ContinuousgKuyeza kukhuthala kwa chingamu kumathandiza kuyang'anira bwino kusintha kwa kukhuthala komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka. Kuyerekeza kwa rheological kumathandiza kudziwa kuchuluka komwe kumafunikira pamitundu yofunikira ya kukhuthala, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukonza kapangidwe ka thanki yosakaniza ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi akuphwanyika nthawi zonse. Ubale wokhazikikawu ndi kukhuthala kwa mzerewu umathandiza mainjiniya kupereka ma viscosity olamulidwa pazosowa zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.
Kumvetsetsa Guar Gum mu Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Udindo wa Guar Gum monga Thickener
Ma polima achilengedwe monga guar gum ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakusweka kwa madzi chifukwa amatha kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa madzi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti proppant iyimitsidwe bwino komanso kuti isanyamulidwe bwino. Yochokera ku nyemba za guar, kapangidwe ka polysaccharide ka guar gum kamanyowa mwachangu kuti apange mayankho okhuthala—ofunikira kwambiri ponyamula mchenga kapena zinthu zina zoberekera mkati mwa ming'alu ya miyala panthawi ya hydraulic fracturing.
Njira Zokhalira ndi Kukhazikika:
- Mamolekyu a gum amalowa ndi kufutukuka m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukangana pakati pa mamolekyu ndi makulidwe amadzimadzi. Kukhuthala kwakukulu kumeneku kumachepetsa liwiro lokhazikika kwa proppant mumadzimadzi ophwanyika a hydraulic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma proppants akhazikike bwino komanso kuti aike bwino.
- Zinthu zolumikizirana monga boric acid, organoboron, kapena organozirconium zimawonjezera kukhuthala. Mwachitsanzo, madzi a organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) amasunga kukhuthala kopitilira 89.7% koyamba pa 120 °C pansi pa kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kuposa njira zachikhalidwe ndipo zimapereka mphamvu yonyamula propant yolimba kwambiri m'madzi ophwanyika.
- Kuchuluka kwa crosslink, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chowonjezera kuchuluka kwa thickener, kumalimbitsa kapangidwe ka gel ndipo kumalola kukhazikika bwino, ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta ya reservoir.
Kupanga kwa gel mwachangu kwa gum kumathandiza kuti thanki yosakaniza madzi ipangidwe bwino. Komabe, imakhala yotetezeka ku kudulidwa ndi kuukiridwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; chifukwa chake, kukonzekera mosamala ndi zowonjezera zoyenera ndikofunikira kuti ntchito ipitirire.
Ufa wa Guar Gum
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Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudzana ndi Ntchito Zothyola Mabala
Kukhazikika kwa Kutentha
Madzi a guar gum ayenera kusunga mawonekedwe awo a kukhuthala pamalo otentha kwambiri. Guar gum yosasinthidwa imayamba kutsika pamwamba pa 160°C, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukhuthala kutayike komanso kuchepa kwa proppant suspension. Kusintha kwa mankhwala—monga sulfonation ndi sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate—kumathandizira kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi azikhala ndi kukhuthala pamwamba pa 200 mPa·s pa 180°C kwa maola awiri (kudula 170 s⁻¹).
Ma Crosslink ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa kukhazikika kwa kutentha:
- Ma crosslink a Organozirconium amasonyeza kusunga bwino kwambiri kwa viscosity pa kutentha kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a borate.
- Majeli olumikizidwa ndi borate amagwira ntchito pansi pa 100°C koma amataya mphamvu mwachangu kuposa malire awa, makamaka pakakhala kuchuluka kochepa kwa biopolymer.
Zowonjezera zosakanikirana ndi zinthu zosinthidwa ndi mankhwala zimakankhira malire a malo osungiramo madzi akuya kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akuphwanyika komanso kuwongolera kukhuthala kwa madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana otenthetsera.
Kukana kusefera
Kukana kusefa ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa kutayika kwa madzi m'mapangidwe osalowa madzi ambiri. Madzi a gum, makamaka omwe amalumikizidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga nano-ZrO₂ (zirconium dioxide), amawonetsa kuyimitsidwa kwa mchenga bwino komanso kuchepa kwa kutayika kwa kusefa. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kwa nano-ZrO₂ 0.4% kumachepetsa kwambiri kukhazikika kwa proppant, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tizikhala tomwe timayimitsidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yosasunthika komanso yopanikizika kwambiri.
Guar chingamu imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa ma polima ambiri opangidwa popanga zinthu chifukwa cha kukana kudulidwa kwa gel ndi kusefa, makamaka m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso okhala ndi mchere wambiri. Komabe, vuto la zinthu zotsalira pambuyo pa kusweka kwa gel lidakalipo ndipo liyenera kuthandizidwa kuti lipititse patsogolo kuyendetsa bwino kwa madzi m'chitsime.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa zowonjezera monga zoletsa kutentha kwa thermodynamic hydrate (THIs)—methanol ndi PEG-200—kungathandize kwambiri kuti zinthu zisasefedwe, makamaka m'matope okhala ndi hydrate. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza kuti mpweya ubwerere bwino komanso kumathandizira kuti thanki yosakaniza igwire bwino ntchito yophwanya madzi.
Zotsatira za Kuletsa Dongo
Kuletsa dongo kumaletsa kutupa ndi kusamuka kwa dongo, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mapangidwe ake panthawi ya kusweka kwa madzi. Madzi a guar gum amalimbitsa dongo kudzera mu:
- Kukhuthala kwamphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa proppant, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa proppant komwe kungasokoneze dongo.
- Kulowetsedwa mwachindunji pamalo a shale, zomwe zingalepheretse kusamuka kwa tinthu ta dongo.
