Gupima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu ikorwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bya Lonnmeter bipima ubucucike bwa propylene y'amazi n'ibice byayo hakoreshejwe ingero zihoraho kandi zinoze cyane. Uku kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo gutuma abakora ibikorwa bashobora guhita basubiza ku buryo butunguranye, bagahindura ingano y'ibiryo cyangwa imiterere y'ibikorwa kugira ngo polymerization igume mu buryo busabwa.
Incamake y'Ubuyobozi
Uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora ni igisubizo cy'ingenzi ku kibazo cy’izamuka ry’ihumana ry’ibidukikije riterwa na pulasitiki ishingiye kuri peteroli. Igamije umusaruro urambye binyuze mu guhindura umutungo kamere ushobora kongera gukoreshwa, nka lignin iva mu nganda zikora impumuro n’impapuro, ikaba polymeri zitangiza ibidukikije zifite imiterere yakozwe kandi zigacungwa neza. Uru rwego rugizwe n’ibice byinshi by’ingenzi, kuva ku guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo no guhindura imiti, binyuze mu buryo bugezweho bwo guhindura polymer, kugeza ku guhindura ibicuruzwa byarangiye binyuze mu buryo bwihariye bwo gushushanya.
Plasitike Ibora
*
Ishingiro ry'uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora riri mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwa polymerization: condensation polymerization na ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Ibi bituma habaho kugenzura neza uburemere bwa molekile n'imiterere y'ibikoresho, ingenzi cyane mu guhindura biodegradation no gukora neza kwa mekanike. Udushya duherutse kwibanda cyane cyane ku guhuza lignin muri polyester matrices, dukoresha graft-on na graft-from copolymerization kugira ngo twongere imbaraga zo gukurura no kugabanuka kw'ubuzima. Gukorana hakoreshejwe sisitemu zishingiye kuri microreactor bishyiraho uburyo bushya bwo gukora neza. Bitandukanye n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora batch, microreactors zitanga uburyo budasanzwe bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe no kuvanga, zikongera umuvuduko wa polymerization mugihe zigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kandi zikuraho catalysts z'icyuma zihumanya mu rwego rwo gukoresha ubundi buryo bworohereza ibidukikije. Umusaruro ni umusaruro uhoraho wa polymers zifite uburinganire bwiza kandi zigabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Ingorane nyamukuru mu kwagura inzira yo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora ikomoka ku guhindura iterambere rya laboratwari rigahinduka umusaruro wizewe kandi munini. Kwakirwa n'inganda bishingiye ku kugenzura ubuziranenge mu buryo bukomeye kandi bugezweho. Ikibazo kimwe gikomeje kubaho ni ukureba ko uburemere bwa molekile bukwirakwira mu buryo bumwe mu musaruro, ingenzi cyane kugira ngo umusaruro umenyekane neza kandi wemerwe n'amategeko. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imiterere ya mashini n'ubushyuhe bigomba guhuza n'ibisabwa mu gupakira, ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa, na filime z'ubuhinzi.
Gukurikirana polimeri no kugenzura inzira yo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora byateye imbere binyuze mu bikoresho byo gupima neza. Ibipimo by'ubucucike n'ubucucike, nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bigira uruhare runini mu gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo mu gihe cyo gupima plastike cyangwa polimeri nyinshi. Ibi bikoresho byemerera gupima ubucucike n'ubucucike bw'amazi, bigatuma habaho guhindura vuba ibipimo by'inyongera. Gukurikirana ubucucike bwa polimeri mu gihe nyacyo bigira uruhare mu kubungabunga imiterere y'ibice, kunoza ikoreshwa rya catalyst, no kwemeza imiterere ya polimeri—ingenzi mu kugabanya imyanda n'ibiciro birenga mu gihe cyo kugera ku ntego zo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa polimeri neza kandi bishyigikira uburyo bwo gukora no kwandika inyandiko zikenewe kugira ngo habeho kubahiriza amategeko mu buryo bwo gukora plastike ishobora kubora bukoreshwa n'inganda.
Nubwo hari ibyagezweho bifatika, kongera uburyo bwo kwangiza pulasitiki ibora bikomeje guhura n’imbogamizi. Ibikoresho by’ibikomoka ku bimera byiza, guhuza ibidukikije muri buri cyiciro, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kunoza ibizamini no kubikurikirana bisaba kwitabwaho buri gihe. Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gushushanya pulasitiki ibora n’uburyo bwo kuyitera bigomba kwemeza ko ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa nyuma, ndetse no kwangirika kw’ibihe mu bidukikije—intego iracyanonosorwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gusuzuma no gukurikirana.
Muri make, udushya mu gukwirakwiza polimeri ihoraho, ikoreshwa ry’inyongeramusaruro n’ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, hamwe no kugenzura ubucucike bw’ibimera mu gihe nyacyo bigaragaza iterambere ry’inganda za pulasitiki zitangiza ibidukikije. Kuba izi ntambwe zihurirana ni byo bishimangira iterambere ry’uru rwego mu gukora pulasitiki zihendutse, zikora neza kandi ziramba.
Plastiki zishobora kubora n'uruhare rwazo mu nganda zigezweho
Plasitike ishobora kwangirika ni ibikoresho bya polymeri byakozwe mu buryo bwa polimeri byagenewe gusenyuka binyuze mu bikorwa bya binyabuzima—ni ukuvuga imikorere y’udukoko nka bagiteri, ibihumyo, cyangwa algae. Uku gusenyuka gutanga umusaruro utabangamiye ibidukikije nk'amazi, dioxyde de carbone, methane (mu gihe cy’umwuka udahumeka), na biomass. Bitandukanye na polime zisanzwe, zikomoka kuri peteroli kandi zirwanya kwangirika kw'ibidukikije, plastike ishobora kwangirika irimo isano ya shimi ishobora kwibasirwa na mikorobe na enzyme, ndetse na hydrolysis.
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya pulasitiki zishobora kubora na polimeri zisanzwe rishingiye ku miterere yazo ya shimi. Plasitiki zisanzwe, nka polyethylene (PE) na polypropylene (PP), zifite imigongo ikomeye ya karuboni-karuboni ifite ubukana bwinshi bwa kristali n'ubudahangarwa bwo mu mazi, bigatuma ziramba cyane kandi mu by'ukuri ntizibora. Ibi bikoresho biguma mu bidukikije mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo cyangwa irenga, bigacikamo ibice gusa binyuze mu kubora buhoro buhoro cyangwa ogisijeni y'ubushyuhe idagabanya cyane ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije. Mu buryo bunyuranye, polimeri zishobora kubora akenshi zigira ester ishobora kubora, amide, cyangwa glycosidic mu mugongo wazo, byihutisha kwangirika cyane iyo zihuye n'ibintu bikwiye bitera ibidukikije n'ibinyabuzima. Urugero, aside polylactic (PLA) na polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bigira iyo migongo ishobora kubora, bigatuma isenyuka binyuze muri hydrolysis na mikorobe.
