Sodiyumu hidroksidi (NaOH) igira uruhare runini mu gikorwa cyo gukaraba imyuka ikoreshwa mu gukora icyuma cy’ibanze cya ogisijeni mu itanura. Muri ubu buryo, NaOH ikora nk'imyuka ifata aside nka dioxyde sulfur (SO₂), oxyde azote (NOx), na dioxyde de carbone (CO₂). Gukomeza ubwinshi bwiza bwa NaOH muamazi yo kozani ingenzi mu buryo bwiza bwo gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere kandi ni inkingi y'ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya ikirere rikoreshwa mu nganda z'ibyuma.
Gupima neza no kugenzura ingano ya NaOH bigira ingaruka zitaziguye haba mu mikorere myiza no mu kugenzura imyuka ihumanya. Iyo ingano ya caustic ari nke cyane, igipimo cyo gukuraho aside gaze kiragabanuka, bigatera iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko no kongera igipimo cy’imyuka ihumanya. NaOH irenze urugero ntipfa ubusa imiti gusa ahubwo ikora ibikomoka ku bimera bitari ngombwa, ibyo bikaba byongera inshingano zo gucunga ikiguzi n’ibidukikije. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko, urugero, umuti wa NaOH wa 5% mu minara ikoreshwa mu gutera imiti mu byiciro bibiri ugera kuri 92% byo gukuraho SO₂, mu gihe kunoza imikorere nko kongeramo sodium hypochlorite birushaho kunoza igipimo cyo gufata imyanda.
Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukora icyuma gikoresha umwuka wa ogisijeni: Intambwe n'imiterere
Incamake y'Inzira y'Ifuru y'Isuku ya Ogisijeni (BOF)
Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukora icyuma cya ogisijeni mu itanura bukubiyemo guhindura byihuse icyuma cyashongeshejwe n'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bikozwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. Igikorwa gitangirana no gushyira mu cyuma cya BOF icyuma gishongeshejwe—gikorwa mu itanura rishongeshejwe hakoreshejwe icyuma gishongeshwa hakoreshejwe coke na limestone—ndetse n'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bishongeshwa kugeza kuri 30% by'uburemere. Ibice bishongeshwa bifasha mu kugenzura ubushyuhe no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho muri sisitemu.
Gukora ibyuma by'ibanze bya ogisijeni
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Icumu rikonjeshejwe n'amazi rishyira ogisijeni isukuye cyane mu cyuma gishyushye. Iyi ogisijeni ihura neza na karuboni n'indi myanda, ikayihindura ogisijeni. Ibyiza by'ingenzi birimo C + O₂ ikora CO na CO₂, Si + O₂ ikora SiO₂, Mn + O₂ ikora MnO, na P + O₂ ikora P₂O₅. Hashyirwaho lime cyangwa dolomite fluxes kugira ngo hafatwe izi ogisijeni, hagakorwa slag y'ibanze. Slag ireremba hejuru y'icyuma cyashongeshejwe, byoroshya gutandukanya no gukuraho imyanda.
Ingufu zo guhumeka zishyushya umuriro vuba; ibisigazwa birashonga kandi bivanga neza, bigatuma habaho imiterere imwe. Ubusanzwe, iki gikorwa kimara iminota 30-45, bigatuma habaho toni zigera kuri 350 z'icyuma kuri buri gice mu bikoresho bigezweho.
Nyuma yo gushyushya, ihinduka ry’ubutabire bw’icyuma rikunze kubaho mu byuma bitunganya ibikoresho kugira ngo byuzuze ibisabwa neza. Hanyuma icyuma gisukwa mu mashini zitunganya ibintu zikora slabs, billets, cyangwa indabo. Nyuma yo gushyushya no gukonjesha ibi bicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu nzego nko mu modoka no mu bwubatsi. Ikintu kizwi cyane ni slag, ikoreshwa muri sima no mu bikorwa remezo.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
Ubukorikori bwa BOF bukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi butanga imyuka myinshi ihumanya ikirere n'uduce duto. Imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku kuyungurura karuboni (CO₂), gukurura ibintu mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, no guhumeka kw'ibintu mu gihe cy'umwuka wa ogisijeni.
CO₂ni yo myuka ihumanya ikirere ikorwa cyane cyane bitewe n’uburyo ikoreshwa mu gukuraho karuboni mu kirere. Ingano ya CO₂ isohoka iterwa n’ingano ya karuboni mu cyuma gishyushye, ingano y’ibisigazwa byiyongereyeho, n’ubushyuhe bw’imikorere. Gukoresha ibisigazwa bishobora kongera gukoreshwa bishobora kugabanya umusaruro wa CO₂ ariko bishobora gusaba impinduka kugira ngo icyuma gikomeze kuba cyiza kandi gikoreshwe neza.
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirereharimo okiside ntoya z'icyuma, ibisigazwa by'amazi, n'umukungugu uturuka mu mirimo yo gusharija cyangwa gukomanga. Utu duce duto dugenzurwa cyane bisaba ikoranabuhanga rihoraho ryo kugenzura no kugabanya.
