Kuyeza molondola kayendedwe ka HFO ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mu malo opangira mafuta olemera, kuyeza kodalirika kayendedwe ka mafuta kumatsimikizira kuwongolera kuyaka ndi mphamvu moyenera, kuchepetsa zinyalala ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito. Mu njira yogulitsa mafuta, kuwerengera kolondola kwa kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumathandizira kugulitsa kulikonse kwa ndalama pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa. Kusiyana, ngakhale pang'ono, kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pazachuma poganizira kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe kukuchitika. Ntchito zapamadzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira HFO kuti iyendetse ndi mphamvu yothandizira, zimadalira kuyeza kolondola kuti zisunge kutsata malamulo, kukonza magwiridwe antchito a injini, ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wakuda wa kaboni - vuto lalikulu pa chilengedwe. Mu kutentha kwa mafakitale, kuyeza kokhazikika kwa kayendedwe ka mafuta ndi chakudya kumateteza zida ndikulola kutentha komwe kumadziwikiratu, kuteteza mtundu wa malonda ndi chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito.
Malo Opangira Mphamvu Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta
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Kuyeza Kuyenda kwa Mafuta Olemera
Mafuta amafuta ambiri (HFO) ndi mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zotsalira omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zake: kukhuthala kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa sulfure, komanso zovuta za mankhwala. Mtundu uwu wa mafuta umapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zapansi panthawi yothira mafuta osaphika. Kukhuthala kwa HFO kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa mafuta opepuka, ndipo mphamvu zake zoyendera zimayankha kutentha kwambiri—kukhala kolimba kutentha kwa chipinda koma kumakhala kokwanira kupopera ndi kuyaka ikatenthedwa bwino. Kugwira kwake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha chizolowezi chopanga ma emulsion okhazikika, kusungunuka kwakukulu, komanso kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi asphaltenes osasungunuka. Makhalidwe amenewa amakhudza mwachindunji kusungira, kusamutsa, ndi kuyeza molondola mafuta olemera, makamaka m'malo ovuta.
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi—pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo monga Coriolis mita—kwakhala muyezo wabwino kwambiri wa HFO chifukwa kumayambitsa kusinthasintha kwa madzi.kutenthandikuchulukanazomwe zimakhudza kuyenda kwa volumetric. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mita yoyezera kuyenda kumafunanso kudziwa bwino kuchuluka kwa HFO ndi kukhuthala kwa kutentha kwa ndondomekoyi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kudzera mu inline density ndi viscosity meters kuchokera kwa ogulitsa apadera monga Lonnmeter.
Kusungirako HFO nthawi zambiri kumakhala matanki ozungulira kapena amakona anayi okhala ndi makina otenthetsera kuti alepheretse kuuma ndikuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi. Matanki osungiramo mafuta olemera awa amapangidwira kuti azisamalira matope, kutchinjiriza kutentha, komanso kugawa madzi m'malo oyenera. Makina osungiramo mafuta ayenera kuteteza matope, omwe ndi kukhazikika kwa asphaltenes, zinthu zosapangidwa, ndi tinthu tina. Madzi amatha kutseka mizere yotulutsira madzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya thanki, ndikuyambitsa mavuto omanga matope pansi pa thanki. Pakapita nthawi, izi zimawopseza magwiridwe antchito komanso kulondola kwa kuyeza kwa madzi pansi pa thanki.
Mafuta akangotuluka m'malo osungira, amalowa mu netiweki ya mapaipi otentha, mapampu osamutsira, ndi mayunitsi osefera—aliyense ali ndi zofunikira zapadera zoletsa kuipitsidwa ndi kutsekeka. Kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa HFO ndi kuchuluka kwa asphaltene kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chizolowezi chodetsa: kupanga madontho m'makoma a mapaipi, m'mapampu, komanso mkati mwa mamita okha. Kuipitsidwa kumachepetsa kukula kwa mapaipi ogwira ntchito, kusintha mawonekedwe a hydraulic flow, kukulitsa kutayika kwa mphamvu, komanso kumatha kuletsa zida zoyezera. Pa kuyeza, ngakhale filimu yopyapyala ya HFO ikhoza kusokoneza kuwerenga, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunika kokonza ndi kuwerengera mita yoyendera mafuta olemera nthawi zonse. Popanda izi, zolakwika zimatha kufalikira, kuwononga kuwongolera njira ndi kulondola kwa malonda.
Ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zopewera kuipitsa mpweya ndi kutsekeka kwa madzi. Makina otenthetsera—nthawi zambiri amatsatira nthunzi kapena kutentha kwa magetsi—amasunga mafuta pamwamba pa kutentha kofunikira, kuchepetsa kukhuthala ndi kupewa kusuntha pang'onopang'ono kwa malire pomwe matope amakhazikika. Zosefera ndi zotsekera mkati zimaletsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mafuta asanafike pazida zofewa. Kuyeretsa thanki ndi kusefa m'mbali mwa madzi kumateteza kuchuluka kwa matope. Malo omwe akukhudzana ndi HFO nthawi zina amakonzedwa ndi zokutira za polima kapena zopangidwa kuti achepetse kumamatira ndikuyeretsa mosavuta. Makina okanda kapena opaka nkhumba amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi kuti achotse mwamphamvu matope.
Kuopsa kwa kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kumakhala koonekera kwambiri m'magawo a thanki, fyuluta, ndi mita yoyezera madzi. Pofuna kuchepetsa vutoli, kapangidwe ka dongosolo kamagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake (matanki otsetsereka pansi, kugwedezeka), njira (kukonza nthawi), ndi njira zoyezera (kuyang'anira mosalekeza kukhuthala/kuchuluka kwa madzi).
Mwachidule, kuyeza mafuta olemera sikungokhudza kuyeza kayendedwe ka madzi—ndi njira yophatikizana yomwe imafuna kusintha nthawi yeniyeni ku zovuta zapadera za mawonekedwe enieni a HFO. Zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa njira zopewera kuipitsa mpweya ndi zoletsa kutsekeka sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi kufunafuna kuyeza mafuta olemera molondola, kodalirika, komanso kotsika mtengo, komwe kumakhudza mwachindunji kupanga mphamvu, kutsata chilengedwe, malonda, ndi chitetezo cha makina. Kuyeza kolondola pogwiritsa ntchito zoyezera mafuta olemera ogwira ntchito kwambiri, zothandizidwa ndi zida monga Lonnmeter inline density ndi viscosity metres, ndiye pakati pa kuthana ndi mavutowa.
Ukadaulo Wofunika Pakuyeza Mafuta Olemera
Mamita Oyendera Misa a Coriolis kuti Muyezo Woyenda Misa Mwachindunji
Miyezo yoyendera madzi a Coriolisamagwira ntchito poyambitsa kugwedezeka mu chubu chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe mafuta olemera amadutsa. Pamene mafuta akudutsa, kufooka kwa mafuta oyenda kumayambitsa kusintha kwa gawo koyezeka, kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta oyenda. Njira imeneyi imapereka mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa mafuta oyenda, kuchuluka kwa mafuta, ndi kutentha, kuchotsa kufunikira kokonza kutentha kapena kupanikizika, komwe ndikofunikira pogwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta olemera (HFO). Mfundo yoyezera mwachindunji imapangitsa kuti ntchito zolondola zoyika ndi kuwerengera mafuta olemera, zichepetse njira yowerengera mafuta olemera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira yogulitsira mafuta ndi yolondola.
Mamita a Coriolis amapereka ubwino wapadera poyesa kuyenda kwa mafuta m'malo ovuta, monga kuyang'anira thanki yosungiramo mafuta ambiri, kupanga magetsi, ndimalo osungiramo zinthu za m'nyanjaKulondola kwawo kumakhalabe kwakukulu mosasamala kanthu za kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa HFO, kutentha, kapenakukhuthalaPopeza palibe ziwalo zosuntha zomwe zimalumikizana ndi madzi, ma Coriolis meter ndi olimba mwachibadwa, satha kuwonongeka ndi tinthu tomwe timapezeka mu mafuta olemera, ndipo amachepetsa kwambiri zofunikira pakukonza mita yoyendera mafuta olemera. Kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya m'mamita awa n'kochepa poyerekeza ndi njira zambiri zoyezera mafuta olemera. Kusowa kwa zinthu zamkati zamakina kumapangitsa kuti zisathe kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina—vuto lalikulu pakuyeza mafuta olemera—kumachepetsa kwambiri njira zopewera kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu za mita yoyendera kapena njira zopewera kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu za mita yoyendera mafuta.
