Kodi Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta a Mafuta n'chiyani?
Kukhuthala, komwe kumatanthauzidwa kuti kukangana kwamkati mwa mafuta komwe kumaletsa kuyenda kwa mafuta, kumayimira khalidwe lofunika kwambiri lomwe limayang'anira kasamalidwe, kasamalidwe, ndi magwiridwe antchito a mafuta. Pakuwongolera njira ndi kutsimikizira khalidwe, kukhuthala sikungaganizidwe ngati mfundo yongoyerekeza; ndi muyeso woyambira womwe umatsimikiza chitetezo cha zigawo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera.
Kupanga Mafuta a Mafuta ndi Kufotokozera Ubwino Wake: Kumene Kukhuthala Kumakhazikika
Makhalidwe a mafuta amafuta amatsimikizika kwambiri mkati mwa kapangidwe ka fakitale yoyeretsera. Kupanga kumayamba ndi kusungunuka kwa mafuta osaphika, komwe kulekanitsidwa kumachitika kutengera kutentha. Mafuta Olemera (HFO) ndi mafuta otsala ndi, kudulidwa kwapansi kwa njirayi, komwe kumatanthauzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwawo kwakukulu komanso kukhuthala kwakukulu mkati mwake. Ntchito zotsatirazi, monga njira zosinthira, zimasinthanso kapangidwe ka mamolekyu, zomwe zimafotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kukhuthala komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi zinthu zotsala zomaliza.
Kusakaniza Molondola: Luso ndi Sayansi Yokwaniritsa Kukhuthala kwa Cholinga
Popeza kuti kukhuthala kwa zotsalira zosaphika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kuti zivomerezedwe pamsika nthawi yomweyo, kusakaniza kumakhala njira yayikulu yokwaniritsira magiredi ofunikira a kukhuthala. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza zodulira zopepuka za distillate, monga dizilo yamadzi, mafuta a gasi, kapena mafuta oyenda pang'onopang'ono (LC(G)O). Kupambana kwa ntchito yosakaniza kumadalira kwambiri kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha HFO ku zodulira kutengera kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zolowetsedwa ndi kutentha kwawo.
Kufooka kwakukulu kwa ntchito kumachitika chifukwa chodalira kusanthula kwa labu kochedwa kuti kutsimikizire chiŵerengero chosakaniza chomwe chikufunika kuti chigwire ntchito.kinematic viscosity ya mafuta amafutazolinga. Popeza malire enieni a kukhuthala amapezeka kudzera mu ma blending ratios owerengedwa, chiŵerengero cholakwika—chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi kuchedwa kwa mayankho kapena zolakwika za zitsanzo—chimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kulephera kusungunuka. Pamene kusungunuka kwalephera, asphaltenes yokhazikika kwambiri imagwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matope ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu zitheke. Njira yolephera iyi ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso yowononga kuposa kungophonya pang'ono mawonekedwe a kukhuthala. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapamwambachida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutaMu blending manifold imapereka chizindikiro cha mayankho nthawi yomweyo chofunikira kuti musinthe mita yoyendera nthawi yeniyeni, potero kuonetsetsa kuti kukhazikika kwa chinthucho kukusungidwa bwino komanso kuti kulephera kwa khalidwe sikulephereka.
Kupatula kusakaniza, kukhuthala kumathanso kuyendetsedwa kudzera mu malamulo a kutentha. Kutenthetsa mafuta olemera akadali njira yoyamba, yoyambira yochepetsera kukhuthala kwake mpaka kufika poti akhoza kupopedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala atomu. Komabe, kutentha ndi njira yosalunjika yochepetsera kukhuthala. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zodyetsera, kudalira kokha malo okhazikika a kutentha sikokwanira kutsimikizira kukhuthala kokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, zowonjezera zinazake za mankhwala kapena mankhwala amakina monga homogenization zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza bwino zinthu za rheological ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa mafuta olemera.
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti mafuta otsala okhuthala kwambiri amakhudza kwambiri makina opopera ndi mapaipi panthawi yoyenga ndi kusamutsa. Pamene kukhuthala kukukwera mosayembekezereka—mwina chifukwa cha kutentha kapena kusintha kwa chakudya—kuwonjezeka kwa katundu komwe kumachitika kumawopseza kukhulupirika kwa chuma, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa mapampu, kulephera kwa zisindikizo, kapena kutsekeka kwakukulu kwa mzere. ROI yokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito pa intanetichida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutaImafalikira kwambiri kuposa kuwongolera khalidwe la chinthu; imagwira ntchito ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri loteteza zinthu zamakanika zomwe zili mkati mwa mzere wopanga, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mwayi wokhala ndi nthawi yopuma yosakonzedwa.