Diyozede ya sulfure (SO₂)ikomoka ahanini muri sulfure mu cyuma cyashongeshejwe. Uburyo bwo kugenzura bugomba gukemura ikibazo cyo gukuraho amazi mu byiciro by'ibanze ndetse no kubyara aside imvura mu gihe itavuwe.
Ibikorwa bya BOF bigezweho bikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere:
- Uburyo bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya (urugero, oxidation y'amabuye y'agaciro, kumanika imyuka y'ishwagara) bugamije gukuraho SO₂ kandi bugatuma ihindukamo ibintu by'ingirakamaro nka gypsum.
- Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya, kuyungurura imyenda, no gutera sorbent byumye bigabanya imyuka ihumanya.
- Uburyo bwo gufata no gufatira CO₂ burimo kwitabwaho cyane, aho ikoranabuhanga—nk'isukura amine no gutandukanya membrane—risuzumwa kugira ngo harebwe niba igiciro cyaryo ari cyiza.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere bushingiye ku igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo no kuvugurura uburyo ikoreshwa. Gukoresha ibikoresho byo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’imyuka ihumanya ikirere kuri interineti, harimoIbipimo by'ingano ya soda ikoreshwa mu gupiman'ibipimo byo gupima ikirere kuri interineti nka Lonnmeter, bitanga uburyo bwo gukaraba neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho y'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Binyuze muri ubu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, inganda za BOF zishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere irenga 69%, bigashyigikira iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'imicungire y'ibidukikije.
Gusukura imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu buryo bw'ibanze bwo gukoresha ogisijeni mu itanura
Intego n'amahame y'ibanze yo gusukura gaze y'amazi
Gusukura imyuka ikoze mu cyuma bisobanuye uburyo n'ubuhanga bugenewe gukuraho dioxyde de sulfur (SO₂) n'ibindi bice by'aside mu myuka isohoka mu gihe cyo gukora icyuma cya ogisijeni (BOF). Intego nyamukuru ni ukugabanya ihumana ry'ikirere no kubahiriza amategeko agenga sulfur n'indi myuka ihumanya. Mu gukora icyuma, ubu buryo bwo gusukura bufasha kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije z'imyanda iva mu kirere isohoka mu gihe cyo gushonga kw'icyuma gishongeshejwe n'amazi atandukanye.
Ihame ry’imiti riri inyuma yo gukaraba imyuka ifukuye ni uguhindura SO₂ y’imyuka ihinduka ibintu bidahumanya cyangwa bishobora gucungwa binyuze mu guhuza iyo myuka na sorbents za alkaline mu byiciro by’amazi cyangwa bikomeye. Igisubizo cy’ibanze mu gukaraba ifukuye hakoreshejwe NaOH ni:
- SO₂ (gas) ishongera mu mazi igahinduka aside sulfure (H₂SO₃).
- Hanyuma aside sulfure ikorana na sodium hydroxide (NaOH), igatanga sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) n'amazi.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Uku kugabanya ubushyuhe bwihuse kandi bukabije bituma sisitemu za NaOH zikuramo neza cyane. Mu gusukura hakoreshejwe lime cyangwa lime, ibi bikurikira ni byo byiganjemo:
- CaCO₃ cyangwa Ca(OH)₂ igira ingaruka kuri SO₂, igakora calcium sulfite, kandi iyo ikoreshejwe oxidation, calcium sulfate (gypsum).
- CaCO₃ + SO₂ → CaSO₃
- CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ubushobozi bw'izi ngeso zo gukaraba bushingiye ku bwinshi bwa sorbent, imikorere ya gaz-liquid, ubushyuhe, n'imiterere yihariye y'umugezi wa BOF flue gaz.
Ubwoko bw'Ingamba zo Gusukura Gazi mu Gukora Ibyuma
Uburyo bwo koza bukoresheje soda ikaze (NaOH) n'urusenda rw'amabuye y'agaciro/ilime ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho mu gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ya BOF. NaOH ikunzwe cyane kubera alkalinity yayo ikomeye n'uburyo bwo gukora vuba, bigatuma ikurwaho hafi ya SO₂ yose mu gihe hagenzurwa. Ariko, irahenze ugereranyije na lime cyangwa lime. Ubu buryo gakondo bushingiye kuri kalisiyumu buracyari ubusanzwe, akenshi bugera ku mikorere myiza ya 90–98% iyo ibipimo by'imikorere binoze.
Mu gusukura hakoreshejwe lime cyangwa lime, ubusanzwe gaze izamuka inyuze mu minara ipakiye cyangwa ikoreshwa mu gusukura mu gihe hatembagazwa ibinyabiziga kugira ngo habeho impuzandengo ihagije ya gaze n'amazi. Sulfite cyangwa sulfate bivamo bikurwa muri iyo gahunda, gypsum ikaba ari yo ikomokaho mu miterere ya lime/lime.
