Uburemere bw'amazi ashyushye aside bugena umuvuduko w'amazi ashyushye akenewe kugira ngo habeho kuvunika kandi bugategeka ko imvune ikwirakwira mu mabuye. Gupima neza no kugenzura uburemere bw'amazi ni ingenzi mu kunoza imiterere y'amavunika, gushyigikira iterambere ry'amavunika, no kwemeza ko aside ikwirakwira mu maso y'amavunika. Guhitamo uburemere bukwiye birinda amazi menshi ava mu miterere yayo kandi byongera aside kugira ngo imvune yongere, amaherezo bigira ingaruka ku rugero rwo kwaguka kw'amavunika aside kandi bigatuma ahantu ho gusohora amavuta harushaho kuba heza.
Intego y'ibanze y'amazi ashyushye aside
Uburyo bwo kuvura aside fracture nicyaneigiceial ingukangura ikigega cy'amaziofImiterere y’umusarane irangwa n’imyenge mike n’ingufu nke zo kwinjira. Intego nyamukuru ni ukurenga inzitizi zisanzwe zo gushoka no kongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura hydrocarbon binyuze mu gushyiraho inzira ziyobora amazi mu mabuye akomeye. Gushwanyaguza aside bigira uruhare mu buryo bubiri: gukora icyuho hakoreshejwe inshinge za aside zishyirwamo umwuka, hanyuma bikagura kandi bigaca ukubiri kw’icyuho binyuze mu buryo bugenzurwa bwa aside-rock. Ibi byagura agace k’amazi yo mu kigega cy’amavuta kandi bikongera umusaruro w’uturere twabangamiwe mbere no kwangirika kw’icyuho cyangwa icyuho kidahagije.
Indi mbogamizi ni uguhindura uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika aside kugira ngo ahuze n'imiterere n'imikorere y'ikigega cy'amazi. Uburyo aside-rock ikoreshwa n'umuvuduko w'imikorere y'aside-rock biratandukanye cyane bitewe n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye, igitutu, ubushyuhe, n'ikoreshwa ry'inyongera z'amazi akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika. Ibi bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko n'uburyo akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika aside ... Bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko n'uburyo akoreshwa mu gushwanyagurika aside, ndetse no ku ngaruka zo kuziba kw'ibumba, kubyimba kw'ibumba, cyangwa ingaruka mbi ku mikorere y'ibintu, byose bishobora kwangiza uburyo amazi ashoka kandi bikagabanya umusaruro mu gihe kirekire.
Ikigega cy'amavuta ya Shale
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Ingingo z'ibanze zo gushwanyaguza aside mu bigega by'amavuta ya Shale
Uburyo bwo gukora imvune
Gucika kw'ivunika mu bigega bya peteroli bya shale byishingikiriza ku gutsinda imbaraga nyinshi ziri mu butaka n'imbaraga z'amabuye binyuze mu gucika kw'amazi cyangwa aside. Muri ibi bice bike byo kwinjiramo, inzira nini zo gutemberamo amavuta ni gake ziba. Iri hame rikubiyemo gutera amazi aside ku gitutu gihagije kugira ngo arenze igitutu cyo gucika kw'amazi - ni ukuvuga nibura gisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe imiturire mu matrix y'amabuye. Iyi nzira ishingiye ku buryo butaziguye ku mayeri y'ibanze y'amabuye: iyo igitutu gikoreshejwe kirenze urugero rw'ivunika, imiturire mishya iravuka, akenshi ikurikiza inzira zo kudakomera cyane zigenwa n'imiterere y'ibitanda, imiturire karemano, na anisotropy y'imashini mu rutare.
Igitutu cyo kwangirika kiratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibuye n'amazi yo kwangirika. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko amazi nka CO₂ atera imbaraga nyinshi zo kwangirika no gucikamo ibice bitoroshye ugereranije na H₂O cyangwa N₂. Imiterere kandi ishingira ku mbaraga zo kwangirika kw'ingirabuzimafatizo, uburyo bwo kwangirika, no kuba hari imiterere idakomeye. Inyigisho y'intera ikomeye—ishingiye ku isuzuma rya laboratwari n'iry'ubutaka—igaragaza igitutu cyo gutangira kwangirika gikenewe nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ubukana bw'imbaraga ku mpera y'ingirabuzimafatizo, iteganya aho n'igihe kwangirika kudakomeye bizabera.
Ubuhanga mu miyoboro y’amagufwa yakozwe burushaho kugerwaho hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gukura kw’amagufwa mu mirongo igoramye aho kuba mu miyoboro igororotse. Ubu buryo bwongera ingano y’ikigega gishyushye. Ubuhanga nko gucika kw’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi butera imivuduko y’umuvuduko, bigatera gutangira no guhuza amagufwa ahinduka amashami n’amagufwa, bigatuma habaho kunyura mu buryo bunoze ku nzitizi za lithological no kutagira aho guhurira. Amagufwa agoye kandi afite amashami menshi yakozwe muri ubu buryo yongerera ubushobozi ubuso bwo gusohora amazi no kunoza uburyo bwo kugera kuri hydrocarbons zari zaratandukanyijwe.
