ContinuousKuyeza kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi ndi mwala wapangodya wotetezeka, wothandiza, komanso wapamwamba wa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa, kusunga, ndi kusamalira propylene. Kumapanga maziko owongolera zinthu, kuwerengera bwino zinthu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira ndi zofunikira zonse za malonda—monga za propylene ya polymer grade—zakwaniritsidwa bwino. Pazinthu zosakhazikika komanso zopanikizika monga propylene, deta yolondola ya kuchuluka sikuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo komanso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lachitetezo lomwe limakhudza kuwerengera kudzaza kwa thanki, kudziwa malo a nthunzi, komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa pakusunga ndi kusamutsa.
Chiyambi
Propylene (PGP) yoyera kwambiri komanso yoyera kwambiri ndiyofunika kwambiri pamakampani amakono a mankhwala, makamaka popanga polypropylene. Popeza PGP ndi yoyera kwambiri kuposa 99.5%, imatsimikizira kuti polymerization imagwira ntchito bwino, imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso imapanga polypropylene yokhala ndi zinthu zofanana komanso za mankhwala. Ubwino wa PGP umakhudza mwachindunji mafakitale kuyambira pakulongedza ndi zida zamagalimoto mpaka zamagetsi ndi zida zamankhwala, komwe ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa kapangidwe ka polima kapena mphamvu yamakina kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu.
Kupanga Propylene
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Kuyeretsa propylene kuti ifike pamlingo wa polymer kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa zotsalira za propane, dienes, oxygenates, ndi zina zomwe zingadetsedwe. Zonyansa izi, ngakhale pamlingo wa ppm, zimatha kuwononga kwambiri ma catalyst omwe ali ndi vuto monga Ziegler-Natta ndi Metallocene systems, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti catalyst isamagwire ntchito, kuchepetsa zokolola, kugawa kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu, komanso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a zinthu zomaliza. Zomera za polypropylene zimadalira njira monga kusungunuka kwapamwamba, kulowetsedwa ndi zitsulo-organic frameworks (MOFs), ndi kulekanitsa nembanemba kuti zichepetse zonyansazi ndikusunga kukhazikika kwa njira.
Kusunga bwino komanso kusamalira mosamala madzi a propylene ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zoopsa. Propylene imatha kuyaka kwambiri, imasungidwa pansi pa mphamvu yokwera, ndipo imapanga zosakaniza zophulika ndi mpweya. Njira zolimba zimafunika: kusungirako kuyenera kuchitika m'malo opumira bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zovomerezeka zokhala ndi mphamvu yothamanga kwambiri zomwe zili ndi zida zochepetsera kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kuyang'anira nthunzi. Ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa okha ndi omwe ayenera kuchita ntchito zosamutsa ndi kupereka zitsanzo motsatira malamulo achitetezo pantchito, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino komanso kuti malo antchito ndi otetezeka.
Mwala wina wodalirika wa kupezeka kwa propylene ndi muyeso wolondola wa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi—chinthu chomwe chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwongolera njira, kasamalidwe ka zinthu, ndi mtundu wa zinthu. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi, makamaka propylene, ndikofunikira kwambiri podziwa kuyera komanso kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi panthawi yosungira, kusamutsa, ndi polymerization. Njira zachikhalidwe monga kulemera kwa hydrostatic zimapereka ma reference values koma siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse m'mafakitale. Mayankho apamwamba—ma oscillation-type density meters, kuphatikiza omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter—amathandiza kuyang'anira mkati, nthawi yeniyeni, kuthandizira kutsimikizira khalidwe komanso magwiridwe antchito. Zipangizozi zimapereka kulondola kwakukulu ndipo zimapangidwa kuti zigwire ntchito pansi pa kutentha ndi kupsinjika komwe kumakumana nako mu propylene logistics ndi polypropylene kupanga, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikugwirizana komanso kutsatizana mu unyolo wonse wazinthu.
Kumvetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kuyeretsa propylene, kukhulupirika kwa chakudya cha reaction, njira zosungiramo zinthu motetezeka, komanso kuyeza kuchulukana kwa zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti propylene ikhale yofanana komanso yapamwamba kwambiri ku mafakitale a polypropylene padziko lonse lapansi, ndikusunga miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo yomwe makampani amafunikira.
Propylene ya Polymer-Grade: Tanthauzo, Katundu, ndi Kupanga
Kodi Propylene ya Polymer-Grade ndi Chiyani?
Propylene ya polymer-grade ndi mtundu wa propylene woyeretsedwa kwambiri (C₃H₆) wofunikira popanga polypropylene ndi ma polima ena. Kufunika kwake kumachokera ku zofunikira zamtundu wa polymerization catalysts monga Ziegler-Natta ndi metallocene systems. Ma catalysts awa ndi ofunikira kwambiri ku zinthu zodetsa monga sulfure, phosphorous, madzi, ndi oxygenates, zomwe zimatha kuletsa catalyst ndikuwononga khalidwe la polima. Pachifukwa ichi, propylene ya polymer-grade iyenera kupitirira malire a chiyero cha 99.5%, ndi mafotokozedwe wamba a mafakitale kufika pa 99.7%. Kuchuluka kwa sulfure kumakhala kochepera 0.1–0.2 ppm, phosphorous nthawi zambiri kumakhala pansi pa 0.1 ppm, ndi madzi pansi pa 5 ppm kuti ateteze ntchito ya catalyst ndi moyo wautali. Maukadaulo opikisana a catalyst, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma polymerizations ambiri, yankho, ndi gasi, amasiyana mu kulekerera kwawo kusayera, koma onse amafunikira chakudya choyeretsedwa kwambiri kuti agwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti agwire ntchito bwino. Kusunga chiyero ichi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tipewe kusintha zinthu zodula komanso nthawi yopuma chifukwa cha kuzimitsa kapena kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya cha reaction kuti chipange propylene.