Gusukura hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa spray-dryer hakoreshejwe utudomo twa atome tw’urusenda cyangwa inshinge z’umushongi (DSI) mu kuvura imyuka mu buryo butaziguye mu bihe byumye. Trona, lime y’amazi, na lime ni byo bikunze gukoreshwa cyane. Trona igera ku gipimo cyo gukuraho SO₂ kinini muri ibi (kugeza kuri 94%), ariko lime na lime bitanga ubundi buryo bwizewe kandi buhendutse ku nganda nyinshi z’ibyuma. Sisitemu zo gusukura zizwiho gukoresha amazi make, koroshya kongera gushyiramo, no koroshya gukuraho ibintu byinshi birimo uduce duto na mercure.
Mu buryo bwa mashini, gusukura hakoreshejwe NaOH bikora binyuze mu kinyabutabire cy’amazi, birinda gukora ibintu bikomeye kandi byoroshya uburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya imyanda. Mu buryo bunyuranye, sisitemu y’ishwagara/ishwagara ikoresha uburyo bwo gukurura ubutare, bigatuma gypsum ikenera kwitabwaho cyangwa gutabwa. Gusukura hakoreshejwe spray-dryer bihuza uburyo bwo gukurura gaze na liquid, hamwe n’ibikomoka ku buryo byumye bikusanyirizwa nk’ibintu bikomeye.
Mu buryo bugereranije, NaOH itanga:
- Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buhanitse no kugenzura ibikorwa.
- Nta myanda ikomeye, byoroshya imicungire y'ibidukikije.
- Ibiciro bya reagent biri hejuru, bigatuma idakurura abantu benshi, ariko ikaba nziza aho hakenewe gukuraho SO₂ nyinshi cyangwa se gutakaza ibikoresho bikomeye bidafite akamaro.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha lime/lime:
- Ibiciro bya reagent bigabanuka.
- Imikorere yayo ihamye, yoroshye kuyihuza no kuyishyira mu gaciro.
- Gukenera uburyo bukomeye bwo gutunganya ibikomoka ku bimera n'ibindi bikomoka ku bimera.
Sisitemu zo kumisha no kumisha ifuro:
- Ubworoherane mu mikorere.
- Nubwo imikorere myiza ishobora kuba iri hejuru kuri trona, ikiguzi n'umusaruro bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ryayo mu buryo bufatika.
Guhuza NaOH Scrubbing mu bikorwa bya BOF
Ibikoresho byo gusukura NaOH bishyirwa munsi y'aho BOF ikura gaze, akenshi bigakurikira intambwe zo gukuraho ivumbi nko gukurura amashanyarazi cyangwa imifuka. Imyuka ikonjeshwa mbere yo kwinjira mu munara wo gusukura, aho ihura n'umuti wa NaOH uzenguruka. Imyanda ikurikiranwa buri gihe kugira ngo harebwe ubwinshi bw'amazi, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka icyuma gipima ubunini bw'amazi, icyuma gipima ubunini bw'amazi aturuka kuri soda, na sisitemu zagenewe kugenzura ubunini bw'amazi aturuka kuri alkali—urugero, Lonnmeter—kugira ngo harebwe ikoreshwa neza ry'ibinyabutabire kandi bifate neza SO₂.
Gushyira NaOH mu gusukura ni ingenzi cyane; umunara wo gusukura ugomba gushyirwa ahantu hashobora guhangana n’umuvuduko mwinshi wa gaze no kugumana umwanya uhagije wo gukorana. Imyanda iva muri scrubber ikunze koherezwa muri sisitemu yo kugabanya cyangwa yo gusubiza amazi mu buryo, bigabanye ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije kandi bigafasha kongera gukoresha amazi mu mazi.
Gushyira NaOH mu isuku mu itanura ry’ibanze rya ogisijeni byongera imikorere myiza muri rusange binyuze mu:
- Kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya SO₂.
- Gukuraho imyanda ikomeye mu gusukura imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kunoza iyubahirizwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'amabwiriza mashya.
- Kwemerera guhindura uburyo bwo gukora mu gihe nyacyo binyuze mu gupima ubunini bwa NaOH kuri interineti, bigamije kwemeza ko uburyo bwo gukora bugumana aho SO₂ ikurwa.
Uku guhuza gushyigikirwa n'uburyo bwuzuye bwo gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Bikemura ibibazo by'imyuka ihumanya ikirere biri mu ikorwa ry'icyuma cy'ibanze cya ogisijeni mu ifuru binyuze mu gutanga uburyo bwizewe kandi bushobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, bujyanye n'ibisabwa mu mategeko no mu mikorere bigezweho. Gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa rya alkali kuri interineti birushaho kunoza ikoreshwa rya NaOH, bikarinda ko imiti ikoreshwa cyane, kandi bigatuma sisitemu yo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere ikora mu buryo buhamye.
Igipimo cy'ubwinshi bwa NaOH: Akamaro n'uburyo
Uruhare rw'ingenzi rw'igenzura ry'ubwiyongere bwa NaOH
ByemeweIgipimo cy'ubunini bwa NaOHNi ingenzi cyane mu gikorwa cy’ibanze cyo gukaraba umwuka wa ogisijeni (BOF), cyane cyane mu gikorwa cyo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya. Kugenzura neza uburyo NaOH ikoreshwa mu gupima bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere ya SO₂ yo gukuraho SO₂. Iyo umuti wa soda udafite imbaraga nyinshi, gufata SO₂ biragabanuka, bigatuma imyuka ihumanya ikirere iba myinshi kandi bigatera kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije. Ku rundi ruhande, gukoresha NaOH cyane byongera ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho bigabanya umwuka kandi bigatera imyanda mu mikorere, bikongera umutwaro wo gutunganya no gucunga imyanda.