Momwe Kukhuthala Kumalamulira Mwachindunji Magwiridwe Antchito
Kutulutsa Atomu ndi Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu
Ntchito yomaliza komanso yofunika kwambiri yowongolera kukhuthala kwa mafuta ndi momwe imakhudzira mwachindunji atomization ya mafuta. Atomization yabwino kwambiri—njira yosinthira mafuta ambiri kukhala madontho ang'onoang'ono, ofanana—ndi yofunikira kuti kuyaka mwachangu komanso kwathunthu kuyake.
LitiMuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutaZimasonyeza kuti mafuta ndi okwera kwambiri (okhuthala kwambiri), mafutawo amakana kuyenda ndipo amalephera kusweka bwino mkati mwa nozzle. Izi nthawi zonse zimapangitsa kuti pakhale madontho akuluakulu komanso kuyaka kosakwanira. Zotsatira zake nthawi yomweyo ndi kutaya mphamvu, kupanga soot yambiri, ndi coking, zomwe zimawononga zosinthira kutentha ndi zigawo zoyatsira moto. Kafukufuku amatsimikizira kuti mafuta okhuthala omwe amalowa mu nozzle amachepetsa liwiro lozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale khola lolemera lomwe limawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi (kutaya mafuta) ndikupanga madontho akuluakulu omwe amavutika kupsa ndi kuyaka.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati kukhuthala kuli kotsika kwambiri (kochepa kwambiri), ngakhale kuyenda kwake kuli kosavuta, mavuto awiri akuluakulu amabuka. Choyamba, kukhuthala kochepa kwambiri kumatha kusokoneza filimu yofunikira ya hydrodynamic lubrication yomwe imateteza zigawo zamafuta monga mapampu ndi ma injector, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutopa kwambiri komanso kulephera kugwira ntchito. Chachiwiri, kusakhazikika bwino kwa kuyaka kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwambiri kapena kuyaka kosafanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya injini isagwire bwino ntchito.
Kodi Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta Kumakhudza Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito kwa Mafuta?
Funso,Kodi kukhuthala kwa mafuta kumakhudza bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta?, ingayankhidwe mosapita m'mbali: inde, mozama, kudzera m'njira ziwiri zosiyana koma zogwirizana: kuchepetsa kukangana kwa makina a parasitic ndi kukulitsa mphamvu ya kuyaka.
Mafuta otsika a viscosity amayendayenda ndikuyenda mosavuta, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kutayika kwa makina komwe kumafunikira kuti madziwo atuluke m'dongosolo. Kuchepa kumeneku kwa kufunikira kwa mphamvu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumatanthauza mwachindunji kusintha kwa mafuta koyezedwa. Kwa magalimoto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa bwino, kusintha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a injini (HDEO) olemera kwambiri (lower-viscosity heavy-duty engine oils) kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pakati pa 0.9% ndi 2.2% pachaka. Cholinga nthawi zonse ndikupeza mgwirizano woyenera: mafuta ayenera kukhala ochepa mokwanira kuti achepetse kukana ndikulola mphamvu ya injini kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta moyenera, koma okhuthala mokwanira kuti asunge filimu yofunika kwambiri yamadzimadzi yoteteza (malire layer level level) pakati pa zigawo zofunika kwambiri zoyenda. Kusankha mafuta ochepa kwambiri kumawononga kulimba ndi chitetezo cha injini, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti sizingavomerezedwe chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wa kuwonongeka kwa injini komanso kuchepetsa nthawi ya moyo wa zigawo.
Udindo wa Kukhuthala mu Kulamulira Utsi ndi Thanzi la Injini
Kukhuthala bwino kwa mpweya ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito ikhale yoyera komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa. Kusungunuka bwino kwa mpweya wothira pa kukhuthala kochepa kapena kukhazikika kwa zigawo zozungulira pa kukhuthala kwakukulu kumawonjezera kusakaniza kwa mafuta ndi mpweya, zomwe zimachepetsa mpweya wosayaka wa hydrocarbon (HC). Kuphatikiza apo, kuwongolera mosamala kukhuthala ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kupanga kwa Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kukhuthala kwambiri kungathandize mwachindunji kupanga zinthu zodetsa.
