Incamake y'ibiBayerUburyo bwo gukora alumina
ItsindaBayerUburyo bwo gukora alumina buhindura amabuye ya bauxite mo alumina isanzwe binyuze mu ntambwe z'ingenzi z'ubuhanga. Buri cyiciro gikoresha ibikoresho nyabyo n'uburyo bwo kugenzura imikorere kugira ngo umusaruro n'ubuziranenge birusheho kwiyongera.
Bauxite ibanza gushwanyaguzwa no gusya kugira ngo yongere ubuso bwayo kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buryo bwa shimi. Ingano y'uduce duto twakozwe n'ibikoresho by'ubutare ni ingenzi kugira ngo sodium hydroxide yinjire neza mu gihe cyo gusya. Hanyuma ibikoresho byo mu butaka bigezwa mu buryo bwo gusya.
Mu gihe cyo gusya bauxite, bauxite yaciwe ivangwa n'umuti ushyushye kandi wiganjemo sodium hydroxide munsi y'umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 140°C na 280°C. Muri iki gihe, sodium hydroxide ishongesha imyunyu ngugu irimo aluminiyumu (gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore) bitewe n'imiterere yayo ya amphoteric, igahindura alumina mo umuti wa sodium aluminate. Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo:
- Al (OH) ₃ (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O (l)
Imyanda nka okiside y'icyuma, silica, na dioxyde ya titanium ntabwo irashonga cyane kandi niyo igize icyondo gitukura. Igipimo cya sodium hydroxide cyiza cyo kugogora bauxite ni ingenzi cyane—ni gito cyane kigabanya ikoreshwa rya alumina, mu gihe irenze urugero byongera ibiciro no gukenera gusimbuka amazi mu buryo bwa caustic.
Ibisubizo byo Gutunganya Alumina
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Gutandukanya amazi akomeye n'amazi mu nzira ya Bayer bihita bikurikira igogora. Ibikoresho byo gusobanura—bikoresheje ibigega byo guterura cyangwa sisitemu zo kuyungurura—bituma ibyondo bitukura bitandukanywa vuba (ibisigazwa bidashonga) bivuye ku nzoga ya sodium aluminate. Gupima neza ubucucike bw'ibinyabutabire mu nzira ya Bayer hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter density meters bituma ibikoresho bihabwa ubucucike buhamye bw'ibinyabutabire, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gutuma ibinyabutabire birushaho gukora neza no gutanga umusaruro.
Gutunganya ibyondo bitukura ni ikintu kidashoboka muri iki cyiciro. Bigizwe ahanini na okiside y'icyuma, silica, alumina nto, na sodiyumu. Gucunga ibyondo bitukura byibanda ku kubika neza, kugabanya ubushyuhe, ndetse no ku guhindura imyanda binyuze mu kugarura ibyuma, gukora ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, no kuyungurura bigezweho hakoreshejwe icyuma gishongeshejwe na sima bifasha kugabanya ubushuhe n'ingano y'amazi.
Nyuma yo gusobanuka neza, inzoga ya sodium aluminate yinjira mu cyiciro cy’imvura. Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ihinduka imvange—ikunze guterwa no guteramo kristu zakozwe mbere, gukonjesha no gushonga. Iyi ntambwe itanga Al (OH)₃ precipitate mugihe yongera kuvugurura sodium hydroxide kugira ngo ikoreshwe muri icyo gikorwa binyuze muri:
- NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O (l) → Al (OH) ₃ (s) + NaOH (aq)
Hanyuma Al (OH)₃ yakusanyijwe irasukurwa hanyuma igaterwa calcium. Amatanura akoresha ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1000°C ahindura hydroxide, bigatuma alumina yumye kandi idafite amazi (Al₂O₃) ikwiriye gutonorwa na aluminiyumu y'icyuma.
Buri cyiciro—gusya, gusya, gukamura, imvura, no gukaranga—bisaba gukora neza. Urugero, kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure mu buryo bwo kugaburira bauxite bigira ingaruka ku musaruro wa alumina no ku mikorere yayo yo gutandukanya. Gucunga neza umuti wa sodium hydroxide bigabanya igihombo cya caustic kandi binoza kongera gukoreshwa. Ibikoresho bigezweho byo gutunganya alumina ubu byuzuzanya n'udushya mu gusya amashanyarazi no gukaranga, bituma alumina isubira neza, cyane cyane iyo bauxite zo mu rwego rwo hasi cyangwa zikungahaye kuri chlorite.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukata ibyondo bitukura n'ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa ntibigabanya gusa ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije ahubwo binanongerera imbaraga uburyo bwo gukora bauxite muri Bayer. Ubu inganda zishyira hamwe uburyo bwo kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibikomoka ku bimera mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro no gushyiraho ibikoresho byo gupima mu gihe nyacyo, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kubipima mu buryo bwihuse.Igipimo cy'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeterakenshi bikunze gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma neza uburyo alumina ikorwamo. Kugera ku buziranenge buhanitse bwa alumina no kugabanya ibidukikije bishingiye ku kugenzura neza intambwe, gupima imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bw’ingamba, no gucunga neza umusaruro wayo mu ntambwe zose zo gukuramo alumina.
Igogora rya Bauxite: Ibitekerezo by'ibanze n'uburyo ibintu bigenda
Gusya Bauxite ni intambwe ya mbere y'ingenzi mu gikorwa cya Bayer cyo gukora alumina, igamije gukura alumina mu buryo bwihariye mu mabuye ya bauxite hakoreshejwe umuti wa sodium hydroxide caustic. Intego nyamukuru ni uguhindura imyunyu ngugu ifite aluminiyumu—cyane cyane gibbsite, boehmite, cyangwa diaspore—ikaba aluminate ishongesha sodium, bigatuma imyanda ivamo nyuma.