Plasitike zishobora kwangirika zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe shimi yazo n'ibikoresho fatizo. PLA ni imwe mu zikomeye cyane mu bucuruzi, ikorwa binyuze mu guhinga ibintu bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nk'ibijumba by'ibigori cyangwa ibisheke. Imiterere yayo, polyester ifite umurongo ugororotse ihujwe n'imigozi ya ester, ikunda kwangirika kwa hydrolytic - nubwo ahanini iyo ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe busanzwe bukoreshwa mu ifumbire y'imborera mu nganda. PHA, ikorwa n'udukoko duto dukomoka ku bimera bitandukanye nk'amavuta y'ibimera cyangwa ibijumba, ifite imiterere isa ya polyester ariko itanga kwangirika vuba haba mu butaka no mu mazi. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) na poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) nabyo ni polyester z'ingenzi zishobora kwangirika; PBS ikunze kuva kuri aside succinic na butanediol ikomoka ku bimera, mu gihe PBAT ari co-polyester ihuza ibice bishobora kwangirika n'ibihumura kugira ngo itunganye imiterere ya mekanike n'uburyo bwo kwangirika.
Plastike ishingiye kuri sitashi ikoreshwa cyane, ikorwa no kuvanga sitashi karemano—igizwe ahanini na amylose na amylopectin polisaccharides—hamwe n'izindi polimeri zishobora kubora cyangwa zisanzwe kugira ngo zirusheho gukora neza no gutunganya neza. Gucika kwazo bishingiye ku misemburo ya mikorobe igabanya imigozi ya glycosidic, bigatuma ibidukikije byangirika vuba ugereranyije mu bihe bikwiriye.
Impinduka mu gukoresha pulasitiki zishobora kubora mu nganda zitanga inyungu nyinshi ku bidukikije no mu mikorere. Mbere na mbere, ibi bikoresho bigabanya umutwaro w’imyanda ya pulasitiki ihoraho, kuko ibicuruzwa byayo byangiritse birushaho kwinjizwa mu buryo bw’umwimerere bwa biogeochemical. Ibi birarushaho kuba ingenzi uko igitutu cy’amategeko mpuzamahanga n’imibereho myiza kigenda kiyongera kugira ngo hakemurwe umwanda wa pulasitiki n’udukoko duto. Byongeye kandi, pulasitiki nyinshi zishobora kubora zikoresha ibiryo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku mitungo y’ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima.
Mu rwego rwo gutunganya, pulasitiki zishobora kubora zirakoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye kandi zijyanye n'uburyo bwa kera bwo gukora polymer, nko gushushanya no gusohora. Ubuhanga nko gushushanya pulasitiki zishobora kubora n'ubundi buryo bwo gushushanya ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya thermoplastic, bigatuma byoroha kwinjira mu bikorwa remezo bisanzwe bihari byo gupakira, ubuhinzi, n'ibintu bikoreshwa rimwe.
Mu mikorere, kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gihe nyacyo mu gukora pulasitiki zishobora kubora ni ingenzi, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe ibikomoka ku binyabuzima n'ibihinduka. Ibikoresho byo gupima mu murongo, nka metero z'ubucucike za Lonnmeter, byoroshya gupima ubucucike bwa propylene mu gihe nyacyo no kugenzura polymerization ya propylene. Gukurikirana neza ibipimo by'ingenzi nka propylene y'amazi n'imiterere y'imikorere ya polymerization bitanga ubuziranenge bwa polymer buhamye, imikorere myiza ya mekanike, n'umuvuduko ushoboka wo kubora. Ubu bwoko bwo kugenzura inzira ni igice cy'ingenzi mu gukora polymer ishobora kubora mu buryo bugezweho, kurinda imiterere y'ibikoresho no kubahiriza amahame y'imikorere cyangwa ifumbire.
Ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije bwo mu myaka ibiri ishize bugaragaza igitekerezo cy'ibanze: umuvuduko nyawo n'uburyo ibinyabuzima byangiritse bidashingira gusa ku miterere ya polimeri ahubwo binashingira ku bidukikije. Urugero, PLA isaba ubushyuhe bwo gufumbira mu nganda kugira ngo ivunike vuba, mu gihe PHA na pulasitiki zimwe na zimwe zishingiye kuri sitashi byononekara vuba mu butaka cyangwa mu nyanja. Inyungu nyazo ku bidukikije zifitanye isano no guhitamo polimeri ikwiye no gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo byo gushyigikira imicungire y'imyanda.
Gukoresha pulasitiki zishobora kubora bitanga amahirwe mashya yo gushushanya ibicuruzwa mu buryo burambye no guhitamo neza amaherezo y’ibicuruzwa, cyane cyane iyo bihujwe no gukurikirana neza ibikorwa, gukoresha neza ibiryo by’ibikomoka ku bimera, no guhitamo neza ibikoresho. Kwinjizwa neza mu nganda zigezweho biterwa no gusobanukirwa neza imiterere yazo ndetse n’uburyo zikorwamo pulasitiki zishobora kubora, ndetse no gucunga neza ibikorwa byazo mu gihe cyose cyo kuzitunganya, kuzikoresha no kuzijugunya mu kajagari.
Guhitamo no gutegura ibikoresho fatizo
Guhitamo ibiryo biramba kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa ni ryo shingiro ry'uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Ibipimo bisaba isuzuma rikomeye ry'ubuzima (LCA) kugira ngo habeho kugabanuka kw'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kugabanuka kw'ikoreshwa ry'ubutaka n'amazi, no kubora kw'ibinyabuzima mu gihe cy'imperuka. LCA zigezweho zishinzwe guhinga, gusarura, gutunganya no kugabanya ingaruka mbi, zigatuma ibikoresho nk'ibisigazwa by'ubuhinzi, ibimera bitaribwa, cyangwa imyanda y'umwimerere bitanga inyungu zifatika ku bidukikije.
Ibiryo bigomba kwirinda gupiganwa n'ibiribwa. Ibikoresho nka switchgrass, miscanthus, ibishishwa by'ibihingwa, amavuta yo guteka yanduye, cyangwa selulose ikomoka ku myanda y'imyenda ni byo bikunzwe cyane. Ibi ntibiteza imbere gusa ubukungu bushingiye ku ruziga ahubwo bigabanya cyane ingaruka ku bidukikije ndetse n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho fatizo ugereranije n'ibigori cyangwa ibisheke. Abakora bagomba kandi kugenzura ko guhitamo ibihingwa no kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe bidatera impinduka mu mikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu buryo butaziguye, nko gutema amashyamba cyangwa gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Gukurikirana, hamwe n'inyandiko kuva aho biva bikagera kuri polymerization, byabaye itegeko risanzwe ku baguzi n'abashinzwe kugenzura kugira ngo barebe ko imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa ari myiza.