Pa mafuta olemera amadzimadzi (monga mazut kapena HFO yokhuthala kwambiri), kutentha ndi gawo lofunikira kuti muchepetse kukhuthala ndikuwongolera kuyenda bwino musanayake. Njira yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito atomization yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito—kuyambira zoyatsira mpweya wothamanga kuti mupeze mafuta okhuthala pang'ono mpaka zoyatsira mpweya zapadera zothandizidwa ndi nthunzi kapena zozungulira zamafuta okhuthala kwambiri (>100 cSt)—zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhuthala komwe mafutawo amayesa.
Kuthekera kwa ma burners kugwira ntchito bwino kumadalira kulandira mafuta mkati mwa gulu laling'ono la viscosity. Pamene chakudya chikusinthasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kusakaniza ndi kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya mafuta am'madzi, kudalira malo okhazikika a kutentha kwa pre-heater kumakhala gwero losatha la kusagwira ntchito bwino. Vuto ndilakuti kutentha komwe kumafunikira kuti pakhale kukhuthala kofunikira kwa atomization (monga, 10–20 cSt) kumasintha kwambiri kutengera mawonekedwe a maziko a gulu la mafuta. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito amadalira malo akale a gulu latsopano, losinthasintha, kukhuthala komwe kumaperekedwa ku nozzle sikudzakhala koyenera, kutsimikizira kuyaka kosakwanira, kuchulukitsa mpweya woipa, komanso ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito. Molunjika, mosalekezaMuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutaamachotsa kufooka kumeneku.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira bwino kukhuthala kumachepetsa mphamvu yothandizira yofunikira kusamutsa ndikupompa mafuta kudzera mu dongosololi. Pamene kukhuthala kuloledwa kusinthasintha kwambiri, katundu wamagetsi kapena nthunzi pa mapampu osamutsa ndi makina otenthetsera amakwera. Mwa kusunga kukhuthala koyenera nthawi yeniyeni kudzera mu njira yowongolera yokha, dongosololi limachepetsa kupsinjika kwa makina pa mapampu ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina otenthetsera mafuta osamutsa, zomwe zimapereka phindu lalikulu komanso lowerengeka kuposa kungokonza kuyaka.
Gome: Zotsatira za Kugwira Ntchito kwa Kupotoka kwa Kukhuthala
| Chikhalidwe Chopingasa | Zotsatira pa Kuyenda/Kupopa | Zotsatira pa Kuyaka/Kusungunuka kwa Mafuta | Zotsatira pa Kuchita Bwino ndi Zigawo |
| Kwambiri Kwambiri (Kokhuthala) | Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yopopera, kuchepa kwa liwiro lozungulira m'mphuno. Kuopsa kwa kutsekeka kwa mapaipi. | Kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa atomu, madontho akuluakulu omwe amachititsa kuti moto usayambe kupsa mokwanira. | Mafuta otayika, soot/cooking yowonjezera, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa wa HC/NOx. Kutentha kochuluka kumafunika. |
| Wotsika Kwambiri (Woonda) | Kusalekanitsidwa kwa malire osakwanira, mphamvu yochepa ya filimu m'mapampu. | Chiwopsezo cha atomu yochulukirapo kapena lawi losakhazikika, kutayika kwa kufanana kwa kuyaka. | Kuwonongeka ndi kulephera kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa dongosolo la mafuta (mapampu, ma injector). Kuchepetsa chitetezo ku kukangana kwa makina. |
Real TimeKulamulira Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta a Mafuta
Kufooka Kwachibadwa kwa Kusankha Zitsanzo za Labu Zosasinthika
Kudalira macheke achikhalidwe, nthawi ndi nthawi a labotale kapena kutengera zitsanzo pamwezi kumabweretsa nthawi yocheperako pakati pa vuto la kukhuthala ndi kukonza. Mu njira zosinthika, kaya mu makina osakaniza mafakitale kapena makina othamanga kwambiri, mtundu wa mafuta ukhoza kusintha nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukhuthala, kusungunuka ndi mpweya wopangira, kapena kuipitsidwa. Mu ntchito zofunika kwambiri, monga ma compressor a screw gas, kuchepa mwachangu kwa kukhuthala kwa mafuta a lube kungayambitse kulephera kwa ma bearing, nthawi yayitali lipoti la labotale lisanaperekedwe lotsimikizira vutoli. Njira yamakono yoyesera labu yosakhala pamalopo ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo chifukwa cha zovuta za kayendedwe ka zinthu komanso kuchedwa kosavomerezeka kwa nthawi yolandirira chidziwitso chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kusintha Kuwunika Kochitapo Kanthu Kukhala Kuyang'anira Kogwira Ntchito