Inzira z'ingenzi z'ibinyabutabire muBayerIcyiciro cyo gugogora
Mu gihe cyo gusya bauxite, umuti wa sodium hydroxide ukora nk'umusemburo ndetse n'umusemburo. Ku birebana na bauxites zikungahaye kuri gibbsite, igisubizo kigenda neza ku bushyuhe buri hagati (140–150°C):
- Igogora rya Gibbsite:
Al (OH) ₃ (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O
Ku myunyungugu ya boehmite na diaspore, ubushyuhe bwinshi (220–280°C) burakenewe bitewe n'uburyo bwo gushonga buhoro buhoro:
- Igogora rya Boehmite:
AlO (OH) (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaAlO₂ (aq) + H₂O
Imyunyu ngugu ya silica nka quartz na kaolinite nayo ikorana na caustic, rimwe na rimwe bigatuma habaho sodium-silicate idakenewe, ibyo bikaba bisaba kugabanya ubukana binyuze mu kugenzura inzira no kongeramo lime. Gucunga ubwinshi bwa sodium hydroxide ni ingenzi mu kunoza umusaruro wa alumina no kugabanya igihombo cya caustic ku byondo bitukura.
Sisitemu yo kugaburira inyamaswa: Imiterere n'uburyo zihuzwa
Igogorwa rya Bauxite muri gahunda ya alumina Bayer ritangirana no gutegura urusenda rungana—uruvange rwiza rwa bauxite yashongeshejwe neza n'inzoga isharira. Intambwe z'ingenzi mu gutegura uburyo bwo kugaburira igogorwa ni izi:
- Gusya bauxite kugira ngo byongere ubuso no gutuma habaho imikorere yihuse.
- Kuvanga n'inzoga ya sodium hydroxide yasubiwemo ku gipimo cyagenwe kugira ngo habeho ubwinshi bwiza bw'ibinyabutabire.
- Kongeramo amazi yo kwisiga cyangwa ivumbi uko bikenewe kugira ngo uhindure ubucucike bw'ibinure n'ubwinshi bw'ibinure.
Ibikoresho bigezweho byo gutunganya alumina bikoresha sisitemu zigezweho zo kuvanga. Imiterere y'amazi mu kubara n'isesengura ry'igihe cyo gutura byagaragaje akamaro ko guhuza ibiryo: igishushanyo mbonera cy'impeller, aho baffle ishyirwa, n'imiterere y'aho binjirira n'aho bisohokera bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere y'igogora no gukoresha neza. Gukora urusenda rungana rushyigikira gukura alumina mu buryo buhoraho, byoroshya gutandukanya amazi akomeye n'amazi mu nzira ya Bayer, kandi byoroshya imicungire y'ibyondo bitukura biri hasi.
Ingaruka z'ihindagurika ry'ibiryo, imiterere y'ibinure, n'ubushyuhe ku mikorere y'igogora
Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'imiterere y'ibiryo ni ingenzi mu gutuma igogora rikora neza mu buryo bwa Bauxite muri Bayer. Ihindagurika rya Bauxite—ryaba iryo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, iryo kuvanga, cyangwa itandukaniro ry'ubutaka—bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gipimo cya gibbsite, boehmite, silika, na okiside z'icyuma. Iri tandukaniro rigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe busabwa mu igogora, igihe cyo gutura, n'ikoreshwa rya sodium hydroxide.
Ingano nyinshi ya silica cyangwa icyuma ishobora kugabanya umusaruro wa alumina no kongera igihombo cya caustic ku byondo bitukura. Gupima ubucucike bw'urubura mu gihe nyacyo mu buryo bwa Bayer hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter density meter ni ngombwa, bigatuma habaho impinduka zihuse mu gipimo cy'ibiryo n'ingano y'ibinyabutabire.
Kugenzura ubushyuhe ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi—ibigega bya gibbsite bikora neza ku bushyuhe buringaniye, mu gihe bauxite za boehmitic na diasporic zishobora gukenera ubushyuhe bwinshi no kumara igihe kirekire zibaho. Igenamiterere rya CFD no kunoza uburyo ibiryo bitegurwa bifasha kugaragaza uburyo impinduka mu miterere y'ibiryo, guhindagurika, cyangwa ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka ku kugarura alumina no gukoresha ingufu mu nganda.
Guhindura Uburyo bwo Kugogora Bauxite ku Mirongo Itandukanye y'Amabuye
Gukemura ubwoko butandukanye bw'amabuye y'agaciro ni ikibazo gikomeje kubaho muri gahunda ya Bayer alumina. Bauxites zikungahaye kuri Gibbsite ni nziza, zisaba ingufu nke n'ikirere cyoroheje, mu gihe bauxites za boehmitic na diasporic zisaba guhinduka neza:
- Gusya nezaikunze gukoreshwa ku mabuye akomeye, yongera uburyo akoreshwamo kandi ikarushaho kunoza igipimo cyo kugarura alumina.
- Kuvanga amabuye y'agaciro no "kuyaryoshya"—kongeramo ibice byoroshye gusya—hindura ingufu za bauxite kandi ushyigikire ikoreshwa neza ry’umuti wa sodium hydroxide.
- Kugenzura cyane ubucucike bw'ibinure n'ubwinshi bwa sodium hydroxidebigabanya ingorane zikomoka ku guhindagurika kw'amabuye y'agaciro, nko kuziba kw'ibice biyungurura n'imvura idakenewe.