Katundu Wofunika Kwambiri
Propylene ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu, wosinthasintha kwambiri pamikhalidwe yokhazikika, womwe umabweretsa zovuta zapadera pakusamalira ndi kusunga. Kutentha kwake ndi -47.6 °C, ndipo kutentha kwake ndi -185 °C. Mukasungidwa kapena kunyamulidwa ngati madzi pansi pa kupanikizika, kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi ndi kusinthasintha ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito ikhale yotetezeka komanso yogwira mtima. Pa -48 °C ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumakhala pafupifupi 0.51 g/cm³. Pansi pa kusungidwa kwachizolowezi kopanikizika (monga, 8–10 bar, 20°C), kuchuluka kumatha kukwera kufika pafupifupi 0.49–0.52 g/cm³. Magawo a kuchulukana kumeneku ndi ofunikira pakulinganiza kuchuluka kwa process, kukula kwa thanki, ndi kuyeza mulingo. Propylene ndi yokhuthala nthawi 1.5 mu gawo la nthunzi kuposa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthunzi zotuluka zisonkhanire m'malo otsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zoopsa zowopsa. Kuyeza koyenera kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene kumachitika kudzera mu mita yolondola yokhazikika, monga yomwe imapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira molondola ndikuwongolera zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo ndikukonza bwino momwe zinthu zilili. Kusintha kwa kutentha ndi khalidwe la gawo kumafuna njira zopangidwira zopatulira gawo, kuwongolera kuwala, komanso kuzindikira kutuluka kwa madzi panthawi yogwira ntchito komanso yosungira.
Njira Zopangira Zoyambirira
Njira zazikulu zopangira propylene ya polymer-grade ndi kusweka kwa nthunzi, kusweka kwa catalytic, ndi kusalingana kwa olefin (makamaka metathesis).
Kusweka kwa Nthunzi:Kusweka kwa ma hydrocarbon (naphtha, LPG, kapena ethane) kumabweretsa ethylene komanso kumapanga propylene yamtengo wapatali. Zopangira zoyambirira zimakhala ndi kuphatikiza kwa ma hydrocarbon omwe amafunikira kutsukidwa kwa magawo ambiri, kuphatikiza cryogenic distillation ndi hydrogenation, kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya polymer. Vuto limodzi ndi kutentha kwa propylene ndi propane, komwe kumavuta kulekanitsa ndikukweza ndalama zamagetsi ndi zida.
Kusweka kwa Catalytic:Ma FCC (fluid catalytic cracking units) amasintha mafuta a gasi kukhala ma alkenes opepuka, zomwe zimapangitsa propylene kukhala chinthu chachikulu chogwirizana. FCC ndi njira zina zokhudzana nazo zimapangitsanso ma olefin ambiri (C₄–C₈), omwe kusweka kwawo pambuyo pake kungawonjezere phindu la propylene koma kumawonjezera zovuta pa njira zolekanitsira.
Kusalingana kwa Olefin (Metathesis):Ukadaulo wa Metathesis, monga momwe ethylene ndi butenes zimagwirira ntchito, zimathandiza kupanga propylene payokha. Njirazi zimakopa kuti chakudya chikhale chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo zimatha kupanga mitsinje yoyera kwambiri yokhala ndi zinthu zochepa zolemera, zomwe zimachepetsa kufunikira kwa kuyeretsa kwa madzi. Komabe, ubwino wa chakudya ndi zinthu zina zimakhudzanso kapangidwe ka makina oyeretsera.
Njira zopangira zinthu zimapanga zinthu zina—kuyambira haidrojeni, methane, ndi ma hydrocarbon osiyanasiyana a C₄+ kuti zitsatire zinyalala—zomwe ziyenera kulekanitsidwa bwino kuti zilekanitse propylene pa kuyera kwa polymer. Chidutswa cha zinthu zina cha njira iliyonse chimatsimikizira kukula ndi mtundu wa kuyeretsa pansi pa madzi, makamaka pochotsa propane, unsaturated, ndi poizoni wochepa. Njira zoyeretsera, kuphatikizapo kusankha hydrogenation, distillation, adsorption, ndi machitidwe apamwamba a nembanemba, zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi njira iliyonse kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zoyeretsera propylene zomwe zimafunidwa ndi ntchito za polymerization.
Kuyang'anira kosalekeza ndi kusintha kwa magawo ofunikira kwambiri, monga kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene ndi kutentha, panthawi yopanga ndi kusungira, kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba woyezera mkati monga womwe unapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter. Deta iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu komanso kuonetsetsa kuti miyezo yachitetezo ikutsatira miyezo yachitetezo, makamaka pakugwira ndi kusunga madzi a propylene komwe kumafunika kuwongolera kolondola.
Pansipa pali tchati chofananizira chomwe chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana:
| Kutentha (°C) | Kupanikizika (mzere) | Kuchuluka kwa Propylene ya Madzi (g/cm³) |
| -48 | 1 | 0.51 |
| 0 | 5 | 0.52 |
| 20 | 9 | 0.49 |
| 40 | 15 | 0.47 |
Kuyeza kolondola kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumathandiza kuti pakhale njira zotetezera komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino pamalo aliwonse osungira ndi kusamalira propylene.