Ma guar derivatives osinthidwa—monga maleic anhydride-grafted anionic guar—amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi osasungunuka, amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mapangidwe ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwa dongo. Fluorinated hydrophobic cationic guar gum variants ndi polyacrylamide-guar copolymers zimawonjezera kuyamwa, kupereka kukana kutentha bwino komanso kuyanjana kokhazikika kwa madzi ndi dongo.
M'malo osungiramo madzi ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ma THI okhala ndi gulu la hydroxyl (monga,methanol, PEG-200) zimathandiza kusunga mphamvu zamadzimadzi zosweka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti dongo likhale lolimba komanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kupanga.
Mwa kuphatikiza kusintha kwapamwamba kwa mankhwala ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimapangidwira, madzi amakono opangidwa ndi guar gum amapereka kukhuthala kowonjezereka, kukana kusefa, ndi kuwongolera dongo, kuthandizira kunyamula bwino kwa propant komanso kuwonongeka kochepa kwa mapangidwe.
Zofunikira pa Kukhuthala kwa Guar Gum ndi Mphamvu Yoganizira
Ubale: Kukhuthala kwa Guar Gum vs Kukhazikika
Kukhuthala kwa gum ya Guar kumawonetsa ubale wolunjika, nthawi zambiri wolunjika ndi kuchuluka kwake m'madzi amadzi. Pamene kuchuluka kwa gum ya guar kukuwonjezeka, kukhuthala kwa yankho kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo azitha kuyimitsa ndikunyamula zinthu zoyambitsa mu ntchito za hydraulic fracturing. Mwachitsanzo, madzi okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa gum ya guar kuyambira 0.2% mpaka 0.6% (w/w) amatha kupangidwa kuti azitsanzira mawonekedwe ofanana ndi a timadzi tokoma kapena ngati uchi, omwe ndi othandiza poyimitsa proppant m'malo osungira madzi otsika komanso okwera.
Kuchuluka kwa guar gum bwino kumalimbitsa kukhuthala kwa mphamvu yonyamula propant komanso kupopa madzi. Kuchuluka kwambiri kwa gum kungayambitse kukhazikika kwa propant mwachangu komanso kuchepa kwa kusweka kwa ming'alu; kuchuluka kwambiri kungalepheretse kuyenda kwa madzi ndikukweza ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kudzaza gum ya 0.5 wt% mu ma hydrogels kumawonjezera mphamvu zokulitsa shear ndi pafupifupi 40%. Komabe, pa 0.75 wt%, umphumphu wa netiweki umachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti propant iyimitsidwe komanso kuti igwire bwino ntchito.
Zotsatira za Kuchuluka kwa Kudula ndi Kutentha pa Kukhuthala
Mayankho a guar gum amasonyeza khalidwe lochepetsa kudulidwa kwa shear: kukhuthala kumachepa pamene kuchuluka kwa kudulidwa kwa shear kumawonjezeka. Khalidweli ndi lofunika kwambiri pakusweka kwa hydraulic, zomwe zimathandiza kupompa bwino panthawi yovuta kwambiri komanso kunyamula propant mwamphamvu pamlingo wotsika. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yobayira mwachangu, kukhuthala kwa guar gum kumatsika, zomwe zimathandiza kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera m'mapaipi ndi kusweka. Pamene kuyenda kumachepa m'maukonde osweka, kukhuthala kumabwerera, kusunga kuimitsidwa kwa propant ndikuchepetsa liwiro lokhazikika.
Kutentha kumakhudzanso kwambiri kukhuthala kwa madzi omwe amathyoka. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, ma polima a guar gum amakumana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kutentha, kukhuthala ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kumachepa. Kusanthula kwa kutentha kumasonyeza kuti guar gum yokhala ndi sulfonated imalimbana bwino ndi kutayika kwa kukhuthala kuposa mitundu yosasinthidwa, kusunga umphumphu wa kapangidwe kake ndi mphamvu yonyamula proppant pa kutentha mpaka 90–100°C. Komabe, pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa reservoir pamwamba pa malire awa, mitundu yambiri ya guar gum (kuphatikizapo hydroxypropyl guar kapena HPG) imawonetsa kukhuthala ndi kukhazikika kochepa, zomwe zimafuna kusintha kapena njira zowonjezera.
Kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi kuchuluka kwa ayoni m'madzi oyambira (monga madzi a m'nyanja) zimakhudzanso kuchepeta kwa shear komanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Mchere wambiri, makamaka ndi ma multivalent cations, ukhoza kuchepetsa kutupa ndi kukhuthala kwa madzi, zomwe zimakhudza kuyendetsa bwino kwa proppant.
Mphamvu ya Kusintha kwa Guar Gum
Kusintha kwa mankhwala a guar gum kumathandiza kukonza bwino kukhuthala, kusungunuka, komanso kupirira kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azigwira bwino ntchito. Sulfonation—yomwe imayambitsa magulu a sulfonate kukhala guar gum—imawonjezera kusungunuka kwa madzi ndipo imapangitsa kuti kukhuthala kwa madzi kukwere ndi 33%, zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi IR, DSC, TGA, ndi kusanthula kwa elemental. Sulfonated guar gum imasunga kukhuthala ndi kukhazikika ngakhale m'malo okhala ndi mchere kapena alkaline, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopambana kuposa chingamu chosasinthidwa m'malo ovuta okhala ndi madzi.
Hydroxypropylation (HPG) imawonjezeranso kukhuthala ndikuwongolera kusungunuka, makamaka m'madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya ionic. Ma gels a HPG amasonyeza kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi kusinthasintha pakati pa pH 7 ndi 12.5, kusintha kukhala mawonekedwe a Newtonian pokhapokha pa pH >13. M'madzi a m'nyanja, HPG ndi guar gum zimasunga kukhuthala bwino kuposa ma mens ena osinthidwa monga carboxymethyl guar (CMG), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi m'madzi amchere.