Igenamiterere ry’imikorere rifasha kunoza ibipimo by’imikorere y’ubwoko bwihariye bw’amabuye y’agaciro, mu gihe kugenzura ubucucike bw’ibinure mu gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro bituma ibiryo by’ibinyabutabire biguma mu rugero rwiza rwo gucukura no gutandukanya amazi yo mu mazi.
Inyigo zerekana ko inganda zikoresha uburyo bwo gucunga ibiryo by’amatungo mu buryo bujyanye n’igihe—nk’uburyo bwo kuvanga no gushaka amabuye y’agaciro akomoka ku bwoko butandukanye—zikora neza, nubwo haba hari uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha bauxite. Ubu buryo ni ingenzi mu gukura alumina mu buryo burambye kandi butanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi bugashyigikira uburyo bwiza bwo kuyikuraho.
Gutunganya amabuye atandukanye ya bauxite mu cyiciro cyo gusya bisaba uburyo buhuriweho: gupima imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro, gupima ubucucike bw’ibinure mu gihe nyacyo, kunoza ibikoresho, no kugenzura ibikorwa kugira ngo hongerwe umusaruro w’ibinure n’umusaruro wa alumina mu gihe bigabanya igihombo cya caustique, ingufu zikenewe, n’ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Uruhare rw'ingenzi rwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinure n'ibinure
Gupima ubucucike bwa bauxite mu gihe nyacyo ni ingenzi mu kugenzura uburyo bwo gukora muri Bayer kugira ngo hakorwe alumina. Kugenzura neza ubucucike bw'ibinure mu buryo bwo koza ibiryo bikomeza kuringaniza neza hagati y'ibintu bikomeye n'umuti wa sodium hydroxide muri Bayer, binoza uburyo bwo gushonga no gutanga umusaruro mu gihe cyo gusya bauxite.ibipimo by'ubucucikekimwe na Lonnmeter bitanga ingamba zo gukosora vuba, bigabanya kunyura mu nzira kandi bigakomeza intego zigamije gukoresha neza igogora.
Ubucucike bw'ibinure bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku muvuduko no ku buryo bwuzuye bw'intambwe zo gukuramo alumina. Ibinure by'ibinure byinshi bishobora kubangamira kuvanga no kohereza ubushyuhe, bigagabanya uburyo bauxite ikora na soda ya caustic kandi bikagabanya gukira kwa alumina muri rusange. Ibinure by'ibinure bike, ku rundi ruhande, bishobora kugabanya ubucucike bw'ibinure kandi bigatinza uburyo ibintu bikoreshwa, bigatuma imiti ikoreshwa nabi kandi ikongera umusaruro w'ibyondo bitukura. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kugenzura ubucucike mu byiciro byiza bitera ikigereranyo gihamye cya caustic, gutandukanya neza ibinure n'amazi mu nzira ya Bayer, no kongera umusaruro wa alumina - harimo no kunoza imicungire y'umwanda no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya reagent.
Gupima ubucucike no kugenzura bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ibikoresho. Urugero, ubucucike bukabije butwara ipompo, ibikoresho bitera imbaraga, n'ibikorwaremezo byo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro, byongera ubusaza, byongera inshuro zo kubungabunga, kandi byongera ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gihe cyo kuvanga, gushyushya, gukoresha kristale, no gukaranga mu ikorwa rya alumina. Ubucucike bucungwa neza butuma habaho stress nkeya za mekanike n'imbaraga nyinshi zishobora guteganywa. Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, nko gukwirakwiza ingano y'uduce n'ubushuhe, biterwa neza n'igenzura rihamye ry'ubucucike mu bice byose by'ibikoresho byo gutunganya alumina.
Gukurikirana ubucucike bw'ibinure by'ibimera bihuzwa mu buryo bwagutse bwa alumina Bayer, atari mu gihe cyo gusya gusa. Ingingo z'ingenzi zikoreshwa mu gusya, gusya ibiryo, imiyoboro yo kumesa, no gufata ibisigazwa bya nyuma mu gucunga no guta ibyondo bitukura. Guhuza na sisitemu ya SCADA bituma habaho kwerekana amakuru mu buryo buhuriweho no kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo ubucucike bw'amazi n'ibipimo bikomeye by'amazi. Mu gutanga amakuru y'ubucucike kuva mu bikoresho nka Lonnmeter density meter mu buryo bwikora, inganda zitunganya ibikomoka ku bicuruzwa zigumana ibisobanuro birambuye, zinoza ububiko bw'ibinyabutabire, kandi zikagabanya imyanda isohoka.
Amaherezo, kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure ntabwo byihariye—bigira uruhare mu mikorere, ubukungu, n'ibidukikije by'uburyo bwose bwa Bauxite Bayer bukoreshwa. Gupima neza, gusubiza vuba, no guhuza ibikorwa remezo bikomeza kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro binyuze mu gutunganya alumina.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'ibinure n'ibinure bya Bauxite
Kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure n'ubucucike bwa bauxite ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cya Bayer cyo gukora alumina. Hakoreshwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima, buri bumwe bufite imbaraga n'imbogamizi.
Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Gupima Ubucucike bw'Umubyimba
Uburyo gakondo bushingiye ku gufata ingero n'isesengura rya laboratwari. Abakora uruganda bakura ingero z'ibinyampeke mu buryo bw'igihe runaka—akenshi aho bagaburira cyangwa aho basohokera. Ubucucike bugenwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima ubunini bw'ibinyampeke, pycnometers, cyangwa hydrometer.
Ubu buryo buhura n'imbogamizi nyinshi:
- Gutinda mu gutanga ibitekerezo:Igihe kiri hagati yo gukusanya ingero n'ibyavuye muri laboratwari gishobora gutera gutinda kw'ibikorwa no kugabanya uburyo bwo gusubiza.