Kubaho kw'amasasu biterwa kandi no guhuza imiterere y'ubutaka n'igenzura ry'imikorere. Ibintu by'ubutaka—nk'imiterere y'imihangayiko, imiterere y'amasasu, imiterere y'amabuye y'agaciro, no kuba hari imigozi idakomeye—bigenga inzira amasasu ashobora gucikamo. Guhindura imiterere y'ubuhanga, harimo no gushushanya amazi akomoka ku gisasu no gucunga umuvuduko uhindagurika, bituma habaho imiterere y'imiyoboro ijyanye neza n'imiterere karemano y'ikigega.
Imiterere y'ikigega cy'amazi igira ingaruka ku gushwanyaguza aside
Ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira no kugabanuka kw'imyenge ni byo bigaragaza imiterere y'ibigega bya peteroli bya shale. Imiterere yombi igabanya urujya n'uruza rw'amazi karemano, bigatuma ikwirakwira neza ry'imyenge rigira akamaro kanini mu gukora. Mu buryo bukomeye cyane bwa matrix, imyenge iterwa n'imyenge igomba kuba nini bihagije kugira ngo ihuze n'imiyoboro y'imyenge isanzwe cyangwa uduce duto. Ariko, kwiyongera kw'imyenge bitewe na aside akenshi ntibingana bitewe n'ubusumbane mu miterere y'amabuye, mineralogy, n'imiterere.
Ubwinshi bw'amazi n'ubujyakuzimu bigenzura amazi ava mu mazi no gutwara aside. Mu mabuye afite imiterere mibi y'imyenge cyangwa uduce duto dufatanye, aside ivamo iragabanuka, bigatuma gukata aside mu gukata hydraulic fracturing bidakora neza. Aho imiyoboro y'amazi idasohoka cyangwa igoramye cyane, uburyo bwo kunoza uburyo imiyoboro ihuriramo buhinduka ingenzi. Uburyo bubi bwo gukata amashanyarazi mu mazi bushobora kuba burimo gusubiramo imikorere, gukoresha imiyoboro ihindura imiterere, cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura buvanze.
Ubudasa bw'amabuye—uburyo butandukanye bw'ibice, ubucucike bw'amacandwe, n'uburyo amabuye y'agaciro akwirakwira—bitanga inzira nziza zo gukwirakwira no kuvaho kw'amacandwe. Uburyo bwo gukorana n'aside n'amabuye n'umuvuduko w'ibikorwa bya aside n'amabuye biratandukanye mu kigega cyose, cyane cyane hafi y'aho ubwoko bw'amabuye butandukanye buhurira. Aho aside ihura n'imirongo ikungahaye kuri karubone, gukorana vuba bishobora gutuma habaho ubugari bw'amacandwe bungana n'imiterere y'amacandwe. Ibi bishobora guteza imbere cyangwa kubangamira uburyo bwo guhuza bitewe n'ubudasa bw'ahantu.
Gusohoka kw'amazi ni ikindi kibazo mu bice bitandukanye by'imirongo yacitsemo ibice. Gusohoka cyane mu bice bifite imyenge myinshi cyangwa imvune zifunguye bishobora kugabanya kwaguka neza kw'imvune nyamukuru. Ku rundi ruhande, uturere duto dusohokamo amazi dushobora kubangamira kwinjira kwa aside no kwaguka k'urusobe rw'imirongo yacitsemo ibice. Uburyo bwo gukora ibinyabutabire bigabanya aside—harimo no gukoresha aside zivanze cyangwa zifatanye, hamwe n'ibindi binyabutabire byagenewe ubwoko bw'amabuye—bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye kuri ibi bivamo, bigatuma ababikora bongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mabuye no kunoza aho amazi aturuka.
Gukangura neza muri ibi bidukikije bigoye bisaba kwibanda ku bintu bibiri: kugenzura neza uburyo bwo kuvunika no kunoza imiterere y’ubwikorezi bw’amabuye binyuze mu gukora neza kw’amazi yo kuvunika hakoreshejwe hydraulic. Gukata aside kugira ngo yongere kuvunika, gucunga amazi ava mu mazi, no kuvunika mu nzira zigose ni ingenzi mu gutsinda inzitizi ziterwa no kutagira ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mazi no guhuza nabi mu bigega bya peteroli ya shale.
Amazi yo gushwanyaguza aside: Imiterere, ubucucike, n'imikorere
Ibice n'uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza aside
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya aside bushingiye ku guhindura sisitemu za shimi kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kongerera imbaraga imvune no kugarura amavuta. Sisitemu ya aside ikoreshwa cyane ni aside hydrochloric (HCl), akenshi iri hagati ya 5% na 28%, yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku buryo bwo kuyivura n'intego zo kuyivura. Izindi aside zirimo aside organic nka aside asetiki cyangwa formike kugira ngo yoroshye cyangwa yoroshye.imiterere y’ibintu birwanya ubushyuheUruvange cyangwa sisitemu za aside zishyirwa mu byiciro zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukoresha ibikorwa bitandukanye mu gihe cyo kuvurwa.
Inyongeramusaruro z'ingenzi zijyana na aside. Ibirwanya ingese, intensifiers, ibyuma bigenzura icyuma, n'ibidateza imbere ibidukikije birinda imiyoboro y'amazi, bigabanye imvura, kandi bigahagarika ikorwa rya emulsion. Polymeri zikoze mu buryo bwa synthetic zigenda zishyirwa hamwe nk'ibikomeza ubwinshi—akenshi na polyacrylamide (HPAM) cyangwa copolymers nshya—kugira ngo zongere ubukana bwo gushyira aside neza, suspension ya proppant, no kugenzura amazi ava. Surfactants, anionic (urugero: sodium dodecyl sulfate) na non-ionic (urugero: ethoxylated alcohols), ni ingenzi mu gutuma sisitemu y'ifuro ihagarara neza, kongera uburyo bwo guhindura ubushuhe, no kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ubuso kugira ngo icyuma gifatanye neza n'amabuye n'aside.