Kugabanya NaOH nabi bibangamira gahunda yose yo gusukura imyuka ihumanya. Kugabanya ubwinshi bwayo bihagije bitera ibintu bishya, aho SO₂ inyura mu cyuma gisukura kitavuwe. Kugabanya ubwinshi bwayo cyane byangiza umutungo kamere kandi bigatanga umusaruro ushobora kwirindwa wa sodium sulfate na karubone, bigatuma imyanda yo mu mazi irushaho kugorana. Ibyo bintu byombi bishobora kwangiza iyubahirizwa ry’ubuziranenge bw’umwuka no kongera ikiguzi cy’imikorere y’uruganda rw’icyuma.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gupima Ibipimo by'Ibyiyumviro kuri Interineti
Ibipimo byo gupima ubushyuhe kuri interineti, harimo n'ibipimo byo gupima ubushyuhe bwa soda ya Lonnmeter, bihindura uburyo bwo kuvura imyuka ihumanya binyuze mu gutanga igenzura rihoraho kandi mu gihe nyacyo. Ibi bikoresho bikora mu gupima pH, imikorere y'amazi, cyangwa byombi; buri buryo butanga ibyiza bitandukanye.
Ibikoresho byo gupima kuri interineti bishyirwa mu miyoboro y'ibinyobwa cyangwa mu matangi asubiramo ibinyobwa. Ingingo z'ingenzi zo guhuza ibi birimo:
- electrode za pH (ikirahure cyangwa imiterere ikomeye) zo gukurikirana alkalinity mu buryo butaziguye.
- Ibikoresho byo gupima ubwikorezi bw'amashanyarazi (icyuma kidakoresha irangi cyangwa electrode zirwanya ingese) kugira ngo bipime ingano ya ioni mu buryo bwagutse.
- Insinga zisohora ibimenyetso cyangwa imiyoboro y'itumanaho kugira ngo zihuzwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ry'uruganda, bigatuma habaho ikoreshwa ryikora ry'ibipimo.
Ibyiza byo gupima ubunini bwa NaOH kuri interineti birimo:
- Gushakisha amakuru mu buryo buhoraho kandi budahagarara.
- Guhita ubona ko NaOH yagabanutse cyangwa ko yarenze urugero.
- Kugabanuka kw'inshuro zo gufata ingero n'imirimo yo gupima hakoreshejwe intoki.
- Kongera uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa, kuko amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo yemerera guhindura uburyo bwo gupima ibiyobyabwenge bitewe n'ibyo bikenewe.
Ubushakashatsi bw’inganda bugaragaza ko guhuza ubwoko bwombi bw’ibipimo muri Lonnmeter cyangwa ibyuma bisa nabyo bipima byinshi byongera imbaraga zo kugenzura ubucucike bwa alkali kuri interineti. Ubu buryo buhuriweho ubu ni ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya, cyane cyane mu bikorwa binini kandi bihindagurika cyane nko gukora icyuma cy’ibanze cyo mu ifuru ya ogisijeni.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukurikirana no kubungabunga ubushobozi bwa NaOH
Gupima no kubungabunga neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakorwe neza kuri interineti. Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi bisaba gupima buri gihe—ibipimo bya pH bigomba gupimwa ahantu habiri cyangwa henshi hifashishijwe ibisubizo byemewe bya buffer bingana n'urugero rwa pH rwitezwe. Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi bigomba gupimwa hakurikijwe ibisubizo bisanzwe bifite imbaraga za ionic zizwi.
Gahunda yo kubungabunga ikubiyemo:
- Gusuzuma no gusukura buri gihe kugira ngo wirinde ko habaho umwanda cyangwa imvura ituruka kuri sodium carbonate cyangwa sulfate.
- Kugenzura igisubizo cy'ikoranabuhanga no kongera gupima nyuma y'ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose cya shimi cyangwa imiterere y'umubiri.
- Gusimbuza ibintu bya sensor ku gihe cyagenwe n'umukora, bigaragaza ko byangiritse cyane bitewe n'ikirere gishyushye cyane.
Gukemura ibibazo bikunze kugaragara:
- Guhindagurika kw'amajwi akenshi bituruka ku kwanduzwa kw'amajwi cyangwa kwangirika gushingiye ku myaka; kongera gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima amakuru bishobora gusubiza imiterere y'amajwi.
- Guhumanya ibintu biva mu nganda nka sodium sulfate bisaba gusukurwa hakoreshejwe imiti cyangwa gukuraho imashini.