Yankho lake lili pakugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziyimira payokha, pomwe chizindikiro chobwezera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse kuti chikhalebe bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kutidongosolo lowongolera kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutakudziletsa kwathunthu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofunika kwambiri kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti kukhuthala komwe kumayesedwa kumalamulira mwachindunji kutentha kofunikira kwa pre-heater, zomwe zimasintha kwambiri kapangidwe kake kowongolera. Njira iyi imachotsa kudalira kutentha komwe kudalipo kale ngati njira yosalunjika ya kukhuthala, m'malo mwake kumapereka nthawi zonse, zodziwikiratu.Muyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutapamalo ogwiritsira ntchito (monga nsonga ya chotenthetsera). Izi zimachotsa kusinthasintha kwa kukhuthala komwe kumachitika posinthana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta kapena magulu.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yeniyeni komanso kuwunika kosalekeza ndi waukulu: mayankho a nthawi yomweyo amalola kukonza njira mosalekeza, kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa zinthu komanso kuchepetsa kupanga zinyalala zomwe sizili zodziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, makina odziyimira pawokha amachotsa kuyang'anira kosalekeza komanso kosasangalatsa komwe kumafunika kwa ogwira ntchito aluso ndipo kumawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi za makina otenthetsera mafuta popewa kutentha kwambiri.
Kuti deta yeniyeni igwire ntchito moyenera mkati mwa makampani olamulidwa, makamaka pankhani yokhudza kusamutsa ana kapena kutsatira miyezo yapamadzi, intanetichida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutaayenera kukhala ndi kulondola kotsimikizika. Chifukwa nthawi zambiri zofunikira zamalonda zimafuna malipotikinematic viscosity ya mafuta amafutaPa kutentha koyenera (monga 50°C), makina otsekedwa sayenera kungopereka deta yofulumira ya kukhuthala komanso kuphatikiza miyeso ya kuchulukana kuti awerengere ndikupereka lipoti la kinematic yofunikira, motero kusunga njira yowunikira yolimba komanso yotsimikizika yowongolera khalidwe.
Ndikofunikira kuti oyang'anira mafakitale amvetsetse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira yogwirira ntchitodongosolo lowongolera kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutakumafuna njira yowunikira yonse, osati kungoyika sensa yokha. Kukhulupirika kwa muyeso kumadalira mtundu wa chitsanzo chomwe sensa yalandira. Mavuto omwe amapezeka m'mafakitale—monga mizere yayitali kwambiri yosamutsira zitsanzo, kusakwanira kwa madzi, kusinthasintha kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kapena ma deadleg osafunikira—akhoza kusokoneza kwambiri muyeso. Kupambana kwa dongosolo lotsekedwa kumadalira kukonza magawo amadzimadzi ndi kutentha ozungulirachida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutakutsimikizira kuti chitsanzo choyimira chidzaperekedwa.
Dziwani Zambiri Zokhudza Ma Meter Ochulukirachulukira
Mayeso Ena Ogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti
Ubwino wa Lonnmeter: Chida Choyezera Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta Cholimba pa Mizere Yofunika Kwambiri
Malo ovuta opangira mafuta—kuphatikizapo kupsinjika kwakukulu, kutentha kwambiri, komanso mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta olemera okhuthala komanso odetsa—amafunikachida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutaYopangidwa kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yolondola kwambiri. Lonnmeter Viscometer, yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wa ndodo yogwedezeka kapena mafunde a acoustic (AW), imapereka kudalirika kofunikira munjira zofunika kwambiri izi.
Kupambana Kwaukadaulo: Njira Yoyezera ya Lonnmeter
Mphamvu yaikulu ya Lonnmeter ili mu kapangidwe kake kolimba, kozindikira bwino, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito ndodo yogwedezeka ndi maginito. Njira yosakhala yamakina iyi imachotsa zofooka zomwe zili mkati mwa ma viscometer achikhalidwe, kuonetsetsa kuti sizikukonzedwa bwino komanso zimapereka kukana kwakukulu ku kuipitsidwa kwakukulu ndi kuipitsidwa komwe kumachitika mu ntchito ya HFO.