M'machitidwe ake, mita ya Coriolis imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ofunikira kwambiri a unyolo woperekera mafuta olemera. Mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mafuta m'ngalawa za m'madzi, kuonetsetsa kuti kulipira kolondola komanso kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera mafuta. M'malo opangira mafuta olemera, mita iyi imatsata momwe mafuta amagwiritsidwira ntchito posungira mpaka ku boiler komanso mizere yozungulira mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kulamulira bwino kuyaka komanso kuyang'anira bwino mpweya woipa. Kuthekera kwa ukadaulo wa Coriolis kupereka deta yodalirika, yobwerezabwereza, komanso yotsatirika ndikofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zonyamula mafuta m'magalimoto, kusamutsa katundu, komanso kutsatira malamulo—zonsezi zimafuna kutsimikizika koyerekeza.
Kukonza Muyeso M'malo Ovuta
Uinjiniya Wodalirika mu Machitidwe Opangira Mafuta Olemera
Mu makina oyezera mafuta olemera, kudalirika kumadalira kusankha bwino kwa zinthu ndi kapangidwe kake komwe kamapangidwa kuti kathane ndi mikhalidwe yovuta. Aluminiyamu imatha kusankhidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo opanda mpweya wochepa, osawononga chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake komanso kukana dzimbiri pang'ono. Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chimapereka mphamvu komanso kukana kukanda, komabe chimakhala chotetezeka ku dzimbiri la asidi lomwe limapezeka kwambiri ndi zinthu zoyaka mafuta olemera. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakondedwa m'malo ambiri oyezera mafuta olemera, chifukwa chimalimbana ndi kuukira kwa mankhwala ndi kuukira, makamaka mitundu monga 316L ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwira ntchito m'malo okhala ndi sulfure ndi mpweya wochuluka.
Zipangizo zoyezera zingagwiritse ntchito zophimba kapena zophimba zopanda chitsulo—PTFE, PFA, kapena polyurethane—kuti zisawonongeke ndi dzimbiri komanso kuipitsidwa. Ngakhale kuti PTFE imapereka kukhazikika kwapadera kwa mankhwala, polyurethane imachita bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi kuviika, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakina okhala ndi mafuta okhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zipangizozi zimayesedwa zenizeni, kuziyika pamalo otentha osiyanasiyana, kuthamanga kwa mpweya, komanso mitundu yonse ya mankhwala a HFO, zomwe zimathandiza kuti moyo ukhale wolimba komanso kuti zinthu zisamawonongeke.
Mapangidwe a mita yoyezera kuyenda kwa mafuta olemera okhuthala amagogomezera malo otseguka mkati kuti achepetse kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi chiopsezo chotseka. Mamita ozungulira a Lonnmeter amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito popanda kusuntha ziwalo, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa makina ndikuthandizira kulondola kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale pansi pa zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri komanso zolemera kwambiri.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kuipitsidwa ndi kutsekeka, njira zamakono zimaphatikizapo zophimba zosamatira—monga PTFE kapena polysiloxane—pa malo amkati kuti aletse kupangika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zosapangidwa ndi organic. Mapangidwe ena amaphatikizapo njira zodzikonzera zokha, monga kupukuta pamwamba komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi madzi kapena madoko okonzedwa mosavuta omwe amaikidwa kuti ayeretsedwe ndi manja. Mayankho oletsa kutsekeka amagogomezera njira zosavuta komanso zosavuta, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kusonkhanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuthandizira kuchotsa kapena kutsuka nthawi ndi nthawi. Kuphatikiza njira zoletsa kuipitsidwa kwa zoyezera madzi kumakhudza mwachindunji kudalirika kwa ntchito ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pamachitidwe amagetsi opangira mafuta ambiri.
Zoganizira Zokhazikitsa ndi Kuphatikiza
Kukonza bwino kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'makina olemera amafuta kumayamba ndi kukula koyenera kwa mita. Mamita ayenera kusankhidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, kukhuthala, ndi magawo a kuthamanga omwe amapezeka mu ntchito zinazake—monga kusamutsa kuchokera ku thanki yosungiramo mafuta olemera kapena mkati mwa kuzungulira kwa kayendedwe ka madzi mu fakitale yamagetsi yolemera yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Mamita akuluakulu amavutika ndi kulondola kotsika kwa madzi, pomwe mamita ochepa amatsika kwambiri.
