Chofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa mkuwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chochotsa mkuwa (monga asidi, alkali, kapena mchere) kuti chigwirizane ndi mchere wa mkuwa womwe uli mu mkuwa (monga malachite mu oxide ores ndi chalcopyrite mu sulfide ores) kuti chisinthe mkuwa wolimba kukhala ma ayoni amkuwa osungunuka m'madzi (Cu²⁺), ndikupanga "leachate" (njira yokhala ndi mkuwa). Pambuyo pake, mkuwa woyera (monga electrolytic copper) umachotsedwa mu leachate kudzera mu kuchotsa, electrodeposition, kapena precipitation.
Kukonza bwino zinthu zamakononjira ya mkuwa ya hydrometallurgyKumadalira kwambiri muyeso wolondola komanso wowona wa zosintha za njira zomwe zimachitika nthawi yeniyeni. Pakati pa izi, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti m'madzi oundana a leach mwina ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri yowongolera ukadaulo, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zopangira ndi magwiridwe antchito otsikira.
Njira Yoyamba yaCoperaHydrometallurgy
Kugwira ntchito kwa hydrometallurgy ya mkuwa kumakonzedwa mwadongosolo mozungulira magawo anayi osiyana, ogwirizana, kuonetsetsa kuti chitsulocho chikutulutsidwa bwino ndikubwezeretsedwanso kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za miyala.
Chithandizo cha Ore Pre-treatment ndi Freedom
Gawo loyamba limayang'ana kwambiri pakukweza mwayi wopezeka kwa mchere wa mkuwa ku lixiviant. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya ndi kugaya kwa makina kuti awonjezere malo enieni a miyalayo. Pazinthu zochepa kapena zosalala za oxide zomwe zimapangidwira njira yochotsera mkuwa mulu, kuphwanya kungakhale kochepa. Chofunika kwambiri, ngati chakudyacho chili ndi sulfidi yambiri (monga chalcopyrite, CuFeS2), sitepe yowotcha kapena yowumitsa ingafunike. "Kuwotcha kwa okosijeni" kumeneku kumasintha ma sulfide amkuwa osinthika (monga CuS) kukhala ma oxide amkuwa ochulukirapo (CuO2), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yochotsa mkuwa ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri.
Gawo Lotulutsa Madzi (Kusungunuka kwa Mineral)
Gawo lochotsa mchere limayimira kusintha kwa mankhwala. Mchere womwe wakonzedwa kale umalumikizidwa ndi chinthu chochotsa mchere (lixiviant), chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi asidi, pansi pa kutentha koyenera komanso pH kuti usungunuke mchere wa mkuwa. Kusankha njira kumadalira kwambiri mtundu wa mchere ndi mineralogy:
Kuchotsa Milu ya Zinyalala:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso miyala ya zinyalala. Miyala yophwanyika imayikidwa pa mapepala osalowa madzi, ndipo chotulutsira madzi chimapopedwa mozungulira pamwamba pa muluwo. Yankho limalowa pansi, ndikusungunula mkuwa, ndipo limasonkhanitsidwa pansi.
Kutulutsa Madzi mu Tanki (Kutulutsa Madzi Mofulumirira):Amasungidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'matanthwe apamwamba kapena opukutidwa bwino. Mchere wogawanika bwino umasungunuka kwambiri ndi lixiviant m'mitsempha yayikulu yochitira zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kayendedwe kake ka zinthu kakhale kolimba komanso kuti njira yogwirira ntchito ikhale yolimba.
Kusodza M'malo Omwe Ali:Njira yosachotsa madzi pomwe lixiviant imalowetsedwa mwachindunji m'thupi la mchere pansi pa nthaka. Njirayi imachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa pamwamba koma imafuna kuti thupi la miyala likhale ndi mphamvu yokwanira yolowera madzi.
Kuyeretsa ndi Kukulitsa Njira Yopangira Leach
Chotsatira cha Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS) chili ndi ma ayoni amkuwa osungunuka pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zosafunika, kuphatikizapo chitsulo, aluminiyamu, ndi calcium. Njira zazikulu zoyeretsera ndi kuyika mkuwa ndi izi:
Kuchotsa Zodetsa: Kawirikawiri kumachitika mwa kusintha pH kuti zinthu zosokoneza zisamayende bwino komanso zisamayende bwino.