Ukadaulo wa Lonnmeter wapangidwa mwapadera kuti uzitha kumizidwa mokwanira ndipo umapereka muyeso wodalirika komanso wolondola kwambiri ngakhale pazigawo zovuta zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika mpaka 10,000 psi (700 bar) ndi kutentha kufika 180 °C. Ubwino wofunikira pakulamulira njira ndi kulimba kwa chipangizochi motsutsana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mzere wamba: sensa yake yamphamvu kwambiri imayesa kukhuthala pamene sikukhudzidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwakukulu ndi kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi komwe kumachitika m'mafakitale oyeretsera kapena m'zipinda zamainjini am'madzi. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwa kulimba ndi kulondola kwambiri kumathandiza kutsata kusintha kwa mphindi muMuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutayokhala ndi deta yabwino kwambiri, yopereka kulondola kwakukulu (monga 3% RM) komanso kubwerezabwereza bwino kwambiri (monga , ).
Kuphatikiza ndi Kudalirika: Kuchepetsa Kusokonezeka kwa Ntchito
Ma viscometer a Lonnmeter amapereka deta yofulumira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mauthenga enieni a nthawi yeniyeni azigwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira njira zosakanikirana, kutentha koyambirira, komanso kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili. Kulumikizana kwawo kwapadera kwa plug-and-play kumapangitsa kuti kulumikizana ndi Industrial Control Systems (ICS) komwe kulipo kudzera mu digito kapena analog (4-20mA) outputs kukhale kosavuta komanso kotsika mtengo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zisinthe mosavuta komanso mopanda mtengo ku ma heater osinthira mafuta omwe alipo komanso makina osakaniza.
Kupatula kuyang'anira ubwino wa mafuta, ukadaulowu ndi wofunikira kwambiri poteteza katundu wamkati. Makina a Lonnmeter amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira thanzi la mafuta mu zida zofunika kwambiri, monga ma compressor a gasi, komwe kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa kukhuthala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa mpweya kapena okosijeni kumatha kuwononga nthawi yomweyo ma bearing ozungulira kapena opondereza. Kuyang'anira kosalekeza pa intaneti kumagwira ntchito ngati njira yochenjeza koyambirira, kupewa kulephera kokwera mtengo komanso nthawi yogwira ntchito kwa fakitale.
Tebulo: Lonnmeter (Ukadaulo wa Ndodo Yogwedezeka) Mafotokozedwe a Viscometer Pa intaneti
| Mbali/Chiwerengero | Muyezo Wachizolowezi Wogwira Ntchito | Phindu Logwira Ntchito pa Kasamalidwe ka Mafuta a Mafuta |
| Mtundu wa Muyeso | Kukhuthala kwa Mphamvu (Pa·s kapena cP) | Amapereka muyeso wolunjika wa kukana kwa madzi ofunikira kuti asakanizidwe molondola komanso kuti azitha kuwongolera kutentha. |
| Kutentha kwa Ntchito | Kufika pa 180 °C | Kuyeza kosalekeza pansi pa kutentha kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri asanayambe kuyaka. |
| Kupanikizika kwa Ntchito | Kufikira 10,000 psi (700 bar) | Imalola kuyika mwachindunji m'mizere yothamanga kwambiri popanda kusintha, kuchepetsa zovuta za dongosolo. |
| Kulimba ndi Kapangidwe | Zigawo Zosasuntha, Sensor Yamphamvu Kwambiri (monga, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri cha 316L) | Kusamalitsa pang'ono, kusalowerera ku kuipitsidwa kwakuthupi, kugwedezeka, ndi kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi. |
| Kubwerezabwereza | Zabwino kwambiri (monga,) | Imapereka malangizo odalirika ofunikira pa machitidwe odzilamulira okha. |
| Kutulutsa/Kulumikizana | 4-20mA / Digital / Universal Plug-and-Play | Kuphatikiza kosasunthika mu zomwe zilipo kaledongosolo lowongolera kukhuthala kwa mafuta amafutazomangamanga. |
PEMPANI KUFUNSA KULANKHULANA NAFEKonzani njira yanu yosakaniza lero.