Umusaruro wa plastiki ishobora kwangirika ukubiyemo kandi uburyo bwo gukomeza imibereho myiza n'ubukungu nk'ibipimo by'ingenzi byo guhitamo. Ibikoresho bigomba kuba bifite ibimenyetso byemewe byerekana ko imikorere iboneye n'inyungu ku baturage. Gahunda z'ubushake n'igenzura ry'abantu ba gatatu bikunze kuba ngombwa mbere yo kwemezwa.
Kuvugurura vuba ni ngombwa. Ibihingwa ngarukamwaka, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, n'ibindi bikoresho byiyongera vuba nk'ibyatsi cyangwa algae biragenda birushaho kuba ibisanzwe bitewe n'uko bivugururwa vuba kandi bikaba bike mu byago byo kwangirika kw'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Ibiryo bigomba kandi guhingwa no gutunganywa nta ngaruka mbi ziterwa n'imiti; imiti yica udukoko n'ikoreshwa ry'ibintu bihumanya ibidukikije rikomeje kugabanuka cyane, aho impinduka zikomeje kwiyongera zigana ku buhinzi bushingiye ku buhinzi no gucunga udukoko mu buryo buhuriweho.
Gushyira imbere imyanda n'ibikomoka ku bimera bihuza inzira yo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora n'inzira zagutse zo gukora pulasitiki zitangiza ibidukikije. Ibi bikubiyemo gukoresha ibicuruzwa byayo nyuma y'inganda cyangwa nyuma y'ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa, guteza imbere imikorere myiza y'umutungo, no gushyigikira ubukungu bushingiye ku ruziga.
Nyuma yo gutoranya, intambwe zo gutunganya mbere ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo monomer ikuremo neza kandi isukure neza. Urugero, ibisigazwa by'ubuhinzi bisaba gusya, kumisha no gutandukanya mbere yuko hydrolysis itanga isukari ishobora gushya. Ibihingwa bikungahaye kuri aside ndende bikorerwa ubuvuzi bwo gusya no gusya karubohidrati zikomeye. Ku biryo bya selulose, gukoresha imiti cyangwa mashini bikuraho lignin kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kuyitunganya. Buri ntambwe igamije gukuramo monome zishobora gukoreshwa nka aside lactic, ingenzi mu buryo bwo gukora pulasitiki ibora kandi ikora neza ndetse no mu nzira zo gupima pulasitiki.
Ibiryo by’ibiribwa byatunganyijwe mbere bigenzurwa neza kugira ngo harebwe imiterere yabyo, ingano yabyo, n’ubushuhe. Ibi bituma habaho ubwiza buhamye bw’ibicuruzwa n’imikorere myiza mu ntambwe zikurikiraho zo guhindura imiti cyangwa ibiribwa—bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo ibintu bikomeza guhindagurika, umusaruro w’ibisubizo, no kwaguka muri rusange kw’ikorwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Bityo, kunoza ibiribwa by’ibiribwa si ingenzi ku bidukikije gusa; ni ingenzi cyane mu kubungabunga imikorere no gutanga umusaruro mu byiciro byose by’ibikorwa.
Gutunganya no Gushushanya: Kuva ku bintu bivanze kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye
Uburyo bwo gushushanya inshinge za pulasitiki zishobora kwangirika
Gutera plastiki ishobora kubora bishingiye ku gutanga neza resins zashongeshejwe—nka PLA, PHA, na PBS—mu mwobo ufite ishusho, aho ibikoresho bikonja bigafata ishusho ya nyuma. Iyi gahunda isaba kwitabwaho cyane mu gukora plastiki ishobora kubora kandi ikubiyemo uburyo bwiza bwihariye bitewe n’ubushyuhe n’ubushyuhe bw’ibi bikoresho.
Ibimera bya aside polylactic (PLA) bitera ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 160 na 200 °C, ariko umusaruro mwiza uba kuri 170–185 °C. Kurenga ubu bushyuhe bishobora gutera kwangirika k'uruhererekane rw'ibimera, kugabanuka k'uburemere bwa molekile, no kugabanuka k'imikorere ya mekanike. Ubushyuhe bw'ibimera muri rusange buguma hagati ya 25 na 60 °C. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ibimera, kuva kuri 40 kugeza kuri 60 °C, byongera kristali kandi byongera imbaraga za mekanike, mu gihe gukonja vuba munsi ya 25 °C bishobora gutera imihangayiko y'imbere no kurema nabi kwa kristali. Ubusanzwe igitutu cy'inyongera kiri hagati ya 60 na 120 MPa—bihagije kugira ngo ibimera byuzure mu gihe birinda gushya. Ubushyuhe buke bwa PLA butuma umuvuduko uringaniye, hirindwa ibyago byo kwangirika cyane kwangiza polymer. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, PLA igomba kuba yumye neza munsi ya 200 ppm y'ubushuhe (amasaha 2–4 kuri 80–100 °C). Amazi menshi atera kwangirika kwa hydrolytic, bigatera ibice byoroshye kandi bidakora neza.
Resine za PHA, nka PHB na PHBV, zikenera ibintu bimwe mu gutunganya ubushyuhe. Zikora neza hagati ya 160 na 180 °C. Ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 200 °C, PHAs zirangirika vuba. Abatunganya bagomba gukoresha ubushyuhe bwa fungi buri hagati ya 30 na 60 °C. Ubusanzwe igitutu cy'inshinge kiri hagati ya 80 na 130 MPa kandi biterwa n'imiterere ya copolymer n'uruvange rwayo. Kimwe na PLA, PHAs zikunda cyane amazi asigaye kandi zikenera kumisha kuri 60–80 °C kugira ngo ubushuhe buri munsi ya 500 ppm. Umuvuduko muke wo gutera ugabanya kwangirika kw'imashini, bigatuma urunigi rwa polymer rugumana ubuziranenge.
Resins za PBS, nubwo zikomeye cyane kurusha PLA cyangwa PHA mu bushyuhe, ziracyakeneye gushongeshwa hagati ya 120 na 140 °C. Gutunganya ku bushyuhe bwinshi (> 160 °C) bishobora kwangiza matrix. Ubushyuhe bwa 20–40 °C ni rusange; ubushyuhe bwinshi bufasha crystallization, bikanoza imiterere y'ikintu cyabumbwe. Igipimo cy'umuvuduko gisanzwe ni 80–100 MPa. PBS ishobora kwihanganira ubushuhe bwinshi bwa mbere kurusha PLA, ariko igomba gukomeza gushyuha kuri 80 °C mbere yo gushushanya.
Ibintu byihariye bigomba kwitabwaho mu gutunganya ibi bikoresho byose birimo kuba bifite ubushobozi bwo kumenya igihe cyo kuba mu nzu ndetse no gufata amazi. Kumara igihe kirekire mu gikoresho cyangwa mu bimera ku bushyuhe bwinshi byihutisha kwangirika, bigatera inenge nko guhinduka ibara, kwangirika no guhumeka. Gucunga neza amazi, bigerwaho binyuze mu kumisha mbere y’uko bivunika, ni ingenzi muri buri ntambwe yo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kwangirika. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo, nka metero zipima ubucucike bw’inline na metero zipima ubushyuhe bw’inline byakozwe na Lonnmeter, bifasha mu kubungabunga imiterere y’ibikoresho binyuze mu kugaragaza ihindagurika ry’imiterere y’ibintu bishonga bitewe n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe cyangwa ubushuhe.