Kutulutsa Zosungunulira (SX): Iyi ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri yolekanitsa komwe chotulutsira chachilengedwe chosankhidwa bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ma ayoni amkuwa kuchokera ku PLS yamadzi kupita ku gawo lachilengedwe, ndikulekanitsa bwino mkuwa ndi zinyalala zina zachitsulo. Kenako mkuwa "umachotsedwa" kuchokera ku gawo lachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la asidi wokhuthala, ndikupanga "Rich Copper Electrolyte" (kapena yankho la strip) lokhuthala kwambiri komanso loyera loyenera kupangidwa ndi magetsi.
Kubwezeretsa Mkuwa ndi Kupanga Cathode
Gawo lomaliza ndi kubweza mkuwa wachitsulo choyera kuchokera ku electrolyte yokhazikika:
Kupambana ndi Magetsi (EW): Electrolyte wolemera wa mkuwa umalowetsedwa mu selo ya electrolytic. Mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa pakati pa ma anode osagwira ntchito (nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma lead alloys) ndi ma cathode (nthawi zambiri mapepala oyambira achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri). Ma ayoni a mkuwa (Cu 2+) amachepetsedwa ndikuyikidwa pamwamba pa cathode, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkuwa ukhale woyera kwambiri, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala woyera kuposa 99.95% - wotchedwa mkuwa wa cathode.
Njira Zina: Sizofala kwambiri pa chinthu chomaliza, mankhwala ophera (monga simenti pogwiritsa ntchito zidutswa zachitsulo) angagwiritsidwe ntchito kubwezeretsa ufa wa mkuwa, ngakhale kuti kuyera kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.
NtchitoKuyeza Kuchulukana mu Njira ya Copper Hydrometallurgy
Kusiyana kwachilengedwe kwa miyala yamkuwa kumafuna kusintha kosalekeza mu magawo ogwirira ntchito a onse awirinjira yochotsera mkuwandi magawo otsatira a solvent extraction (SX). Njira zowongolera zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimadalira kusanthula kwa labotale kotsika, zimayambitsa mulingo wosavomerezeka wa latency, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma algorithms owongolera mphamvu ndi mitundu ya Advanced Process Control (APC) zisamagwire ntchito. Kusintha kupita ku muyeso wa density online kumapereka mitsinje yopitilira ya data, zomwe zimathandiza mainjiniya a processing kuwerengera kuyenda kwa misa nthawi yeniyeni ndikusintha mlingo wa reagent wofanana ndi katundu weniweni wolimba.
Kufotokozera Kuyeza Kuchulukana Pa intaneti: Zomwe Zili Zolimba ndi Kuchulukana kwa Zamkati
Miyeso ya inline density imagwira ntchito poyesa physical parameter ya density (ρ), yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala mayunitsi oyeserera otheka kuchitapo kanthu monga mass percentage solids (%w) kapena concentration (g/L). Kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta yeniyeniyi ikufanana komanso ikugwirizana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha, muyeso nthawi zambiri uyenera kuphatikiza kukonza kutentha nthawi imodzi (Temp Comp). Mbali yofunikayi imasintha mtengo woyesedwa kukhala muyezo wokhazikika (monga, 0.997g/ml ya madzi oyera pa 20∘C), kuonetsetsa kuti kusintha kwa kuwerenga kukuwonetsa kusintha kwenikweni kwa concentration kapena kapangidwe kake, osati kungokulitsa kutentha.
Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Kuyeza kwa Leach Slurry
Chilengedwe chahydrometallurgy yamkuwaZimabweretsa zovuta kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zida chifukwa cha kuuma kwa leach slurry.
Kuwonongeka ndi Kupsinjika kwa Zinthu
Mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito munjira yochotsera mkuwa, makamaka sulfuric acid yochuluka (yomwe imatha kupitirira 2.5mol/L) pamodzi ndi kutentha kwakukulu kogwira ntchito (nthawi zina kufika 55∘C), zimapangitsa kuti zinthu za sensa zikhale ndi mphamvu kwambiri ya mankhwala. Kugwira ntchito bwino kumafuna kusankha mosamala zinthu zomwe sizingawononge mankhwala, monga 316 stainless steel (SS) kapena ma alloys apamwamba. Kulephera kutchula zinthu zoyenera kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa sensa mwachangu komanso kulephera msanga.
Kusakhazikika ndi Kukokoloka
Zigawo zolimba kwambiri, makamaka m'mitsinje yogwira zotsalira za leach kapena thickener underflow, zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba komanso tozungulira. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timapangitsa kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zimanyowa komanso zosokoneza ziwonongeke. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kuyeza kusunthike, kulephera kwa zida, komanso kumafuna kukonza nthawi zambiri komanso kokwera mtengo.