Gufata amazi no gucunga ibisigazwa ni ingenzi cyane. Inyongeramusaruro zitakaza amazi nka polymer zishingiye kuri sitashi cyangwa polymer zigezweho zigabanya kwinjira muri matrix, bigatuma aside ikomeza kuvunika. Ibisigazwa—oxidative (urugero, persulfate) cyangwa enzyme—bishyirwa mu kwangiza ibisigazwa nyuma yo kuvurwa, bigabanye ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibisigazwa no kwangirika kw'imiterere yabyo. Ariko, gukorana n'amazi yakozwe cyangwa ibisigazwa biri munsi y'ubushyuhe bishobora gutera imvura y'ubutare nka barite, bigasaba igenzura ryitondewe ry'uko sisiteme ihuye.
Ingero z'imiti ikomeza gutera imbere zirimo:
- Sisitemu za aside zidakora: gukoresha gel za surfactant-polymer kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka za aside-rock kugira ngo byinjire cyane mu bice bya karubone bikomeye.
- Polima zishyuha cyane kandi zihanganira umunyu (urugero, copolymers za P3A zikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike) kugira ngo zigire ubushyuhe buhamye kandi zigire ibisigazwa bike mu byobo birebire.
- Ubutabire bw'icyatsi kibisi, burimo aside L-ascorbic, butuma habaho kugumana ubushyuhe no kurinda antioxydants kugeza kuri 300°F nta bikomoka ku bidukikije bikomeza kubaho.
Gupima ubukana n'akamaro mu gushwanyaguza aside
Gupima neza ubukana bw'amazi acukura aside bisabaviscometers zifite umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi (HPHT)ishoboye kwigana stress yo hasi n'ubushyuhe. Ubuhanga bw'ingenzi burimo:
- Viscometer zizunguruka kugira ngo hamenyekane ubukana bw'ishingiro ry'umubumbe.
- Viscometer za HPHT zikoreshwa mu gupima imikorere ya viscoelastic mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe cyangwa umuvuduko.
Akamaro k'ubushyuhe bw'izuba kari mu byiciro byinshi:
- Imiterere yo gushushanya no kwagura imvune: Aside ifite ubukana buke ituma habaho imiterere ikomeye y’imisemburo cyangwa imigozi; ubukana bwinshi butuma habaho iterambere ry’imiyoboro migari kandi ingana, biganisha ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo imisemburo igenda ihinduka no kwaguka. Kwongera ubunini bw’imisemburo, urugero, bitera ubuso bunini bw’imisemburo no gukura gukomeye kw’imisemburo, nk’uko ibizamini byo muri laboratwari byo gushakisha irangi mu murima n’amabara byemeza.
- Uburyo bwo koroshya no gukwirakwiza imvune: Amazi y’umukara agenzura neza ishyirwa rya aside, agashishikariza kwinjira mu mvune z’umwimerere kandi agatuma amazi yo mu kigega cy’amavuta asohoka neza. Isuzuma ry’imibare rikoresha ibipimo by’umukara nyuma yo gushonga rihuza ubwinshi bw’umukara n’imiyoboro y’umukara ikwirakwira kandi ihoraho, bifitanye isano n’umusaruro mwinshi.
Urugero, muri Marcellus shale ikungahaye kuri karubone, hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya aside yikora cyangwa ifitanye isano—aho ubushyuhe bukabije bugumana nubwo haba hari ubushyuhe bw’ikigega cy’amazi—bituma nibura imvune n’amazi birushaho kuba byinshi ku kigero cya 20–30% ugereranije na HCl idahinduwe.
Uburyo aside n'urutare bikoreshwa mu gucika aside
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Ikoranabuhanga rya Acid-Rock Reaction Kinetics n'isano ryaryo n'ubucucike
Uburyo aside n'amabuye bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo amazi acucitse. Sisitemu za aside zisanzwe zigira ingaruka vuba hamwe n'imyunyu ngugu ya karubone, zigashyira ishonga hafi y'aho amazi anyura kandi zikagabanya ubujyakuzimu bwo kwinjira. Sisitemu za aside zasubitswe, zikoresha surfactants za viscoelastic cyangwa emulsions za aside polymer, zigabanya umuvuduko wo gukwirakwira kwa iyoni za hydrogen, bigagabanya umuvuduko rusange wa aside n'amabuye. Ibi bituma aside yinjira cyane mu miterere y'amazi make cyangwa afite porosity nke mbere yuko ikoreshwa, bigatuma habaho gucikagurika no kuvunika igihe kirekire.
Ihinduka ry'igipimo cy'imyitwarire rishobora guhindurwa binyuze muri ibi bikurikira:
- Guhindura ikigereranyo cya surfactant/polymer kugira ngo bihindure neza ikwirakwizwa rya aside.
- Gutera aside mu buryo bukurikiranye—gutera aside idakora neza no kuyitera buri gihe—bitanga uburyo bwo gushushanya hafi y’aho imera neza no kuyitera mu buryo bwimbitse, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu igerageza ry’iterwa ry’aside rikurikirana aho uburyo bwo guhinduranya aside butanga gushushanya neza no kunoza uburyo bwo gukurura amazi mu kigega.