Njira Zoyeretsera Propylene Popereka Ma Polymer Grade
Njira Zoyeretsera Mafakitale
Kusungunula kumakhalabe mwala wapangodya woyeretsera propylene, kulekanitsa propylene ndi propane ndi ma hydrocarbon ena opepuka kuti akwaniritse mulingo woyeretsera wofunikira wa >99.5% wa propylene ya polymer grade. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pang'ono kwa malo otentha - propylene pa -47.6 °C ndi propane pa -42.1 °C - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mipiringidzo yayitali, yotsitsimula komanso mphamvu zambiri. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kusungunula kwachizolowezi kukhale kokwera mtengo, makamaka pamene zofunikira za kuyera zikulimba komanso zolinga zogwirira ntchito zikuwonjezeka. Zoletsa zimaphatikizapo kutayika kwa propylene (m'mbuyomu mpaka matani 2,900 pachaka m'malo oyeretsera amodzi) ndikuchepetsa kubweza pamene mathireyi ambiri kapena kusungunuka kwakukulu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonzanso kuyera pang'ono.
Njira zamakono zoyeretsera madzi zimathetsa mavuto ena. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito bottom flash distillation kungachepetse kutayika kwa propylene ndi 70%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito zisungidwe bwino kwambiri m'malo omwe akufuna kuyika ndalama mu makonzedwe atsopano a mizati kapena kusintha. Ma hybrids oyeretsera madzi osakanikirana ndi membrane amawonjezeranso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera komanso kusinthasintha, makamaka akamagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ma hybrid oterewa akuwonetsa kutsika kwa 12.6% pa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka pochotsa ntchito yolekanitsa ku polymeric kapena inorganic membranes yosankhidwa isanakonzedwe komaliza ndi distillation. Njira zoyeretsera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zakumwa za ionic zomwe zasankhidwa mwapadera monga zolowetsa madzi, monga [BMIM][TFA], zimathandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu mpaka 82% kuposa njira zachikhalidwe. Zatsopanozi zimayendetsa makampaniwa kuyeretsa propylene mokhazikika, kosinthika, komanso kotsika mtengo.
Kuyeretsa kochokera ku adsorption kumapereka njira ina kapena yowonjezerapo kuposa distillation. Zipangizo monga Cu-MOF-74 (zida zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi mkuwa-zachilengedwe) zatsimikizira kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha microporosity yawo yopangidwa mosamala komanso malo otseguka achitsulo. Zida izi zimathandiza kuti propylene igwiritsidwe ntchito bwino kwambiri kudzera mu molecular sieving komanso kuyanjana pakati pa ma hydrocarbons osakhuta ndi ma node amkuwa. Mayeso oyesera okhazikika amatsimikizira kuti Cu-MOF-74 imatha kupereka propylene ndi chiyero choposa 99.5%, ndikukwaniritsa mwachindunji miyezo yamakampani a polymer. Chodziwika bwino ndichakuti, machitidwe awa a adsorption amagwira ntchito pamavuto ochepa komanso kutentha kozungulira, amachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zomwe zimalowa poyerekeza ndi kutentha, ndipo amatha kubwezeretsedwanso kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza.
Mapangidwe aposachedwa oyeretsa amaphatikiza ukadaulo wambiri. Ma hybrid schemes nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito adsorption yoyamba pogwiritsa ntchito ma frameworks okhala ndi ma ultra-porous (monga azolate-based sorbents) kuti azitha kusakaniza propylene, kutsatiridwa ndi kupukuta distillation kuti zitsimikizire kuti zodetsazo zichotsedwa. Njirazi zimateteza kutulutsa kwa ultra-high-purification, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, ma single adsorption-desorption cycles anenedwa kuti amapereka >99.7% propylene mu kafukufuku wa labu ndi woyeserera. Hybrid hollow-fiber membrane ndi distillation zimathandiza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa njira ndi kusintha mwachangu ku kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zopangira, kupereka zinthu zokhazikika za polima pomwe kuchepetsa zizindikiro za kaboni.
Kukwaniritsa Chiyero Chapamwamba Kwambiri
Propylene ya polymer-grade imafuna milingo yodetsa yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera 30 ppm propane, 1 ppm ethylene, 1 ppm madzi, ndi milingo ya ppt ya poizoni woyambitsa (monga, O₂, CO, amines, sulfure compounds) kuti ateteze ma catalyst oyambitsa polymerization amphamvu kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma polima ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Kukwaniritsa ndikusunga milingo yoyera yotere kumadalira njira zoyeretsera zophatikizika bwino, kuphatikiza kulekanitsa kwakukulu ndi masitepe omaliza pansi ndi kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni.
Kuphatikiza njira ndikofunikira kwambiri. Machitidwe oyeretsera amapangidwa ngati ma node mkati mwa unyolo waukulu wopanga propylene, mogwirizana ndi mayunitsi odulira kapena ochotsa ma hydrogenation ndi ma reactors opondereza pansi. Kuwongolera khalidwe kumasungidwa kuyambira chakudya cha zinthu zopangira mpaka kusungirako zinthu zomaliza. Kuphatikiza ma analyzers amkati ndi ma density ndi viscosity meters apamwamba—monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter—kumathandizira kuyeza mwachangu komanso molondola kwa zinthu zofunika zamadzimadzi a propylene, monga kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi, komwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakusungira zinthu, kusamutsa, ndi kuyang'anira chakudya cha reaction.
Chitsanzo cha njira yolumikizira njira chingaphatikizepo:
- Kusungunula koyamba kwa distillation yolekanitsa zinthu zambiri ndi kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa,
- Cu-MOF-74 kapena mabedi ena ofanana osakaniza kuti azitha kuyeretsa bwino,
- Kupukuta komaliza kapena kupukuta kwa nembanemba kufikira zosafunika zonse za hydrocarbon zosakwana 10 ppm.
Kapangidwe kameneka kamachepetsa ndalama zonse zogulira ndi zogwirira ntchito pamene kakuonetsetsa kuti chakudya cha propylene chikukwaniritsa kapena kupitirira miyezo yoyera ya mafakitale.