Kuvuta kwa Matenda a M'mitsempha ndi Kuipitsa Magazi
Njira yochotsera mkuwaMa slurry nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi machitidwe ovuta a rheological. Ma slurry omwe ndi okhuthala (ma sensor ena ogwedezeka a fork ali ndi malire a <2000CP) kapena okhala ndi sediment kapena ma scaling agents ambiri amafunika kukhazikitsidwa kwapadera kwa makina kuti atsimikizire kuti kulumikizana kosalekeza ndi kukhazikika. Malangizo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo kuyika ma flange m'matanki osungiramo zinthu ogwedezeka kapena mapaipi oyima kuti aletse zolimba kuti zisakhazikike kapena kuzungulira chinthu chozindikira.
Maziko Aukadaulo a Inline DensityIneters
Kusankha ukadaulo woyenera woyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse kulondola kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kudalirika m'malo omwe ali ndi mankhwala komanso omwe ali oopsa kwa thupi.hydrometallurgy ya mkuwa.
Mfundo Zogwiritsira Ntchito Poyeza Madzi Ochepa
Ukadaulo Wogwedeza (Kukonza Foloko)
Ma densitometer ozungulira, monga Lonnmeter CMLONN600-4, imagwira ntchito potsatira mfundo yakuti kuchuluka kwa madziwo kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yachilengedwe ya chinthu chogwedezeka (foloko yosinthira) chomwe chimaviikidwa mu sing'anga. Zipangizozi zimatha kukwaniritsa kulondola kwakukulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalemba kulondola kolimba ngati 0.003g/cm3 ndi resolution ya 0.001. Kulondola kotereku kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kwambiri kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito slurry yotsika. Komabe, kapangidwe kawo kolowerera kamapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta ndipo amafunika kutsatira kwambiri kuyika, makamaka pankhani ya malire apamwamba a kukhuthala (monga, <2000CP) pogwira madzi okhuthala kapena okhazikika.
Kuyeza kwa Radiometric
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa radiometri ndi njira yosakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gamma-ray attenuation. Ukadaulo uwu umapereka mwayi waukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito matope ovuta kwambiri. Popeza zigawo za sensa zimamangiriridwa kunja kwa payipi, njirayi ndi yotetezeka kwambiri ku ululu wakuthupi monga kusweka, kukokoloka, ndi dzimbiri la mankhwala. Khalidweli limapangitsa kuti ikhale yankho losasokoneza komanso losakonza lomwe limapereka kudalirika kwabwino kwa nthawi yayitali m'mitsinje yoyipa kwambiri.
Coriolis ndi Ultrasonic Densitometry
Ma flowmeter a Coriolis amatha kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi, kutentha, ndi kuchulukana kwa madzi nthawi imodzi molondola kwambiri. Muyeso wawo wolondola kwambiri, wozikidwa pa kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi zambiri umasungidwa kuti ugwiritse ntchito mitsinje ya mankhwala yamtengo wapatali, yotsika kwambiri kapena ma loops olondola, chifukwa cha mtengo ndi chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa machubu m'mitsinje yodyetsa madzi yochuluka kwambiri. Kapenanso,mamita ochulukitsitsa a ultrasonic, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito muyeso wa acoustic impedance, zimapereka njira yolimba, yopanda nyukiliya. Zopangidwira makamaka miyala yamchere, zida izi zimagwiritsa ntchito masensa osamva kupsinjika, kupereka kuwunika kodalirika ngakhale pansi pa katundu wolemera kwambiri m'mapaipi akuluakulu. Ukadaulo uwu umathandiza kuchepetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi magauge a nyukiliya.
Njira Zosankhira Masensa Pamalo Omwe Amachotsa Mkuwa
Posankha zida zogwiritsira ntchito mitsinje yamphamvu yomwe imadziwika ndihydrometallurgy yamkuwa, njira yosankha iyenera kuika patsogolo chitetezo cha ntchito ndi kupezeka kwa zomera m'malo mosintha pang'ono molondola kwambiri. Zipangizo zolowerera komanso zolondola kwambiri (Coriolis, Vibrational) ziyenera kungokhala pa mitsinje yosawononga kapena yosatha kuipatula, monga zodzoladzola za reagent kapena kusakaniza mankhwala, komwe kulondola kumatsimikizira chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka ndi nthawi yomwe ingagwire ntchito. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pa mitsinje yoopsa kwambiri, yowononga kwambiri monga thickener underflow, ukadaulo wosasokoneza (Radiometric kapena Ultrasonic) ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ikhoza kupereka kulondola kochepa pang'ono, kusakhudzana kwawo kumatsimikizira kupezeka kwakukulu kwa zomera ndi ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito (OpEx) zokhudzana ndi kukonza, chinthu chomwe mtengo wake wachuma umaposa mtengo wa muyeso wosalondola pang'ono, koma wokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, kugwirizana kwa zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri: malangizo oletsa dzimbiri amalimbikitsa Nickel Alloys kuti igwire bwino ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito molakwika, kupitirira muyezo wa 316 SS womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osavutikira kwambiri.