- Uburyo umukozi akoresha:Ikosa ry’abantu mu gupima cyangwa gufata ingero rishobora guteza ukutumvikana.
- Uburinzi bufite aho bugarukira:Ingingo zitandukanye gusa muri gahunda ya bauxite ya Bayer nizo zipimwa, haburamo ihindagurika ry'imikorere.
Uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike buri kuri interineti no kuri interineti bugezweho
Kugira ngo batsinde izi mbogamizi, inganda zikoresha uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw’amazi mu buryo bwa "inline" na "online" kugira ngo bauxite igogorwe neza kandi itandukane n’amazi akomeye mu nzira ya Bayer.
Izi sisitemu zitanga:
- Gukurikirana buri gihe:Ibisobanuro by'ubucucike bivugururwa mu gihe nyacyo, biha abakora ikoranabuhanga ubumenyi bw'ibanze ku buryo bwo kongerera amashanyarazi ibiribwa no kugenzura neza imikorere y'amashanyarazi.
- Ibisubizo ku buryo bwo gukora:Bituma habaho guhindura byihuse kandi byikora urugero rwa sodium hydroxide kugira ngo bauxite igogorwe kandi itemba neza.
Ingero zirimo sensor zikoresha umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, coriolis flow meters, na nuclear density meters. Inyinshi muri zo zikenera guhuzwa n’ibipimo by’igenzura no gupima buri gihe.
Igipimo cy'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter: Ihame n'Ibyiza
Igipimo cy’ubucucike cya Lonnmeter cyakozwe by’umwihariko kugira ngo gikoreshwe mu bikoresho byo gutunganya alumina neza kandi bikomere.
Ihame ry'imikorere:
- Icyo gipimo gikoresha uburyo bwo gutigita cyangwa uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru kugira ngo kimenye impinduka mu bunini bw'ibinure kuri buri gipimo cy'amazi.
- Ibimenyetso byo mu gihe nyacyo, nka 4–20 mA cyangwa RS485, byoherezwa kuri sisitemu zo kugenzura, bigatanga amakuru ahoraho yo kwihutisha ibikorwa.
Ibyiza ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe:
- Amakuru yihuse, yo mu gihe nyacyo:Nta gutegereza ibisubizo bya laboratwari. Abakora bahita babona ibisubizo by'ibikorwa, ingenzi mu byiciro by'imikorere nk'igogora no gukaraba mu ikorwa rya alumina.
- Ubuziranenge n'Ubwumvikane Buhamye:Kwikora ku buryo bwikora ntibikuraho ihindagurika ry’ibintu mu mubiri, bikomeza kugenzura neza ubucucike mu igogora rya bauxite no kugenzura ubucucike bw’ibinure mu mubirigutunganya amabuye y'agaciro.
- Umurimo udasaba kubungabunga:Lonnmeter isaba gupima bike kandi yihanganira imiterere mibi ya alumina ya Bayer—gufata ingero no gusukura kenshi ntabwo ari ngombwa.
- Guhuza neza:Ihuza byoroshye na sisitemu za DCS/SCADA kugira ngo ihindure ibikorwa byikora, ihuze n'ingamba zo kugenzura zigezweho.
Ingingo zo Gushyira mu Bikorwa muriBayerInzira:
- Sisitemu yo kugaburira inyamaswa:Ibipimo bya Lonnmeter bipima ubucucike bw'ibinure bya bauxite byinjira mu byuma bicukura. Bigenzura ko ibintu bikomeye bishyirwa neza kandi bigapima sodium hydroxide kugira ngo habeho intambwe nziza mu gusohora alumina.
- Isoko ryo kugogora:Gukurikirana ubucucike byoroshya kugenzura impinduka mu mikorere y'ibicuruzwa, kunoza umusaruro wa alumina no kugabanya ikorwa ry'ibyondo bitukura.
- Imiyoboro yo Gusobanura:Ibipimo bya Lonnmeter bifasha mu kubungabunga ubucucike bw'intego kugira ngo habeho gutandukanya neza ibikomoka ku bidukikije n'amazi mu nzira ya Bayer, byongera umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo guta icyondo gitukura.
Guhuza na sisitemu zo kugenzura ibimera n'ingaruka ku buryo bwikora
Ibipimo by'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter bihuzwa neza n'imiyoboro y'ikoranabuhanga ikoreshwa mu ruganda.
Ibitekerezo by'ingenzi byo guhuza:
- Isohoka ry'ikimenyetso:Ikoreshwa rya analoge (4–20 mA) cyangwa digitale (RS485) rishyigikira ihererekanya ry'amakuru mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo.
- Imirongo yo kugenzura ibikorwa:Ibipimo by'ubucucike bihindura mu buryo bwikora igipimo cy'ibinyabutabire, umuvuduko wa pompe, n'ibikoresho byo gutandukanya bikomeye binyuze muri Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
- Ihindagurika ryagabanutse:Gutanga ibitekerezo byikora bigabanya uburyo bwo gukora ibintu hakoreshejwe intoki, bigatuza imikorere y’imashini ikora neza ndetse no gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo bukurikira.
- Inyungu ku mikorere:Gukomera kw'ibikorwa bivamo bigabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere, bikongera ubwiza bwa alumina ya nyuma, kandi bigatanga umusaruro mwiza binyuze mu gukora alumina hakoreshejwe kristali na calcination.
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'ibinure hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bigezweho nka Lonnmeter bifasha kugenzura byizewe kandi byikora muri buri cyiciro cy'ingenzi cya bauxite Bayer, kuva ku igogora kugeza ku gusobanuka neza n'ibindi byinshi.