Kulumikiza, komwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi zinthu monga boric acid, organoboron, kapena organozirconium, ndi njira ina yolimbikitsira kapangidwe ka netiweki ya guar gum. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa cross-linking kumawonjezera mphamvu ya gel ndi kukhuthala, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyimitsidwa kwa proppant kutentha kwambiri komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa shear. Kusankha cross-linking agent yoyenera komanso kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kutentha kwa reservoir ndi momwe madzi amayendera. Mitundu yolosera imalola mainjiniya kukonza zonse ziwiri zokhuthala ndi zolumikizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa madzi m'thupi komanso kuwongolera kukhuthala.
Mavuto ndi Mayankho a Kulamulira Kukhuthala kwa Nthawi Yeniyeni mu Ntchito Zamafakitale
Kugonjetsa Kuyeza ndi Kusakaniza Mavuto
Kukonza ma gum m'mafakitale kumakumana ndi zovuta zambiri poyesa kukhuthala kwa nthawi yeniyeni. Kukhuthala kwa sensa kumachitika kawirikawiri chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha gum kupanga zotsalira pamalo a viscometer. Kukhuthala kumasokoneza kulondola ndipo kumayambitsa kusuntha; mwachitsanzo, kukhuthala kwa polima kumatha kubisa kusintha kwenikweni kwa kukhuthala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwerenga kusadalirika. Njira zamakono zochepetsera vutoli zimaphatikizapo zokutira zophatikizika, monga mafilimu a CNT-PEG-hydrogel, omwe amachotsa zotsalira zachilengedwe ndikusunga mphamvu ya sensa pansi pa mikhalidwe yokhuthala. Zolimbikitsira kugwedezeka kwa 3D zosindikizidwa, zomwe zimayikidwa m'matanki osakaniza, zimapangitsa kugwedezeka kwa malo pamalo a sensa, kuchepetsa kwambiri kukhuthala kwa zotsalira ndikuwonjezera kulondola kwa ntchito. Masensa ophatikizidwa a RFID-IC amawonjezera kuyang'anira, kuchepetsa kukonza pamene akugwira ntchito m'madzi ovuta, ngakhale izi zimafunanso njira zolimba zotsutsana ndi kuipitsidwa kuti zikhale zodalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mikhalidwe yosinthasintha ya thanki, monga kuchuluka kwa madzi odulidwa, kutentha kosinthasintha, ndi kugawa kosagwirizana kwa zowonjezera, zimakhudzanso kuwongolera kukhuthala. Mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza matanki opanda mawonekedwe abwino kumatha kusiya ma guar gum osasakanikirana, ndikupanga ma spikes akukhuthala am'deralo komanso madzi osakwanira. Kukonza kapangidwe ka thanki—kudzera mu ma baffle ndi ma mixer okwera kwambiri—kumalimbikitsa kufalikira kofanana ndikuwonetsetsa kuti muyeso wolondola nthawi yeniyeni umachitika. Kulinganiza kwa geji kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri; kulinganiza nthawi zonse mkati mwa malo pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yotsatirika kumathandiza kuthana ndi kusuntha kwa sensor ndi kutayika kwa magwiridwe antchito pakapita nthawi yayitali.
Njira Zothandizira Kusinthasintha Kogwirizana mu Machitidwe Aakulu
Kukwaniritsa kukhuthala kokhazikika kwa mayankho a guar gum m'njira zazikulu zosakanikirana kumafuna machitidwe owongolera ogwirizana komanso odziyimira pawokha. Ma viscometer omwe ali pamzere ophatikizidwa ndi PLC-based (programmable logic controller) process automation amalola kusintha kwa closed-loop kwa liwiro losakaniza, kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera, ndi kutentha. Ma framework a IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) amathandizira kusonkhanitsa deta mosalekeza, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni, ndi kuchitapo kanthu kolosera—ma machine learning models amalosera kupotoka ndikuchita kusintha kukhuthala kusanachitike kunja kwa zofunikira.
Machitidwe odzipangira okha amachepetsa kwambiri kusiyana kwa magulu. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa kukhuthala kumatsika ndi 97% ndipo zinyalala za zinthu zimachepa ndi 3.5% pamene ulamuliro weniweni ulipo. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolumikizirana zokha—kuphatikizapo boric acid, organoboron, ndi organozirconium—pamodzi ndi kuwongolera kutentha kolondola, kumapereka magwiridwe antchito obwerezabwereza a rheological a madzi onyamula proppant. Kuwunika kwa guar gum mixing ya chakudya kukuwonetsa kuti mitundu yoyendetsedwa ndi IIoT imaposa njira zoyendetsera ntchito zamanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti proppant suspension ikhale yolondola kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa liwiro lokhazikika, lofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa hydraulic fracturing.
Njira zochepetsera kusinthasintha kwa batch-to-batch zikuphatikizapo kusankha mosamala ndikuwongolera zowonjezera zolumikizirana ndi kukhazikika. Kuphatikiza kwa zoletsa za thermodynamic hydrate (THIs) monga methanol kapena PEG-200 kumathandizira kusunga kukhuthala ndi umphumphu wa gel, makamaka pansi pa kutentha kwambiri. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo kuyenera kukonzedwa bwino—kuchuluka kwa mlingo kumawonjezera kuchepeta kwa shear ndikuwononga mphamvu yonyamula proppant, zomwe zimafuna kulinganiza bwino ndi zinthu zoyambira zokhuthala.