Gome 1: Kusanthula Koyerekeza kwa Ukadaulo wa Ma Meter Ochulukirachulukira Paintaneti pa Copper Leach Slurry
| Ukadaulo | Mfundo Yoyezera | Kugwira Ntchito Zolimba/Zosalimba | Kuyenerera kwa Zofalitsa Zowononga | Kulondola Kwachizolowezi (g/cm3) | Magawo Ofunikira Ogwiritsira Ntchito |
| Kuyeza kwa Radiometri (Gamma Ray) | Kuchepetsa Kuwala kwa Radiation (Kosasokoneza) | Zabwino Kwambiri (Zakunja) | Zabwino Kwambiri (Sensa yakunja) | 0.001−0.005 | Kuthira Kutsika kwa Madzi, Mapaipi Osagwira Ntchito Kwambiri, Kukhuthala Kwambiri |
| Kugwedezeka (Foloko Yosinthira) | Kuchuluka kwa Resonance (Wetted Probe) | Chiwonetsero Cholungama (Chosokoneza) | Zabwino (Zodalira zinthu, mwachitsanzo, 316 SS) | 0.003 | Mlingo wa Mankhwala, Chakudya Chochepa Cholimba, Kukhuthala <2000CP |
| Coriolis | Kuyenda Kwambiri/Kusakhazikika (Chubu Chonyowa) | Zabwino (Chiwopsezo cha kukokoloka/kutsekeka) | Zabwino Kwambiri (Zodalira Zinthu) | Wapamwamba (Wochokera ku Misa) | Mlingo wa Reagent Wamtengo Wapatali, Kuyenda kwa Bypass, Kuwunika Kukhazikika |
| Akupanga (Kuyimitsa Ma Acoustic) | Kutumiza kwa Chizindikiro cha Acoustic (Chonyowa/Chotsekeredwa) | Zabwino Kwambiri (zosensa zosamva kupweteka) | Zabwino (zodalira zinthu) | 0.005−0.010 | Kusamalira Misomali, Chakudya cha Slurry (Chosakonda Nyukiliya)
|
Kukonza Kupatukana kwa Madzi Olimba (Kukhuthala ndi Kusefa)
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale kufalikira kwa madzi komanso kubwezeretsanso madzi m'magawo olekanitsa madzi olimba, makamaka zokhuthala ndi zosefera.
Kulamulira Kuchulukana kwa Madzi Othira: Kuletsa Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu ndi Kutsekeka
Cholinga chachikulu chowongolera pakukhuthala ndikupeza kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda pansi (UFD), komwe nthawi zambiri kumayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zopitilira 60%. Kukwaniritsa kukhazikika kumeneku ndikofunikira osati kokha kuti madzi abwezeretsedwenso m'madzi.njira ya mkuwa ya hydrometallurgykomanso kupereka kuyenda kosasunthika kwa misa ku ntchito zotsika. Komabe, chiopsezo ndi cha rheological: kuchulukitsa UFD kumakweza mwachangu kupsinjika kwa slurry. Popanda mayankho olondola komanso a nthawi yeniyeni, kuyesera kufikira cholinga cha kuchulukana kudzera mu kupompa mwamphamvu kumatha kupititsa slurry kudutsa malire ake apulasitiki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti torque yambiri ya rake ikhale yochulukirapo, kulephera kwa makina, komanso kutsekeka kwakukulu kwa mapaipi. Kukhazikitsa kwa Model Predictive Control (MPC) pogwiritsa ntchito muyeso wa UFD wa nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kusintha kwa liwiro la pompo yoyenda pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zolembedwa, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa 65% pakufunikira kubwerezabwereza kwa madzi ndi kuchepa kwa 24% kwa kusiyana kwa kuchulukana.