Ingaruka zihuriweho zituruka ku guhuza:
- Polymer zivanze n'ibintu bita “non ionic surfactants” bitera ubushyuhe bukomeye kandi byongera ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe n'umunyu, nk'uko byemejwe n'isuzuma ry'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire n'umucanga mu gihe cy'ibigega by'amazi byifashishijwe mu buryo bwa “reservoir”.
- Uruvange rwa alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP), hamwe na sisitemu za nanocomposite (urugero, graphene oxide-polymer), binoza ubukana bugenzura umuvuduko n'ubudahangarwa bwa aside, mu gihe binafasha mu kugenzura imiterere no gukuraho aside isigaye - ni ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo aside icika mu miyoboro y’amazi itandukanye ndetse no mu kongera gukira kw’ingirabuzimafatizo nke cyangwa zifite porosity nke.
Ibizamini bya micro-model na coreflood byemeza ko izi formulaires zakozwe neza zongera igihe cyo gukorana na aside, gukora buhoro hamwe n’imyunyu ngugu, kunoza ubuso bwacitse, no kongera imiyoboro y’amazi mu kigega cy’amavuta, bigaragaza isano ifatika iri hagati y’imiterere y’amazi ashyushye aside, ubukana, uburyo aside-rock ikora, hamwe n’imikorere myiza yo gukurura ikigega muri rusange.
Ingaruka za Geometrie yo kwangirika ku kwinjira kwa aside no ku mikorere yayo
Imiterere y'ivunika—cyane cyane uburebure, ubugari (aperture), n'uburyo ikwirakwira mu mwanya—bigena cyane uburyo aside yinjira bityo bigatuma aside ivunika neza. Ivunika rinini kandi rinini rituma aside ikwirakwira cyane, ariko ubushobozi bushobora kugabanuka bitewe n' “impinduka” za aside, aho aside idakoreshejwe igera ku mpera y'ivunika idakora neza mu nzira. Ihindagurika ry'ivunika, cyane cyane ivunika ry'imirongo cyangwa rikozwe mu nkuta zidahuje, rituma ivunika cyane binyuze mu gutanga inzira nziza no kugabanya ibura rya aside itaragera.
- Ihindagurika ry'aho umuntu afunguka:Ubuso bukozwe mu miyoboro bwakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukata aside bukomeza gutwara ibintu mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe kandi bugatanga inzira nziza zo gutwara aside.
- Aho ibintu biherereye:Imvune zegereye aho amazi anyura zemerera aside gukwirakwira neza, mu gihe imvune ziri kure cyangwa zifite amashami menshi zigira akamaro mu gutera aside mu byiciro bitandukanye cyangwa mu gusimburana kw'imisemburo ya aside/amazi adafite aho ahuriye n'imitsi.
- Gutera inshinge mu byiciro byinshi:Guhinduranya aside n'amazi akoresha spacer bishobora kongera gushushanya ku maso hagufi, bigatera kwinjira cyane no kwaguka neza kw'amagufwa asanzwe n'ayatewe n'ayo magufwa.
Iperereza ryo mu murima no muri laboratwari hakoreshejwe micro-CT scanning na numero model bigaragaza ko ubukana bw'imiterere y'ikirere n'ubukana bigenzura igipimo cy'ihinduka ry'aside-rock ndetse n'urugero rwo kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu kirere. Bityo, imiterere ikwiye yo gucikamo aside ihuza neza imiterere ya aside na gahunda zo gutera aside n'imiterere y'ibyitegererezo by'ivunika ryihariye, bigatuma habaho imikorere myiza kandi irambye y'ivunika no kongera gukira kw'amavuta.
Ingamba zo kunoza uburyo bwo gukata neza aside
Guhitamo sisitemu za aside n'inyongeramusaruro
Gukoresha neza aside fracturing bishingiye cyane ku guhitamo sisitemu nziza za aside. Sisitemu za aside zasubitswe, nka aside gelized cyangwa emulsified, zakozwe kugira ngo zigabanye umuvuduko w’ihinduka rya aside-rock. Ibi bituma yinjira cyane mu gice cy’ihinduka ry’aside no gusya aside imwe. Mu buryo bunyuranye, sisitemu zisanzwe za aside—ubusanzwe aside hydrochloric idahinduka—zigira ingaruka vuba, akenshi zikagabanya uburebure bw’aside kandi zikagabanya kwaguka kw’ihinduka ry ...
Mu kugereranya sisitemu zitinda ugereranyije n'izisanzwe:
- Aside idakora nezaBikundwa cyane mu miterere aho gukoresha aside vuba hafi y'aho amazi anyura bigabanya uburyo bwo kuyivura no kuyivura. Izi aside zagaragaye ko zoroshya kwaguka kw'amagufwa aterwa na aside no kunoza uburyo bwo gutwara amazi nyuma yo kuvunika no gusohora amazi mu gice cy'amazi gisukuye.
- aside zisanzwebishobora kuba bihagije mu kuvura mu buryo buciriritse cyangwa mu duce dushobora kwinjiramo amazi menshi aho ingaruka zihuse n'uburyo buke bwo kwinjiramo byemewe.
Guhitamo ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe—nk'ibinyabutabire bya viscoelastic surfactants (sisteme za VCA) cyangwa ibikoresho bya gelling bishingiye kuri polymer—biterwa n'ibintu byihariye bifitanye isano n'ikigega:
- Ubushyuhe bw'ikigega n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bigena uburyo imiti ihamye n'imikorere ya viscosity modifier ihagaze.