- Kubangamira indi myunyu yashongeshejwe, ishobora kuzamura imikorere y’amazi mu buryo butari bwo, bigenzurwa no kugenzura buri gihe ibyavuye muri laboratwari no guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kwishyura muri icyo gipimo.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibice bihindura umwuka bivuze kugenzura NaOH yinjira kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge n'imiterere y'ibice bibikwa kugira ngo hatabaho kwinjiza CO₂ (ikora sodium karubone kandi ikagabanya imbaraga za caustic). Igenzura rya buri gihe ry'ibicuruzwa n'inyandiko rituma buri gihe ikoreshwa mu buryo bujyanye n'ibipimo, bigashyigikira imikorere y'ibice ndetse no kubahiriza amategeko.
Ubu buryo bushyigikira gupima neza ubunini bwa NaOH no gukora neza mu bikorwa bikomeye byo gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ari na byo by’ingenzi mu ntambwe z’ibanze mu gukora icyuma gikozwe mu itanura rya ogisijeni.
Ifuru y'ibanze ya ogisijeni
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Kunoza uburyo bwo gusukura gaze hakoreshejwe NaOH mu gukora ibyuma
Ingamba zo Kugenzura Imikorere
Uburyo bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu nganda mu gukora icyuma cy’ibanze cya ogisijeni mu itanura bushingiye ku gipimo nyacyo cya NaOH kugira ngo ikureho neza dioxyde sulfur (SO₂) na oxyde azote (NOₓ). Sisitemu zikoresha uburyo bwikora zihuza amakuru aboneka mu gihe nyacyo aturuka mu bipimo by’ubushyuhe kuri interineti nka Lonnmeter, bigatuma habaho gukurikirana ubushyuhe bwa alkali buri gihe. Izi sisitemu zihindura igipimo cya NaOH ako kanya, zigakomeza ubushyuhe bw’intego kugira ngo zirusheho kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa gaze no kugabanya ubusakare bw’ibinyabutabire.
Ibyiza ku bidukikije
Gusukura hakoreshejwe NaOH mu mazi, iyo bigenzuwe neza, bigeza kuri 92% bya SOx hamwe n'umuti wa NaOH wa 5%, nk'uko byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bukorwa ku bimera. Iri koranabuhanga rikunze guhuzwa na NaOCl, byongera igipimo cyo gukuraho imyanda myinshi, hamwe na sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zigera kuri 99.6% ku bushobozi bwa SOx ndetse no kugabanuka gukomeye kwa NOx. Iyo mikorere ijyanye n'ibyo urwego rw'ibyuma rwiyemeje mu bijyanye n'ikirere nk'uko biteganywa n'amasezerano ya Paris, bifasha abakora ibyuma kugenzura no kwemeza ko byemewe n'amategeko. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwihuse no gutanga ingero mu buryo bwikora nabyo bifasha mu kubona no gukosora vuba uburyo bwo gutunganya gaze itari muri spec, gukumira kutubahiriza amategeko n'amande ahenze.
Ikiguzi n'Imikorere Iboneye
Gupima neza igipimo cya NaOH hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo kugenzura igipimo cya alkali kuri interineti, nka Lonnmeter caustic soda, bituma ikiguzi kinini n'imikorere myiza mu ikorwa ry'ibikoresho by'ibanze bya ogisijeni. Sisitemu zo gupima zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zitunganya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire, zikagabanya ikiguzi cya shimi mu kwirinda gutanga dose irenze urugero cyangwa irenze urugero. Inyigo z'inganda zigaragaza ko imiti izigama igera kuri 45% iyo ipimwa hakoreshejwe ibipimo by'igihe nyacyo.
Izi ngamba zo gukora zigabanya kandi ubusaza bw'ibikoresho kandi zikagabanya igihe cyo kudakora. Gukurikirana ibintu mbere y'igihe bikozwe binyuze mu gukurikirana buri gihe bitanga umuburo hakiri kare ku bijyanye n'ibitagenda neza n'ibitagenda neza mu mikorere, bigatuma ibikorwa byo kubungabunga bitegurwa mbere yuko ibikoresho bigwa. Ubuhanga nko gupima ikirere no gusesengura imitingito byongera igihe cy'ubuzima bw'ibikoresho. Inganda zivuga ko zizigamye 8-12% by'amafaranga yo kubungabunga ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo kwirinda, na 40% ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, intambwe z'ibanze mu gukora icyuma gikozwe muri ogisijeni zirushaho kuba nziza, hamwe n'ingaruka zo gufunga bitateganijwe, umutekano urushaho kwiyongera, no kubahiriza amategeko yizewe. Gukoresha ubu buryo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa no gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere bituma abakora ibyuma bashobora kuringaniza intego z'ibidukikije n'ubukungu neza.
Imbogamizi n'ibisubizo bisanzwe mu gupima ubushobozi bwa NaOH
Gupima neza igipimo cya NaOH mu buryo bw'ibanze bw'itanura rya ogisijeni ni ingenzi cyane mu gukaraba neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kugenzura uburyo ikorwa, no kubahiriza amahame y'ubuziranenge bw'icyuma. Ingorane eshatu zihoraho ni ukubangamira izindi miti, guhumanya ikirere, no kugabanya imirimo yo gufata ingero n'intoki.
Gucunga ingaruka z'ibindi binyabutabire mu byuka bihumanya ikirere
Uburyo bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere bukunze gukoresha NaOH mu gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ariko, kuba hari izindi iyoni—nk'ibirungo, koloride, na karubone—bishobora guhindura imiterere y'inzoga isukura no kugorana kumenya ingano yayo.