Kumvetsetsa kofunikira ndi kudalirana kwa magwiridwe antchito a UFD ndi Solvent Extraction (SX). Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'chiwindi nthawi zambiri kumayimira mtsinje wa chakudya cha Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS), womwe umatumizidwa ku dera la SX. Kusakhazikika mu UFD kumatanthauza kusakhazikika kwa zinthu zolimba mu PLS. Kukhazikika kwa zinthu zolimba kumasokoneza mwachindunji njira yovuta yotumizira mass SX, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupangika kwa crud, kulekanitsa magawo koipa, komanso kutayika kwa ndalama zambiri kwa extractant. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'chiwindi kumazindikirika ngati gawo lofunikira lokonzekera kuti chakudya cha SX chikhale choyera kwambiri, pomaliza pake kusunga mtundu wa cathode womaliza.
Kupititsa patsogolo kusefa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi
Machitidwe osefera, monga ma vacuum cleaner kapena ma pressure filters, amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuli kofanana kwambiri. Kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba kumayambitsa kupangika kwa keke yosefera kosasinthasintha, kutseka media msanga, komanso chinyezi cha keke chosinthasintha, zomwe zimafuna nthawi zambiri zotsukira. Kafukufuku amatsimikizira kuti magwiridwe antchito osefera amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba. Kukhazikika kwa njira yokhazikika komwe kumachitika kudzera mu kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zinthu mosalekeza kumabweretsa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito osefera komanso miyezo yokhazikika, kuphatikiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi komwe kumakhudzana ndi kutsuka kwa zosefera komanso ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthawi yopuma.
Kuyang'anira Ma Reagent ndi Kuchepetsa Mtengo mu Njira Yochotsera Mkuwa
Kukonza bwino ma reagent, komwe kumathandizidwa ndi dynamic PD control, kumapereka kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito mwachangu komanso moyenera.
Kuwongolera Molondola kwa Kuchuluka kwa Asidi mu Njira Yotulutsira Mkuwa mu Chidebe cha Mkuwa
Mu kusokonezeka kwa madzi ndinjira yochotsera mkuwa mulu, kusunga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala enieni a zinthu zotulutsa (monga sulfuric acid, zinthu zotulutsa iron oxidizing) ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mineral dissolving kinetics ikhale yogwira mtima. Pa mitsinje ya reagent yokhazikika, inline density meters imapereka muyeso wolondola kwambiri, wolipira kutentha. Mphamvu imeneyi imalola dongosolo lowongolera kuti lizitha kuyeza kuchuluka kwa reagent komwe kumafunikira. Njira yapamwambayi ikupita patsogolo kuposa njira yachizolowezi, yosungira kayendedwe ka madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala agwiritsidwe ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso kuti OpEx ikhale yokwera. Zotsatira zake zachuma ndizodziwikiratu: phindu la chomera cha hydrometallurgical limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso mtengo wa zinthu zopangira, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira yolondola yogwiritsira ntchito kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Kukonza Flocculant kudzera mu Kuyankha kwa Kukhazikika kwa Zolimba
Kugwiritsa ntchito flocculant ndi mtengo wosiyanasiyana kwambiri pakulekanitsa madzi olimba ndi olimba. Mlingo woyenera wa mankhwalawo umadalira mwachindunji kulemera kwa zinthu zolimba nthawi yomweyo zomwe ziyenera kusonkhana. Poyesa nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa chakudya, makina owongolera amawerengera kuyenda kwa zinthu zolimba nthawi yomweyo. Kenako jakisoni wa flocculant amasinthidwa mosinthika ngati chiŵerengero chofanana ndi kulemera kwa zinthu zolimba, kuonetsetsa kuti flocculant yabwino ikupezeka mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya kapena kalasi ya ore. Izi zimaletsa mlingo wochepa (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chisakhazikike bwino) komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala okwera mtengo (kuwononga mankhwala okwera mtengo). Kukhazikitsa njira yowongolera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba kudzera mu MPC kwabweretsa phindu loyezeka, ndi ndalama zosungidwa zomwe zalembedwa kuphatikizaKuchepetsa kwa 9.32% pakugwiritsa ntchito flocculantndi chofananaKuchepetsa kwa 6.55% pakugwiritsa ntchito laimu(yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira pH). Popeza kuti leaching ndi ndalama zokhudzana ndi kulowetsedwa/kuchotsa zingapangitse pafupifupi 6% ku ndalama zonse zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndalama zimenezi zimawonjezera phindu mwachindunji komanso kwambiri.