Njira zabwino zokhazikitsira mita yoyendera mafuta ambiri zimafuna kusamala kwambiri ndi kupirira kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kutentha. Ma HFO ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kupsinjika kochepa mpaka pakati komanso kutentha kwakukulu kuti mafuta azitha kuyenda bwino. Ma mita a Lonnmeter amatha kuyikidwa pafupi ndi thanki yosungiramo mafuta ambiri kapena m'magawo ofunikira, zomwe zimachepetsa kufunikira kwa nthawi yayitali kolunjika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apamwamba a kukwera kwa mpweya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuyika kukhale kosavuta ngakhale m'mapangidwe ochepa.
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kukhazikitsa mita yoyezera mafuta oyenda bwino ndi monga kusokonezeka kochepa kuchokera ku mapampu ndi ma valve, ma profiles oyenda bwino, komanso malo abwino kwambiri kuti mupewe kusokonekera kopingasa kapena koyima komwe kungayambitse zolakwika muyeso. Malo ayenera kukhala abwino kwambiri m'malo omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo cha nthawi ndi nthawi, chofunikira kwambiri pakukonza mita yoyezera mafuta oyenda bwino komanso njira zoyezera. Kusintha ku zoletsa zinazake za dongosolo kumathandizidwa ndi kukula kwa mita yozungulira komanso njira zoyendetsera, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuphatikizana mu retrofit ndi ma installation atsopano.
Kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa mafuta olemera kumadalira mtundu wa kuyika—kukula kwa mita yolimba, kuyika bwino pafupi ndi matanki operekera, ndi mwayi wopezera njira yokonzera. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa uinjiniya ndi kuyika kumathandiza kulondola panthawi yogulitsa mafuta komanso kuyesa kuyenda kwa mafuta komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse, ngakhale pakakhala zovuta m'munda.
Kulondola, Kusamalira, ndi Zotsatira za Kukhazikitsa Malonda
Kupeza kulondola kwakukulu komanso kubwerezabwereza poyesa kuyenda kwa mafuta olemera ndikofunikira kwambiri pa mgwirizano wowonekera komanso wodalirika wa malonda a mafuta. Mu ntchito monga matanki osungira mafuta olemera ndi malo opangira magetsi olemera, kulondola kwambiri kumatsimikizira kuti malonda amalonda amatsatira malamulo komanso otetezeka.
Kulinganiza ndiye maziko a kukhulupirika kwa muyeso. Pa mita iliyonse yoyendera mafuta olemera—makamaka yomwe ikugwira ntchito yosungidwa—njira yolinganiza imaphatikiza kufananiza ndi miyezo yowunikira yotsatiridwa. Njira zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mita yayikulu kapena matanki oyesera, ndipo ziyenera kuchitika pansi pa mikhalidwe yolamulidwa yomwe imabwerezabwereza zenizeni zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi kapangidwe ka madzi. Kupatuka, ngakhale pang'ono, kungayambitse mikangano yayikulu yazachuma ndi yamalamulo panthawi yogulitsa mafuta. Kulinganiza kuyenera kulembedwa ndikutsatiridwa ku miyezo yadziko kapena yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi kusinthidwanso nthawi ndi nthawi kofunikira kuti kutsatidwe kosalekeza. Mamita omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuyenda kwa misa mwachindunji, monga omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi Lonnmeter inline density ndi viscosity metres, amafunika kutsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi ma protocol ovomerezeka omwe amavomerezedwa ndi OIML R117 yaposachedwa kapena miyezo yofananira ya metrological kuti atsimikizire kudalirika kwa mgwirizano wamalonda.
Kulipira kutentha ndi kukhuthala ndikofunikira kwambiri mu makina oyezera mafuta olemera. Kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi kukhudzidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha komwe kumachitika mu mafuta olemera kumabweretsa zovuta zapadera. Kubwezera kwamkati, komwe kumachitika kudzera mu masensa ophatikizidwa (a kuchulukana ndi kukhuthala), komanso kukonza deta nthawi yeniyeni, kumathetsa zosintha izi - kuchepetsa kusuntha komwe kungasokoneze kuyeza kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza mita ya Lonnmeter inline density ndi mita yamafuta olemera kumathandiza kukonza kuchuluka kwa mafuta nthawi yeniyeni; kuilumikiza ndi mita ya kukhuthala kwamkati kumalola kusintha kolondola kwa kukhuthala. Mayankho oterewa oyezera ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuyesa mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'malo osungira zinthu zambiri.