- Ku bijyanye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibikoresho byo gusohora gel bihoraho mu bushyuhe nk'ibikoreshwa mu gusiga gel mu mvange cyangwa capsule zigabanya aside birakenewe kugira ngo aside ikozwe mu mvange ivugururwe neza kandi isukurwe neza nyuma yo kuvurwa.
- Imiterere y'ubuso bugaragara igomba guhindurwa kugira ngo amazi ashyuha aside akomezeubushyuhe buhagijemu gihe cyo kuvoma (kongera ubugari bw'ivunika n'ingufu zo gusunika) nyamara bishobora kwangirika burundu hakoreshejwe gel breakers kugira ngo amazi asubire mu mubiri neza.
Guhitamo neza inyongeramusaruro bigabanya kwangirika kw'imiterere y'ibice, bitanga uburyo bwo gukata neza aside kugira ngo yongere imvune, kandi bikongera uburyo bwo kunoza ibigega bito byoroshye kwinjira no kutagira impumuro nyinshi. Ikoreshwa riherutse gukoreshwa mu murima rigaragaza ko imiterere y'amazi akomoka kuri aside ishingiye kuri VCA, hamwe n'ibice bikoresha gel, bitanga isuku nziza, bigabanya igihombo cy'amazi, kandi binoze uburyo bwo gukangura ibigega ugereranije n'uburyo busanzwe.
Ibipimo by'imikorere bigira ingaruka ku ntsinzi mu gutera aside
Kugenzura imikorere mu gihe cyo gushwanyaguza aside bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro. Ibipimo by'ingenzi mu mikorere birimo umuvuduko wa pompe, ingano ya aside iterwa, n'imicungire y'umuvuduko w'amazi:
- Igipimo cyo gupompa: Igena umuvuduko n'imiterere y'ikwirakwira ry'amagufwa. Igipimo cyo hejuru gitera kwinjira cyane kwa aside no gukomeza imikoranire hagati y'aside n'amabuye, ariko bigomba kuringanizwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko aside ikoreshwa imburagihe cyangwa ko imvune ikura mu buryo butagenzurwa.
- Ingano y'iterwa rya aside: Igira ingaruka ku burebure n'ubugari bw'amacandwe yakuweho aside. Ubunini bunini muri rusange burakenewe kugira ngo habeho imiterere mike y'aside, nubwo kunoza ingano y'aside hamwe n'ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire bitari ngombwa mu gihe bibungabunga imikorere y'amazi.
- Kugenzura umuvuduko: Gukoresha neza igitutu cyo hasi n'igitutu cyo hejuru y'umwobo bituma igikomere gikomeza kuba gifunguye, bifasha mu kwakira igihombo cy'amazi, kandi bigayobora gushyira aside mu bice by'icyuho.
Mu by’ukuri, gahunda zo gutera aside mu byiciro cyangwa mu buryo busimburana—aho ubwoko bwa aside cyangwa ubwinshi bwayo busimburana—byagaragaye ko byongera imiterere y’imiyoboro, bigatera imbere iterambere ry’ivunika ry’imiyoboro, kandi bigateza imbere ahantu ho gusohora amazi mu kigega cy’amavuta. Urugero, gutera aside mu byiciro bibiri bishobora gukora imiyoboro yimbitse kandi iyobora amazi, bigatuma irusha uburyo bumwe bwo gutera amazi mu byiciro bitandukanye haba muri laboratwari no mu murima.
Guhuza uburyo bwo gushyira aside mu bigega n'ubusumbane bw'ibigega ni ingenzi cyane. Mu bigega by'amabuye bifite mineralology ihindagurika n'ibyavunitse karemano, igenamigambi ry'igihe nyacyo n'igenzura ry'igihe nyacyo birakoreshwa kugira ngo biyobore igihe n'urukurikirane rw'inshinge. Guhindura hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibyavunitse (urugero: icyerekezo, guhuza, kunoza imiyoboro y'amazi karemano) bituma ababikora banonosora ibipimo by'imikorere kugira ngo barusheho gukangura no kwangiza imiterere y'ibigega.
Gukora Modeli zibanziriza iteganyagihe no guhuza amakuru
Igishushanyo mbonera cya none cyo gushwanyagurika kwa aside ubu gihuza ingero zigaragaza ibipimo by'imikorere, imiterere y'amazi yo gushwanyagurika kwa aside, n'uburyo bwo kuyobora nyuma yo gushwanyagurika. Ingero zigezweho zigizwe na:
- Uburyo bwo gukora inyito y'aside n'amabuye n'igipimo cyayo, isobanura uburyo imiterere y'aside n'uburyo ihinduka mu gihe cy'ubutaka.
- Ibintu byihariye ku kigega cy'amazinko kuba hari porosity na permeability, heterogeneity ya mineralogical, hamwe n'imiyoboro ya fracture yari isanzweho.
Izi moderi zikoresha amakuru y’ubushakashatsi, ibyavuye muri laboratwari, n’ubumenyi bw’imashini kugira ngo zimenye uburyo impinduka mu bucucike, igipimo cya pompe, ubwinshi bwa aside, n’imiterere y’ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kurema imvune mu gucikagurika kw’amazi no kunoza imiterere y’aho amazi aturuka mu kigega mu gihe kirekire.
