Kumvetsetsa Njira Zolekanitsira Dziko Losowa
Njira yolekanitsira zinthu za rare earth imaphatikizapo kuchotsa ndi kuyeretsa rare earth kuchokera ku ma matrices ovuta a mchere. Ndikofunikira popanga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zamagetsi, machitidwe amphamvu, ndi ukadaulo wodzitetezera. Njira yolekanitsira rare earth imaphatikiza njira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, monga kulekanitsa maginito, kusinthana kwa ma ion, ndi kulekanitsa ndi solvent extraction. Njirazi zimathandiza kulekanitsa ma ion enaake a rare earth kutengera kusiyana pang'ono kwa machitidwe awo a mankhwala.
Njira yolekanitsira nthaka yosowa imayang'anizana ndi zovuta zapadera. Dziko losowa nthawi zambiri limakhalapo limodzi ndi ma radii ofanana a ionic ndi mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuti pakhale kuyera kwambiri komanso kusankha bwino. Njira monga kuchotsa zosungunulira—zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polekanitsa nthaka yosowa—zimafuna mikhalidwe yolamulidwa bwino, kuphatikizapo kusankha bwino magawo achilengedwe, kulamulira pH, komanso kusamalira mosamala ma ratios a magawo. Mwachitsanzo, njira zamakono zochotsera zosungunulira nthaka yosowa tsopano zimagwiritsa ntchito ma chelating resins opangidwa mwaluso kapena osonkhanitsa zachilengedwe omwe amawonjezera kusankha kwa ma ayoni ofunikira ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.
Kuchiza bwino kwa leachate ya nthaka yosafunikira kumadalira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa mu nthaka yosafunikira nthawi yonse yochotsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa mu nthaka yosafunikira kumatsimikizira kusungunuka bwino kwa ma ayoni a nthaka yosafunikira ndikuchepetsa kutuluka kwa zinthu zosafunikira monga aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo. Ngati mlingo wa leachate wa chinthu chochotsedwa uli wochepa kwambiri, phindu la zinthu zochotsedwa limatsika, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zosafunikira kumatsalira mu zotsalira—izi zimadziwika kuti ndi zinthu zosakwanira zomwe zimachotsedwa mu nthaka yosafunikira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, leachate yochuluka kwambiri mu kukonza nthaka yosafunikira ingayambitse kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosafunikira, kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madzi otuluka mu nthaka yosowa kumakhudza mwachindunji chuma cha njira ndi magwiridwe antchito a zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira yotulutsira madzi osungunuka pakulekanitsa nthaka yosowa, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madzi otuluka kumakhudza kapangidwe ndi ubwino wa yankho lomwe limaperekedwa m'magawo olekanitsa. Kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka mu nthaka yosowa komanso yokonzedwa bwino, komwe kumachitika kudzera mumosalekezazida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazikuchokeraLonnmeter, sikuti zimangothandiza kuti munthu abwererenso kuchira mwachangu komanso kuti zinthu ziyende bwino nthawi zonse. Kukonza bwino mlingo wake kumakwaniritsa miyezo ya chilengedwe komanso zolinga zake zogwirira ntchito.
Mavuto opanga nthawi zambiri amachokera ku njira zosagwira bwino zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa nthaka. Vuto lomwe limakhalapo nthawi zonse ndi kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa nthaka yosowa kunja kwa madera omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wodziwika bwino, monga China. Njira zosagwira ntchito bwino zimatha kuchepetsa kutulutsa, kuchepetsa chitetezo cha kupezeka kwa nthaka yosowa, komanso kuyambitsa kudalira ogulitsa omwe amachokera ku gwero limodzi. Zofooka izi za unyolo woperekera katundu zimakulitsidwa ndi ziletso zaukadaulo ndi malamulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito ndi kuwongolera kwa othandizira kulekanitsa nthaka kukhala kofunikira kuti zinthu zidziyendere bwino.
Ponseponse, kukwaniritsa ulamuliro wabwino kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsa madzi m'nthaka komanso magawo olekanitsa nthaka ndikofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi zovuta zopanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zotsala za nthaka yosowa zikupezeka bwino komanso motetezeka. Kupita patsogolo pakukonza mlingo wa zinthu zochotsera madzi m'nthaka, chithandizo cha zinthu zotsala za nthaka yosowa, komanso njira zolekanitsira zachilengedwe sikuti zimangowonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zokha, komanso zimalimbitsa chitetezo cha zinthu komanso kusamalira chilengedwe.
Kulekanitsa Dziko Losowa Kwambiri
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Kukhazikika kwa Wothandizira Kutulutsa Madzi: Mfundo Zazikulu ndi Zovuta
Zinthu zotulutsa madzi ndi zofunika kwambiri pakulekanitsa zinthu za dziko lapansi. Zimagwira ntchito mwa kusungunula ma ayoni a dziko lapansi osowa kuchokera ku miyala ndi zinyalala zamafakitale, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kulekanitsidwa kwa ma ayoni a nthaka yotsika ndi kutulutsa zinthu zosungunulira. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga ma asidi a mchere (monga nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric acid), ma asidi achilengedwe (citric acid, methanesulfonic acid), ndi ma carboxylates achitsulo cha alkaline earth.