Kubwerezabwereza n'kofunika kwambiri; kumatanthauza luso la mita yobwerezabwereza zotsatira zofanana pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana. Kapangidwe ka mita yozungulira ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono kumawonjezera kubwerezabwereza, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kulinganiza kolondola mkati mwa malo. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri poyesa kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi kuyeza mafuta olemera komwe kusokoneza ntchito kumakhala kokwera mtengo.
Satifiketi, kutsimikizira, ndi kutsatira malamulo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kudalirika kwa njira yothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi malonda a mafuta. Miyezo yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga OIML R117 imafuna kuti mita yoyezera kuyenda iwunikidwe mwamphamvu, kuyesedwa kwa satifiketi kuti iwonetse kulondola, komanso kutsimikiziridwanso nthawi ndi nthawi. Kutsatira malamulo otere kumateteza njira yogulitsira ndipo kumapereka chisonyezero cholondola pakakhala mikangano.
Mafuta olemera kwambiri amachititsa kuti pakhale zoopsa zoti mita yoyendera mafuta iwonongeke komanso kutsekeka, zomwe zimawononga kulondola komanso kutalika kwa mita. Kukonza koteteza kumafunika. Zinthu monga kupanga mita yozungulira ndi ma assemblies osinthika pang'ono zimathandiza kuyeretsa kosavuta komanso kusintha ziwalo zina. Njira zotsimikizira zomwe zili mkati—kuthandiza kuyang'anira kuwerengera popanda kusokoneza—zimachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito, ndikusunga nthawi yowerengera mita yoyendera mafuta olemera kukhala yolimba komanso yodalirika.
Kukonzekera ndi kuyang'anira zochitika, kuphatikizapo njira zopewera kuipitsidwa ndi njira zopewera kutsekeka kwa mpweya, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo zida zodziwiratu, monga kuyang'anira kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kuti muwone ngati mpweya uli woipitsidwa msanga, komanso kuyang'ana nthawi zonse. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito malo opangira magetsi olemera, machenjezo odziyimira pawokha kutengera kuzindikira kwa digito amatha kuwonetsa nthawi yoyeretsera yofunikira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kutayika kwakukulu kolondola kapena nthawi yopuma yosakonzekera. Njira zoyeretsera, zosinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mawonekedwe a mafuta ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, zimachepetsanso njira zokonzekera.
Malangizo oyika mita yoyendera mafuta akugogomezera kufunika kolemba deta yonse ndikuwunika bwino digito. Zolemba zodalirika za digito zimathandizira gawo lililonse la mgwirizano wamalonda amafuta. Machitidwe amakono amaphatikizapo njira zolumikizirana zotetezeka, kusungira deta yobisika, komanso mwayi wopeza chilolezo choteteza kukhulupirika kwa deta yamalonda. Zolemba mwatsatanetsatane za zochitika, njira zowunikira, ndi ziphaso zamagetsi zowunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa maudindo amalonda ndi malamulo. Kuyang'anira machitidwe nthawi zonse pazinthu zosamveka bwino komanso zofooka pa intaneti ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta imayang'aniridwa bwino ndikupewa kusokoneza deta panthawi yonse yoyezera kuyenda kwa mafuta.
Pamodzi, kusamala kwaukadaulo—kudzera mu kusanthula molondola, kulipira kutentha ndi kukhuthala, machitidwe otetezeka a digito, ndi kukonza bwino—kumapanga maziko a kuyeza mafuta olemera molondola, mobwerezabwereza, komanso mogwirizana ndi malamulo m'malo amalonda.
Kuphatikizana ndi Makina a Zomera ndi Mapulatifomu a Digito
Kuphatikizana kwa Mitengo mu Mafakitale Amagetsi Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mafuta Olemera
Ma flow meter a mafuta olemera (HFO) amachita gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito za plant yamagetsi yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta olemera kuti ayesere bwino kuyenda kwa mafuta, kuyeza kuyenda kwa mafuta, komanso kuwongolera. Kuphatikiza ma meter awa—monga inline density ndi viscosity meters kuchokera kuLonnmeter—Mu Distributed Control Systems (DCS) kapena Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) kumafuna njira zolimba zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti kuyang'anira bwino nthawi yeniyeni komanso kuwongolera molondola kuchuluka kwa mafuta olemera.
