuraho chromium bukurikije amategeko, kandi bunoze. Gukurikirana no guhuza ikoranabuhanga si ibintu byongera imbaraga gusa—ubu ni byo by’ingenzi mu kugera ku mikorere myiza, isobanutse kandi ifite akamaro ku bidukikije.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni gute umuti wa sodium bisulfite worohereza gukuraho chromium hexavalent mu mazi yanduye akoreshwa mu gushushanya?
Umuti wa sodium bisulfite ni umuti ugabanya ubukana ukoreshwa mu kugabanya ubukana bwa chrome kugira ngo uhindure chromium hexavalent (Cr (VI)), itera kanseri kandi ikaba uburozi bwinshi, ikaba chromium trivalent yizewe (Cr (III)).
Ubu buryo bubaho neza cyane mu bihe bya aside (pH 2-5), aho chromium igabanuka ikagera kuri chromium hydroxide iyo pH ihindutse ikagera kuri alkaline, bityo ikayikura mu mazi yanduye. Ubu buryo butuma ibigo bikora neza mu bijyanye no gusohora amazi yanduye binyuze mu kugabanya Cr(VI) munsi y’aho bigarukira, bikagabanya ibyago byo kurengera ibidukikije n’ubuzima.
Ni akahe kamaro ko gupima ubucucike bw'umurongo mu nzira yo kugabanya chrome?
Gupima ubucucike bw'amazi ni ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura ikoreshwa rya sodium bisulfite mu gihe cyo kugabanya chromium hexavalent mu mikorere y'inganda ikoreshwa mu gupima amashanyarazi. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bitanga igenzura ryikora ry'ubucucike bwa sodium bisulfite mu buryo bwihuse. Ibi byemeza ko igipimo cyiza cya reductant cyongerwamo, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kugabanya Cr(VI) mu gihe bigabanya imyanda ikoreshwa mu gupima. Imibare y'ubucucike bw'ibi bipimo ihuye neza n'ubucucike bw'ibisubizo, bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse bikomeza kugenzura ibikorwa, bigabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere, kandi bikarinda ko amategeko ananirwa.
Kuki kugenzura iron ya chromium buri gihe ari ngombwa kugira ngo ibidukikije bikurikize amategeko mu gukoresha electroplating?
Gukurikirana buri gihe ingano ya chromium — akenshi hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry cyangwa colorimetry — ni ngombwa kugira ngo amazi yanduye akoreshwa mu gupima amashanyarazi agume mu murongo ntarengwa w’amategeko agenga chromium hexavalent. Inzego zishinzwe ibidukikije zikunze gusaba kugenzura cyane 0.1 mg/L cyangwa munsi yayo kugira ngo hirindwe ihumana rya chromium hexavalent. Gupima mu buryo bwihuse bituma habaho impinduka zihuse mu mikorere, bigabanye ibyago byo kutubahiriza amategeko, amande, n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije bitewe no kugabanya cyangwa kugabanya imikorere neza.
Ni uruhe ruhare pH igira mu ihinduka rya chromium kuva kuri hexavalent kugera kuri trivalent?
Kugenzura pH ni ingenzi cyane haba mu kugabanya imiti ndetse no mu ntambwe zikurikiraho zo kumanuka kwa chromium. Imiterere y’aside (ubusanzwe pH 2-5) ni ngombwa mu gihe cyo kugabanya, kuko bituma chromium igumana hexavalent mu buryo bwayo bwa ionic bugira ingaruka nziza. Nyuma yo kugabanya, pH y’umuti irazamuka (akenshi >8.5) kugira ngo Cr (III) ibe chromium hydroxide. Guhindura pH neza bituma habaho igisubizo cyihuse, birushaho kunoza imikorere yo gukuraho, bigabanya ikoreshwa rya chemical, kandi bikoroshya gutandukanya no guta imyanda.
Ni gute ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo kugenzura ingano ya sodium bisulfite?
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi bikoreshwa mu kugenzura ingano ya sodium bisulfite kuko bituma habahogupima umurongohatabayeho gukenera gupimwa n'intoki. Ihame ry'umuyoboro uhindagurika rihuza neza n'impinduka mu mihindagurikire y'umuti, bigatuma habaho ibisubizo byikora ku buryo bwo gupima imiti. Gukurikirana neza ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo birinda kongerwamo umuti urenze urugero, ibyo byongera ikiguzi cy'imikorere n'ibikomoka kuri sulfate, ndetse no kudatanga umuti uhagije, ibyo bikaba byagira ingaruka ku kugabanuka kwa chromium no kutubahiriza amabwiriza. Mu guhuza ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter, guhagarara neza mu mikorere no kugenzura ko umuti ukoreshwa muri sodium bisulfite mu gushushanya amashanyarazi birarushaho kunozwa, bigatuma kugabanuka kwa chromate bikomeza kuba ingirakamaro kandi byizewe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 10-2025