- Kwivanga kw'umubiri:Izi myanda za ionic zishobora guhindura ubucucike cyangwa ubukana bw'umuti, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bipimo bivuye mu bipimo by'ubucucike bishingiye ku bucucike kuri interineti nka Lonnmeter. Urugero, urugero rwo hejuru rwa SO₂ yashongeshejwe rushobora kugira ingaruka ku gukora sodium sulfite, bigatuma igipimo cya NaOH kidakurikije ibipimo cyangwa ngo bihabwe ibisubizo by'ibice byinshi.
- Igisubizo:Ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter bigezweho birimo uburyo bwo gutandukanya ubucucike n'ubushyuhe, bigabanya amakosa aterwa no kuba ibintu bivangavanga bihari. Gupima buri gihe ukurikije ibipimo bizwi bifite imyanda isa nabyo birushaho kunoza uburyo bwo gupima intambwe za BOF zirimo imiyoboro ya gazi ivanze n'imiti. Guhuza ibikoresho byinshi bipima gazi bifasha kandi gutandukanya imiterere ya NaOH kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza reagents.
Gukemura ikibazo cy'ibiza mu byuma bipima no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo
Udukoko tubaho iyo uduce duto, amazi yarenze, cyangwa ibintu biturutse ku bipimo byirundanyije ku buso bw’ibipima. Mu bihe bikomeye byo gusukura imyuka ya BOF, ibipima bihura n’uduce duto, ibisigazwa by’umunyu n’ibisigazwa by’ibimera bito—buri kimwe muri ibyo bigira uruhare mu gusesengura amakosa no kubibazwa.
- Inkomoko zisanzwe z’ibintu bihumanya:Imvura nk'iy'umukara wa kalisiyumu na okiside y'icyuma ishobora gutwikira igice gihindagurika cya sensor, igatuma ijwi ryayo rigabanuka cyangwa rigahindagurika. Kwiyongera kw'imyanda ifatana birushaho kubangamira uburyo ibimenyetso bidahinduka.
- Igisubizo:Ibipimo by'ubushyuhe bya Lonnmeter byakozwe bifite ubuso bworoshye kandi budashobora kwangirika hamwe n'uburyo bwo gusukura bushobora gukoreshwa nko koza ahantu hamwe no gukaraba hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu byiyongera. Isuku ikorwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwikora ishobora gutegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugenzura, ikarushaho kunoza ubuzima bw'ibikoresho byo gupima no kwemeza ko ibintu biramba neza. Isuzuma ryifashishijwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga rituma abakora ibikoresho bamenya ko ibintu bihinduka cyangwa bidafite isuku, bigatuma habaho kwitabwaho bidasaba igenzura ryakozwe n'intoki kenshi.
Kugabanya Ingero n'Isesengura ry'Umurimo ku Gikoresho
Gupima ubunini bwa NaOH bisanzwe bishingiye ku gupima intoki no kugabanya umubare w’ibipimo bya laboratwari. Ubu buryo butwara igihe kinini, bushobora gukora amakosa, kandi butuma habaho gutinda gutanga raporo bibangamira ihinduka ry’ibikorwa mu gihe nyacyo rikenewe mu gihe cyo gukora ibyuma by’ingenzi.
- Ingaruka mbi zo gufata ingero n'intoki:Ubukangurambaga bwo gupima ibintu bubangamira imikorere y’ibikorwa, bugatera ibyago byo kwandura imiti ihumanya ikirere, kandi bugatanga amakuru igihe kinini, bigahungabanya uburyo bwo gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
- Igisubizo:Gushyira hamwe uburyo bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa rya alkali kuri Lonnmeter mu buryo butaziguye muri PLC cyangwa sisitemu zo kugenzura zikwirakwizwa (DCS) bituma habaho gutanga ibitekerezo mu buryo bwihuse kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo gusuzuma no gupima ingano y’ibicuruzwa. Ibi bipimo by’ikoreshwa rya soda bihora byohereza amakuru mu cyumba cy’igenzura, bigakuraho akazi gasanzwe kandi bigafasha ababikora kwibanda ku kugenzura ingamba. Inyandiko z’imikorere zemeza ko ubwo buryo bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa rya alkali kuri interineti bugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibipimo ku kigero cya 80%, mu gihe bushyigikira ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya kugira ngo hakomeze kubahirizwa kandi habeho uburinganire mu bicuruzwa.
Inganda zikora ibyuma zikora imirimo ya BOF igezweho ubu zishingiye ku bipimo bigezweho birimo ibikoresho bya Lonnmeter kugira ngo bikemure ibi bibazo, gushyigikira uburyo bukomeye bwo gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kunoza ikoreshwa rya alkali.