Njira yolumikizira imayamba pogwirizanitsa kutulutsa kwa chizindikiro cha mita ndi ma module olowera a nsanja za DCS kapena PLC. Pa mawonekedwe a analog, makampaniwa amadalira kwambiri chizindikiro cha 4–20 mA chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi phokoso lamagetsi komanso kuyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito chingwe chachitali. Zosankha za digito zimaphatikizapo ma protocol monga Modbus, HART, ndi zotulutsa za pulse, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wonyamula deta yozindikira ndi yosinthika kumakina owongolera.
Pakuyeza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa madzi, mawaya ochokera ku Lonnmeter density ndi viscosity meters amalumikizana ndi makadi olowera omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu DCS/PLC, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu ma conditioner a chizindikiro kuti deta ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Pulogalamu yowongolera ya fakitaleyo iyenera kutanthauzira izi, kuthandizira kuyeza kuyenda kwa mafuta, kupanga alamu, ndi mayankho a nthawi yeniyeni. Mwachizolowezi, machitidwe amathanso kulumikizana ndi Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mkhalapakati wogwirizanitsa deta, kuyang'anira patali, kapena kusunga zakale kwa nthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe kameneka sikuti kamangothandizira kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a fakitale komanso kumathandizira kutsata mafuta, kutsatira malamulo, komanso njira yothetsera malonda amafuta kudzera mu data yapamwamba komanso yolembedwa nthawi.
Kuzindikira matenda ndi kudalirika kwa kulankhulana kumasungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yotseguka komanso yolumikizirana. Ma protocol a digito monga IEC 62056 (DLMS/COSEM) akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magetsi, zomwe zimathandiza kutumiza uthenga motetezeka, kulemba ma code a OBIS, komanso kusinthana deta mobisa komwe kumakwaniritsa zofunikira zowunikira ndi kutsatira malamulo.
Chitsanzo: Chomera chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya HFO chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mamita ochulukirachulukira a Lonnmeter ndi DCS yake yomwe ilipo chingalumikize mphamvu ya analog ya mita iliyonse ya 4–20 mA ku makadi olowera a DCS. Pulogalamu ya DCS idzakonzedwa kuti igwiritse ntchito kuwerenga kumeneku, kupanga zochitika zenizeni, ma alarm kuti awerenge zachilendo, ndikupereka mayankho opitilira kuti azitha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mafuta, kuonetsetsa kuti kuyaka kokhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta. Zolemba zophatikiza zimafotokoza mfundo iliyonse yosinthira deta ndikutsimikizira kulondola ndi kudalirika kudzera mu kuyimitsa ndi kuyesa kochitika pang'onopang'ono.
Kuphatikizana kumafalikiranso kwambiri ku machitidwe azachuma: nsanja zosamutsa zosungira ndi zolipira zimadalira kusamutsa deta yolondola komanso yosasokonezedwa ya mita. Mokulirapo, izi zimaphatikizapo kusunga deta motetezeka mogwirizana ndi miyezo yamakampani pamayendedwe owunikira ndi malipoti olamulira. M'malo awa, kuthekera kosunga umphumphu wa deta, kupewa kusokoneza, ndikulola kubweza mwachangu zolemba za kayendedwe ka deta kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito ndi kuthetsa mikangano.
Kutsimikizira Zamtsogolo ndi Kuyeza Kosinthasintha komanso Kosinthika
Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya mafuta olemera, kuphatikizapo zosakaniza zomwe zimasungidwa m'matanki akuluakulu osungiramo mafuta olemera, kumafuna kuti zoyezera kuyenda zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa mafuta, kukhuthala, ndi kuchulukana. Mita ya inline density ndi viscosity kuchokera ku Lonnmeter yapangidwa kuti igwirizane kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuyeza molondola mitundu yonse ya mafuta olemera omwe amapezeka m'mafakitale amagetsi amakono.