Inenge zikunze kugaragara ku miterere y’ibimera bishobora kubora zirimo splash (ituruka ku bushuhe bwinshi), kuvunika kw’ibimera (biterwa no kuma cyane cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane), n’imyanda cyangwa kuzuza kutuzuye (ituruka ku bushyuhe buke bw’ibimera cyangwa igitutu gito). Iyo splash igaragaye, shyiraho uburyo bwo kumisha cyane. Iyo havutse imvune cyangwa splash, gabanya ubushyuhe bwo gushonga kandi ugabanye igihe cyo gutura. Imyanda akenshi isubiza igitutu cyo guterwa cyangwa ubwiyongere buke bw’ubushyuhe bwo gushonga.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kunoza ubushyuhe bw'ibihumyo bitera kunoza imiterere y'ubuhanga n'ubuso bwa PLA na PBS, mu gihe kugabanya igihe cyo gushonga bibungabunga uburemere bwa molekile za resine za PHA. Igihe cyo gusimbuka, ibipimo by'umusemburo, no gukurikirana ibikorwa bikomeje kuba ingenzi mu gukora ibice bya pulasitiki bishobora kubora bidafite inenge.
Ubundi buryo bwo guhindura
Uretse gukoresha inshinge mu gushushanya, hari uburyo bwinshi bukenewe mu ntambwe zo gukora ibintu bya pulasitiki bishobora kubora, buri buryo bujyanye n'imikorere yihariye n'ibisabwa mu gufumbira.
Gusohora imiterere ya pulasitiki binyuze mu gushyira polymer ishongeshejwe mu cyuma, bigakora imyirondoro, imiyoboro, n'impapuro. Mu buryo bwa pulasitiki ishobora kubora, gusohora ibyuma bitanga impapuro za PLA zo gukoresha mu gushyushya cyangwa PBS pellets kugira ngo zikoreshwe nyuma. Icy'ingenzi mu bwiza ni ubucucike bungana, bugenzurwa hakoreshejwe metero zipima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo nk'iza Lonnmeter, bigatuma urukuta rugenda neza kandi rukagira ubugari buhamye.
Gupfuka firime birema uduce duto tworoshye two kubora (ku mifuka cyangwa mu gupfunyika) binyuze mu gusohora resin inyuze mu kintu kizengurutse hanyuma ikayikuramo ifuro. Kugenzura ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'amazi hano ni ingenzi kugira ngo ubunini n'ubuziranenge bw'imashini bibe bimwe, cyane cyane ko resin zishobora kubora akenshi ziba zishobora kwangirika bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'ubushuhe n'ubushyuhe.
Imashini ishyushya impapuro za pulasitiki zishobora kubora—akenshi PLA—kugeza igihe zishobora kubora, hanyuma ikazishyira mu byuma bikoreshwa mu gushushanya kugira ngo ikore imiterere y'isahani, igikombe, cyangwa umupfundikizo. Gutunganya neza biterwa n'ubugari bw'impapuro zimwe na zimwe no kumisha mbere y'uko ibyuma byinjizwamo bitangira kugira ngo hirindwe utubyimba tw'imbere n'aho tudakomeye.
Gukoresha ibyuma bipfuka ibintu bidafite aho biboze nk'amacupa n'ibikoresho. Ku bikoresho bya pulasitiki bishobora kubora nka PBS, kugenzura neza imbaraga zo gushonga n'ubushyuhe bwa parison (preform) ni ingenzi cyane kuko ibi bikoresho bishobora kwangirika cyane iyo bihushye kandi bikaba bitajyanye n'icyerekezo mu gihe cyo guhumeka.
Uburyo bwose bwo guhindura ibintu bugomba guhuzwa na resin n'umusaruro wifuza. Kugira ngo ifumbire ibe nziza kandi ikore neza, hitamo inzira ihuza ibyo polymer ikeneye mu bushyuhe, mu buryo bwa mekanike, no mu buryo bwa crystallization hamwe n'imiterere y'igice cya nyuma n'uburyo ikoreshwa. Gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike kuri interineti mu gihe cyo gusohora, gutunganya impapuro, cyangwa amacupa bituma umusaruro uhora uhindagurika kandi bikagabanya imyanda.
Guhuza neza uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ibora, kuyitera, kuyisohora, kuyishyushya, kuyitunganya mu buryo bwa thermoforming, cyangwa kuyihinduramo ibyuma bishyushye, bituma uburyo bwo kuyikora buhura n’ibikenewe mu bidukikije no mu bwiza. Buri buryo bugomba kwita ku buryo bwihariye bwo gupima imiterere ya biopolymer, hamwe no kugenzura, kumisha, no kugenzura ubushyuhe bukubiye mu gikorwa cyo gukora pulasitiki ibora.
Kunoza Imikorere: Gukurikirana no Kugenzura Imiterere ya Polima
Kugenzura neza ibikorwa ni ingenzi mu ikorwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kubora, biganisha ku miterere ya nyuma ya polymer nko gukomera kwa mashini, kubora, n'umutekano. Kugera ku polimere nziza no kuyivanga bivuze kugenzura neza ibipimo by'ingenzi: ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, igihe cyo gukora, n'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa.
Ubushyuhe bugomba kugenzurwa neza. Guhindagurika bishobora guhindura uburemere bwa molekile ya polymer, imiterere ya kristali, n'imikorere yayo. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma urunigi rucika cyangwa rukangiza monomeri zishobora kwangirika, bigatuma plastiki zidakora neza cyangwa zidahinduka. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane buzabangamira ihinduka rya monomeri, bigasaba igihe kirekire cyo gukora ibintu mu buryo budahwitse kandi bigatera ingaruka mbi ku bikorwa.
Ingaruka z'umuvuduko zigaragara mu bikorwa bikoresha monomer zihindagurika cyangwa polymerizations za gaz-phase, kimwe no muri polymerization ya propylene. Umuvuduko mwinshi ushobora kongera igipimo cy'ibisubizo n'uburemere bwa molekile ya polymer, ariko umuvuduko ukabije wongera ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho no kugira ingaruka zidakenewe. Mu zindi nzira, nko gushonga kwa polycondensation, umuvuduko wo mu kirere ufasha gukuraho umusaruro ukomoka kuri byo no gutuma reaction irangira.
Intambwe yose mu gikorwa cyo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora ishingiye cyane ku buziranenge bw’ibintu bito, ibinyabutabire, n’ibintu bishongesha. Ndetse n’ibintu bito cyangwa ibihumanya ibyuma bishobora gutera ingaruka mbi, bigatangiza imiyoboro itaragera, cyangwa ibinyabutabire by’uburozi. Amabwiriza y’inganda arimo gusukura cyane ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa mu gutunganya no gusukura neza ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa mu gutunganya kugira ngo habeho umusaruro uhoraho kandi mwiza.