Kupereka kodalirika kwa propylene yoyera kwambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ma polypropylene ndi copolymer, chifukwa kukhudzidwa kwa catalyst kuti atsatire zodetsa kumakhudza mwachindunji zokolola, mtundu wa chinthu, komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kusunga kuwongolera kolimba kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene—komwe kumayesedwa m'matanki komanso pa chakudya cha reactor—kumaletsa kusinthasintha kwa chakudya mwangozi ndikuthandizira mawonekedwe a polima okhazikika. Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, monga inline vibration density mita ndi calibrated laboratory pycnometers, zimaphatikizidwa nthawi yonse yosungira ndi kusamalira propylene. Ukadaulo wa Lonnmeter, wopangidwira kuyang'anira molondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni, umathandiza kutseka kuzungulira kolamulira kuti zitsimikizire khalidwe, kusamalira, ndi kusunga propylene yamadzi ngati chakudya chokonzekera.
Kusamalira ndi kusunga propylene mosamala kumadalira kuphatikiza kwa zoletsa zakuthupi, kusanthula njira, ndi mayankho ochokera ku zipangizo zamkati. Njira izi, zophatikizidwa ndi njira zoyeretsera, zimaonetsetsa kuti chinthu chomaliza chomwe chaperekedwa ku polima sichimangokhala choyera kwambiri komanso chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo zokhudzana ndi kuchulukana, kapangidwe kake, ndi malire a kuipitsidwa.
Kusunga ndi Kusamalira Propylene: Njira Zabwino ndi Zovuta
Kusunga Motetezeka Komanso Mogwira Mtima
Kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri yosungiramo propylene kumafuna kuwunika zombo zopanikizika, matanki oziziritsa, ndi mapanga apansi panthaka. Zombo zopanikizika ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito matanki achitsulo opangidwa motsatira miyezo ya ASME. Machitidwewa amagwira ntchito kutentha kozungulira, kusunga propylene ngati madzi mwa kusunga kupanikizika pamwamba pa kutentha kwake. Kugwira ntchito kwawo kumadalira kutsatira zofunikira za maziko, kuteteza dzimbiri, ndi zida zochepetsera kupanikizika. Kuwunika nthawi ndi nthawi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kutsatira malamulo achitetezo nthawi zonse.
Matanki osungidwa mufiriji ndi oyenera kusungidwa kwa propylene yayikulu kapena yayitali. Matanki awa amasunga kutentha kocheperako kapena kosasunthika komanso kutetezedwa kwamphamvu, kuchepetsa zoopsa za nthunzi ndi kutayika. Mapangidwe osungiramo zinthu zonse kapena okhala ndi makoma awiri amawonjezera chitetezo mwa kupereka kubwezeretsedwanso ngati kusungidwa koyamba kwalephera. Zofunikira pakugwira ntchito yosungiramo zinthu mufiriji zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira mosamala kulimba kwa kutetezedwa ndi kapangidwe kake chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa kutentha. Kulephera kwa kusungidwa kwa kutayikira kapena kutetezedwa kumatha kufalikira mwachangu mpaka kutulutsidwa kwa nthunzi komanso kupsinjika kwambiri.
Mapanga apansi panthaka, omwe nthawi zambiri amamangidwa m'madenga amchere kapena m'matanthwe oyenera, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zinthu zazikulu kwambiri ziyenera kusungidwa. Mapanga awa amapindula ndi kutentha kwamkati komanso kutetezedwa, kuchepetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi moto wa pamwamba kapena kuphulika. Komabe, zovuta zaukadaulo zimawonjezeka chifukwa cha kufunika koonetsetsa kuti madzi sakutuluka bwino, kuyang'anira njira zotulutsira/kulowetsa madzi, komanso kupewa mavuto a pansi pa nthaka kapena kuipitsidwa.
Kusungirako koyenera kumadalira kuwongolera kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi kutchinjiriza. Propylene iyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa malire opapatiza a kutentha ndi kuthamanga kuti ipewe kusintha kwa magawo oopsa. Kupanikizika kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse nthunzi mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto achitetezo ndi kuyera. Malo osungiramo zinthu apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kosalekeza komanso kuwunikira kuthamanga pamodzi ndi mavavu owongolera okha ndi osinthira kutentha kuti zinthu zizikhala zokhazikika. Kutsatira zofunikira zotchinga moto ndi malire oyendetsera zinthu ndikofunikira pazinthu zonse zosungiramo.
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi. Kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene kumasiyana malinga ndi kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa thanki ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha kosungirako kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zawerengedwa kuti zikhudze kwambiri zinthu zomwe zawerengedwa. Kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino izi, malo osungiramo zinthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera nthawi yeniyeni—monga mita yozungulira, zotumizira ma radar level, ndi matebulo owongolera—kuti asinthe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zayesedwa kukhala zinthu zolondola. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupereka malipoti okhudza malamulo komanso kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zasungidwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe ka zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'malo motsatira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokha, makamaka ndi propylene yamadzimadzi, kumapereka kulondola kofunikira pakusamutsa zinthu ndi kupewa kutayika.
Pansipa pali tchati chosonyeza momwe kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumasinthira ndi kutentha, kuwonetsa momwe imakhudzira mwachindunji kuwerengera kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu thanki:
| Kutentha (°C) | Kuchuluka kwa Propylene ya Madzi (kg/m³) |
|------------------|- ...|
| -40 | 636 |
| -20 | 608 |
| 0 | 579 |
| 20 | 550 |
| 40 | 520 |
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera, kukwera kwa kutentha kuchokera pa -40°C mpaka 40°C kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kupitirira 100 kg/m³, zomwe zikugogomezera kufunika kosungira kutentha kokhazikika komanso kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu moyenera pakuyang'anira zinthu.
Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito
Kusamalira bwino propylene yamadzimadzi ndi ya gasi ndikofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha zomera komanso kuperekedwa kodalirika. Njira zimayamba ndi njira zapadera zotumizira, kukweza, ndi kutsitsa zinthu mosamala. Mizere yonse yosamutsira ndi mapaipi ayenera kugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a propylene ndi mankhwala kuti apewe kutupa kapena kuwonongeka. Malumikizidwe amayesedwa ndi kupanikizika, ndipo kusamutsa konse kumayang'aniridwa kuchokera ku chipinda chowongolera chapakati. Ogwira ntchito onse omwe akugwira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito zovala zosayaka moto, zowunikira mpweya, ndi zida zoletsa kutentha kuti achotse magwero oyatsira moto.
Ntchito zotumizira zimatsatira njira yabwino kwambiri: kutsimikizira kusungunula thanki ndi chingwe, zida zomangira pansi ndi zomangira, kukweza pang'onopang'ono mphamvu ya chingwe, komanso kusinthasintha kwa nthunzi nthawi zonse kuti tipewe kupanikizika kwambiri. Machitidwe ogawa mapaipi ali ndi ma valve ogwiritsidwa ntchito patali komanso njira zochepetsera kupanikizika. Pokweza ndi kutsitsa, machitidwe osuntha nthunzi kapena kubwezeretsa nthunzi pogwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira kotsekedwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kutulutsa nthunzi zomwe zimayaka moto ndikupewa kulowa kwa mpweya, zomwe zingayambitse kusakanikirana kophulika.
Popeza propylene imasinthasintha komanso imayaka, kuchepetsa zoopsa ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yogwirira ntchito. Njira zimatsimikiziridwa pazochitika zachizolowezi komanso zadzidzidzi. Ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse amaonetsetsa kuti pali kulumikizana konse kwa kutuluka kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a sopo kapena zida zodziwira kutuluka kwa mpweya. Malo ogwirira ntchito amakhala opanda antchito osafunikira komanso magwero oyatsira moto, ndipo ma valve otseka mwadzidzidzi amaikidwa pamalo osavuta kufikako. Zochitika zolephera—monga mapaipi owonongeka, matanki odzaza kwambiri, kapena zolakwika za zida—zimathetsedwa ndi kutsekedwa kwa makina odziyimira pawokha komanso kusungidwa kwa nthunzi yokwanira.
Kubwezeretsa nthunzi ndi kupewa kutayikira kwa madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga chitetezo komanso kudalirika kwa ntchito. Machitidwe amakono obwezeretsa nthunzi—monga ma unit ochepetsera kutayikira kwa madzi pansi kapena nthunzi—amachepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga ndipo amapereka njira zobwezeretsanso mitsinje yogwirira ntchito. Malo okhala ndi machitidwe oterewa amanena kuti kutayika kwa moto kumachepa kwambiri komanso kuti chuma chikuyenda bwino. Zida zodziwira kutayikira kwa madzi zomwe zili ndi masensa a gasi ndi ma alamu zimaphatikizidwa mu zomangamanga zachitetezo cha mafakitale, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende mwachangu ngati zinthu zatulutsidwa mwangozi. Kuzindikira kutayikira kwa madzi kumakulitsidwa ndi machitidwe otseka mwadzidzidzi omwe amalekanitsa magawo omwe awonongeka a makinawo ndikuyambitsa kutsuka kwa nthunzi kapena makatani amadzi osefukira.
Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito ya propylene ndikukhala ndi njira yolondola yosungira zinthu. Mamita ozungulira, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amathandizira kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi nthawi yeniyeni. Mamita awa amapereka deta yofunika kwambiri kuti azitha kuwongolera makina, kuthandiza ogwira ntchito kutsimikizira kuti njira zosamutsira ndi kusungira sizibweretsa kudzaza kwambiri kapena kuchepera, motero kuchepetsa zoopsa za kutayikira ndi kuphulika kwa nthunzi. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mwachindunji, pamodzi ndi kuwerengera kwa kuthamanga ndi kutentha, kumakhala maziko a ntchito zodalirika zosungira zinthu ndi kusunga, makamaka ndi kutentha ndi kupsinjika kosinthasintha.
Zonse pamodzi, njira zabwino zosungira ndi kusamalira propylene zimaphatikiza mayankho opangidwa mwaluso, kuyang'anira kosalekeza, ndi njira zolimbikitsira kuti athetse mavuto apadera omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mankhwala osinthasintha kwambiri awa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pamodzi sikungatheke kuti pakhale chitetezo, kutsatira malamulo, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino popanga, kusunga, ndi kugawa propylene ya polymer grade.
Kuyeza Kuchuluka kwa Propylene Yamadzimadzi: Mfundo ndi Mayankho
Kufunika kwa Kuyeza Kuchulukana
Pa kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumalola ogwira ntchito kusintha pakati pa kuchuluka ndi kulemera popanda kulakwitsa kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwerengera ndalama, kusamutsa katundu, komanso kupewa kutayika. Poyang'anira njira, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti chakudyacho chikugwirizana bwino ndi mayunitsi ochitira zinthu, kuphatikizapo omwe amapereka chakudya cha reaction kuti apange polypropylene. Ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa zinthu za propylene yamadzimadzi kumatha kukhudza magwiridwe antchito a catalyst ndi khalidwe la chinthu chomaliza. Magulu otsimikizira khalidwe amadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi ngati chizindikiro cholunjika cha kutsatizana ndi kuyera kwa chinthucho, makamaka kuti atsimikizire kuti chinthucho ndi propylene ya polymer grade. Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwa kuchuluka kolondola ndikofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo, kukhudza zisankho zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa thanki, malo ochepetsera kupanikizika, ndi njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi pansi pa mikhalidwe yoyaka komanso yosakhazikika yomwe imachitika nthawi zambiri pa ntchito ya propylene.