Amabwiriza y'ingenzi mu guhuza inzitizi zo mu murima n'imiterere y'imikorere arimo:
- Guhitamo ubushyuhe n'imiterere ya aside hashingiwe ku miterere y'ihinduka ry'aside n'amabuye, imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwitezwe, n'intego zo kurangiza (urugero, kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mabuye cyangwa gukemura ibibazo by'imiyoboro y'amazi idahagije).
- Gukoresha uburyo bushingiye ku makuru kugira ngo uhindure gahunda yo gutera aside, igipimo cyo gupompa, n'ingano y'ibice bigabanya ubukana bw'ibisebe, kunoza ingano y'ibisebe byavunitse ndetse no gukira nyuma yo kuvurwa.
Ingero zo mu bikorwa biherutse gukorwa mu mirima zigaragaza ko ubu buryo bwo guhanura byongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibikomoka ku mavuta nyuma yo kuvunika no kunoza iteganyagihe ry’umusaruro wa peteroli, bigatuma ingamba zo gutwika aside zirushaho kuba nziza kandi zizewe mu bigega by’amabuye y’agaciro na karubone.
Kwagura agace k'amazi atwara amavuta no gukomeza gutwara imvune
Gukuraho no kunoza uburyo bwo guhuza imiterere y'umubiri (Formation Blockage)
Gucukura aside ni uburyo bw'ibanze mu gukoresha amazi acukura aside mu gukemura ikibazo cyo kuziba kw'imiterere y'ibintu, nko kwibumbira hamwe no gupima amabuye y'agaciro, mu bigega bya shale. Iyo aside—ikunze kuba aside hydrochloric (HCl)—itewe, igira icyo ikora n'imyunyu ngugu nka calcite na dolomite. Ubu buryo bwo gukora aside-rock bushongesha imyunyungugu, bukongera imyenge, kandi bugahuza imyenge yari yaratandukanye, bukongera uburyo bwo kwinjira no kwinjira mu bigega bya peteroli. Igipimo cy'imikorere ya aside-rock, kimwe n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora aside-rock bukoreshwa, biratandukanye bitewe n'uburyo shale mineralogy n'imiterere yabwo yo kuziba.
Mu miyoboro ikungahaye kuri karubone, ingano nini ya HCl itanga ubushyuhe bwinshi no gukuraho ubushyuhe bitewe n’uburyo aside-rock ikora vuba kandi neza. Guhuza ibigize aside n’ibikubiye muri karubone na silicate byihariye byo mu kigega binoza inzira yo gukuraho, bigasubiza neza inzira karemano zo kuvamo no gukemura ibibazo by’imiyoboro karemano yo kuvamo. Ubushyuhe bw’ubuso ku maso hasanzwe havunitse buriyongera bitewe no gushonga kwa aside, bifitanye isano neza n’uburyo bwo kongerera imbaraga imvune n’imiyoboro iramba yo gutemberamo ya hydrocarbon. Ubu buryo bwemejwe n’amakuru y’igerageza agaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu musaruro wa gaze no gupima imyuka nyuma yo kuvurwa aside mu buryo busanzwe mu buryo bworoshye bwo kwinjiramo.
Ubushobozi bwo gutwara imvune mu buryo buhoraho ni ingenzi cyane ku musaruro w'igihe kirekire w'ibigega bya peteroli bya shale. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, imvune ziterwa n'amazi zishobora gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi bitewe no gusya, gukuraho, gukwirakwiza, cyangwa kwimuka kw'amafi. Izi nzira zigabanya inzira zifunguye ziterwa n'umuvuduko wo kwangirika kw'amazi, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugaruka kwa hydrocarbons. Inyigo z'imibare n'ubushakashatsi bwa laboratwari bigaragaza ko hatabayeho imicungire myiza, kwangirika kw'amazi bishobora kugabanya umusaruro kugeza kuri 80% mu myaka 10. Ibintu nk'umuvuduko wo gufunga, ingano ya proppant, n'imiterere y'ubuso bw'imvune bwa mbere bigira uruhare runini. Guhitamo proppant ikwiye no gucunga neza umuvuduko wo hasi ni ingenzi kugira ngo inzira zagutse zikozwe no gusya aside kugira ngo peteroli na gaze bikomeze gutembera.
Kwagura no kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibyacitse
Kwagura mu buryo bw’ingamba agace k’amazi akoreshwa mu kigega cy’amavuta bishingiye ku buryo bwiza bwo gushushanya no gushyiraho sisitemu zigenzurwa za aside. Izi ni sisitemu zikora amazi zirimo inyongeramusaruro—nk’izifata, ibikoresho bya gelling, na surfactants—kugira ngo zigenzure uburyo aside ishyirwamo, zigenzure igipimo cy’imikorere ya aside-rock, kandi zigabanye amazi ava mu gihe cyo kuvurwa. Ingaruka ni inzira yo gushushanya ifite intego yo kongera ubuhanga bwo gukora imvune mu gusohora hydraulic kandi igashyigikira ikwirakwira ry’imvune haba mu ntangiriro no mu zindi (zifite curved).