Udindo wa Othandizira Kutulutsa Madzi Posungunula Ma Ion Osapezeka Padziko Lapansi
Pa nthawi yochotsa ndi kugawa nthaka yachilendo, chotulutsira madzi chimasokoneza ma mineral lattices kapena ma ion-adsorbed matrices, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma ion achilendo alowe m'madzi amchere. Mwachitsanzo, nitric acid pa ~12.5 mol/dm³ imapangitsa kuti lanthanum (85%) ndi cerium (79.1%) zitulutsidwe bwino kuchokera ku phosphate ores kudzera mu protonation ndi cleavage ya phosphate bonds. Citric acid, yomwe ili yokha komanso yophatikizidwa ndi sodium citrate, imathandizira kuchira kwachilengedwe komanso kusankha bwino kuchokera ku ma ores osazolowereka monga phosphogypsum kapena lignite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti REE ipeze phindu mpaka 31.88% pogwiritsa ntchito ma liquid-solid ratios ndi kutentha kozungulira. Mankhwala ndi mlingo wa chotulutsira madzi umayang'anira kayendedwe ka kusungunuka kwa mchere, kusankha, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zodetsedwa.
Maziko Okhazikika a Kusungunuka kwa Ma Ion Osakhazikika a Dziko Lapansi
Kusungunuka kokhazikika kwa ma ayoni a rare earth kumayendetsedwa osati ndi kusankha kwa zinthu zokha komanso, makamaka, ndi kuchuluka kwake. Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza kusungunuka:
- Kukhazikika kwa Agent:Zimazindikira kayendedwe ka leaching ndi kukwanira kwake. Kutsika kwambiri kumalepheretsa kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni; kukwera kwambiri kumayendetsa leaching ya utsi.
- Mineralogy ya Maminerali:Amalamula kuti zinthu zisinthe—matanthwe oundana omwe awonongeka ndi ma ion obzalidwa amafuna ma reagents omwe sali ndi mpweya wabwino kapena ochepa, pomwe phosphate ndi monazite minerals zimayankha ma acid amphamvu.
- pH:Amasintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kusinthana kwa ma ion, komanso kusankha bwino—monga, kutulutsa bwino kwa magnesium sulfate kumachitika pa pH 4.
- Kutentha ndi Nthawi:Kutentha kwambiri kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka, monga momwe zimachitikira mu sulfuric acid leaching ya phosphates.
- Chiŵerengero Cholimba cha Madzi:Iyenera kukonzedwa kuti igwirizane ndi mtundu wa zinthu kuti igwire bwino ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, kukonza bwino pogwiritsa ntchito citric acid kumazindikira malo abwino a 2 mol/L pa 343 K kwa mphindi 180, kutulutsa 90% ya REEs kuchokera ku phosphogypsum, potsatira chitsanzo cha kinetic cholamulidwa ndi kufalikira.
Zotsatira za Kusakwanira kwa Chotulutsira Madzi mu Rare Earth Leachate
Mlingo wocheperako wa mankhwala umachepetsa mphamvu ya leaching pakuchotsa rare earth. Kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala sikutulutsa mokwanira ma ayoni a rare earth, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti:
- Kuchuluka kochepa kwa kuchira—kuchepa kwa asidi (monga HCl kapena citric acid) kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zisasungunuke bwino, ndipo REE yofunikira imasungidwa mu zotsalira.
- Kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni kosakwanira—ma agglomerate amakhalabe okhazikika, zomwe zimalepheretsa njira yochotsera zosungunulira kuti pakhale kulekanitsa kwa rare earth.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma—maphunziro oyesa ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambirimbiri akugwirizanitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu mopanda mphamvu, kayendedwe kake ka zinthu pang'onopang'ono, komanso kusungidwa kwa miyala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chitsanzo chothandiza chikupezeka mu leaching ya magnesium sulfate: pansi pa kuchuluka kofunikira kwa 3.5% ndi pH 4, kutsika kwa nthaka yochokera ku rare earth, pomwe ma agglomerate a ore amapitilira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusakhazikika kwa slope koma zimawononga zokolola.
Zotsatira za Chothandizira Kutulutsa Madzi Mopitirira Muyeso mu Kukonza Dziko Lachilendo
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsera leaching kumabweretsa mavuto akuluakulu pa chithandizo cha leachate ya rare earth:
- Kutaya kwa Reagent:Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma asidi monga nitric kapena ammonium compounds kumawonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu lochepa lichepe.
- Kuipitsa kwachiwiri:Zinthu zoyambitsa mkwiyo zimafulumizitsa kusungunuka kwa zinthu komanso zimayambitsa kusungunuka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa—aluminiyamu, chitsulo, ndi calcium zimayendetsedwa, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha chilengedwe, makamaka m'madzi ndi m'nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa asidi ambiri mu kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zotsalira mu malasha kumapangitsa kuti 5-6% ya aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo zituluke pamodzi ndi ma REE, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zotsalira mu rare earth leachate kukhale kovuta.
- Kuchotsa Zodetsa Pamodzi:Kupitirira malire abwino a kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kusankha zinthu kumachepa—zitsulo zosafunikira zimalowa mu yankho, kuchotsa zinthu zosungunulira katundu ndi magawo a njira yolekanitsira nthaka yosowa, ndipo zimafuna kuyeretsa kwambiri.