Kuthetsa Mavuto: Kuthetsa Zinthu Zamadzimadzi Zosafunikira
Ngati kukhuthala kwa madzi m'thupi kulibe malire ogwirira ntchito, njira zingapo zothetsera mavuto ndizofunikira. Kusakwanira kwa madzi m'thupi komanso kusabalalika bwino kwa guar gum nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mapangidwe a ming'alu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukhuthala kwa madzi m'thupi kukhale kosasinthasintha komanso kuchepa kwa proppant suspension. Kusakaniza guar gum ndi zinthu zolumikizirana kapena ufa wobalalitsa m'madzi osakhala amadzi monga glycol kungalepheretse kusonkhana kwa madzi ndikulimbikitsa kukonzekera kwa yankho lofanana. Njira zowonjezera mwachangu komanso motsatizana zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zipewe kukhuthala kwadzidzidzi kwa madzi m'thupi; njirayi imatsimikizira kusakaniza bwino ndikuchepetsa kupangika kwa matope m'matanki osakaniza madzi a hydraulic fracturing.
Kutsimikiza kwa khalidwe kumadalira kutsatira momwe zinthu zilili pakati pa zowonjezera ndi kuyang'anira kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kapena kudulidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha. Njira za microscopic ndi spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) zimavumbula kupangika kwa zotsalira ndi kuwonongeka kwa gel, zomwe zimawonetsa mavuto a kapangidwe kake. Kusintha kungafunike kusinthana kwa zinthu zolumikizirana - machitidwe a organozirconium, mwachitsanzo, amasungabe kupitirira 89% ya kukhuthala koyambirira pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri (>120°C, kudulidwa kwakukulu), komwe kuli koyenera kwambiri pamadzimadzi osungiramo madzi akuya kwambiri. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zokhazikika monga methanol ndi PEG-200, kuchuluka kuyenera kusinthidwa bwino; kuchuluka kochepa kumakhazikika, koma kuchuluka kochulukirapo kumatha kuchepetsa kukhuthala ndikuwononga mphamvu yonyamula proppant.
Kapangidwe ka madzi osatsimikizika nthawi zonse kamafunika mayankho enieni kuchokera ku masensa omwe ali pamzere ndi kuwongolera njira zoyendetsera deta. Kukonza ndi kuyeretsa nthawi zonse, kuphatikiza kukonza kolosera, kumathetsa kusiyana komwe kukuchitika ndikuwonjezera kudalirika kwa miyeso ya kukhuthala, kukonza mwachindunji kapangidwe ka thanki yosakaniza, kuphwanya madzi, komanso kuyimitsidwa kwa proppant kwa nthawi yayitali mu ntchito za hydraulic fracturing.
kuyimitsidwa kwa mchenga wopanikizika kwambiri komanso mphamvu yothira madzi ya guar gum
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Ma Viscometer Odziyimira Pawokha Omwe Ali Pamzere
Mu ntchito zophwanya ma hydraulic,ma viscometer a pamzereZoyikidwa mwachindunji mkati mwa mapaipi osakaniza a thanki zimapereka deta yowonjezereka ya kukhuthala. Njira zamakono—kuphatikizapo makina ophunzirira ndi ma viscometer a masomphenya a pakompyuta—zimayerekeza kukhuthala kwa zero-shear kuchokera ku kujambula kwamadzimadzi kapena kuyankha kwamphamvu, kuyambira kusungunuka mpaka kukhuthala kwambiri. Machitidwe awa akhoza kuphatikizidwa mu kayendetsedwe ka njira yodziyimira payokha, kuchepetsa kulowererapo kwamanja.
Chitsanzo:
- Ma viscometer opangidwa ndi makompyuta amadzipangira okha kuyerekeza kwa kukhuthala mwa kusanthula momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito mu vial yopindika kapena chipangizo choyenda, kupereka zotsatira mwachangu pa automation yotsatira kapena feedback loops.
Kuwunika Kukhazikika kwa Guar Gum mu Nthawi Yeniyeni
Kusunga kuchuluka kwa gum nthawi zonse mukasakaniza kumachepetsa kusiyana kwa batch ndipo kumathandiza kuti madzi ophwanyika agwire bwino ntchito. Njira zowunikira kuchuluka kwa gum nthawi yeniyeni ndi izi:
Ukadaulo wa SLIM (Ross Solids/Liquid Injection Manifold):SLIM imalowetsa ufa wa guar gum pansi pa madzi, ndikuuphatikiza nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi kudzera mu kusakaniza kwakukulu. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachepetsa kusakanikirana ndi kutayika kwa kukhuthala chifukwa cha kusakaniza mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuwongolera kolondola pa kuchuluka kwa madzi pagawo lililonse.
Non-Nuclear Slurry DensityMkudyar:Mamita oyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amaikidwa m'matanki osakaniza amawunika momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito komanso kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi pamene guar gum ikuwonjezeredwa ndikufalikira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kutsata kosalekeza kwa madzi ndi kukonza nthawi yomweyo.
Kujambula kwa Ultrasonic Kogwirizana ndi Rheometry ("Rheo-ultrasound"):Njira yapamwambayi imagwira zithunzi za ultrasound mwachangu kwambiri (mpaka mafelemu 10,000 pa sekondi) pamodzi ndi deta ya rheometric viscosity. Imalola kuyang'anira nthawi imodzi kuchuluka kwa malo, kuchuluka kwa kudula, ndi kusakhazikika, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pozindikira kusakanikirana kosagwirizana komanso kusintha mwachangu kwa viscous mu mayankho a guar gum.
Zitsanzo:
- Masensa oteteza mphamvu zamagetsi amachenjeza ogwiritsa ntchito ngati kuwonjezera ufa kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti akonze nthawi yomweyo.
- Makina a Rheo-ultrasound amawonetsa zochitika zosakanikirana, kuwonetsa kusonkhana kwa malo kapena kufalikira kosakwanira komwe kungasokoneze khalidwe la madzi osweka.