Kuteteza mtsogolo kwa mita iyi kumadalira mfundo ziwiri: kukweza ndi kusinthasintha. Zipangizo zoyezera zimapangidwa ndi zigawo za modular, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusintha kapena kukweza masensa, ma electronic board, kapena zolumikizirana zikasintha. Njira iyi ya modular imathandizanso kukonza mwachangu ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito kwa fakitale panthawi yosintha kapena kukweza, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri m'malo omwe nthawi zonse amachitikira monga malo opangira mafuta olemera.
Mwachitsanzo, pamene mafuta atsopano osakanikirana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za rheological akuyambitsidwa, ma module a mita amatha kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwanso—motsogozedwa ndi chitsogozo chokhazikitsa mita yoyendera mafuta—kuti asunge muyeso wolondola wa kuyenda kwa mafuta ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa kuyenda popanda kusintha dongosolo lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zopewera kuipitsa mafuta a mita yoyendera ndi njira zopewera kutsekeka zimathandiza kusunga mawerengedwe olondola ndikuchepetsa nthawi yosamalira mita yoyendera mafuta yamafuta ambiri, ngakhale pamene zinthu zikusintha.
Njira zoyezera mita zimapangidwa kuti zikhale zosavuta, zomwe zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera mita yoyendera mafuta ambiri mwachangu pamene nthawi yokonza ikufuna kubwezeretsanso. Zosintha zonse ndi zosintha zinalembedwa, kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo ndi mgwirizano wamalonda zikutsatira malamulo panthawi yotumiza mafuta.
Njira yodalirika yoyezera mafuta olemera masiku ano imafuna kuphatikizana kwamphamvu kwa machitidwe oyezera ndi makina odziyimira pawokha a mafakitale ndi nsanja za digito, zothandizidwa ndi ma protocol ndi mapangidwe a hardware omwe ali otseguka, osinthika, komanso opangidwa kuti asinthe mogwirizana ndi ntchito za mafakitale ndi zofunikira pamalamulo.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri)
Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa kuti choyezera mafuta ambiri chikhale choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogulitsa mafuta?
Choyezera mafuta olemera chomwe chimapangidwira kusamutsa ndi kutsimikizira malonda chiyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yolondola kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ndi kusatsimikizika kwa muyeso pansi pa 0.1%. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kungayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu pazachuma pogwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ambiri. Choyezera mafuta olemera chomwe chimapereka muyeso wolunjika wa kuchuluka kwa mafuta, chimakhala cholimba motsutsana ndi kukhuthala ndi kutentha kosinthasintha, ndipo chimasunga umphumphu wa calibration nthawi zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kutsatira malamulo ndikofunikira kwambiri; mamita ayenera kuloleza zolemba zotsatirika, zowunikidwa ndikugwirizana ndi miyezo monga yomwe yafotokozedwa mu malangizo a MARPOL Annex VI ndi UNECE a IMO. Kulondola, kutsata, ndi kudalirika kumachepetsa mikangano yogulitsa ndikuteteza magulu onse omwe agwirizana nawo pakukonza malonda amafuta. Pa makina oyezera mafuta olemera, Coriolis mass flow meter amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati muyezo wofotokozera chifukwa amayesa mwachindunji kulemera, m'malo moganizira kuchokera ku mawerengedwe a volumetric, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta olemera akhale ndi kachulukidwe kosiyanasiyana komanso kutentha.
Kodi zinthu zoletsa kuipitsa komanso zoletsa kutsekeka kwa mafuta zingawongolere bwanji kudalirika kwa muyeso m'makina olemera amafuta?
Kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa mafuta olemera komanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumabweretsa kusonkhana ndi kutsekeka kwa makina oyezera kuyenda kwa madzi. Njira zapadera zopewera kuipitsidwa kwa makina oyezera kuyenda kwa madzi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zamkati zosamamatira, ma geometri a sensor osasunthika omwe amachepetsa madera akufa, ndi njira zoyezera kuyenda kwa madzi zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa. Zipangizo zomangira zimasankhidwa kuti zisamalowe m'madzi komanso kuti zikhale zosalala; chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimadziwika chifukwa chokana kumamatira. Ntchito zodziyeretsa zokha m'mapangidwe a makina—monga machubu oyenda ogwedezeka—zimathandiza kuchotsa zotsalira zomata. Maukadaulo awa pamodzi amakhazikitsa magwiridwe antchito a makina oyezera kuyenda kwa madzi olemera, kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta akuyeza molondola komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yokonza komanso nthawi yogwira ntchito yosayembekezereka ya makina.