- Kuwonongeka kwa Matanthwe:Mayeso ochotsa mchere m'mizere akuwonetsa zoopsa za malo; kumwa mopitirira muyeso kungasokoneze ma agglomerate a mchere, zomwe zimayambitsa kugwa kwa nthaka ndi kugwa kwa mapiri m'migodi.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa amalimbikitsa kukhathamiritsa kwa mlingo, kulimbikitsa njira zina zokhazikika monga ma asidi ofatsa kapena ma carboxylates a alkaline earth. Mankhwalawa omwe ali ndi pH yokonzedwa bwino, pafupifupi yopanda neutral, amabwezeretsa REE yapamwamba (>91%) pomwe amachepetsa kuchotsedwa kwa zinyalala—mogwirizana ndi njira zapamwamba zolekanitsira rare earth.
Kukonza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsera nthaka m'nthaka ndikofunikira kwambiri pa njira yolekanitsira nthaka yosowa. Kuyeza molondola kumayang'anira mwachindunji momwe zinthu zochotsera nthaka zimagwirira ntchito, kusungunuka bwino, komanso momwe zinthu zochotsera zosungunuka zimagwirira ntchito, zonse pamodzi ndikuyang'anira ndalama ndi kusamalira chilengedwe. Kusankha ndi kuwerengera mankhwala oyenera komanso mlingo wake, pogwiritsa ntchito nzeru za mineral, kumakhalabe maziko a njira zapamwamba zochotsera ndi kugawa nthaka yosowa.
Kuyeza Kuchuluka kwa Kuchuluka kwa Mtumiki Wotulutsa Madzi
Kudziwa molondola kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsedwa m'nthaka ndikofunikira kwambiri pakulekanitsa zinthu zosowa m'nthaka. Kukhazikika kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zochotsedwa m'nthaka zimakhala bwino, kumathandiza kuti ma ayoni a nthaka yosowa asungunuke bwino, komanso kumakhudza mwachindunji momwe zinthu zochotsedwa m'nthaka yosowa zimagwirira ntchito. Njira zonse ziwiri zoyezera mwachindunji komanso zoyeserera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa, komanso kupewa kutayika kwa zinthu.
Zotsatira za Kukhazikika kwa Wothandizira Kuchotsa Madzi pa Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera kwa Kulekanitsa
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsa madzindi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulamulira njira yolekanitsira zinthu za rare earth. Kugwirizana kwake mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya leaching kumathandizira kupambana kwa kulekanitsa rare earth m'malo osiyanasiyana odyetsera. Kusintha kuchuluka kwa wothandizira kumatsimikizira kukolola kwa ma ayoni a rare earth omwe akufuna komanso kusankha njira yochotsera zosungunulira pakulekanitsa rare earth.
Kugwirizana Mwachindunji Pakati pa Kuchuluka kwa Wothandizira ndi Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu kwa Kutulutsa Madzi
Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsera nthaka nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa nthaka yosowa. Mwachitsanzo, magnesium acetate—yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu miyala yosungidwa mu crust yonyowa—imapeza mphamvu yoposa 91% ya kuchotsa nthaka yosowa pamlingo woyenera, pomwe imasunga aluminiyamu yofanana ndi 30% pansi pa mikhalidwe yolamulidwa. Kukonza kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochotsera zosungunulira kuti tilekanitse ndikuyeretsa nthaka yosowa kuchokera ku zinthu zovuta monga malasha gangue ndi zinyalala zamafakitale. Ma acid achilengedwe (monga HCl, HNO₃) amakwaniritsanso mphamvu yayikulu pa kuchuluka kwa molar komwe kumafotokozedwa bwino (monga, mpaka 12.5 mol/dm³ ya cerium ndi lanthanum), ngakhale kusankha kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala kuti tipewe kusungunuka kwambiri kwa zinthu zosayenera.
Mphamvu pa Kusungunuka Kosankha kwa Zinthu Zosafunika za Dziko Lapansi
Kusanthula mosamala mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ma ayoni a nthaka asungunuke mwapadera, makamaka pokonza zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu zodetsa kwambiri zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ochotsera n’chosapezeka kawirikawiri pogwiritsa ntchito citric acid pa 2 mol/L amalola kuti nthaka ya nthaka yachilendo isungunuke ndi 90% kuposa phosphogypsum, ndipo njira yoyankhira pamwamba pake imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ngati chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zinthu zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kusankha bwino. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochepa kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri: kuchotsa zinyalala zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito 0.2 M H₂SO₄ pa 20°C kunawonetsedwa kuti kumabwezeretsa mpaka 91% ya nthaka yachilendo, kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo pamodzi. Mapangidwe a magulu akusonyeza kuti kupitirira apo, kuwonjezeka kwina kwa mankhwala kungayambitse kusungunuka kosafunikira kwa zinthu za gangue ndikukhudza kuyera kwa zinthu za nthaka yachilendo.