Zida Zothandiza Komanso Zowunikira Nthawi Zonse
Njira mongaMa viscometer a mafakitale a Lonnmeter omwe ali pamzerekupereka njira zothandiza komanso zodalirika zoyezera kukhuthala m'malo opangira. Zida izi ndizoyenera kuwunika nthawi zonse panthawi yosakaniza, bola ngati njirayo ikadali mkati mwa magawo omwe atchulidwa.
Ndondomeko Zotsimikizira Ubwino ndi Kuphatikizana
Machitidwe opitilira muyeso wa kukhuthala ndi kukhuthala ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi odalirika komanso olondola:
- Njira Zoyezera:Kuyesa kwa nthawi zonse motsatira miyezo yodziwika bwino kumatsimikizira kulondola ndi kusasinthasintha kwa sensa.
- Kutsimikizira Kuphunzira kwa Makina:Ma viscometer opangidwa ndi makompyuta amaphunzitsidwa ndi netiweki ya neural network ndikuwunika momwe ntchito ikuyendera pa kuchuluka kwa guar chingamu komanso kukhuthala kwa madzi.
- Kuphatikiza QA nthawi yeniyeni:Kuphatikiza ndi machitidwe owongolera njira kumathandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino, kuzindikira zolakwika, komanso kuyankha mwachangu ku zolakwika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino komanso kuti malamulo azitsatira.
Mwachidule, kuthekera kowunikira kukhuthala kwa guar gum ndi kuchuluka kwake nthawi zonse kumadalira kusankha ndi kuphatikiza ukadaulo woyenera. Ma viscometer ozungulira, masensa apamwamba omwe ali pamzere, ukadaulo wosakaniza wa SLIM, ndi rheo-ultrasound zimapereka msana womvera, pomwe zida zothandiza komanso ma protocol olimba a QA amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kodalirika panthawi yonse yosakaniza mafakitale.
Ukadaulo Woyezera Poyang'anira Mosalekeza M'matanki Osakaniza
Mfundo Zoyesera Kukhuthala
Kuwunika kosalekeza kwa kukhuthala m'matanki osakaniza ndikofunikira kwambiri powongolera kusinthasintha kwa madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito guar gum. Ma viscometer olumikizidwa pamzere amayikidwa kwambiri m'mafakitale kuti apereke deta yeniyeni pa kukhuthala kwa guar gum. Masensawa amagwira ntchito mwachindunji mkati mwa njira yoyendera, kuchotsa kufunikira koyesa ndi manja ndikuchepetsa kuchedwa kwa mayankho.
Vikabudulationalma viscometerZimalamulira muyeso wa madzi osakhala a Newtonian chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kujambula mayankho amadzimadzi osinthasintha. Zipangizo monga inline process viscometer zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti ndipo zimapereka kuwerenga kosalekeza koyenera kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana ndi kukhuthala, monga momwe zimachitikira pokonzekera madzi ophwanyika ndi hydraulic. Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi mayankho a guar gum chifukwa cha kachitidwe kawo kochepetsa kumeta komanso kuchuluka kwa kukhuthala, kuonetsetsa kuti deta yapezeka bwino komanso kudalirika kwa njira.
Kuwunika Kosalekeza kwa Kuganizira
Kuti munthu agwire bwino ntchito yophwanya madzi m'chingamu, amafunika kuwongolera bwino kuchuluka kwa madzi m'chingamu. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'chingamu mongaACOMP (Kuyang'anira Kokhazikika Paintaneti kwa Polymerization)njira. ACOMP imagwiritsa ntchito mapampu opita m'mwamba, zosakaniza, ndi zowunikira zotsika kuti zipereke ma profiles a nthawi yeniyeni komanso kuwerenga kwa kukhuthala kwa mkati pamene mayankho a polima amakonzedwa m'matanki akuluakulu osakaniza.
Kusankha bwino zinthu m'malo osakanikirana mosiyanasiyana kumaphatikizapo kupanga chitsanzo cha dongosolo lachitatu kuti titanthauzire kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi munthawi yeniyeni. Kusanthula kwa mayankho pafupipafupi kumatsimikizira kulumikizana kolondola pakati pa mitundu yamalingaliro ndi deta yoyesera, kupereka chidziwitso chogwira ntchito chokonzekera bwino yankho la guar gum. Maukadaulo awa ndi oyenera makamaka pakutsimikizira mwachangu kuchuluka kwa madzi, kupereka mlingo wosinthika, ndikuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi mu gulu lililonse.
Kuphatikiza ndi machitidwe odzipangira okhaimakonzanso kasamalidwe ka kuyika zinthu m'magulu. Lonnmeter imakonzanso kasamalidwe ka anthu ambiri.mita ya kuchuluka kwa akupangaNgati yayikidwa mwachindunji mu thanki kapena paipi, imapereka mayankho mosalekeza; mapampu odziyimira pawokha amasintha kuchuluka kwa dosing malinga ndi deta ya sensa yamoyo, kuonetsetsa kuti kukhuthala kwa guar gum ndi kuchuluka kwake kukugwirizana ndi rheology yamadzimadzi osweka omwe akufuna. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachepetsa kulowererapo kwa anthu ndipo kumalola kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu pamagulu osadziwika bwino.
Zotsatira za Zowonjezera ndi Kusintha kwa Njira pa Kukhuthala kwa Guar Gum
Kusintha kwa Sulfonation
Sulfonation imayambitsa magulu a sulfonate ku guar gum, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukhuthala ndi kusungunuka kwa mayankho a guar gum omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanya madzi. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimachitika zimafuna kuwongolera bwino kutentha, nthawi, ndi kuchuluka kwa reagent. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate pa 26°C, ndi nthawi yochitapo kanthu kwa maola awiri, 1.0%.NaOH, ndi 0.5% sulfonate pogwiritsa ntchito guar gum mass, zimapangitsa kuti kukhuthala kooneka bwino kwa 33% kuchepe ndi kuchepa kwa madzi osasungunuka ndi 0.42%. Kusintha kumeneku kumawonjezera mphamvu yonyamula propant mu madzi ophwanyika ndikuthandizira kukhazikika kwa kutentha ndi kusefa.