Inama zo Guhuza Ibikorwa mu Kugenzura Imikorere no Gucunga Amakuru mu buryo Bunoze
Gupima neza ubucucike bwa NaOH kuri interineti biterwa no guhuza neza n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa. Huza ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri sisitemu za DCS, PLC, cyangwa SCADA kugira ngo bigenzurwe kandi bigenzurwe neza. Menya neza ko ibimenyetso bya sensor byapimwe neza kandi byemejwe mbere yo gukoreshwa mu buryo bwikora cyangwa mu gucunga inzogera. Shyiraho inzogera z'ubucucike bwinshi/buciriritse kugira ngo bitume ukora igikorwa mu gihe cyo gutandukanya inzoga ya caustic mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura imyuka ifunze.
Kugira ngo amakuru abe yizewe:
- Koresha gahunda zo gupima buri gihe ukoresheje ibisubizo byemewe.
- Shyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kubika amakuru mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo habeho isesengura ry'ibigezweho no gusuzuma amategeko agenga ikoreshwa ry'amakuru.
- Koresha uburyo bwo gusesengura amakuru aho ari ngombwa cyane; shyiramo ibikoresho byo kubika amakuru cyangwa imiyoboro ibiri y'amakuru.
- Amakuru yo kuri interineti ava kuri interineti ashyirwa muri sisitemu y'amateka y'ibikorwa kugira ngo habeho isuzuma ryimbitse mu gihe cyo gukemura ibibazo cyangwa igenzura ry'ibikorwa.
Kugira ngo habeho imikorere myiza cyane, hahuzwa uburyo bwo guhuza imikorere n'ibipimo by'inganda—wishingikirije kuri DCS kugira ngo habeho ibikorwa byinshi kandi bihoraho bya BOF; cyangwa PLC/SCADA kuri sisitemu za modular cyangwa iz'icyitegererezo zisaba kuvugururwa vuba. Mu gihe cyo gutegura gahunda yo guhuza imikorere, shyiramo amatsinda y'abahanga mu gupima no kwemeza imiterere y'ibikoresho kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa mu itumanaho no gutakaza amakuru.
Umwanzuro
Gupima neza igipimo cya NaOH ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo uburyo bwo gukaraba imyuka ifuru bukore kandi bwizewe mu gukora icyuma cy’ibanze cya ogisijeni mu itanura. Gukurikirana neza kandi mu buryo nyabwo NaOH bituma SO₂ na NOx bikurwaho neza, ibyo bikaba bishyigikira mu buryo butaziguye imikorere myiza ndetse n’ibisabwa mu kubahiriza amategeko. Gukomeza igipimo cya NaOH gikwiye bituma habaho imikorere myiza yo gukaraba, bigabanye ikorwa ry’ibikomoka ku bimera n’ikoreshwa ry’ibidakenewe, ndetse no kwirinda ibibazo by’imikorere nko kwangirika no kwangirika mu buryo.
Gukoresha sisitemu zigezweho zo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire bya alkali kuri interineti—nk’izikoresha uburyo bwo gutwara ibinyabutabire byinshi, umunyu, no kumenya alkali—byabaye ikitegererezo cy’inganda. Binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikomeye nka metero zipima ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire kuri interineti n’imashini zipima ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire bya soda, abakora muri izi nganda babona ubumenyi buhoraho ku miterere y’imikorere. Izi sisitemu zorohereza kugenzura ihinduka ry’imikorere kandi zigatuma habaho impinduka mu buryo bukemura ihinduka ry’umutwaro cyangwa imiterere ya gaze, bigatuma ibikoresho bihindura intambwe zabyo z’ibanze mu gukora icyuma gikozwe muri ogisijeni mu buryo bunonosoye.
Gutunganya ibikorwa bikomezwa no guhuza ibikoresho byo gupima neza hamwe n’ingamba zo kugenzura ibitekerezo, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu buryo bwihuta mu gupima NaOH. Ibi ntibikomeza gusa gukuraho neza mu buryo bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ahubwo binagabanya ikiguzi cyo kurengera ibidukikije n’imari bijyana no gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere cyane cyangwa idafite imyuka ihagije. Gukurikirana neza NaOH bituma uburyo bw’ibanze bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere buhura neza n’intego zo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu mabwiriza y’inganda kandi bigahuza n’uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kuyisukura.
Mu rwego rw’amategeko asaba kugenzura neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ibikorwa remezo bikomeye byo gupima si itegeko rya tekiniki gusa ahubwo ni itegeko ry’ubucuruzi. Gukoresha ibipimo by’ingufu—nk’ibyatanzwe na Lonnmeter—biha inganda z’ibyuma ubushobozi bwo kugera ku ntego z’ingufu zikoreshwa n’ubuyobozi mu buryo bwizewe, bikaba ari byo bishyigikira gahunda zo kunoza imikorere no kwandika ibisabwa mu nyandiko. Ibi bishyira igipimo nyacyo cy’ingufu za NaOH mu mwanya w’ingenzi mu gukora neza imikorere no mu bikorwa birambye mu nganda z’ibyuma.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Gusukura imyuka ikoresha amashanyarazi ni iki kandi kuki ari ngombwa mu ikorwa ry'ibanze ry'itanura rya ogisijeni?