Ubucucike bw'ibinure ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane muri polymerization ya propylene—uburyo busanzwe mu gukora resins za polymer zishobora kubora. Kugumana ubucucike bwiza muri polymerization slurry bigira ingaruka zitaziguye kuri kinetics y'ingaruka ndetse, amaherezo, n'imiterere y'ibikoresho.
Akamaro ko gupima kuri interineti mu gihe nyacyo hamwe naIgipimo cy'ubucucike bwa propyleneni bibiri. Icya mbere, abakora bashobora kugera ku bwiza buhamye bw'ibicuruzwa binyuze mu makuru adahinduka kuriubucucike bwa propylene y'amaziIcya kabiri, kumenya ako kanya ihindagurika ry’ubucucike bituma hakosorwa ku gihe—birinda ko habaho ikorwa ry’ibice bidasanzwe cyangwa byangiritse. Uko gusubiza ibintu mu buryo butaziguye ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze kuba ubwiza bwa polymeri bumwe, cyane cyane mu nganda zikora ibintu byinshi kandi zihoraho.
Gushyira ibipimo by'ubucucike nk'ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter muri reactor ya polymerization cyangwa compounding extruder bitanga igikoresho gikomeye cyo kunoza ibikorwa. Mu gukurikirana imiterere y'ubucucike muri buri gikorwa, abakora bashobora gusesengura mu buryo bw'imibare ibikorwa, bagashyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru nyabwo, kandi bagashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugenzura neza. Ibi bigabanya imyanda y'ibikoresho fatizo, bikongera umusaruro, kandi bigashyigikira mu buryo butaziguye intego z'ingamba zo gukora pulasitiki zirengera ibidukikije.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike bwa propylene mu gihe nyacyo bufite ingaruka nziza. Iyo ubucucike bwa propylene y'amazi bugenzuwe neza, imiterere ya resin irarushaho kuba myiza kandi ihindagurika ry'imikorere rikagabanuka. Guhita utanga ibitekerezo bivuye mu bipimo by'ubucucike bivuze ko abahanga mu by'imikorere bashobora kwirinda kurasa ibirenze urugero, bigagabanya ihindagurika ry'ingufu n'ibikoresho fatizo. Izi ngamba zo kugenzura ubu zifatwa nk'uburyo bwiza mu guhuza pulasitiki igezweho ishobora kubora no guhuza.
Guhuza ibikoresho nk'ibi mu gihe nyacyo bifasha kunoza intambwe zo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora, bigatanga imyitwarire ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa mekanike, ubushyuhe, no kwangirika mu nganda zikora. Iyi ngingo y'ibanze yo kugenzura neza ni ingenzi cyane kuko amahame agenga, umutekano, n'amahame agenga isoko rya polimeri zishobora kubora bikomeza gukaza.
Imbogamizi mu nganda zikora plastiki ibora
Guteza imbere inganda mu gukora pulasitiki zishobora kubora bihura n'imbogamizi mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro, uhereye ku giciro cy'ibiribwa bikomoka ku bimera no kuboneka kwabyo. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora pulasitiki zishobora kubora bushingiye ku bikoresho fatizo by'ubuhinzi nk'ibigori, ibisheke, n'imyumbati. Ibiciro byabyo birahindagurika bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'amasoko y'ibicuruzwa, ikirere kidahinduka, impinduka mu musaruro w'ibihingwa, hamwe n'impinduka mu mikorere y'ubuhinzi na lisansi ikomoka ku bimera. Ibi bintu bihuriza hamwe mu kubangamira ubukungu bw'inganda zikora pulasitiki zishobora kubora, bigira ingaruka ku ntambwe yose kuva ku kugura ibiribwa kugeza ku gupima no gushushanya.
Irushanwa ry’ibiribwa ku biribwa, ibiryo by’amatungo, n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu rirushaho kugorana kubona ibikoresho fatizo. Iryo rushanwa rishobora guteza impaka ku mutekano w’ibiribwa no kongera ibiciro bidahindagurika, bigatuma bigora abakora ibicuruzwa kubona umusaruro uhoraho kandi uhendutse. Mu turere aho ibihingwa runaka ari bike, izi mbogamizi zirarushaho kwiyongera, bigabanya uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ku isi hose.
Guhindura ibintu neza bitera indi mbogamizi. Guhindura biomass mo monomers, kandi amaherezo, biopolymers bisaba ibiribwa byiza kandi bidafite umwanda. Impinduka iyo ari yo yose ishobora kugabanya umusaruro no kongera ikiguzi cyo gutunganya. Ndetse n'intambwe zigezweho zo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora—nk'ubushyuhe, polimeri, no gushushanya—ziracyakoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi zigatuma ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byinjira burushaho kuba bwiza. Ibiryo by'ibiribwa byo mu gisekuru cya kabiri nk'imyanda y'ubuhinzi bihura n'imbogamizi za tekiniki zirimo gutunganya mbere y'uko bitunganywa no kugabanya igipimo cyo guhindura ibintu muri rusange.
Imbogamizi mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho byongera imiterere y'ibintu. Gukusanya, kubika no gutwara ibiryo bishingiye ku bikorwa remezo binini, cyane cyane mu gutunganya ibikomoka ku bimera bitari ibiryo. Igihe cyo gusarura gishobora gutera izamuka ritunguranye ry'ibiciro by'ibikoresho cyangwa igabanuka ry'ibicuruzwa. Gutunganya, kumisha no gutunganya ibikomoka ku bimera mbere yo kubitunganya bisaba ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo byihariye, bigatera inzira zidafite ireme kandi zihenze zibangamira urujya n'uruza ruhoraho rusabwa n'umusaruro munini wa polymer ushingiye ku bimera.
Guhura n'ibisabwa bitandukanye n'abakiriya ndetse n'ibisabwa byihariye bitera izindi mvune. Porogaramu zisaba ibipimo bitandukanye byo gukora polymer ishobora kubora, nko gukomera, igipimo cyo kwangirika, n'imyitwarire yo gushushanya. Kubihaza utitaye ku kubora cyangwa gukoresha neza ikiguzi biragoye. Abakiriya bapakiye bashobora gushyira imbere kwangirika vuba, mu gihe abandi, nko mu gukoresha imodoka, bakeneye kuramba. Uburyo bushya bwo gushushanya pulasitiki ishobora kubora n'impinduka mu mikorere bigomba guhindurwa neza hakurikijwe ibi bipimo bitandukanye by'imikorere, akenshi bigasaba inzira zigezweho kandi zihindagurika kandi zigakurikiranwa mu buryo nyabwo.