Njira zina zopangira sulfonation—monga sulfation ndi sulfur trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex pa 60°C kwa maola 2.9, pogwiritsa ntchito 3.1 mL chlorosulfonic acid—zimawonetsanso kukhuthala kwamphamvu komanso kuchepa kwa magawo osasungunuka. Kusinthaku kumachepetsa zotsalira m'matanki osakaniza madzi a hydraulic fracturing, kumachepetsa chiopsezo chotseka ndikuthandizira kubwerera kwabwino kwa madzi. FTIR, DSC, ndi kusanthula kwa elemental kumatsimikizira kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamalo a C-6. Mlingo wa kusintha ndi kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyu kumapangitsa kuti madzi asungunuke bwino, antioxidant agwire ntchito, komanso kukulitsa bwino kwa kukhuthala—magawo ofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira bwino kwa madzi a fracturing rheology ndi kulamulira kukhuthala.
Zogwirizanitsa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino kwa Kupanga
Kukhuthala kwa gum mu madzi ophwanyika kumapindulitsa kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolumikizirana. Organozirconium ndi borate-based cross-linkers ndizofala kwambiri:
Zolumikizira za Organozirconium:Ma hydroxypropyl guar gum omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osungiramo zinthu otentha kwambiri, amawonjezera kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa ma guar gels. Pa kutentha kwa 120°C ndi 170 s⁻¹ shear, hydroxypropyl guar gum yolumikizidwa ndi organozirconium imasunga zoposa 89.7% ya kukhuthala kwake koyambirira. Chithunzi cha SEM chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka netiweki kolimba ka magawo atatu okhala ndi kukula kwa ma pore pansi pa 12 μm, kuthandizira kuyimitsidwa bwino kwa proppant komanso kuchepetsa liwiro lokhazikika kwa proppant mu hydraulic fracturing.
Borate Cross-linkers:Zolumikizira zachikhalidwe za boric acid ndi organoboron cross-linkers zimawonetsa kugwira ntchito bwino pa kutentha kwapakati. Kugwira ntchito bwino kumatha kukulitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera monga polyethyleneimine (PEI) kapena nanocellulose. Mwachitsanzo, zolumikizira za nanocellulose-boron zimasunga kukhuthala kotsalira pamwamba pa 50 mPa·s pa 110°C kwa mphindi 60 pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, kusonyeza kutentha kolimba komanso kukana mchere. Kugwirizana kwa haidrojeni kuchokera ku nanocellulose kumathandiza kusunga mphamvu za viscoelastic zofunika kuti propant inyamule mphamvu mumadzimadzi ophwanyika.
Kulumikiza molumikizana mu njira zothetsera guar gum kumabweretsa kusintha kwa kuchepeta kwa shear ndi kusinthasintha, zonse zofunika pakupompa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa proppant. Ma hydrogel olumikizidwa ndi mankhwala amawonetsa kuchira kwamphamvu kwa thixotropic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukhuthala ndi kapangidwe kake zimabwezeretsedwanso pambuyo podula kwambiri - kofunikira panthawi yoyika madzi ndi kuyeretsa ntchito za hydraulic fracturing.
Kuyerekeza kwa Zotsatira za Machitidwe Osakhala a Polymeric ndi Polymeric Fluid
Machitidwe amadzimadzi a polymeric ndi non-polymeric ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana a rheological, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuyendetsa bwino kwa propant:
Machitidwe a Polima:Izi zikuphatikizapo ma polima achilengedwe (guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar) ndi ma polima opangidwa. Madzi a polymeric amatha kusinthidwa kuti agwirizane bwino ndi kukhuthala, kukhazikika kwa yield, komanso kusinthasintha. Ma copolymers apamwamba a amphoteric (monga ATP-I) amasunga bwino kukhuthala ndi kukhazikika kwa rheological m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso okhala ndi mchere wambiri poyerekeza ndi ma polyanionic cellulose formulations akale. Kuchulukira kwa kukhuthala ndi kusinthasintha kumawonjezera kuyimitsidwa kwa proppant, kuchepetsa liwiro lokhazikika, komanso kukonza kapangidwe ka thanki yosakaniza yamadzimadzi ophwanyika. Komabe, kukhuthala kwakukulu kumatha kulepheretsa kuyenda kwa proppant m'mapangidwe otsika olowera pokhapokha ngati kuli koyenera bwino.
Machitidwe Osakhala a Polymeric (Ochokera ku Surfactant):Izi zimadalira ma surfactants a viscoelastic osati ma polymer network. Madzi ochokera ku surfactant amapereka zotsalira zochepa, kuyenda mofulumira, komanso kunyamula bwino ma proppant, makamaka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilendo komwe kuyeretsa kopanda zotsalira kumayikidwa patsogolo. Ngakhale kuti machitidwewa amapereka kukhuthala kochepa poyerekeza ndi ma polima, amagwira ntchito bwino pankhani yoyimitsa proppant ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chotseka m'matanki osakaniza madzi a hydraulic fracturing.
Kusankha pakati pa madzi ophwanyika a polymeric ndi omwe si polymeric kumadalira pa kuyenerera koyenera pakati pa kukhuthala, kuyeretsa bwino, kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, ndi zofunikira zonyamula proppant. Machitidwe osakanikirana ophatikiza ma polima ndi ma surfactants a viscoelastic akubwera kuti agwiritse ntchito kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kuchira mwachangu kwa madzi. Kuyesa kwa rheological—pogwiritsa ntchito ma linear oscillatory deformations ndi flow sweeps—kumapereka chidziwitso cha khalidwe la thixotropic ndi pseudoplastic, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza bwino kapangidwe ka zinthu zinazake.