Gusukura imyuka ihumanya ni uburyo bwo kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikoreshwa mu gukuraho imyuka ihumanya nka dioxyde de sulfur (SO₂) mu mwuka usohoka mu gihe cyo gukora icyuma cya ogisijeni (BOF). Ubu buryo burinda ibidukikije bugabanya imyuka ihumanya ihumanya ihumanya ihumanya ikoresheje aside gaz no kurekura uduce duto, bigatuma inganda z'ibyuma zuzuza amahame y'ubuziranenge bw'umwuka n'imyuka ihumanya ihumanya ikoresheje aside gaz. Uburyo bwa BOF busohora ingano nini ya dioxyde de carbone, monoxide de carbone, na sulfure irimo, bigasaba ko habaho isuku ikomeye ya gaz kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka ku bidukikije no ku micungire y'amategeko.
Uburyo bwo gukaraba imyuka ikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma bukora bute?
Mu nganda z'ibyuma za BOF, gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere bishingiye ku gukurura imyuka ihumanya ikirere kugira ngo ikurweho imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ubusanzwe, ibi bikubiyemo kohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu cyuma gifata aho ikintu gikurura imyuka - akenshi sodium hydroxide (NaOH, izwi kandi nka caustic soda) cyangwa limestone slurry - gikora hamwe na dioxyde de sulfur na aside. Urugero, iyo NaOH ikoreshejwe, SO₂ igira ingaruka ku gukora sodium sulfite cyangwa sulfate ishonga, bigatuma iyo myuka igabanuka. Umuti wo gukaraba ufata imyanda, kandi gaze isukuye igasohoka. Gukaraba neza biterwa no kugenzura no kugenzura neza imiti yo gukaraba muri iki gikorwa cyose.
Ni izihe ntambwe z'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gukora icyuma gikozwe mu itanura rya ogisijeni?
Uburyo bwo gukora icyuma cya BOF bugizwe n'intambwe zihariye kandi zikurikiranirwa hafi:
- Gushyira umuriro w’ibanze wa ogisijeni mu itanura rishyushye kandi rishongeshejwe (ubusanzwe riva mu itanura riturika), ibyuma bisigaye, n’ibihumye nk’amabuye y’agaciro.
- Guhumeka ogisijeni yuzuye isuku binyuze mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, bikongera ogisijeni vuba cyane (cyane cyane karuboni, silikoni, na fosifore) bigahinduka imyuka nka CO₂ na CO₂.
- Gutandukanya icyuma gishongeshejwe n'icyuma cyifuzwa (kirimo imyanda ya oxidized).
- Kongera kunoza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhindura ingano y'icyuma no gushushanya icyuma.
Muri izi ntambwe, imyuka myinshi ihumanya isaba gukaraba imyuka y'amazi, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo guhumeka no gutunganya ogisijeni.
Kuki igipimo cyo gupima ubukana bw'ibipimo kuri interineti ari ingenzi mu gupima ubukana bwa NaOH?
Ibipimo by'ubucucike kuri interineti bitanga uburyo buhoraho bwo gupima ubucucike bwa NaOH mu buryo bwo gukaraba. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hakurweho neza ubucucike bwa sulfure dioxide, bigabanye imyanda ya shimi, kandi bikomeze kudahinduka—hatabayeho gukora isuzuma rito cyangwa isuzuma rya laboratwari. Gukurikirana byikora bituma habaho gusubiza vuba ihindagurika ry'imikorere, birinda gukoresha amafaranga menshi ku miti, kandi bigabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije ziterwa no kudakoresha NaOH bihagije cyangwa birenze urugero. Ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter bitanga ibitekerezo bihoraho, bigatuma ababikora bashobora kunoza imikorere no kwemeza ko intego zo gusohora imyuka zihumanya ikirere zigerwaho, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku kiguzi no kubahiriza amategeko.
Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu gupima ubunini bwa NaOH mu buryo bwo gukaraba imyuka ihumanya ikirere?
Igipimo cya NaOH gishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe:
- Ingano y'amanota:Gufata ingero n'intoki no gupima ingero za laboratwari hakoreshejwe aside hydrochloric. Nubwo ari byo koko, ubu buryo bukoresha imbaraga nyinshi, butinda, kandi bushobora gutinda mu guhindura imikorere.
- Ibipimo byo gupima ibipimo kuri interineti:Ibikoresho nka Lonnmeter bikoresha imiterere ifatika (urugero: ubwiyongere bw'amashanyarazi, umuvuduko w'amajwi), cyangwa tekiniki zigezweho z'amajwi (nk'ifotometeri ya infrared), kugira ngo bipime ako kanya, mu murongo.
Ibikoresho bipima amashanyarazi bikoreshwa cyane ariko bishobora kugira ingaruka ku myunyu ngugu. Isuzuma ry’amabara menshi rya NIR rishobora kwibasira cyane cyane imyuka itera umuyaga, ndetse n’aho hari ibindi bicuruzwa bitanga umusaruro. Ibikoresho bishya bihuza amahame atandukanye yo gupima kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza kandi mu buryo bufatika mu gihe cy’ibiza bito bikunze kugaragara mu buryo bwo koza ibyuma.
Ubu buryo butuma ingano ya soda ikoreshwa mu gukaraba iguma mu rugero rwiza, bugafasha ikoranabuhanga ryiza kandi rinoze ryo gusukura imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-27-2025