Kunganya imikorere y'ibicuruzwa, kubora kw'ibinyabuzima, no kwaguka biracyari ikibazo gikomeye. Urugero, kongera ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa bishobora kongera imbaraga z'ibicuruzwa, ariko bishobora kugabanya igipimo cyo kubora kw'ibinyabuzima. Guhindura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa—nk'igihe cyo gupima pulasitiki cyangwa gushushanya inshinge—bigomba gucungwa neza kugira ngo bibungabunge imikorere y'ibidukikije n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byinshi. Ibisubizo byo gupima mu murongo, nka metero za Lonnmeter zo gupima ubucucike bwa propylene, bitanga uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike bwa propylene mu gihe nyacyo kandi bigafasha kugenzura neza intambwe y'ubucucike bwa propylene polymerization mu buryo bwa pulasitiki yo kubora, bishyigikira ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa buhamye n'imikorere yo kwongera.
Ibitegerejwe n’amategeko n’itumanaho riboneye byarushijeho kuba ingenzi mu ikorwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Amategeko ashobora gushyiraho amahame akaze agenga ifumbire, igihe cyo kubora, no gukomeza ibiryo by’ibiribwa. Gutandukanya pulasitiki ishobora kubora, ibora, na oxo-bore ni ingenzi, kuko gushyira ibirango bitari byo cyangwa ibirego bitazwi neza ku bicuruzwa bishobora gutera ibihano biteganywa n’amategeko no gukuraho icyizere cy’abaguzi. Abakora bagomba gushora imari mu kwandika ibirango no kwandika inyandiko zuzuye z’ibicuruzwa, bigaragaza ko byujuje ibisabwa kandi ko birengera ibidukikije.
Izi mbogamizi zitandukanye—ikiguzi, uburyo bwo gutanga, imikorere myiza mu guhindura ibicuruzwa, uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho, guhuza ikoreshwa, imikorere y’ibicuruzwa, n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko—bishimangira uburyo bwo kunoza uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Intambwe yose, kuva ku guhitamo no gupima mu buryo nyabwo ibiribwa nka propylene y’amazi kugeza ku gishushanyo mbonera cy’uburyo bwose bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora, irafitanye isano kandi isaba ko habaho kunoza no gukorera mu mucyo mu ruhererekane rw’agaciro.
Imicungire y'imyanda, iherezo ry'ubuzima, n'uruhare mu bidukikije
Gusenyuka kwa pulasitiki zishobora kubora bishingiye ku ruhurirane rw'ibintu bidukikije n'imiterere y'ibikoresho. Ubushyuhe bugira uruhare runini; pulasitiki nyinshi zishobora kubora, nka aside polylactic (PLA), zibora neza gusa ku bushyuhe bwo gufumbira mu nganda, akenshi buri hejuru ya 55°C. Kuri ubu bushyuhe bwinshi, polymer zoroshya, zorohereza mikorobe kugera no kongera hydrolysis ya enzyme. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ku bushyuhe buri hagati y'ikirere cyangwa hasi—nk'ubwo mu myanda cyangwa mu byuma bifumbira mu ngo—igipimo cyo kwangirika kiragabanuka cyane, kandi ibikoresho nka PLA bishobora kumara imyaka myinshi.
Ubushuhe ni ingenzi cyane. Uburyo bwo gufumbira bugumana ubushuhe buri hagati ya 40-60%, urwego rushyigikira imikorere ya mikorobe ndetse no gusenyuka kwa hydrolytic kw'imiyoboro ya polymer. Amazi akora nk'uburyo bwo gutwara enzymes ndetse n'uburyo bwo gukora reactant mu kwangirika kwa polymer, cyane cyane kuri esters, ziba nyinshi muri pulasitiki zanditseho ko zishobora gufumbira. Ubushuhe budahagije bugabanya imikorere yose ya mikorobe, mu gihe irenze urugero ihindura ifumbire ya aerobic mu miterere ya anaerobic, bikabangamira kwangirika neza no kongera ibyago byo gukora methane.
Imikorere ya mikorobe ni yo ishyigikira ihinduka nyaryo rya polimeri za pulasitiki mu bintu bitagira ingaruka mbi. Abakora ifumbire mvaruganda bateza imbere ubwoko butandukanye bwa bagiteri na fungi, binozwa binyuze mu guhumeka no kugenzura ubushyuhe. Izi mikorobe zisohora enzymes zitandukanye—lipase, esterase, na depolymerase—zisenya imiterere ya polimeri mo molekile nto nka aside lactic cyangwa aside adipic, hanyuma zigahindurwamo biomass, amazi, na CO₂. Imiterere ya mikorobe zihuza ihinduka mu gihe cyo gukora ifumbire: ubwoko bukunda ikirere cyiganje mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi ariko bugasimburwa n'ibinyabuzima bikunda gukira uko ibirundo bikonje. Imiterere ya molekile ya pulasitiki n'uburyo ikora nabyo bigira uruhare runini; urugero, uruvange rw'ibikomoka kuri sitashi ruboneka vuba kurusha PLA ifite kristale nyinshi.
Plasitike zishobora kwangirika zigira uruhare mu kuyobya imyanda binyuze mu gutanga ubundi buryo bwagenewe kwangirika mu buryo bugenzurwa aho gukusanya imyanda. Mu rwego rwo kujugunya imyanda, inyungu zayo ni nkeya keretse iyo imiterere y’imyanda ikozwe neza kugira ngo ishobore kwangirika—ibi bikaba bidakunze kubaho bitewe no kutagira umwuka uhagije no gukoresha ikirere gishyuha. Ariko, iyo igejejwe ku byuma bitunganya imyanda mu nganda, plastiki zemewe zishobora kwangirika zishobora guhindurwamo ifumbire mvaruganda ihamye, zigasimbuza ibintu by’umwimerere ubundi byoherezwa mu myanda cyangwa mu gutwika. Ibidukikije byo mu nyanja, birangwa n’ubushyuhe buke n’ubwoko buke bwa mikorobe, bigabanya cyane umuvuduko wo kwangirika, bityo plastiki zishobora kwangirika ntizigomba gufatwa nk'igisubizo cyo kumena imyanda mu mazi ahubwo zigomba gufatwa nk'uburyo bwo gukumira ubwinshi bw’imyanda nyuma yo kuyijugunya niba hari inzira zikwiye zo kuyijugunyamo imyanda.
Imicungire y'imyanda igezweho irushaho kwakira pulasitiki zishobora kubora. Sisitemu zo gufumbira mu nganda zagenewe gushyiraho ibidukikije bikenewe bishyuha kandi bikungahaye ku bushyuhe kugira ngo byangirike neza. Izi sisitemu zikurikiza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga yo kugenzura umwuka, ubushuhe, n'ubushyuhe, zikurikirana ibintu bitandukanye binyuze mu buryo nko gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo imiterere y'ibirundo by'ifumbire. Urugero, ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter, bigira uruhare runini mu kugenzura ibikorwa binyuze mu kwemeza ko ibiribwa bihuye neza no kunoza urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho: ubucucike buhamye ni ingenzi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kuvanga no guhumeka neza, ibintu bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku muvuduko wo kwangirika kw'ibikomoka ku fumbire.