Zitsanzo Zochuluka: Kuwongolera Kulondola kwa Kuzindikira ndi Kukhazikika kwa Ion
Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa machitidwe osakaniza zotulutsa kukuwonetsa momwe kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumakhudzira mwachindunji kulondola kwa kuzindikira kwa batch ndi kukhazikika kwa ion-solvent. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera zoyendetsedwa ndi Lonnmeter kumalola kuyeza nthawi yeniyeni, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsa ndi kusintha mwachindunji panthawi yotulutsa. Umboni woyesera wasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mkati mwa mulingo wokonzedwa bwino kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pakukhazikika kwa ma profiles a rare earth ion dissolving ndi kulondola kobwezeretsa kwa kusintha kochepa kwa batch. Njira zosakaniza zochotsera, monga kuphatikiza ammonium sulfate ndi zoletsa za ammonium formate, zimaletsa kusungunuka kwa aluminiyamu kosafunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zotsatira zolondola komanso zobwerezabwereza za rare earth extraction zikhale zolondola komanso zobwerezabwereza. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a kinetic ozikidwa pa double electric layer ndi chromatographic plate theory models amatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala abwino kwambiri kumachepetsa co-leaching ndikuwonjezera kulekanitsa rare earth kumayambiriro kwa njira yochotsera zosungunulira.
Zotsatira Zothandiza ndi Kukonza Mlingo
Kukonza bwino mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera n’kofunika kwambiri polekanitsa ma ayoni ofunika a nthaka yosowa komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi ntchito. Pa kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zosungunuka za nthaka yosowa, kusunga kuchuluka kwa madzi mkati mwa malire ofunikira kumalepheretsa kusokonekera kwa ma agglomerate a ore ndi kapangidwe ka ma pore a ore, zomwe zingayambitse kusakhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka m’migodi ya malo omwe alipo. Mayesero akusonyeza kuti kupitirira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsera ndi magnesium sulfate ya 3.5% kumasokoneza kapangidwe ka mankhwala ochotsera n’kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osakwanira kumapangitsa kuti madzi achotse n’kuwala bwino komanso kuti nthaka isakhale yosalala bwino. Thandizo la kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, monga kusanthula malo oyankha ndi chiphunzitso cha chromatographic plate, limalola kusintha molondola kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsera n’kuwala pa zinthu zilizonse kapena zotsalira za mafakitale—kulinganiza bwino ntchito yochotsera n’kuwala, kuyera kwa zinthu, komanso chitetezo cha njira.
Kuwongolera bwino kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsa madzi kumathandizira njira zopatulira nthaka yosowa, kuonetsetsa kuti ma ayoni a nthaka yosowa amapangidwa bwino, amapangidwa mwapadera komanso amakhala olimba kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale.
Njira Zochotsera Zosungunulira Zolekanitsa Dziko Lachilendo
Kuchotsa zosungunulira ndi ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri pa njira yolekanitsira zinthu za nthaka yosowa, yopangidwa kuti ichotse ndikuyeretsa ma REE kuchokera ku zosakaniza zovuta, monga ma leachates a mkuwa ndi magwero obwezeretsanso. Imalola kusamutsa ma ayoni a nthaka yosowa pakati pa magawo amadzi ndi achilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zotulutsa zapadera. Kulekanitsa ndi kuchotsa zosungunulira ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ma ayoni ambiri a nthaka yosowa amasonyeza kusiyana kochepa kwa mankhwala, makamaka pakati pa ma earth osowa kwambiri (LREEs: La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm) ndi heavy rare earth (HREEs: Y, Dy, Tb).
Njira ndi Kufunika kwa Mafakitale
Njira yoyambira yolekanitsira nthaka yachilendo kudzera mu kuchotsa zosungunulira imaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa ma ayoni a nthaka yachilendo ndi zotulutsa zachilengedwe. Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid, Cyanex 272, Cyanex 572, ndi PC 88A, nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa ndi zosinthira magawo monga tributyl phosphate (TBP), zimawonetsa kuyanjana kosankha kwa nthaka yachilendo yoperekedwa. Mwa kuwongolera pH yamadzi, kusinthana kwa ma ion, ndi mitundu ya zotulutsa, zinthu zolekanitsa zitha kukulitsidwa—monga, Cyanex 572 yokhala ndi PC 88A ndi TBP imapereka kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Sm ndi La, pomwe Nd ndi Pr zimakhalabe zovuta chifukwa cha katundu wa mankhwala otseka.
Mu mafakitale, njira yolekanitsira nthaka yosowa kwambiri ndiyofunikira popanga ma REE oyeretsedwa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zamagetsi, maginito, ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi. Zomera zimagwiritsa ntchito ma circuits otulutsa solvent ambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma equilibrium calculation ndi process simulation, kuti ayeretse pang'onopang'ono ndikuyika zinthu zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, njira zochotsera solvent zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa Nd, Pr, ndi Dy kuchokera ku mabatire obwezerezedwanso, komwe ma phase modeling ndi optimization algorithms (monga particle swarm optimization) amatsogolera kuphatikiza kwa magawo kuti pakhale zokolola zabwino komanso zoyera.
Kukonza Zosakaniza Zosiyanasiyana za Leachate
Kuchiza ndi leachate ya nthaka yosowa kumafuna kusintha kwa momwe zinthu zimatulutsidwira kuti zigwirizane ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsidwira ku nthaka yosowa, komanso kusankha ndi kuchuluka kwa zotulutsi, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pa zotulutsi zokhala ndi sulfate zambiri kuchokera ku ion-adsorption ores kapena maginito obwezerezedwanso, phosphorylhydroxyacetic acid (HPOAc) imapereka chisankho chapamwamba cha ma REE enaake. Zosungunuka monga hexane ndi octane, zophatikizidwa ndi D2EHPA kapena zotulutsi zina zofanana, zimachepetsa kuchotsa zinthu zonyansa zomwe sizili za REE mu zotulutsiridwa za sulfuric acid.