Sisitemu za aside zigenzurwa, cyane cyane aside za gel zikozwe muri gelle na in situ, zifasha gucunga aho aside ishyirwa no kuramba mu mivuniko. Izi sisitemu zigabanya imikoranire ya aside n'amabuye, zikongera intera yo kwinjira no kwemerera gukata aside mu buryo bwuzuye kugira ngo imvuniko yongere. Ubu buryo bwongera ingano y'amabuye ashyushye, bwagura agace k'amazi akoreshwa mu kigega cya peteroli, kandi bugakemura ibibazo by'imiyoboro mibi y'amazi mu buryo karemano haba mu miterere ya karubone na shale. Ingero z'imirima zigaragaza ko ubu buryo butuma habaho imiyoboro migari kandi ihujwe cyane, bigatuma hydrocarbon igaruka cyane.
Kubungabunga uburyo bwo kunoza ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mazi mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bw’amazi buhinduka ni ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi cyo kwitaho. Gukwirakwira kw’amavunika mu mabuye apfukiranwa cyane akenshi bituma ubugari bw’amavunika bugabanuka cyangwa agafunga imburagihe, bigatuma amashanyarazi agabanuka. Kugira ngo ibi bihagararwe, hakoreshwa ingamba zitandukanye:
- Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutobora ibintu hakoreshejwe stress:Ubu buryo butuma habaho gutangiza no gukwirakwiza kw'amagufwa mu buryo bugenzurwa, bunoza ubwumvikane hagati y'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukangura no kwagura urusobe rw'amagufwa. Urugero, mu gihe cya Jiyang, ubu buryo bwagabanyije ingufu zikenewe ho 37% mu gihe bunoza imikoranire n'ibidukikije.
- Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere yo gushyira aside mu mubiri:Gukoresha sisitemu ya aside polihayidrojeni cyangwa ibindi binyabutabire bya aside bishobora kugabanya igitutu cyo kwangirika kw'amagufwa no kugabanya kuziba kw'amagufwa mbere, bigashyiraho uburyo bwo kubyara amagufwa mu buryo bwiza kandi burambye.
- Igenamiterere ry'ubutaka:Guhuzagupima stress mu gihe nyacyono kugenzura ikigega bifasha guhanura no guhindura ibipimo byo kuvura aside, bigafasha gukomeza imikorere y’ivunika nubwo hari impinduka mu miterere y’ihungabana ry’aho riherereye.
Ubu buryo—buhujwe n’inyongeramusaruro nziza z’amazi yo gushwanyaguza hydraulic hamwe n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amazi yo gushwanyaguza aside—bwizeza ko ubushobozi bwo gushwanyaguza bugumaho. Bufasha abakoresha peteroli kwagura no kubungabunga imiyoboro yo gushwanyaguza, bukongera ubushobozi bwo gushwanyaguza amabuye no gushyigikira gucukura umutungo mu gihe kirekire.
Muri make, binyuze mu guhuza uburyo bushya bwo gukata aside, sisitemu zigezweho zigenzurwa za aside, hamwe n'ingamba zo gukata aside hifashishijwe imiterere y'ubutaka, uburyo bugezweho bwo gukangura ibigega ubu bwibanda ku kongera ubushobozi bw'aho amazi aturuka hifashishijwe hydrocarbon no kubungabunga ubushobozi bwo gukata aside kugira ngo umusaruro ukomeze.
Umwanzuro
Gupima no kunoza ubukana bw'amazi acukura aside ni ingenzi mu kongera ubushobozi bwo gucikamo ibice, gukoresha neza aside, no gusohora amavuta mu bigega by'amabuye mu gihe kirekire. Uburyo bwiza buterwa no gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'amazi mu gihe cy'ibigega, ndetse no guhuza amakuru ya laboratwari n'ayo mu murima kugira ngo harebwe akamaro k'imikorere.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Q1: Ni akahe kamaro ko gushonga kw'amazi akomoka kuri aside mu bigega bya peteroli ya shale?
Ubushyuhe bw'amazi ashyushye aside ni ingenzi cyane mu kugenzura ikorwa ry'amavunika n'ikwirakwira ry'amavunika mu bigega bya peteroli ya shale. Amavunika afite ubushyuhe bwinshi, nka aside zifatanye cyangwa zikozwe muri gelle, atuma amavunika manini kandi akagira amashami menshi. Ibi bituma aside ishyirwa neza kandi bigakomeza gukorana hagati ya aside n'amabuye, bigatuma uburyo bwo gukorana n'amabuye burushaho kuba bwimbitse kandi bungana. Ubushyuhe bwiza bw'amazi butuma amavunika aba menshi kandi akagira imiterere ihamye, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku buryo amavunika aside yongera amavunika no kunoza uburyo amazi ashyushye akoreshwa mu gusohora amavunika. Urugero, amavunika ya CO₂ yagutse byagaragaye ko atuma amavunika aba meza kandi agakomeza kwinjira nyuma yo kuvurwa, mu gihe amavunika make atuma amavunika aba maremare kandi magufi atuma amavunika aba maremare kandi yoroshye kuyakwirakwiza ariko bishobora guteza akaga ko amavunika aba make cyangwa adafite aho ahuriye n'amazi. Guhitamo ubushyuhe bukwiye mu ikorwa ry'amavunika ya aside bituma amavunika agabanuka neza, amavunika agakomeza gukora neza, kandi agatuma amavunika arushaho gukora neza, kandi agatuma amavunika arushaho gukora neza, kandi agatuma amavunika arushaho gukora neza.
Q2: Ni gute igitutu cyo kwangirika kw'amazi mu gucika kw'amazi bigira ingaruka ku kuremwa kw'amagufwa?