Bayer Process ikora alumina ikomoka kuri Bauxite
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Ingamba zo kunoza imikorere zishingiye ku gupima ubucucike neza
Gupima neza ubucucike bwa bauxite pulp bishingira ku ngamba nyinshi zo kunoza imikorere muri gahunda ya Bayer yo gukora alumina. Gukurikirana mu buryo bufatika, cyane cyane hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter density meter, bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse bituma habaho kugenzura neza muri buri cyiciro cy'imikorere.
Guhindura Ibipimo by'Igogora Hashingiwe ku gaciro k'Ubucucike bw'Ifu y'Ifu y'Ifu y'Ifu
Mu igogorwa rya bauxite, imikorere myiza n'uburyo umuti wa sodium hydroxide ukoreshwa muri Bayer ukoreshwa biterwa cyane n'ubucucike bw'ibiryo. Mu gupima ubucucike bw'ibiryo buri gihe, ababikora bashobora guhindura ubucucike bwa sodium hydroxide, ubushyuhe, n'igihe cyo gutura mu miyoboro y'ibiryo. Urugero, kwiyongera gutunguranye k'ubucucike bw'ibiryo bishobora kugaragaza ko bauxite irenze urugero, bigasaba impinduka mu bucucike bw'ibiryo cyangwa umuvuduko wo kubigabanya kugira ngo hakomeze gukoreshwa neza mu gukuramo alumina no gukumira ko ibiryo by'ibiryo bigabanuka.
Gupima ubucucike bw'urutare mu buryo bw'igihe nyacyo mu buryo bwo koroshya ibiryo bigabanya igipimo cy'amazi n'ibintu bikomeye kandi bigashyigikira ishonga ry'amabuye y'agaciro ya alumina mu buryo buhoraho, bigagabanya ubushobozi bw'ibintu bitarakora neza ndetse n'ihindagurika ry'imikorere.
Kunoza uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi no kugabanya uburyo ibikomoka ku bimera bitukura bitwarwa
Gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye ni ikibazo gikomeye mu gikorwa cya alumina Bayer, cyane cyane mu byiciro bikurikira igogorwa. Kugenzura neza ubucucike bw'ibinure bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gushonga no kuyungurura neza. Mu kugenzura no guhindura ubucucike, abakora bashobora kugabanya uburyo uduce duto tw'ibyondo bitukura twinjiramo, bakagabanya igihombo cya sodium hydroxide y'agaciro no kwemeza ko alcool nziza igaruka neza.
Mu gihe cyo gukurura no gukaraba, gupima ubucucike bw'ibinure bya bauxite bituma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo gutuza, bigafasha mu kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibyondo binyuramo, gukumira ko bigabanuka cyane, no gucunga uburyo bwo gutata ibyondo bitukura. Ubucucike buringaniye butuma habaho ubwinshi bw'ibyondo bivanze, byihutisha umuvuduko wo gutuza no kugabanya umutwaro ku bikoresho byo kuyungurura biri munsi y'amazi, bikongera imicungire y'ibyondo bitukura muri rusange no gutandukanya ibikomeye n'amazi mu nzira ya Bayer.
Ingaruka ku cyiciro cya Crystallization—Kugenzura Superwealth no Kugwa kw'imbuto
Gupima ubucucike bw'urutare mu gikorwa cya Bayer biba ingenzi cyane mu bikoresho byo gutunganya alumina mu gihe cyo gushushanya. Kugenzura ubucucike bukabije bigena uburyo kristu za alumina zikura n'uburyo zikura. Ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter, cyangwa sentilateri za kristalo za quartz, bimenya impinduka mu bucucike bw'imvura zigaragaza ko imvura itangiye kugwa. Ibi bisubizo by'igihe nyacyo bituma habaho impinduka zihuse ku bushyuhe, urugero rwo kongeramo imbuto, n'urujya n'uruza rw'amazi, bigabanye uburyo kristu zikura mu buryo butunguranye cyangwa kwiyongera cyane kw'uruvange rw'amakristalo.
Mu by’ukuri, urubuga rwo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga rukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ubwinshi bw’imbuto mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo rucunge uburinganire bw’imvura igwa. Urugero, niba ibipimo by’imbuto aho ziri bigaragaza ko ubucucike bw’imbuto buzamuka birenze urugero, ingano yazo ishobora kwiyongera cyangwa igipimo cy’ibyuka kikagabanuka kugira ngo habeho ubwinshi bw’amazi n’ingufu mu ikorwa rya alumina.
Uruhare mu gukaranga neza no kunoza ubwiza bwa alumina
Ubucucike bw'ibiryo bungana mu bikoresho bya calcium ni ingenzi kugira ngo umusaruro uhore umeze neza mu ntambwe zo gukuramo alumina. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutanga ubushyuhe bungana, amazi adahagije, cyangwa imyanda isigaye muri alumina ya calcium. Ku rundi ruhande, ibiryo byuzuye bishobora kwangiza ingufu no guhindura ingano y'ibicuruzwa mu buryo budakwiye.
Mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura neza ubucucike bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro kugeza ku icukurwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro mu cyiciro cyo gukora alumina, abayakoresha bagera ku gukwirakwira kw'uduce duto n'ubushuhe bumwe, bigatuma alumina igaragara neza mu cyiciro kimwe n'imiterere ifatika. Uku kwizerwa kw'imikorere bituma habaho uduce duto tudahuye n'imiterere y'ibikoresho kandi bigatuma ibikoresho birushaho gukora neza.