Njira Zokonzera Bwino Zogwiritsira Ntchito Kusweka kwa Madzi ndi Mphamvu Yonyamula Ma Proppant
Khalidwe la Rheological ndi Proppant Transport
Kukonza bwino kukhuthala kwa guar gum ndikofunikira kwambiri powongolera liwiro lokhazikika kwa proppant mu hydraulic fracturing. Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi ambiri kumachepetsa liwiro lomwe tinthu ta proppant timamira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu ta proppant tizitha kuyenda bwino kwambiri mu netiweki yosweka. Kulumikiza kumawonjezera kukhuthala mwa kupanga mapangidwe olimba a gel; mwachitsanzo, madzi a organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar amapanga maukonde okhuthala okhala ndi ma pore sizes osakwana 12 μm, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kuyimitsidwa ndikuchepetsa liwiro lokhazikika poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a organoboron.
Kukonza kuchuluka kwa guar gum kumakhudza mwachindunji kukhuthala kwa mayankho a guar gum. Pamene kuchuluka kwa polima kumakwera, kuchuluka kwa crosslinking ndi mphamvu ya gel kumawonjezekanso, zomwe zimachepetsa kusungunuka kwa proppant ndikuwonjezera malo ake. Chitsanzo: kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa crosslinker mu madzi a HPG kumawonjezera kusungunuka kwa kukhuthala kuposa 89% panthawi yocheka kutentha kwambiri (120°C), kuonetsetsa kuti proppant imatha kunyamula ngakhale m'malo ovuta osungiramo madzi.
Ma Protocol Osinthira Mapangidwe
Njira zoyendetsera deta tsopano zimathandiza kuwongolera nthawi yeniyeni kukhuthala kwa madzi ophwanyika ndi kukhudzika kwawo. Mitundu yophunzirira makina—nkhalango yosasinthika ndi mtengo wosankha—imaneneratu magawo a rheological monga kuwerenga kwa viscometer nthawi yomweyo, m'malo mwa mayeso ochedwa komanso nthawi ndi nthawi a labu. Mwachizolowezi, matanki osakaniza madzi ophwanyika ndi hydraulic okhala ndi njira zotsatizana ndi masensa a piezoelectric amayesa kukhuthala kwa mayankho a guar gum pamene zinthu zamadzimadzi zikusintha, ndi kukonza zolakwika kudzera mu kuwonongeka kwa empirical mode.
Ogwira ntchito amawunika kukhuthala ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi mkati mwake, kenako amasintha mlingo wa guar gum, crosslinkers, kapena zowonjezera kutengera momwe masensa amagwirira ntchito. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti madzi othyola amasunga kukhuthala kwa madzi othyola kuti madzi othyola azitha kukhuthala popanda nthawi yopuma. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kwa kukhuthala kwa chitoliro mwachindunji komwe kumaperekedwa mu makina owongolera kumalola kusintha kwa madzi, kusunga kukhuthala kwabwino kwa madzi pamene malo osungira kapena ogwirira ntchito akusintha.
Zotsatira Zogwirizana ndi Dongo ndi Zowonjezera Zokhazikika pa Kutentha
Zolimbitsa dongo ndi zowonjezera kutentha ndizofunikira kwambiri posunga kukhuthala kwa guar gum m'malo ovuta komanso otentha kwambiri. Zolimbitsa dongo—monga zotengera sulfonated guar—zimaletsa kutupa ndi kusamuka kwa dongo; izi zimateteza kukhuthala kwa mayankho a guar gum kuti asatayike mwadzidzidzi mwa kuchepetsa kuyanjana ndi mitundu ya ionic yomwe imapanga. Cholimbitsa chodziwika bwino, sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–chosinthidwa guar gum, chimapereka kukhuthala kwamkati koyenera kusweka ndipo chimalimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi osasungunuka, kusunga kapangidwe ka gel ndi kuyimitsidwa bwino kwa proppant ngakhale m'mapangidwe olemera a dongo.
Zolimbitsa kutentha, kuphatikizapo zotsekemera zapamwamba za supramolecular ndi zoletsa za thermodynamic hydrate (monga,methanol, PEG-200), amateteza ku kukhuthala kwa ma viscosity pamwamba pa 160°C. Mu machitidwe amadzimadzi okhala ndi madzi amchere komanso kutentha kwambiri, zowonjezerazi zimathandiza kusunga ma viscosity pamwamba pa 200 mPa·s pansi pa 180°C shear, zomwe zimaposa ma viscosifiers a guar gum achikhalidwe.
Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:
- Sulfonated guar chingamuchifukwa cha kulimba kwa dongo komanso kutentha.
- Zolumikizira za Organozirconiumkuti kutentha kukhale kolimba kwambiri.
- PEG-200ngati THI kuti iwonjezere magwiridwe antchito amadzimadzi ndikuchepetsa zotsalira.
Ma protocol ndi ma phukusi owonjezera otere amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukonza mapangidwe a thanki yosakaniza kuti asweke madzi ndikukonza njira zoyezera kukhuthala kwa gum kuti ipitirire kukhuthala ndi kukhuthala.muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa madziZotsatira zake ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yonyamulira propant komanso kufalikira kosalekeza kwa mabala, ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Kugwirizanitsa Kukhuthala kwa Guar Gum ndi Kuthamanga kwa Proppant Kukhazikitsa ndi Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu kwa Kusweka
Kuzindikira kwa Makina pa Kuyimitsidwa kwa Proppant
Kukhuthala kwa gum ya Guar kumagwira ntchito mwachindunji polamulira liwiro la kukhazikika kwa proppant panthawi ya kusweka kwa hydraulic. Pamene kukhuthala kwa mayankho a guar gum kumawonjezeka, mphamvu yokoka yomwe imagwira ntchito pa tinthu ta proppant imakwera, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kutsika kwawo. Mwachizolowezi, madzi okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa gum ya guar komanso mphamvu zowonjezera zokhuthala—kuphatikizapo zomwe zasinthidwa ndi zowonjezera za polymer ndi ulusi—zimapereka mphamvu yabwino yonyamulira proppant, zomwe zimathandiza kuti tinthu tomwe tapachikidwa tipitirize kufalikira mofanana pa netiweki yonse ya kusweka m'malo mosonkhana pansi.