Kuchuluka kwa asidi mu reagent ndi zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa Lonnmeter zimathandiza kukonza bwino njira yobwezeretsa, kuonetsetsa kuti ma ayoni a rare earth asungunuka bwino komanso kulekanitsa bwino. Njira zosinthira ma ayoni ophatikizika komanso njira zochotsera zosungunulira zimapereka njira zamakono zolekanitsira rare earth pazinthu zambiri, makamaka poganizira za kuyeretsa bwino kwambiri mu kuchotsa rare earth ndi kuchepetsa kunyamulidwa kwa zinyalala.
Kupanga Zinthu Zosungunulira ndi Membrane
Kutulutsa solvent ya Membrane (MSX) kumabweretsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu njira zochotsera solvent ya rare earth pogwiritsa ntchito ma membranes okhala ndi ma microporous kuti alepheretse zotulutsa. Machitidwewa amathandiza kunyamula ma ion a rare earth mosankha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchira kwa 90% pogwiritsa ntchito ma reagents monga di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) mu lithiamu ndi ma leachates a rare earth. Ma polymer membranes omwe amachokera ku bio omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma chelating agents awonetsa kuti apereka zipatso zabwino mpaka 30% poyerekeza ndi kuchotsa madzi ndi madzi wamba. MSX imachepetsa kutayika kwa ma reagents ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zobiriwira komanso zotsika mtengo zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa rare earth. Ma solvents obiriwira, monga ma ionic liquids ndi deep eutectic solvents, amawonjezera kukhazikika kwa rare earth leating.
Kuyesera kwa zinyalala zamagetsi kumatsimikizira kuthekera kwa MSX kubwezeretsa zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito powonjezera mphamvu kuphatikizapo Dy, Pr, ndi Nd. Kusankha bwino, kusamutsa mwachangu, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira ndi zabwino zazikulu, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kupsinjika kwachilengedwe komanso kuzungulira kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu njira yolekanitsira zinthu za rare earth.
Kulekanitsa ndi Kutulutsa Zosungunulira
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Kuphatikizana ndi Upstream Leaching Agent Concentration Control
Kutulutsa zinthu zosungunulira bwino kumadalira kuwongolera kapangidwe ka leachate ya nthaka yosowa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mlingo wa leachate. Kusakwanira kwa leachate kumapangitsa kuti nthaka yosowa ikhale yosakwanira, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zotulutsira, pomwe leachate yochuluka ingapangitse zinyalala zambiri za reagent, kuchuluka kwa kunyamulidwa kwa zinyalala, komanso kusakhazikika kwa gawo loyenera panthawi yopatukana ndi solvent.
Mchere wa ammonium wophatikizika ndi zoletsa zodetsa—zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu miyala yamtengo wapatali ya alusion yomwe yasungidwa mu nthaka yonyowa—zimasonyeza momwe kukhathamiritsa kwa zinthu zoledzeretsa kumathandizira kuchotsedwa ndi kulekanitsidwa. Kuyerekeza kwa Thermodynamic (monga, kuyanjana kwa P204 ndi ma leachate a phulusa la malasha) kumathandizira kusintha magawo otulutsira kuti agwirizane ndi mankhwala oledzeretsa kuti apezenso bwino. Njira zotulutsira zinthu zoledzeretsa ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu zosungunuka m'nthaka zimaperekanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso magwiridwe antchito.
Kugwirizanitsa kusankha ndi kuchulukitsa kwa mankhwala ochotsera madzi m'madzi ndi njira zochotsera madzi m'madzi ndi njira zosinthira madzi m'madzi kumatsimikizira kusungunuka kokhazikika komanso kapangidwe ka chakudya kolamulidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugawa kwa madzi m'madzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Kuyeza molondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni kwa mankhwala ochotsera madzi m'madzi ndi ma ion a nthaka yachilendo pogwiritsa ntchito zida za Lonnmeter kumathandizira njira zogwirira ntchito zophatikizana izi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popatukana ndi madzi achilengedwe.