Kugabanya imyanda no kugarura umuti wa Sodium Hydroxide binyuze mu gucunga ubucucike bw'amazi
Gupima neza ubucucike bw'ibinure bya bauxite bigira uruhare mu kugabanya imyanda no kugarura umuti wa sodium hydroxide. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse bituma habaho guhindura vuba ibipimo byo gukaraba no kuyungurura, bikongera itandukanyirizo ry'inzoga z'agaciro zikomoka ku byondo bitukura no kugabanya igihombo cyabyo. Ibi bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho fatizo kandi bigabanya ingano y'ibyondo bitukura byo gutabwamo.
Urugero, gukurikirana buri gihe itandukaniro ry’ubucucike mu byiciro byo gukaraba bifasha abakora ibikorwa byo gukaraba neza, bityo bigatuma habaho kongera uburyo bwo kugarura sodium hydroxide no kunoza imikorere myiza yo gusohora ibyondo bitukura. Ubu buryo kandi bushyigikira imicungire y’ingufu binyuze mu kugabanya gukaraba no kuvoma bitari ngombwa, bigagabanya ingaruka zose ziterwa n’uburyo bauxite Bayer ikora ku bidukikije.
Muri make, gushyira hamwe ikoreshwa rya Lonnmeter density meter mu gupima ubushyuhe bigaragaza amakuru ashobora gukoreshwa kuri buri ntambwe—kuva ku igogora no gutandukana kugeza ku gusya no gukaraba—bigatuma habaho imikorere ihoraho, ikora neza kandi irambye muri gahunda ya Bayer alumina.
Imbogamizi n'ibisubizo bifatika mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibipimo by'ubucucike
Gupima neza ubucucike bwa bauxite mu buryo bwa Bayer kugira ngo hakorwe alumina bihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi zifatika. Kugenzura neza imiterere y'ibipimo ni ingenzi cyane atari mu kugenzura gusa imikorere, ahubwo no mu kuringaniza ubwinshi bw'ibiryo, gukoresha neza ibiryo byo mu gikoni, no gutandukanya ibikomoka ku bimera n'amazi.
Ikosa risanzwe rituruka ku gupima
Ingaruka z'umwuka zahuguwe:
Udupira tw’umwuka twashyizwe mu migezi ya bauxite dushobora guhindura imiterere y’amazi n’ubwinshi bw’amazi. Ibi bituma ubwinshi bw’amazi bugabanuka ndetse n’umuvuduko w’amazi wiyongera, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buringanire bw’ibikoresho no kubara umusaruro w’ibintu. Hari inyandiko zigaragaza ko imihindagurikire y’umwuka iterwa no gucukura kwa pompe, impinduka z’amazi zihindagurika, n’amazi asohoka, bigatuma habaho amakosa mu gupima mu byuma bisanzwe bipima. Ibikoresho bigezweho bya sonar, bishobora gutandukanya ibice by’amazi na gaze, bikosora ibi bintu bitari byo kandi bishobora kumenya umwuka washyizwe mu kirere kugeza kuri ± 0.1% ukurikije ingano.
Ihindagurika ry'ingano y'uduce:
Uruhererekane n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ingano y'uduce mu duce twa bauxite bihindura imiterere y'uduce twa bauxite n'imirongo yo gupima ubucucike bw'ingaruka. Uduce twa bauxite tunini dushobora gutuza, bigatuma imiterere y'uduce duto n'uburyo sensor ikwirakwira, mu gihe uduce duto dukomeza kuba duhagaze neza. Uku guhindagurika gushobora guteza imbere uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw'inline no kugira ingaruka ku bipimo bya Lonnmeter, bigasaba ko sensor ishyirwa neza kandi igashyirwa neza.
Guhumanya ibikoresho:
Uburyo bwa Bayer alumina butuma ibikoresho bipima ibintu bijya ahantu hashyuha cyane, hatera cyane, kandi hagatera cyane bitewe n’umuti wa sodium hydroxide n’ibintu bikomeye bihagaze. Guhumanya ibintu biba ku buso bw’ibikoresho bipima ibintu—cyane cyane aho amazi asohoka n’aho amazi anyura—bigabanya uburyo sensor ikora n’uburyo ikora neza. Gukingira, gahunda yo gusukura buri gihe, n’uburyo bwo kwisuzuma muri metero nka Lonnmeter ni ingenzi mu kugabanya amazi aturuka ku mwanda.
Incamake y'ibipimo byo gushyiramo
Ibiryo byo mu gikoni:
Gushyira utwuma twa Lonnmeter ku ifu y’ibiryo bigabanya ubushyuhe bifasha kugenzura neza ubwinshi bwa sodium hydroxide n’ubucucike bwa bauxite, bigira ingaruka ku buryo igogora rya bauxite rikorwa neza. Utwuma duto two mu bwonko tuba dufite umwanda muke, ariko umwuka uva mu bigega bivanze byo hejuru y’amazi ushobora kwangiza imiterere y’ibipimo.
Nyuma yo gusya:
Gupima nyuma yo gusya bitanga amakuru ku bucucike nyabwo bw'urusenda rugera mu bice byoroshye no mu bice bitandukanya amazi n'ibikomeye. Imbogamizi zihari ni ukugaragara mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ubwinshi bw'ibice bikaze, n'umutwaro munini w'udusimba, kongera ibyago byo kwangirika no guhindagurika kw'amazi.
Imigezi yo Gutandukanya Ibyondo:
Muri iyi mirongo, imiterere nyayo y’ubucucike bwa bauxite ishyigikira imicungire y’ibyondo bitukura no gutandukanya neza. Impinduka z’ubucucike n’ubwinshi bw’ibintu bitewe n’imvura bisaba uburyo bukomeye bwo kwisukura no kugenzura amakuru kenshi. Gushyiraho sensor bigomba kuba bireba ubwiyongere bw’icyumba n’imiterere y’amazi ahindagurika.
Ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo icyuma gipima ubucucike
Mu gihe uhitamo igipimo cy'ubucucike ku bidukikije bya bauxite Bayer, tekereza kuri ibi bikurikira:
- Ubudahangarwa bw'ibinyabutabire:Igomba kwihanganira uko ikora buri gihe n'umuti wa sodium hydroxide kuri Bayer process hamwe n'ibintu bikomeye byo mu bwoko bwa abrasive.
- Kugabanya umwanda:Hitamo ibikoresho byo gupima bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubwinshi bw'ibipimo cyangwa ubushobozi bwo gusukura bwikora (urugero, gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya Lonnmeter).
- Ubushobozi bwo gukosora umwuka:Ibikoresho bishobora kwishyura umwuka washyizwe mu kirere, nka sensor zigezweho za sonar cyangwa array-based, bitanga inyungu zidasanzwe zo gupima neza.
- Ingano y'uduce duto Ubushobozi:Ibikoresho bigomba kwakira ubwoko bwinshi bw'uduce tw'ibinure bya bauxite, bigakomeza kuba inyangamugayo ndetse no mu miterere y'amazi.
- Uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyiramo:Igipimo kigomba gukora neza mu ntambwe zitandukanye zo gukuramo alumina—kuva ku biryo by’imashini kugeza ku gusohora amazi mu byondo no gusohora calcium.
- Inkunga yo Gukoresha Serivisi no Gupima:Igishushanyo mbonera gishoboka n'uburyo bwo gupima bwanditse byorohereza imikorere n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'igihe kirekire mu bikoresho bitunganya alumina bihari.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byuzuye no kugenzura buri gihe ni ngombwa kugira ngo habeho gupima neza ubucucike bwa bauxite. Gukoresha ibipimo bya kera nka Lonnmeter, hamwe no kugenzura neza no kubungabunga neza, binoza igenzura ry’imikorere, ibarura ry’ibikoresho, n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa mu miyoboro yose ikomeye ya alumina Bayer.
Isano iri hagati yo kugenzura ubucucike n'imikorere y'ibidukikije
Gupima neza ubucucike bwa bauxite ni ingenzi mu mikorere y’ibidukikije mu gikorwa cya Bayer cyo gukora alumina. Iyo abakora uruganda bakoresheje ibipimo by’ubucucike biri ku murongo nka Lonnmeter, bagera ku bucucike bw’ubucucike buhamye kandi bunoze muri sisitemu yo koza ingano y’ibinyampeke. Uku kugenzura neza bigira ingaruka ku buryo ibintu bikomeye n’ibinyampeke bitandukanye mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya alumina, mu buryo bw’ibanze bikaba bigira uruhare mu gutunganya imyanda no kugarura umutungo.
Icyondo gitukura ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gikomoka ku igogora rya bauxite. Gucunga neza ubucucike bishobora gutuma ibintu bidahinduka neza, bigatuma ingano y’ibyondo bitukura igomba kubikwa cyangwa gutabwamo izamuka. Bakoresheje uburyo bwo gupima ubucucike bw’ibikomoka ku bimera mu buryo bwa Bayer, ababikora bagumana uburyo bwiza bwo gucengera no kuyungurura. Ibi bituma alumina nyinshi iboneka mu gihe cy’amazi kandi bike bigatakaza bike hamwe n’ibintu bikomeye bihagaze, bikagabanya umusaruro w’imyanda itukura kandi bikagabanya umutwaro ku buryo bwo kuyijugunya. Urugero, gushimangira ubucucike bw’ibimera mu gipimo cya ±0.001 g/cm³ bigabanya gutwara ibikoresho by’agaciro, binoza imicungire y’ibyondo bitukura kuri buri ntambwe yo gukosora no kubyimba.
Umuti wa sodium hydroxide mu gikorwa cya Bayer ni ingenzi cyane mu gushonga alumina iva muri bauxite. Iyo ubucucike bw'ibinure burushijeho kuba bwiza, sodium hydroxide nke iguma mu cyondo gitukura gikomeye kandi byinshi bikongera gukoreshwa neza mu buryo bunoze mu miyoboro. Ibi byongera igipimo cyo kugarura sodium hydroxide, bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'imiti, kandi bigabanya imyanda iva mu bidukikije. Uko ibyuma bipima ubucucike n'ibiyungurura bikoresha ahantu heza ho gutandukanya umuti biba byiza—ibi bituma sodium hydroxide igarura ubucucike nta gushonga cyangwa kwanduza cyane, bigafasha mu mikorere ihendutse kandi ikagira amahame meza y'ubuziranenge bw'imyanda.
Kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure by'ibimera bishimangira amahame ngenderwaho mu gihe cyose cyo gukuramo alumina. Mu kongera gutandukanya ibikoresho, kugabanya igihombo mu buryo bwo kubikuramo, no kongera kongera gutunganya sodium hydroxide, inzira ya Bayer alumina yegereza intego ntarengwa. Kugabanya ingano y'ibyondo bitukura no kongera gukira binyuze mu kugenzura neza ubucucike bivuze ko ibiryo byinshi bihinduka alumina y'agaciro, kandi hagakoreshwa reagent nke kuri toni y'umusaruro. Gukurikirana ubucucike mu gihe nyacyo, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ikoreshwa rya metero y'ubucucike ya Lonnmeter mu gupima ubucucike, bishyigikira ibi bisubizo, bigatuma inzira ya bauxite ya Bayer yongerera ubushobozi ibikoresho no kubikomeza.