Gushyira mu bikorwa ifumbire bisaba ko pulasitiki zishobora kubora zigaragazwa neza kandi zigatondekwa neza. Ahantu henshi hakenewe icyemezo cy’uko ifumbire ishobora kubora hakurikijwe amahame yashyizweho. Iyo ibi bipimo byujujwe, kandi amabwiriza y’imikorere agakomeza, ifumbire ishobora gutunganya pulasitiki zishobora kubora neza, igasubiza karubone n’intungamubiri mu butaka bityo igafunga umurongo w’ibinyabuzima mu buryo bwo gukora pulasitiki butangiza ibidukikije.
Urujya n'uruza rwa pulasitiki zishobora kubora muri ubu buryo, rushyigikiwe n'amakuru nyayo y'imikorere nk'uko Lonnmeter ipima ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo, bituma habaho kubora kw'ibikomoka ku bidukikije no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ariko, uruhare rwuzuye mu bidukikije ntirushingiye gusa ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ibicuruzwa n'uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki zishobora kubora ahubwo rushingiye no ku myitwarire y'abaguzi ndetse n'imikorere y'ibikorwa remezo byo gucunga imyanda yo mu gace. Hatabayeho gukusanya no gushyiramo ifumbire neza, inzira iteganyijwe - inzira yo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora kugira ngo ikungahaze ubutaka - ishobora guhungabana, bigatuma inyungu ku bidukikije zigabanuka.
Kugira ngo turebe ingaruka z'ibipimo by'ingenzi byo gufumbira ku muvuduko wo kwangirika, imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza muri make igihe cyo kwangirika cya polymer zisanzwe zishobora kubora mu bihe bitandukanye:
| Ubwoko bwa polimeri | Ifumbire y'imborera mu nganda (55–70°C) | Ifumbire yo mu rugo (15–30°C) | Aho imyanda ijugunywa/Aho amazi aturuka (5–30°C) |
| PLA | Amezi 3–6 | > Imyaka 2 | Ibitagira iherezo |
| Uruvange rw'ibinyampeke | Amezi 1–3 | Amezi 6–12 | Yagabanutse cyane |
| PBAT (Ibivanze) | Amezi 2–4 | >Umwaka 1 | Imyaka kugeza ku myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo |
Iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza ko hakenewe ko ahantu ho gufumbira hacungwa neza kandi hagashyigikirwa ikurikiranwa ry’ibikorwa kugira ngo habeho ibidukikije byiza mu gihe cyose cyo gukora plastiki ishobora kubora.
Ibisubizo: Ingamba zo gukora umusaruro uhoraho kandi w’ubuziranenge
Gukora pulasitiki ibora neza, ihoraho kandi yujuje ibisabwa bishingiye ku buryo burambuye bwo gukora (SOPs) no kugenzura ibikorwa bihoraho. Abayobozi b'inganda n'abahanga mu by'ubwubatsi bagomba gushyiraho SOP zivuga by'umwihariko uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ibora, bashimangira kugenzura neza no kwandika inyandiko kuri buri cyiciro. Ibi birimo gukoresha ibikoresho fatizo—bigaragaza uburyo budasanzwe bwo gukurura ubushuhe n'ihindagurika ry'ibikomoka ku binyabuzima. Gukurikirana neza ko ibikoresho bikura mu bicuruzwa bikura mu bicuruzwa bituma ibigo bimenya vuba aho byakuye ibintu kandi bigafata ingamba zo kubikosora.
Gucunga ingaruka za polymerization ni ingenzi mu ikorwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Kuri aside polylactic (PLA), ibi akenshi bivuze kugenzura neza imiterere ya polymerization ifunguka—guhitamo catalyst, ubushyuhe, pH, n'igihe—kugira ngo bigabanye imiterere y'ibikomoka ku bimera no kugabanuka k'uburemere bwa molekile. Hamwe na polymer zikomoka ku gushyuha nka polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), gukuraho ubwandu binyuze mu mabwiriza akomeye yo gusukura ahantu hamwe no gusukura neza ni ingenzi mu gukumira igihombo cy'umusaruro no kunanirwa kw'ubuziranenge. Ibikorwa bigomba kongera amahame yanditse binyuze mu guteranya, gusohora, no kubora mu byiciro byo gushushanya pulasitiki. Ibipimo by'imikorere—nk'imiterere y'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wa screw, igihe cyo kubaho, no kumisha mbere yo gutunganya (ubusanzwe amasaha 2-6 kuri 50-80°C)—bigomba kubungabungwa neza kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kwa biopolymer.
Gukurikirana ibikorwa bidasubirwaho ni inkingi y'imikorere igezweho kandi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gukora pulasitiki idahumanya ibidukikije. Gukoresha ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'amazi mu murongo—nk'ibitangwa na Lonnmeter—n'ibipimo by'ubucucike byo kuri interineti bituma ibikoresho bigenzura ubucucike bwa propylene, ubucucike bw'ibice by'amazi, n'ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo. Uko gutanga ibitekerezo byihuse bituma habaho impinduka mu buryo butaziguye mu gikorwa, bigatuma uburyo bwo gukora polymerization buguma mu buryo bukwiye. Gukurikirana ubucucike bwa propylene mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi cyane mu cyiciro cy'ubucucike bw'ibice by'amazi bya propylene, bikarinda ko ibintu bitagenwa neza kandi bikagabanya isubiramo ry'ibikoresho no gutakaza ibikoresho. Mu kugenzura neza ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter propylene density meter, abakora bashobora kwemeza ko ubucucike bw'amazi bwa propylene buguma buhamye mu gihe cyose cyo kwagura no gukora neza. Ibi ntibikomeza gusa uburyo bwo kongera gukora ariko binashyigikira iyubahirizwa ry'amahame ngenderwaho y'ibicuruzwa n'ibisabwa n'amategeko.
Amakuru aturuka ku igenzura rya interineti akunze kugaragara nk'imbonerahamwe zo kugenzura ibikorwa. Ibi bishobora kwerekana impinduka ku munota ku munota mu miterere y'ingenzi, nko kuba ubucucike n'ubucucike, bigatanga umuburo wihuse ku bijyanye n'ihindagurika ry'imiterere (reba Ishusho ya 1). Ibikorwa byihuse byo gukosora bigabanya ibyago byo gukora ibikoresho bitari mu bipimo ngenderwaho kandi bikongera umusaruro muri rusange w'ibikorwa byo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora.
Guteza imbere umusaruro mu gihe hagabanywa ikiguzi bitanga imbogamizi zihoraho mu gikorwa cyo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora. Ibigo bigomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura ikiguzi bwakozwe neza: gupima no kubungabunga ibikoresho byose byo kubikurikirana, gushaka ibikoresho byinshi kandi byizewe n'ababitanga, no kugenzura uburyo bwo kuvanga inyongeramusaruro (kubera ko inyongeramusaruro zimwe na zimwe zishobora kubangamira kwangirika kwa polymer). Amahugurwa yuzuye y'abakora n'impamyabushobozi y'igihe runaka mu bikorwa byose by'ingenzi bishyigikira uburyo bwo kongera kubyara mu bihe bitandukanye no mu mikorere y'ibicuruzwa. Gukoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe n'igereranya rya laboratwari—nk'ibizamini bya mashini cyangwa ibipimo by'uburyo bwo kubora—byongera icyizere cy'uko uburyo bwo gukora pulasitiki ishobora kubora buhuye n'ubw'ahandi.