Njira Zoyezera Kuchuluka kwa Madzi
Pali njira zingapo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi monga propylene, iliyonse ili ndi mfundo zosiyana, ubwino, ndi zovuta.
Njira yachikhalidwe kwambiri ndichoyezera madzi, galasi loyandama lokhazikika lomwe limamizidwa mumadzimadzi omwe kuchuluka kwake koyandama kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchulukana. Ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti zikhale zosavuta, ma hydrometer sakhala ndi kulondola kofunikira pa ntchito ya propylene, pomwe kusiyana pang'ono kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu.
Chotsogola kwambiri ndichoyezera cha U-chubu chozunguliraChida ichi cha digito chimakhala ndi chubu chopanda kanthu, chozungulira chomwe chitsanzocho chimadutsamo. Kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kumasiyana malinga ndi kulemera kwa chubu ndi madzi omwe ali mkati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchulukitsidwa kwa madzi kudziwike mwachindunji komanso molondola kwambiri, bola kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi zikuyendetsedwa bwino.
Mamita ochulukirachulukira a digito—ena ozikidwa pa ukadaulo wa U-tube wosinthasintha—amaphatikiza kuwerenga mwachindunji, kubweza kutentha kokha, ndi kusungira deta. Izi ndizoyenera kwambiri m'malo ovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma laboratories komanso pamzere kuti ziwunikire njira. Mamita ozungulira omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter amapangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale, ndipo amapereka magwiridwe antchito olimba pansi pa zovuta.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimasintha Muyeso wa Kuchuluka kwa Madzi
Zinthu zingapo zingakhudze kulondola kwa muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi:
- Kusintha kwa kutentha:Pamene kutentha kukukwera, kufalikira kwa kutentha kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa propylene. Kupatuka pang'ono kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu chifukwa cha kukula kwa propylene; motero, kuwongolera kutentha ndi kulipira sikungatheke kukambirana.
- Kusintha kwa Mavuto:Mosiyana ndi mpweya, zakumwa, kuphatikizapo propylene, zimawonetsa kuchuluka kochepa koma kofunikira kwambiri pakapanikizika, makamaka pakachitika zinthu kapena kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mpweya wosungunuka. Makina oyezera ayenera kuyesedwa malinga ndi mikhalidwe iyi ndipo kusintha koyenera kugwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Zodetsa ndi Zoipitsa:Kupezeka kwa ma hydrocarbon ena kapena mpweya wosungunuka kumasintha kuchulukana mwachindunji, zomwe zimakhudza chitsimikizo cha kuyera kwa mitsinje yamtengo wapatali monga polymer grade propylene. Njira zowongolera khalidwe ziyenera kuchotsa kapena kuwerengera zotsatira zake.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Propylene
Deta yoyezedwa ya kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi imayang'anira ntchito zofunika kwambiri mkati mwa malo osungira ndi kusamalira propylene. Poyang'anira kusungirako, sikuti imangodziwa kuchuluka kwa thanki, komanso kulemera kwake—kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pamene ma gauge a thanki akuwonetsa kuchuluka, koma zinthu zimagulitsidwa ndi kulemera. Pazinthu zomwe zili mkati, zimatsimikizira kuti kuyenda kwa njira kumawerengedwa molondola, kofunikira pa ntchito zonse zopitilira komanso zamagulu.
Pokonzekera chakudya cha mayunitsi ochitira zinthu, monga omwe amapangidwa mu propylene cleansing kapena polymerization plants, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya molondola kumatsimikizira kuti chakudyacho chili bwino komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale bwino, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa. Zolakwika pakuyeza kuchuluka kwa chakudya zimatha kubweretsa zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zosakaniza, kapena zoopsa chifukwa cha ziwiya zodzaza kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanikizika.
Kuchokera pakuwona kutsata malamulo, mabungwe olamulira amalamula kuyeza kuchulukana kwa mankhwala ndi kulemba zikalata za mankhwala osinthika, kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha anthu komanso kuti malonda amsika azikhala ofanana. Ntchito zamafakitale zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri magwiridwe antchito zimadalira izi osati kungokwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo, komanso kukonza bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida, kuwonjezera phindu, komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma yomwe sinakonzedwe - zonse zomwe zimadalira kukhala ndi kuchulukana kwamadzimadzi kodalirika komanso kolondola komwe kumapezeka nthawi iliyonse yomwe ikuchitika.
Kuyeza bwino kuchuluka kwa madzi monga propylene si ntchito yachizolowezi, koma ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chopititsira patsogolo kugwira ntchito bwino, ubwino, ndi chitetezo panthawi yonse yosungira, kunyamula, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito propylene.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Zofunikira Zaubwino za Polima-Gawo la Propylene
Propylene ya polymer-grade, yokhala ndi chiyero choposa 99.5%, ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha reaction cha kupanga polypropylene ndi mitundu yambiri ya ma polima apamwamba. Kufotokozera kwake kolimba kwa chiyero sikokhazikika koma kumafunika mwachindunji chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa ma catalyst amakono a polymerization, makamaka Ziegler-Natta ndi metallocene systems. Ngakhale zinthu zodetsa pang'ono—acetylenes, mankhwala okhala ndi sulfure kapena nayitrogeni, oxygenates, ndi ma hydrocarbon enaake—zingathe kupha ma catalyst, kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa kosatha, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma polima ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Udindo ngati Chakudya Chothandizira cha Polypropylene ndi Advanced Polymers
Kupanga polypropylene kumadalira kupezeka kosalekeza kwa propylene yofanana ndi polymer, komwe zodetsa zimakhala pansi kwambiri pa magawo pa miliyoni, ndipo pazifukwa zina, pansi pa magawo pa biliyoni. Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems, zomwe ndi maziko a isotactic polypropylene production, zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuchuluka kochepa kwa poizoni monga madzi, mpweya, carbon monoxide, kapena methylacetylene. Zodetsa zimenezi sizimangoletsa malo omwe catalyst active komanso zimakhudza kwambiri crystallinity, molecular weight distribution, ndi stereospecificity ya polima yopangidwa.
Kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakaniza kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu pamtengo. Kusintha zinthu zosakaniza pafupipafupi, kuyimitsidwa kosakonzekera, komanso kupanga zinthu zambiri zomwe sizikudziwika bwino kungachitike chifukwa cha kulephera kwa ubwino wa zinthu zomwe zalowetsedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuyeretsa propylene mosalekeza si chinthu chapamwamba koma chofunikira kuti ntchito ikhale yodalirika komanso yopindulitsa.
Ntchito Zowonjezera mu Zapakati Zamankhwala ndi Kupanga Zapadera
Kupatula polypropylene, propylene yopangidwa ndi polymer ndi yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala ambiri apamwamba. Imathandizira kupanga acrylic acid kudzera mu ma catalytic oxidation awiri komanso kupanga cumene kudzera mu alkylation ya benzene. Njira zonsezi zimadaliranso ma feeds okhala ndi purity yapamwamba:
- Pakupanga acrylic acid, ngakhale zinthu zodetsa sulfure kapena oxygenate zazing'ono zimatha kuletsa ma catalyst okhazikika, kuchepetsa zokolola kapena kulimbikitsa zinthu zina zosafunikira.
- Kupanga kwa Cumene kumadaliranso kuyera kwa propylene kuti zitsimikizire kuti zeolite catalyst imakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso kusankha kusintha, ndipo mafakitale olembedwa amafika pa >99.999% kusintha ndi >99.97% kuyera kwa zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito chakudya choyeretsedwa bwino.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera, monga polyol, plasticizer, ndi surfactant, kumafuna kuyeretsa kwa propylene kofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chosakhala chapadera chikhale pachiwopsezo chaukadaulo komanso chachuma.
Ubwino wa Bizinesi Wosunga Ukhondo wa Polymer-Grade Posungira ndi Kugawa
Chofunika kwambiri pa malonda chimafalikira mu unyolo wonse wa propylene. Panthawi yosungira ndi kunyamula—nthawi zambiri m'zombo kapena m'zigawo zopanikizika—propylene ya polymer imakhalabe pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi chinyezi cha chilengedwe, kutuluka kuchokera ku zipangizo za zombo, ma hydrocarbon, ndi mpweya. Ngakhale kuipitsidwa pang'ono kumatha kupezeka pamalo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu gasi chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS kapena GC-ICP-MS), nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kukanidwa kwa batch kapena kuyeretsa kokonzanso.
Miyezo yamakampani (monga ASTM D5273) imafuna kuti pakhale kusanthula kwathunthu kwa zinthu zodetsedwa m'malo onse akuluakulu osamutsira zinthu zodetsedwa. Njira zogwirira ntchito zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yolimba yogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo, chromatography ya gasi pa intaneti, ndi ukadaulo woyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa kuti ziwunikire mtundu wa zinthuzo. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene ndikofunikira osati kokha pakusamutsa zinthu zodetsedwa komanso ngati njira yowongolera khalidwe losalunjika: kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumayembekezeredwa kumatha kuwonetsa kufalikira kwa zinthu zodetsedwa kapena kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake. Mita ya kuchuluka kwa madzi, monga ya Lonnmeter, imapereka chitsimikizo chenicheni cha kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene panthawi yonse yosamutsa ndi kusungira.
Tchati chomwe chili pansipa chikufotokoza mwachidule ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuyera kwa propylene, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito catalyst, ndi kuthekera kwa kutseka kosayembekezereka:
Kuwonjezeka kwa kuyera kwa propylene kumabweretsa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito catalyst komanso kuchepa kwa kusokonezeka kwa njira (deta yosinthidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku waposachedwa wowunikidwa ndi anzawo).
Kusamalira ndi kusunga bwino madzi a propylene—kuonetsetsa kuti madzi a propylene ndi ochulukirapo nthawi zonse komanso kuti mankhwala ake ndi oyera—motero kumathandizira kudalirika kwa zomera, zomwe makasitomala amafuna, komanso phindu lonse la bizinesi. Kuwongolera mwamphamvu panthawi yosungira ndi kugawa, motsogozedwa ndi njira zolondola zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuzindikira kodetsa kwapamwamba, kumateteza umphumphu wa malonda mu unyolo wonse woperekera.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi njira yoyeretsera propylene ndi yotani kuti ikwaniritse miyezo ya polymer?
Propylene ya polymer iyenera kupitirira 99.5% kuyera, ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa propane ndi zodetsa zina. M'mbuyomu, kusungunuka kwa magawo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kwakhala maziko a kuyeretsa, kulekanitsa propylene ndi ma hydrocarbon ofanana monga propane. Chifukwa cha malo otentha ofanana, njirayi ikukumana ndi zovuta za thermodynamic komanso ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito.
Zatsopano zomwe zachitika posachedwapa zikuika patsogolo njira zoyatsira madzi ndi ukadaulo wozikidwa pa nembanemba kuti ziwonjezere kusankha komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Zoyatsira madzi monga Cu-MOF-74 zimagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa ma pore opangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi malo otseguka achitsulo kuti zigwire zinthu zosafunika—makamaka propane ndi trace alkanes—zomwe zimathandiza kuyeretsa pang'onopang'ono. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa machitidwe otere kumadalira kuwongolera kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kafukufuku wa labotale ndi woyeserera amatsimikizira kuti zoyatsira madzi izi zitha kubwezeretsedwanso kangapo popanda kutayika kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito, kuthandizira kukula kwa mafakitale. Kapangidwe ka zoyatsira madzi kokonzedwa bwino tsopano kamachotsanso zinthu zambiri zosafunika kuphatikizapo mankhwala a sulfure ndi alkynes, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za polymerization catalyst.
Kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba kumapereka njira ina, ndi njira zamakono za organosilica zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusankha kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika kwamphamvu. Njira za nembanemba zimalekanitsa propylene pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kochepa kwa kukula kwa mamolekyulu ndi mawonekedwe a kulowa kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera makamaka pamene pakufunika kuyera kwambiri.
Nchifukwa chiyani ubwino wa chakudya cha reaction ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakupanga polypropylene?
Kupeza ndi kusunga chiyero chachikulu mu chakudya cha reaction ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga polypropylene. Ma Catalysts omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polima amakhala osamala ndi zinyalala monga sulfure, zitsulo, okosijeni, ndi ma hydrocarbon ena. Ngakhale zinthu zodetsa pang'ono zimatha kuwononga malo ogwiritsira ntchito catalyst, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ichepe, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, komanso kufupikitsa nthawi ya catalyst. Chakudya cha catalyst choyera kwambiri chimatsimikizira kuti catalyst ikugwira ntchito bwino, makhalidwe a polima okhazikika, komanso zokolola zokhazikika. Miyezo yolamulira imalamulanso kuti pakhale malire a kusayera kuti ateteze chitetezo cha njira ndi khalidwe la polima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyeretsa ndi kuyang'anira mosamala chakudyacho zikhale zofunikira.
Kodi kusungidwa ndi kusamalidwa kwa propylene kuyenera kuyendetsedwa bwanji mosamala?
Propylene imasungidwa m'mathanki opanikizika kapena oziziritsa omwe amapangidwira makamaka mpweya woyaka. Matanki awa ayenera kukhala ndi ma valve ochepetsa kupanikizika, zowongolera kutentha, ndi njira zodziwira ndikuwongolera kutayikira. Malo osungira amafunika mpweya wabwino komanso kuletsa mwamphamvu magwero oyatsira moto. Kuyang'anira ndi kukonza pafupipafupi kumachepetsa zoopsa zotayikira ndi kulephera. Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi kusamutsa propylene ya polymer, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera, kumaonetsetsa kuti antchito ndi katundu wa fakitale ndi otetezeka. Nthawi zonse tsatirani malamulo am'deralo osungira zinthu zoopsa.
Kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti madzi a propylene akhale ochuluka bwanji, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zofunika?
Kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumadalira makamaka kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi. Pamene kusintha kulikonse kumasinthasintha, kuchulukana koyezeka kumasinthasinthanso—chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa thanki, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kusamutsa zinthu, ndi kupanga chitsanzo cha njira. Zolakwika zazing'ono poyesa kuchuluka kwa madzi a propylene zingayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu mu katundu kapena kuwongolera kayendedwe ka madzi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kowunikira molondola komanso kosalekeza panthawi yopanga ndi kusunga.
Kodi mumayesa bwanji kuchuluka kwa madzi ngati propylene?
Njira yolondola kwambiri yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kuphatikizapo propylene, ndi oscillating U-tube densitometer. Chipangizochi chimagwedeza chubu chodzazidwa ndi madzi oyezera ndi kuyeza kusintha kwa mafupipafupi a oscillation, zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kuwongolera koyenera komanso kuwongolera kutentha ndi kuthamanga ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo ma hydrometers ndi ma pycnometers, koma izi ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kufunikira kwa throughput kapena kulondola sikokwanira. Inline digital density mita, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amatha kuyikidwa kuti aziwunika nthawi yeniyeni komanso kuwongolera njira. Kukonzekera chitsanzo—kutsimikizira kuti chachotsedwa mpweya ndi kutentha koyenera—kumawonjezera kulondola kwa muyeso.
Kodi zoopsa ndi njira zodzitetezera zofunika ndi ziti mukamagwiritsa ntchito propylene ya polymer-grade?
Propylene ya polymer ndi yoyaka kwambiri. Kuyaka kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi m'malo osasunthika, malawi otseguka, kapena malo otentha. Kugwira ntchito kumafuna kutsatira malangizo onse a zida zodzitetezera, kutseka mwamphamvu njira, komanso kuchotsa zinthu zoyatsira moto. Ntchito zosungira ndi kusamutsa ziyenera kuchitika m'malo opumira bwino. Machitidwe ozindikira kutayikira kwa madzi ndi njira zochenjeza ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zidziwike zoopsa msanga. Mapaipi ndi matanki onse ayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti awone ngati pali kupsinjika ndi dzimbiri. Njira zadzidzidzi zotayikira kapena kutayikira kwa madzi, kuphatikizapo mapulani osungira ndi kutulutsira madzi, ziyenera kulembedwa bwino ndikubowoledwa.
Nchifukwa chiyani propylene yopangidwa ndi polymer imakondedwa m'njira zina zopangira mankhwala?
Kuyera kwa propylene ya polymer kumapereka ubwino wapadera popanga zinthu zoyambira. Kuyera kwambiri kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito, kumachepetsa mapangidwe a zinthu zosafunikira, komanso kumathandizira kupanga ma polima abwino kwambiri. Popeza ma catalyst amakono amatha kuipitsidwa, propylene yoyera kwambiri yokha ndi yomwe imatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito odalirika komanso kutsatira zofunikira zazinthu zofunika pakugwiritsa ntchito monga kulongedza chakudya ndi zida zamagalimoto.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-18-2025