Njira Zatsopano komanso Zokhazikika Zopezera Zinthu Zofunikira
Ma adsorbents opangidwa ndi mapuloteni asintha njira yolekanitsira zinthu zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zabweretsa mwayi watsopano wochira mosalekeza komanso wosankha kuchokera kuzinthu zachilendo monga e-waste ndi ma leachates a mafakitale. Mapuloteni monga Lanmodulin adapangidwa ndikupangidwa kuti azigwirizana kwambiri ndi ma REE ions, kuwonetsa kusankha ngakhale atakumana ndi zosakaniza zovuta zomwe zili ndi ma ayoni achitsulo opikisana. Kudziwika kwa mamolekyulu kumeneku kumapereka mwayi wodziwika bwino kuposa ma adsorbents achikhalidwe a mankhwala ndi mchere, makamaka pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta monga mphamvu yayikulu ya ionic kapena malo okhala ndi acidic, omwe ndi ofala kwambiri pamitsinje yochizira leachate yapadziko lapansi. Ma peptides opangidwa ndi sequence ndi mapuloteni osayenda, akaphatikizidwa ndi ma polima ogwira ntchito kapena nanomaterials, amakweza mphamvu ya adsorption ndi kulimba kwa njira, ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi nanocomposite zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse mphamvu ya REE adsorption yoposa 900 mg/g, ngakhale mumadzi osungunuka kapena m'madzi opangira.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pochotsa nthaka yachilendo kumadalira kwambiri kukhazikika ndi kubwezeretsanso kwa adsorbent. Ma polima obwezeretsanso ndi maginito a adsorbent apangidwa kuti azisunga zolimba ndikulola kuti zinthu zodzazidwa zibwezeretsedwe mwachangu. Kubwezeretsanso kwawo kumachepetsa kupanga zinyalala zachiwiri ndikusunga kukhazikika kwa ntchito kofunikira pa njira zotsogola zolekanitsa nthaka yachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, ma magnetic composites amalola kulekanitsa adsorbent kuchokera ku leachates kudzera mu magnetism, kusunga magwiridwe antchito nthawi zambiri ndikusunga kusungunuka kokhazikika kwa ma ayoni a nthaka yachilendo m'njira zobwerezabwereza zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa. Machitidwe awa ndi othandiza kwambiri akaphatikizidwa ndi njira yochotsera solvent yochotsera nthaka yachilendo, kuthandizira kubwezeretsa bwino kuchokera ku maginito ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsalira zamafakitale pomwe akukwaniritsa mlingo wa leaching agent ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.
Machitidwe ogwirizana ndi kutentha komanso osakanikirana a reagent amayambitsa mphamvu yolamulira m'kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito zotulutsira zosungunulira. Machitidwewa amayankha zizindikiro za kutentha mwa kusintha mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa zotulutsira ndi ma REE ions, zomwe zimathandiza kusiyanitsa bwino ndikuwonjezera chiyero m'zigawo zolekanitsidwa. Njira zosakanikirana za reagent zimaphatikiza zosungunulira zachilengedwe ndi zosapangidwa kapena kusintha pH ndi mphamvu ya ionic kuti zigwirizane ndi kusankha kochotsa, kupewa kusungunuka kwa zitsulo zosafunikira, ndikupereka kulekanitsa kwa rare earth koyera kwambiri. Kusintha kwa njira yotereyi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakulekanitsa rare earth, kuthandizira kuchuluka kwa leaching agent kwa rare earth, kupewa zotsatira za leaching agent yosakwanira kapena yochulukirapo pakukonza rare earth, ndikulimbitsa kuwongolera kogwira ntchito.
Ma adsorbents opangidwa ndi bioengineering komanso obwezerezedwanso, pamodzi ndi machitidwe ogwirizana ndi kutentha komanso osakanikirana, amathandizira njira zabwino kwambiri zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa nthaka yachilendo zomwe zimafunikira kuti chitukuko chikhale chokhazikika. Kuphatikiza kwawo kumathandizira kukonza bwino mlingo wa leaching agent, kumawongolera bwino njira zochizira leachate yachilendo, komanso kumapangitsa kuti leachate yachilendo yachilendo ikhale yoyera kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Zoganizira Zachilengedwe ndi Zachuma
Kukonza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsera madzi m'njira yolekanitsira zinthu zochotsera madzi m'nthaka kumabweretsa phindu lalikulu pazachilengedwe komanso pazachuma. Mwa kusintha mlingo wa zinthu zochotsera madzi m'nthaka, ntchito zochotsera madzi m'nthaka yochotsera madzi m'nthaka zimasunga mphamvu yochotsera madzi m'nthaka komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa madzi m'nthaka komanso zotsatira zake.
Ubwino Wachilengedwe wa Kupereka Mlingo Wabwino Kwambiri ndi Kulekanitsa Kwapamwamba
Kukonza bwino kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochotsera mchere m'nthaka yosowa kumathandiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kupeweratu zotsatira zoyipa za kumwa mankhwala ochulukirapo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochotsera mchere m'nthaka yosowa kwambiri. Ngati mlingo ukugwirizana ndi malire ocheperako a kusungunuka kwa ayoni a nthaka yosowa bwino, kusungunuka kwa mchere kwachiwiri ndi kutulutsidwa kwa poizoni kumachepetsedwa. Njira zotsogola zolekanitsa nthaka yosowa—monga kuchotsedwa kwa membrane solvent ndi hybrid membrane—reactive extraction—zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe mosavuta komanso kuchepetsa kutayika, kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa zinthu zodetsa pa unit iliyonse ya mankhwala osowa kwambiri.
Zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe—monga magnesium acetate, magnesium sulfate, ndi ma organic acid monga citric acid—zimachepetsa acidity ya nthaka ndipo zimathandiza kuti chilengedwe chibwezeretsedwe mwachangu pambuyo pa leach. Mwachitsanzo, leaching yochokera ku citric acid sikuti imangobweretsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuchira komanso imabweretsa kubwezeretsa mwachangu ntchito ya ma enzyme a nthaka, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukonzanso mwachangu kwa chilengedwe pambuyo pa leachate. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ndi zinthu zosungunulira zochokera ku magnesium, mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa imagwirizana ndi zinyalala zochepa komanso chiopsezo chochepa cha chilengedwe, monga momwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi zeta potential ndi kusanthula kwa magawo awiri amagetsi. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuwonetsa kuti kukonza bwino mlingo wa leaching agent ndi njira zosankhidwa zotulutsira leaching ndizofunikira kwambiri pa njira zotulutsira rare earth solvent zopanda chilengedwe.