Ibigo bigezweho cyane bigaragaza uburyo bwiza mpuzamahanga—SOPs zagenzuwe kuri buri ntambwe, inyandiko zihamye z’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa, uburyo bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’ibarurishamibare, n’isuzuma ryimbitse rihuza ibyavumbuwe mu bya siyansi biheruka. Ubu buryo butuma habaho uburyo bwo gukora polymer nziza, ishobora kongera kubyazwa umusaruro, kandi ikubahiriza amategeko ku gipimo icyo ari cyo cyose. Guhindura ubucucike bwihuse mu gihe cyose cyo gukora pulasitiki hakoreshejwe metero zipima umurongo bituma umusaruro uba mwiza kandi ukaba mwiza cyane.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Ni iyihe nzira yo gukora polimeri ya pulasitiki mu nganda za pulasitiki zishobora kubora?
Uburyo bwo gupima polimeri ya pulasitiki bukubiyemo ibikorwa bya shimi bihuza ibice bito bya monomer—nk'aside lactic cyangwa propylene—mu miyoboro ya polimeri y'umugozi muremure. Ku pulasitiki zishobora kubora nka aside polylactic (PLA), gupima polimeri ya lactide ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda, hakoreshejwe catalysts nka tin (II) octoate. Iyi nzira ituma habaho polimeri zifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile zifite imiterere y'umubiri. Imiterere ya polimeri n'uburebure bw'umugozi, byombi bigenwa mu gihe cyo gupima polimeri, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mbaraga za mashini n'umuvuduko wo kubora kwa biogradation. Muri sisitemu zishingiye kuri propylene, catalysis ya Ziegler-Natta ihindura monomer za propylene mo imiyoboro ya polypropylene. Iyo bakora ubwoko bushobora kubora, abashakashatsi bashobora gupima propylene bakoresheje comomer zishobora kubora cyangwa bagahindura umugongo wa polimeri n'amatsinda ashobora kubora kugira ngo bongere igipimo cyo kwangirika kw'ibidukikije.
Wakora ute plastiki ibora?
Plasitike ishobora kwangirika ikorwa binyuze mu gushaka ibikoresho fatizo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nk'ibisheke cyangwa ibigori, bikavamo monomer nka aside lactic, hanyuma bikavamo polymer nka PLA. Polymer zivuyemo zihuzwa n'inyongeramusaruro kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no gukora neza. Izi mvange zitunganywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushushanya nko gushushanya cyangwa gusohora kugira ngo habeho umusaruro wa nyuma. Ibipimo by'imikorere bigenzurwa cyane muri buri cyiciro kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibikoresho ari byiza kandi ko bibora mu buryo bwa nyuma. Urugero ni ugupfunyika ibiryo bishingiye kuri PLA, bitangirana n'ibimera bikarangira ari ibipfunyika bishobora gufumbirwa byemejwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza nka EN 13432.
Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu gushushanya imashini zikoresha pulasitiki zishobora kubora?
Kugira ngo plastike ibora ikoreshwe neza mu gushushanya neza ikoreshwa mu gupima ubushyuhe, kuko gushyuha cyane bitera kwangirika vuba no kugabanuka k'imbaraga z'ibicuruzwa. Kugenzura neza ubushuhe ni ingenzi kuko polimeri zishobora kubora akenshi ziborera mu bihe by'ubushuhe, bigira ingaruka ku buremere bwa molekile n'imiterere y'umubiri. Igihe cyo gukora neza kirakenewe kugira ngo habeho kuzuza neza mu gihe hirindwa ko ubushyuhe bumara igihe kirekire. Imiterere y'ibihumyo ishobora gutandukana na plastike isanzwe bitewe n'imiterere yihariye y'amazi abora n'ubukonje bw'ibihumyo bishobora kubora. Urugero, igihe gito cyo guturamo no kugabanya umuvuduko wo gukata bishobora kugumana ubuziranenge bwa polimeri no kugabanya imyanda.
Ni gute kugenzura ubucucike bwa propylene kuri interineti bifasha mu gikorwa cyo gukora plastiki ishobora kubora?
Sisitemu zo gupima mu gihe nyacyo, nka metero zipima ubucucike bwa propylene zituruka muri Lonnmeter, zitanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku bucucike bwa propylene mu cyuma gipima polymerization. Ibi bituma inzira ya polymerization iguma mu bipimo by'ingenzi, bigatuma abakora bahindura imiterere vuba. Ubucucike bwa propylene buhamye bushyigikira gukura kwa polymer mu buryo buhoraho no kubaka neza molekile, bigabanya ihindagurika ry'ibikoresho no kongera umusaruro muri rusange. Ibi ni ingenzi mu gukora ubwoko bwa polypropylene bushobora kubora, aho kugenzura ibikorwa bigira ingaruka ku miterere ya mekanike no ku kwangirika ku ntego.
Kuki ubucucike bw'ibinure ari ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gupima polimeri ya propylene?
Ubucucike bw'ikinyabutabire cya propylene—uruvange rwa catalyst ihagaze, monomer, no gukora polymer—bigira ingaruka ku ihererekanya ry'ubushyuhe, igipimo cy'impinduka, no gukora neza kwa catalyst. Kugumana ubucucike bwiza bwa slurry birinda ahantu hashyuha, bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kwa reactor, kandi bigatuma polymer ikura neza. Ihindagurika ry'ubucucike bwa slurry rishobora guteza inenge n'impinduka mu mikorere ya nyuma ya resin no kwangirika kwayo. Bityo rero, kugenzura neza ubucucike bwa slurry ni ingenzi kugira ngo inzira ihamye kandi irusheho kuba nziza mu gukora pulasitiki ishobora kwangirika.
Ni ibihe bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike bwa propylene y'amazi mu buryo bwihuse?
Ibipimo by’ubucucike bw’imirongo, nk’ibyakozwe na Lonnmeter, bikoreshwa mu kugenzura ubucucike bwa propylene y’amazi mu buryo butaziguye mu mirongo y’umusaruro. Ibi bipimo bikora mu bihe bigoye, bipima ubucucike buri gihe kandi byohereza amakuru kugira ngo bigenzurwe ako kanya n’inganda. Ibipimo nyabyo kandi by’igihe nyacyo bifasha itsinda rikora mu musaruro kubona ibitagenda neza vuba, bishyigikira impinduka zifatika ku miterere y’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi. Ibi bituma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura polymerization, guhuza neza kw’itsinda, no gukemura ibibazo neza—ni ingenzi cyane haba ku mishinga y’igerageza ndetse no ku mikorere ya pulasitiki ibora mu bucuruzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2025