Igitutu cyo gusenyuka ni cyo gitutu gito gikenewe kugira ngo hatangwe imvune mu rutare mu gihe cyo gusenyuka kw'amazi. Mu bigega bya peteroli bya shale bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira, gucunga neza igitutu cyo gusenyuka ni ingenzi. Iyo igitutu gikoreshejwe kiri hasi cyane, imvune zishobora kudafunguka, bigatuma amazi yinjira. Hejuru cyane, kandi imvune ishobora kudashobora kugenzurwa, bigatuma imvune zidakwirakwira neza. Kugenzura neza bituma imvune zikura ku buryo busanzwe ndetse no mu nzira zigoramye, binongera uburyo ikigega gitera imbaraga. Igitutu cyo gusenyuka cyane, iyo gicunzwe neza, gitanga imiyoboro igoye yo gusenyuka kandi kikongera uburyo bwo guhuza aside kugira ngo igere no gusya ahantu hanini. Ubuhanga nko gukata imyobo bukoreshwa mu kugabanya igitutu cyo gusenyuka no kugenzura neza gutangira kwangirika kw'amagufwa, bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'amagufwa no kukwirakwira kw'amagufwa. Uku kugenzura neza igitutu cyo gusenyuka kw'amagufwa ni ingenzi mu buryo bugezweho bwo gukora imvune mu bigega bidasanzwe.
Q3: Kuki gukata no kwagura aside ari ingirakamaro ku bigega bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira no kugabanya ubwinshi bw'amazi?
Ibigega bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira no kugabanya ubwinshi bw'amazi bitanga inzira nke zo gusohoka mu buryo karemano, ibyo bikaba bibuza urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta kugenda no gukora. Gukata aside mu gukata aside hakoreshejwe amazi akoreshwa mu gushonga ibice by'amabuye ku maso yacitse, bityo bikagura inzira z'amazi. Ibi bigabanya kuziba kw'imiterere y'amazi kandi bigatanga inzira nshya kugira ngo amazi agende neza. Uburyo buherutse gukoreshwa mu gukangura ibigega, harimo sisitemu zivanze n'izisanzwe, bwageze ku buryo bworoshye kandi burambye bwo gutwara amazi no kunoza ubwiyongere bw'amavuta. Ubu buryo ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kunoza ibigega bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira no kongera ubwiyongere bw'amabuye, nk'uko bigaragara mu bushakashatsi bwo mu murima no muri laboratwari. Ingaruka zabyo ni ukwiyongera gukomeye k'umusaruro w'amariba, aho imvune zacitse kandi zagutse zikora nk'imiyoboro yorohereza amazi ya hydrocarbon.
Q4: Ni uruhe ruhare porosity n'impinduka z'amabuye bigira mu gutsinda kwa aside?
Ubwinshi bw'amazi n'ubucucike bwerekana mu buryo butaziguye urujya n'uruza rw'amazi n'uburyo aside ikwirakwira mu bigega bya peteroli. Amabuye afite ubucucike buke n'ubucucike buke bibangamira ikwirakwira n'imikorere y'amazi ashyushya aside, bigabanyiriza intsinzi mu bikorwa byo gukangura. Kugira ngo ibi bikemuke, uburyo bwo gushushanya amazi ashyushya aside bwagenewe byihariye gushyiramo inyongera zo kugenzura uburyo akoreshwa n'ibikoresho bihindura ubucucike. Kongera ubucucike binyuze mu buryo aside-rock byongera umwanya uhari wo kubika hydrocarbon, mu gihe kongera ubucucike byongera uburyo bworoshye bwo gutembera mu miyoboro ya fracture. Nyuma yo kuvurwa aside, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko ubwinshi bw'ubucucike n'ubucucike bw'amazi bwiyongera cyane, cyane cyane aho inzira karemano zinyuramo amazi mbere zari mbi. Kunoza ibi bipimo bituma habaho ikwirakwira ry'amacandwe, umusaruro urambye, n'ahantu ho guhurira n'ikigega.
Q5: Ni gute aside-rock igira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza yo kwagura ahantu hatembera amazi?
Uburyo bwo gukora isesengura ry’aside-rock bugenga uburyo ibuye rishonga n’uburyo imvune zivunika kandi zigakura mu gihe cyo gushwanyagurika kwa aside. Kugenzura neza igipimo cy’isesengura ry’aside-rock ni ingenzi: ni vuba cyane, kandi aside ikoreshwa hafi y’aho amazi anyura, bigabanyiriza kwinjira; buhoro cyane, kandi gushwanyagurika bishobora kuba bidahagije. Mu gucunga isesengura binyuze mu buryo bw’amazi, ubwinshi bw’aside, n’inyongera, gushwanyagurika ku maso havunika biragerwaho, bigatuma imvune yagutse kandi yimbitse ihuzwa. Ubushakashatsi bugezweho n’ubushakashatsi bwa laboratwari byemeza ko kunoza isesengura ry’aside-rock bitera imvune zimeze nk’imiyoboro, zitwara cyane, bigatuma ahantu hasohoka amavuta hakwirakwira cyane. Urugero, imvune zavunitse aside-rock zagaragaye ko zitanga ubwinshi bungana n’inshuro eshanu z’imvune zitavunitse mu miterere ya karubone. Guhindura witonze imiterere y’amazi avunitse aside n’ibipimo byo kuyitera bigena neza ingano n’ubushobozi bwo kunoza aho amazi anyura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-10-2025