Gome 2: Mfundo Zofunikira Zowongolera Njira ndi Ziwerengero Zowongolera Kachulukidwe muHydrometallurgy ya Mkuwa
| Gawo la Njira | Malo Oyezera Kuchulukana | Zosinthika Zolamulidwa | Cholinga Chokonzera Bwino | Chizindikiro Chachikulu Cha Magwiridwe Antchito (KPI) | Ndalama Zosungidwa Zowonetsedwa |
| Njira Yochotsera Mkuwa | Zotulutsa Madzi (Kuchuluka kwa Zamkati) | Chiŵerengero Cholimba/Chamadzimadzi (PD) | Konzani bwino momwe zinthu zimachitikira; onjezerani kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimatuluka | Kuchuluka kwa mkuwa wobwezeretsa; Kugwiritsa ntchito reagent yeniyeni (kg/t Cu) | Kuwonjezeka kwa Leaching Rate mpaka 44% mwa kusunga PD yabwino kwambiri |
| Kulekanitsa Madzi Olimba (Zokhuthala) | Kutuluka kwa Madzi Ochepa | Kuchuluka kwa Madzi Otsika (UFD) ndi Kuyenda Kwambiri | Kubwezeretsa madzi ambiri; khazikitsani madzi ofunikira ku SX/EW yomwe ili pansi pa mtsinje | UFD % Zolimba; Kuchuluka kwa Madzi Obwezeretsanso; Kukhazikika kwa Torque ya Rake | Kugwiritsa ntchito flocculant kwachepetsedwa ndi 9.32%; kusintha kwa UFD kwachepetsedwa ndi 24% |
| Kukonzekera kwa Reagent | Zodzoladzola za Acid/Solvent | Kuchuluka kwa madzi (%w kapena g/L) | Kuyeza mlingo molondola; chepetsani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso | Kuchuluka kwa Reagent %; Yankho la Chemistry Kukhazikika | Kuchepetsa OpEx ya mankhwala kudzera mu ulamuliro wa chiŵerengero cha mphamvu |
| Kuchotsa madzi m'thupi/kusefa | Kuchuluka kwa Chakudya Chosefera | Zolimba Zodzaza Kuti Zisefedwe | Khazikitsani mphamvu yamagetsi; chepetsani kukonza | Nthawi Yosefera; Kuchuluka kwa Chinyezi cha Keke; Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Kusefera | Kuchepetsa ndalama zokhudzana ndi kutsuka ndi nthawi yopuma pogwiritsa ntchito fyuluta |
Kuyang'anira Ma Reaction Kinetics ndi Endpoint
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino komanso kuti chitsulo chisasunthike bwino.njira ya mkuwa ya hydrometallurgy.
Kuwunika Kwanthawi Yeniyeni kwa Kuchuluka kwa Ma Pulp (PD) ndi Leach Kinetics
Chiŵerengero cha solid-liquid (PD) chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zitsulo zosungunuka komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osungunula. Kuwongolera bwino chiŵerengerochi kumatsimikizira kukhudzana kokwanira pakati pa lixiviant ndi pamwamba pa mchere. Deta yogwira ntchito imasonyeza kuti PD ndi chida chofunikira chowongolera, osati kungoyang'anira. Kupatuka ku chiŵerengero choyenera kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pakupanga zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo oyesera, kulephera kusunga chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha solid-liquid cha 0.05g/mL kunapangitsa kuti mkuwa ubwerere m'mbuyo kuchoka pa 99.47% kufika pa 55.30%.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zowongolera Zapamwamba
Kuchulukana kwa madzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chachikulu cha mkhalidwe mu Model Predictive Control (MPC) ya ma leaching ndi ma separation circuits. MPC ndi yoyenera kwambiri pa kayendedwe ka ntchito yahydrometallurgy ya mkuwa, chifukwa imathetsa bwino kuchedwa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kuyanjana kosalunjika komwe kumachitika mu dongosolo la slurry. Izi zimaonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi zowonjezera za reagent zimakonzedwa nthawi zonse kutengera mayankho a PD nthawi yeniyeni. Ngakhale kuti kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumachokera ku density-derived concentration ndikofala m'njira zambiri zamankhwala, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumafikira ku njira zapadera za hydrometallurgical, monga kuyang'anira kukonzekera kwa solvent extraction feeds kuti zitsimikizire kuti zochitazo zikufika pamlingo woyenera wosinthira, motero zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chikhale choyera komanso choyera.
Chitetezo cha Zipangizo ndi Kasamalidwe ka Matenda a M'mimba
Deta ya pa intaneti yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu imapereka mfundo zofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera bwino zinthu, kusintha zinthu zomwe zingalephereke pakugwiritsa ntchito zida kukhala njira zoyendetsera bwino.