Kulekanitsa kwapamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotulutsira zinthu zosungunulira—makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma polymer membranes ogwiritsidwa ntchito—kumachepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Machitidwe osakanikirana ndi opangidwa ndi ma membrane amathandizira kusankha ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu, kuchepetsa zinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi mankhwala komanso kupanga zinyalala poyerekeza ndi ma mixer-settler circuits achikhalidwe. Kusintha kwa njirazi kumapangitsa kuti kulekanitsa zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe kukhale koyera komanso kotetezeka kwa chilengedwe.
Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala, Kupanga Zinyalala, ndi Kuyang'ana Malo Ozungulira
Kuyeza mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera poizoni m'thupi (leaching agent) kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso komanso kuletsa kusonkhanitsa mankhwala otsala m'madzi otulutsa poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, pochiza mankhwala ochotsera poizoni m'thupi, kupitirira malire ofunikira a magnesium sulfate kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pH yocheperako kumasokoneza kapangidwe ka miyala, kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa slope. Mwa kusunga mlingo pamlingo woyenera wotsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri, kuwongolera njira kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwachindunji komanso zoopsa za geotechnical.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera molondola—kuphatikizapo kulondola kwambirimotsatanakuganizira kwambirimamita kuchokera ku Lonnmeter—imathandiza kusintha momwe zinthu zimatulutsidwira pogwiritsa ntchito deta, motero imachepetsa mankhwala omwe amalowetsedwa popanda kutaya mphamvu yotulutsira zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mu rare earth. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zosungunuka zomwe zimapangidwa ndi bioengineering ndi zinthu zomwe zingabwezeretsedwenso, monga ma biosorbents okhala ndi mapuloteni ndi zinyalala za lignocellulosic, zimathandiza kuti rare earth ibwezeretsedwenso bwino pamene ikuthandizira kuzungulira kwa closed-loop komwe nthawi imodzi kumachepetsa kutulutsa kwachilengedwe ndikuwonjezera kufunikira kwa mitsinje ya zinyalala.
Pamene njira zamakono zolekanitsira nthaka yosowa zikugwirizana ndi kasamalidwe kabwino ka zinthu zochotsa zinyalala, kupanga zinyalala panthawi yochotsa ndi kugawanitsa kumachepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa zosungunulira za membrane sikuti kumangopangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale zoyera komanso zokolola zambiri komanso kumachepetsa kwambiri zotsalira za zosungunulira ndi asidi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna chithandizo cha zinyalala zoopsa. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi zolinga zokhazikika za migodi ndi kukakamiza malamulo kuti achepetse vuto la chilengedwe la migodi yosowa.
Ubwino Wachuma: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Moyenera Kwambiri Ndi Kuchepetsa Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito
Mpikisano wachuma pa njira zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa nthaka yosowa umadalira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa. Kukonza mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera nthaka kumachepetsa ndalama zopangira ndi zobwezeretsanso pochotsa kuwonjezera mankhwala kosafunikira, pomwe kukhazikika kwa njira kumateteza ku kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa miyala, nthawi yogwira ntchito ya zida, kapena kugwa kwa thupi la miyala.
Kutulutsa zinthu mosankha bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zotulutsira zinthu zosungunulira komanso ukadaulo wa nembanemba kumathandiza kuti zinthu zososososososozo zibwezeretsedwe kuchokera ku zinthu zoso ...zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazikumawonjezera kubwerezabwereza kwa ntchito ndi ubwino wa zinthu, zomwe zimalimbitsa phindu lachuma panthawi yonseyi.
Kuchepetsa zinyalala sikuti kumangopulumutsa mwachindunji kugula ma reagent komanso kuchiza, kutsatira malamulo, ndi kukonza zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kuchira mu makina ochotsera ma hybrid membrane-solvent ndi okwera ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumachepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito pogawa nthaka yachilendo. Mofananamo, kuyambitsa ma biosorbents obwezerezedwanso—omwe amasunga ntchito yawo nthawi zingapo—kumachepetsa ndalama zogulira komanso ndalama zoyendetsera zinyalala.
Kusanthula kwa moyo wonse kumatsimikizira kuti njira zogwirira ntchito zochotsera zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe komanso njira zamakono zochotsera zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe zimawonetsa mpweya wochepa wowononga chilengedwe komanso poizoni, pomwe njira zoyezera zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe zikuwonetsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso nthawi yochepa yokhalamo panthawi yolekanitsa zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe. Mwachidule, kukonza njira ndi kuphatikiza ukadaulo woyera kumathandizira kwambiri pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe pantchito zochotsera zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi njira yolekanitsira zinthu za dziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri ndi iti?