N’chifukwa chiyani kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta m’thupi mwachindunji kumakondedwa kuposa njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta m’mafuta olemera?
Kuyeza kwa kayendedwe ka mafuta mwachindunji, monga momwe kwaperekedwera ndi Coriolis mita, ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuyeza kayendedwe ka mafuta modalirika chifukwa cha kuchulukana ndi kutentha kwa mafuta olemera. Ma volumetric mita, monga turbine kapena positive displacement types, amayesa kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka mafuta m'thupi ndipo amafunika kukonza kuchuluka kwa mafuta kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa mafuta—izi zimayambitsa magwero ena olakwika popeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta olemera nthawi zambiri kumasintha ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mbiri yosungira, ndi kutentha kogwirira ntchito. Ma Coriolis mass flow mita amajambula mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka mafuta, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, amalemba kuchuluka kwenikweni ndi kutentha, zonse nthawi yeniyeni. Kuthekera kumeneku kumachotsa zolakwika zosinthika ndikupereka maziko oyezera ogwirizana ndi malamulo amsika, makamaka mu njira yogulitsira mafuta, komwe kulemera—osati kuchuluka—nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kusunga.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa poika makina oyezera mafuta ambiri mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu?
Njira zokhazikitsira zoyezera mafuta olemera m'malo osungiramo zinthu zimakhudza mwachindunji kulondola ndi kutalika kwa mita. Kusankha kukula kwa mita kuyenera kufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyembekezeredwa, kupewa kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito kuti asanyamule katundu wambiri kapena kudzaza kwambiri. Kuyika ndikofunikira kwambiri; mita iyenera kuyikidwa pamalo pomwe madzi akuyenda bwino—kutali ndi mapampu, ma bend, kapena ma valve apafupi, zomwe zingayambitse kusokonezeka kwa madzi. Pa matanki osungira mafuta olemera, kuyang'anira kutentha kwa mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito insulation kapena ma heating traces kumateteza zolakwika zokhudzana ndi kuyeza kwa viscosity ndikupewa malo ozizira omwe angalimbikitse kutsekeka.
Kulunjika koyenera, monga kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akukwera mmwamba m'mapangidwe ena a Coriolis, kumapewa kutsekeka kwa thovu la mpweya. Kuyika pansi ndi kulekanitsa magetsi kumachepetsa zinthu zoyezera zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa maginito. Buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa mita yoyendera mafuta m'mafakitale osungiramo mafuta limalimbikitsa chithandizo champhamvu cha mita yolowera mkati ndi yoyikidwa mu flange, chifukwa kugwedezeka kuchokera ku ntchito za thanki kumatha kukhudza kuwerenga ngati sikunakhazikitsidwe bwino kapena kutetezedwa. Njira zonse zoyikira ziyenera kulembedwa kuti zitsatire bwino komanso kuti zitsatire malamulo.
Ndi zipangizo ziti zoyezera zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa posamalira malo osungira mafuta olemera kapena owononga?
Ma flow meter abwino kwambiri a mafuta olemera amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosagwira dzimbiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchitoyo ndi yayitali m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, makamaka ma duplex ndi super-duplex grades (monga 2205 ndi 2507), zimapereka mphamvu yamakina komanso kukana dzimbiri, zoyenera mafuta okhala ndi ma chloride, sulfure, ndi madzi. Ma alloys apadera a nickel, kuphatikiza Alloy 625 ndi C-276, amasankhidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu "wowawasa" wopanda mafuta kapena pamene akuyembekezeka kukhudzana ndi hydrogen sulfide ndi carbon dioxide. Pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi zinthu zodetsa, monga ma catalyst fines ochokera ku mafuta otsala, zinthu zolimbitsa mkati kapena zokutira za ceramic kapena polymeric ndizothandiza. Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki chingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo osagwira ntchito kwambiri koma chingafunike kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi. Kusankha zinthu kuyenera kuwonetsa kusanthula kwabwino kwa mankhwala amafuta, kutentha, ndi kupanikizika kuti zitsimikizire kuti mitayo imapirira dzimbiri ndi kusweka nthawi yonse yomwe ikugwira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-23-2025