Kulamulira Kusokonezeka kwa Madzi ndi Kukhuthala kwa Madzi
Kuchulukana kwa matope ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kukangana kwamkati kwa matope (kukhuthala) ndi kupsinjika kwa zokolola. Kuyenda kosalamulirika kwa matope, makamaka kuwonjezeka mwachangu, kumatha kusintha matope kukhala njira yoyendera madzi yomwe si ya Newtonian. Mwa kuyang'anira kuchulukana kwa matope nthawi zonse, mainjiniya amatha kuyembekezera kusakhazikika kwa rheological komwe kukubwera (monga kuyandikira malire a kupsinjika kwa matope) ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi osungunuka mwachangu kapena kusintha liwiro la pompo. Kuwongolera kumeneku kumaletsa zochitika zokwera mtengo monga kukula kwa mapaipi, kutsekeka kwa matope, ndi kutsegula mapaipi koopsa.
Kuchepetsa Kuwonongeka kwa Zovala
Phindu lenileni la ndalama la kuwongolera kukhazikika kwa kachulukidwe ka zinthu nthawi zambiri silipezeka mu ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu, koma mu kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa nthawi yopuma yosakonzedwa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zigawo. Kukonza pampu ya slurry ndi kusintha mapaipi, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa madzi, ndi gawo lalikulu la OpEx. Kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumakulitsidwa kwambiri ndi kusakhazikika kwa liwiro la madzi, komwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kachulukidwe ka madzi. Mwa kukhazikika kwa kachulukidwe ka madzi, njira yowongolera imatha kuwongolera bwino liwiro la madzi kupita ku liwiro lofunika kwambiri loyendera, kuchepetsa bwino kutayika kwa madzi ndi kusweka kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) kwa zida zamakina zamtengo wapatali, komanso kupewa kulephera kwa zigawo za chinthu chimodzi, kumaposa kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa mu mita ya kachulukidwe ka madzi.
Ndondomeko Yogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Njira Zabwino Kwambiri
Ndondomeko yoyendetsera bwino ntchito imafuna njira zosankhira mosamala, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuwongolera zomwe zimathetsa mavuto omwe amafala m'mafakitale monga dzimbiri ndi kusweka.
Njira Yosankhira: Kufananiza Ukadaulo wa Densitometer ndi Makhalidwe a Slurry
Njira yosankhira iyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwalamulo polemba kuopsa kwa makhalidwe a slurry (kutupa, kukula kwa tinthu, kukhuthala, kutentha). Pa mitsinje yolimba kwambiri, mitsinje yovunda kwambiri, monga mizere ya kumbuyo, kusankha kuyenera kukhala patsogolo pa zosankha zosasokoneza, zopanda mankhwala, monga zipangizo za radiometric. Ngakhale kuti masensawa akhoza kukhala ndi gulu lalikulu la zolakwika kuposa zipangizo zovunda kwambiri, kudalirika kwawo kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kudziyimira pawokha kuzinthu zakuthupi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Pa magawo okhala ndi asidi wambiri, kutchula zipangizo zapadera, monga Nickel Alloys, kuposa muyezo wa 316 SS wa zigawo zonyowa kumatsimikizira kukana kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndikukulitsa kwambiri moyo wogwirira ntchito.
Njira Zabwino Zokhazikitsira: Kuonetsetsa Kuti Zinthu Zili Zolondola Komanso Zautali M'malo Ovuta
Njira zoyenera zoyikira makina ndi magetsi ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa kuwonongeka kwa zizindikiro ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chipangizocho chikhala ndi moyo wautali. Masensa onyowa ayenera kuyikidwa m'magawo a mapaipi omwe amatsimikizira kumizidwa kwathunthu ndikuchotsa kutsekeka kwa mpweya. Pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhuthala kapena otsetsereka, malangizo oyika amalimbikitsa momveka bwino kuti ma flange a thanki kapena mapaipi oyendetsedwa molunjika apewe kukhazikika kapena kupanga ma profiles osalimba mozungulira chinthu cha sensor. Pamagetsi, kudzipatula koyenera ndikofunikira: chivundikiro cha densitometer chiyenera kukhazikika bwino, ndipo mizere yamagetsi yotetezedwa iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa maginito kuchokera ku zida zamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri, monga ma mota akuluakulu kapena ma drive osinthasintha. Kuphatikiza apo, chisindikizo cha chipinda chamagetsi (O-ring) chiyenera kumangidwa bwino pambuyo pokonza chilichonse kuti chiteteze kulowa kwa chinyezi ndi kulephera kwa dera.