Njira yolekanitsira zinthu za rare earth imaphatikizapo masitepe angapo kuti alekanitse zinthu za rare earth kuchokera ku zosakaniza zovuta. Choyamba, mchere kapena zotsalira za mafakitale zimachotsedwa, pomwe chotulutsira madzi chimasungunula ma ayoni a rare earth kukhala yankho. Kapangidwe ka leachate iyi kamatsimikizira mwachindunji masitepe otsatirawa—njira zolekanitsira monga kuchotsa zosungunulira kapena kulowetsedwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa rare earth, kutengera mphamvu yawo yapadera ya mankhwala. Njira zapamwamba zolekanitsira rare earth zitha kuphatikiza kunyowa kwa mankhwala, kusinthana kwa ma ayoni, njira za nembanemba, ndi kulowetsedwa kwa bioadorption kuti zisinthe kusankha ndi kukhazikika. Kusankha koyenera kwa njira—za mankhwala, zakuthupi, kapena zamoyo—kumadalira kufalikira kwa rare earth kwa chakudya ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito kuti pakhale chiyero komanso kuchira kwachuma.
Kodi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochotsa madzi m'nthaka kumakhudza bwanji njira yolekanitsira nthaka yachilendo?
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayidwa m'nthaka ndikofunikira kwambiri pakulekanitsa nthaka yachilendo. Kuchepa kwa zinthu zotayidwa m'nthaka kumabweretsa kusungunuka kosakwanira komanso kusabwezeretsa bwino kwa ma ayoni a nthaka yachilendo, kuwononga chakudya ndi kuchepetsa kukolola kwa zinthu. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayidwa m'nthaka, kumbali ina, kumawonjezera ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ndipo kungathe kusungunula zitsulo zosafunikira, kuchepetsa kuyera kwa zinthuzo. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayidwa m'nthaka kumachepetsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa ma ayoni ofunikira, kusankha bwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid pa kutentha kozungulira kumatha kufikira 87% ya kubwezeretsedwa kwa nthaka yachilendo kuchokera ku phosphogypsum, pomwe mchere wowonjezera monga ammonium kapena sodium chloride umawonjezera mphamvu. Kupanga chitsanzo cha njira ndi kuyeza nthawi yeniyeni—monga kugwiritsa ntchito Lonnmeter—kumapangitsa kuti mlingo wa zinthu zotayidwa ukhale wabwino.
Kodi leachate ya rare earth ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani kapangidwe kake kali kofunikira?
Kutulutsa madzi a rare earth leachate ndi njira yothetsera vutoli yomwe imapangidwa pambuyo pochiza zokolola za rare earth ndi mankhwala oyenera otulutsa madzi. Njira imeneyi ili ndi ma ayoni a rare earth omwe asungunuka komanso mwina zitsulo zina kapena zonyansa. Kapangidwe ka madzi a rare earth leachate kamalamulira kulekanitsidwa mwa kuchotsa ndi kulowetsa madzi m'madzi; kapangidwe kabwino kamatsimikizira kuyera kwambiri komanso kusamutsa kosankha. Madzi a rare earth leachate okhala ndi mankhwala osalowerera ndale kapena kuchuluka kwa pH kokonzedwa bwino kumapangitsa kuti madzi a rare earth leachate azitha kusiyanitsa bwino komanso kukhazikika. Kuwongolera molondola kwa mankhwala a leachate—makamaka pH, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophatikizana, komanso kuchuluka kwa zitsulo—kumakhudza mwachindunji zachuma ndi kusankha njira zochotsera madzi a rare earth leachate ndi njira zolekanitsira.
Kodi kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera zinthu zosungunuka kumagwira ntchito bwanji pokonza zinthu za rare earth?
Kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera zosungunulira kumaphatikizapo kusamutsa ma ayoni a nthaka osungunuka kuchokera ku gawo la madzi otuluka kupita ku chosungunulira chachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zotulutsira zinazake. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pang'ono pa kuyanjana kwa mankhwala pakati pa ma ayoni a nthaka osowa ndi zotulutsira. Mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala otuluka, pH, ndi kapangidwe ka zotulutsira, ogwiritsa ntchito amawonjezera kusankha ndi kuchira. Ma flowsheet a magawo ambiri ndi ma equilibrium models amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awonjezere kulekanitsa—nthawi zambiri amapeza zoyera zopitirira 99% pazinthu monga yttrium ndi lanthanum. Kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zobiriwira, monga machitidwe amadzi a magawo awiri, kumachepetsa kufalikira kwa chilengedwe popanda kuwononga magwiridwe antchito a njira zapamwamba zotulutsira zosungunulira za nthaka osowa.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati chotulutsira madzi sichikwanira kapena chochuluka kwambiri panthawi yolekanitsa nthaka yachilendo?
Chothandizira kuchotsa madzi osakwanira chimalephera kusungunula kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni osowa a dziko lapansi omwe amafunidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchotsedwa madziwo kusagwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti asadzabwezeretsedwe bwino. Chothandizira kuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo chingayambitse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mosayenera, kuonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zosafunikira pamodzi, zomwe zingaipitse chinthu chomaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwambiri kapena pH yosayenera kungasokoneze ma agglomerate a ore, zomwe zingachititse kuti malo otsetsereka alephereke kugwira ntchito zochotsa madzi m'mizere kapena m'mizere. Umboni wotsimikizira ukuwonetsa kufunikira koyesa ndi kuwongolera molondola—kusungunuka kokhazikika kwa ma ayoni osowa a dziko lapansi kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni ndi pH kwakonzedwa bwino. Njira monga Lonnmeter ndizofunikira kwambiri poyang'anira ndikusunga kukhazikika kwa mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera madzi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-28-2025