Izi ntambwe mu kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure zikorana n'izindi gahunda zo kunoza imikorere—nk'uburyo bwo kunoza kristalo no gukaranga mu musaruro wa alumina—kugira ngo habeho imikorere myiza kandi ifite akamaro ku bidukikije. Amaherezo, gupima ubucucike buhoraho no gukora ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwikora bituma inzira ya Bayer yo gukora alumina iba isukuye, itekanye kandi ikora neza kurushaho, mu gihe ishyigikira intego z'inganda zose zo kubungabunga ibidukikije no gukoresha umutungo kamere mu buryo bw'uruziga.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)
Intego nyamukuru yo gusya bauxite mu mubiri ni iyihe?Bayerinzira?
Igogorwa rya Bauxite ni intambwe y'ibanze mu gikorwa cya Bayer cyo gukora alumina. Intego yayo nyamukuru ni ugushongesha alumina mu mabuye ya bauxite hakoreshejwe umuti ushyushye wa sodium hydroxide. Mu gihe cyo gushongesha, imyunyu ngugu ya alumina ikorana na sodium hydroxide, igakora sodium aluminate ishongesha. Ibi bituma alumina itandukana n'imyanda, nka silica, oxides z'icyuma, n'imyunyu ngugu ya titaniyumu, iguma idashonga nk'icyondo gitukura. Gushongesha neza kwa alumina bishyiraho inzira yo kugaruka kwayo nk'umunyu ngugu mu ntambwe zikurikiraho.
Ni gute gupima neza ubucucike bw'amagufwa ya bauxite bigira akamaro kuBayerinzira ya alumina?
Gukomeza ubucucike bw'amagufwa ya bauxite neza mu gikorwa cya Bayer alumina bituma imiterere y'igogora ikomeza kuba myiza. Iyo ubucucike bw'amagufwa bugenzuwe neza:
- Ubushobozi bwo gushonga kwa alumina buriyongera, bigatuma igipimo cyo kuyikuramo kirushaho kwiyongera.
- Umusaruro wo gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi uba mwinshi, aho ibyondo bitukura bigabanuka.
- Igihombo mu mikorere kiragabanuka, kuko ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire ricungwa neza.
- Ubwiza bw'umusaruro bugumaho, butuma habaho crystallization nziza no gukaranga neza.
Impinduka cyangwa ihindagurika ry’ubucucike bw’ibinure bishobora gutuma igogora ritameze neza, kwiyongera k’ibyondo bitukura, ndetse no kudakora neza kw’ibikorwa byo mu nzira. Kugenzura ubucucike cyane bifasha imikorere ihamye n’umusaruro wizewe wa alumina.
Ni ubuhe buryo busanzwe bwo gupima ubucucike bw'urutare muri alumina?Bayerinzira?
Gupima ubucucike bw'urutare ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ibikorwa no kurinda ibikoresho. Uburyo busanzwe burimo:
- Isesengura rya Gravimetric:Gupima no gupima ubucucike bw'ibimera, hagakurikiraho kubara ubucucike, bikwiye gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma buri gihe cyangwa mu gusuzuma aho ibintu biherereye.
- Ibipimo by'ubucucike bw'imirasire ya gamma cyangwa nuclear:Koresha ikoranabuhanga rya radiometrike kugira ngo upime ubucucike bw'urutare mu gihe nyacyo, utange uburyo bukomeye bwo gupima ibintu mu buryo butagera ku kintu kimwe mu bidukikije bikomeye. Sisitemu zigezweho zikoresha amasoko y'imirasire mike (urugero, Na-22) zinoza umutekano n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko.
- Ibipimo biri ku murongo nka metero y'ubucucike bwa Lonnmeter:Ibi bitanga amakuru ahoraho kandi mu gihe nyacyo ku bakoresha na sisitemu zo kugenzura, bitanga ibitekerezo byihuse ku bijyanye n'impinduka mu mikorere no kunoza imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga.
Kuki umuti wa sodium hydroxide ari ingenzi mu igogora rya bauxite?
Umuti wa sodium hydroxide ni ingenzi mu igogorwa rya bauxite kuko uhuza neza n'imyunyu ngugu irimo alumina, ukayihinduramo sodium aluminate ishongesha. Iyi reaction ni ingenzi mu gukura alumina mu mabuye kugira ngo ibashe gutandukana n'imyanda idashongesha. Ingano ya sodium hydroxide inagenga umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa ry'ibisubizo, imikorere myiza, n'ikoreshwa ry'ibisubizo, kandi igomba kuringanizwa neza kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kuba mwiza hatabayeho ibintu byinshi bidakenewe, nk'ibicuruzwa byo gusukura.
Ni ibihe byiciro by'imikorere yungukira mu buryo butaziguye ku gupima ubucucike bw'amagufwa ya bauxite?
Intambwe nyinshi z'ingenzi za Bayer zishingira ku kugenzura ubucucike bw'ibinure bya bauxite:
- Igogora rya Bauxite:Ubucucike buhamye butuma alumina ishonga neza kandi bukagenzura uburyo ibintu bigenda bihinduka.
- Gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi (ibisobanuro):Ubucucike bwiza bufasha gutuza neza, kuyungurura, kandi bugabanya uburyo ibyondo bitukura bitwarwamo.
- Gutunganya alumina hakoreshejwe kristalo:Imiterere y'ibiryo ihamye ifasha mu kugena uburyo ibiryo bikuramo amazi menshi n'uburyo bitera imbere.
- Gutunganya alumina mu buryo bwa calcination:Ubucucike bw'amacupa buhoraho butuma habaho amazi n'ubushyuhe bushoboka, bigatuma umusaruro uba mwiza kandi ugatanga umusaruro.
Muri ibi byiciro, kugenzura nabi ubucucike bishobora kubangamira imikorere myiza y’ibicuruzwa, kugabanya ireme ry’umusaruro, no kugora imicungire n’itabwa ry’ibyondo bitukura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-26-2025