Kuwunika Zachuma ndi Kulungamitsa Zachuma
Kuti avomerezedwe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu, pakufunika njira yowunikira yomwe imamasulira bwino kwambiri phindu laukadaulo kukhala ziwerengero zachuma zomwe zingathe kuwerengedwa.
Ndondomeko Yowerengera Ubwino Wachuma wa Kulamulira Kachulukidwe Kwambiri
Kuwunika kwathunthu kwachuma kuyenera kuwunika ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa mwachindunji komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale losalunjika. Kuchepetsa kwa OpEx kumaphatikizapo ndalama zomwe zingawerengedwe kuchokera ku reagent control yosinthika, monga kuchepetsa kwa 9.32% kwa flocculant. Kusunga ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyendetsa bwino liwiro la pampu komanso kuchepetsa zofunikira zobwezeretsanso. Chofunika kwambiri, kufunika kwachuma kowonjezera Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) ya zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (mapampu, mapaipi) kuyenera kuwerengedwa, kupereka phindu looneka bwino la kasamalidwe kokhazikika ka rheological. Kumbali ya ndalama, dongosololi liyenera kuwerengera kubweza kwa mkuwa pang'onopang'ono komwe kumachitika posunga PD yabwino kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito reagent.
Zotsatira za Kuchepetsa Kuchulukana kwa Kachulukidwe pa Phindu Lonse la Chomera
Chiyerekezo chabwino kwambiri cha zachuma poyesa APC muhydrometallurgy yamkuwandi kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa njira (σ) mu miyeso yofunikira ya kachulukidwe. Phindu limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusiyana kuchokera pamalo ofunikira ogwirira ntchito (kusintha). Mwachitsanzo, kukwaniritsa kuchepetsedwa kwa 24% kwa kachulukidwe kachulukidwe kumatanthauza mwachindunji kukhala mawindo olimba a njira. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumalola fakitale kugwira ntchito modalirika pafupi ndi zoletsa za mphamvu popanda kuyambitsa kutsekedwa kwa chitetezo kapena kuyambitsa kusakhazikika kwa kayendedwe ka control. Kuwonjezeka kwa kulimba mtima kwa ntchito kumayimira kuchepetsa mwachindunji chiopsezo cha zachuma ndi kusatsimikizika kwa ntchito, zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwa bwino mkati mwa kuwerengera kwa NPV.
Gome 3: Ndondomeko Yolungamitsa Zachuma Yowongolera Kuchulukana Kwambiri
| Woyendetsa Mtengo | Njira Yopezera Phindu | Zotsatira pa Zachuma cha Zomera (Zachuma) | Zofunikira pa Njira Yowongolera |
| Kugwiritsa Ntchito Reagent Moyenera | Kupereka mlingo wa asidi/flocculant nthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa mankhwala. | Kuchepetsa OpEx (Kusunga ndalama mwachindunji pazinthu, mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa flocculant ndi 9.32%). | Kuyankha kwa Stable density to flow ratio control loops (MPC). |
| Zokolola Zopanga | Kukhazikika kwa malo abwino kwambiri okhazikitsira PD mu ma reactor. | Kuchuluka kwa ndalama (Kubwezeretsa kwa Cu yapamwamba, kusamutsa misa kokhazikika). | Kusanthula kophatikizana kwa kuchulukana/kuchuluka kwa zinthu kuti ziwunikire kumapeto. |
| Kupezeka kwa Mitengo | Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a rheological (kutsekeka, torque yayikulu). | Kuchepetsa OpEx ndi CapEx (Kukonza kocheperako, kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma yosakonzedwa). | Kuwongolera liwiro la pampu motsatira njira za UFD. |
| Kasamalidwe ka Madzi | Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi okhuthala. | Kuchepa kwa OpEx (Kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa madzi abwino, kuchuluka kwa kubwezeretsanso madzi). | Kusankha ukadaulo wolimba komanso wosasokoneza kuchuluka kwa zinthu. |
Phindu lokhazikika komanso udindo woteteza chilengedwe wa masiku anohydrometallurgy yamkuwaNtchito zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudalirika kwa muyeso wa kuchulukana kwa madzi pa intaneti m'malo otsetsereka a leach.
Zipangizo zamakono monga Vibrational kapena Coriolis meter zitha kusungidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mwapadera, osati mowononga komwe kulondola kwambiri kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi (monga reagent makeup) ndikofunikira kwambiri. Lumikizanani ndi Lonnmeter kuti mupeze malangizo a akatswiri pankhani yosankha density meter.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-29-2025