Kafukufuku wa m'ma laboratories akusonyeza kuti, poyerekeza ndi madzi a Newtonian, njira zochepetsera kudulidwa kwa guar gel zimasonyeza kuthamanga kochepa kwa proppant setut, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso zotsatira zotanuka. Mwachitsanzo, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa guar gum kungachepetse liwiro lokhazikika, kuonetsetsa kuti proppant imakhalabe yoyimitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuwonjezera ulusi kumalepheretsanso sedimentation popanga netiweki yonga mesh, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti proppant ikhazikike mofanana. Zitsanzo ndi ma coefficients apangidwa kuti alosere zotsatira izi pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya kusweka ndi madzi, kutsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa rheology yamadzimadzi ndi proppant suspension.
Mu ma fractures pomwe m'lifupi mwake mukugwirizana kwambiri ndi m'lifupi mwa proppant, kutsekeka kumawonjezera kukhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la njira zotetezera kukhuthala kwambiri liwonjezeke. Komabe, kukhuthala kwambiri kungachepetse kuyenda kwa madzi, zomwe zingachepetse kuya kwa mayendedwe a proppant ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha mapangidwe a zotsalira zomwe zingawononge kuyendetsa bwino kwa fracture.
Kukulitsa Kukula ndi Kutalika kwa Kusweka kwa Mphuno
Kusintha kukhuthala kwa guar gum kumakhudza kwambiri kufalikira kwa kusweka kwa ming'alu panthawi ya kusweka kwa hydraulic. Madzi okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu nthawi zambiri amapanga kusweka kwakukulu chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kukana kutsekeka kwa mphamvu ndikufalitsa ming'alu kudzera mumwala. Kuyerekezera kwa mafunde a makompyuta (CFD) ndi kuyang'anira kutulutsa kwa acoustic kumatsimikizira kuti kukhuthala kwakukulu kumabweretsa ma geometries ovuta kwambiri a kusweka ndi kukula kowonjezereka.
Komabe, kusinthana pakati pa kukhuthala ndi kutalika kwa kusweka kuyenera kusamalidwa mosamala. Ngakhale kuti kusweka kwakukulu kumathandiza kuti propant ikhazikike bwino komanso kuti iyende bwino, madzi okhuthala kwambiri amatha kufalitsa kupanikizika mwachangu, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusweka kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuyerekeza kwamphamvu kukuwonetsa kuti kuchepetsa kukhuthala mkati mwa malire olamulidwa kumathandiza kulowa mozama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusweka kwa nthawi yayitali kuwonjezere mwayi wopeza malo osungiramo madzi. Chifukwa chake, kukhuthala kuyenera kukonzedwa bwino—osati kukulitsidwa—kutengera mtundu wa miyala, kukula kwa propant, ndi njira yogwirira ntchito.
Kuphwanya madzi m'thupi, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kudulidwa kwa ming'alu ndi mawonekedwe a viscoelastic kuchokera ku kusintha kwa guar gum, kumapanga mapangidwe oyamba a ming'alu ndi njira zokulira pambuyo pake. Mayeso akumunda m'malo osungiramo carbonate amatsimikizira kuti kusintha kuchuluka kwa guar gum, kuwonjezera zolimbitsa kutentha, kapena kuyambitsa njira zina zochokera ku surfactant kungathandize kukonza kufalikira kwa ming'alu, ndikukulitsa m'lifupi ndi kutalika kutengera cholinga cholimbikitsira.
Kuphatikiza ndi Magawo Ogwira Ntchito a Downhole
Kukhuthala kwa gum ya guar kuyenera kuyendetsedwa nthawi yeniyeni chifukwa kutentha kwa pansi ndi kupanikizika kumasintha panthawi ya hydraulic fracturing. Kutentha kwakukulu pa kuya kumatha kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa madzi a gum ya guar, kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo yoyimitsira. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma crosslinkers, thermal stabilizers, ndi zowonjezera zapamwamba—monga thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors—kumathandiza kusunga kukhuthala kwabwino, makamaka m'malo osungiramo madzi otentha kwambiri.
Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa njira zoyezera kukhuthala, kuphatikizapo kukhuthala kwa chitoliro ndi kusinthasintha kwa chitsanzo, kumalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira ndikusintha kukhuthala kwa madzi ophulika mosinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, matanki osakaniza madzi ophulika a hydraulic amaphatikiza masensa a nthawi yeniyeni kuti atsatire kusintha kwa kukhuthala ndikupereka mankhwala ena a guar gum kapena stabilizers ngati pakufunika, kuonetsetsa kuti propant ikugwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ena amawonjezera kapena kusintha guar gum ndi ma high-viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) kapena ma synthetic polymers kuti kutentha kukhale bwino komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha residue. Machitidwe ena amadzimadzi awa amasonyeza bwino kwambiri komanso kukana kuwonongeka kwa shear, kusunga kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa proppant suspension ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri.
Magawo ogwirira ntchito monga kukula kwa proppant, kuchuluka kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi mawonekedwe a kusweka zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zowongolera kukhuthala. Kukonza zinthuzi kumathandizira kuti madzi osweka azitha kunyamula proppant m'litali ndi m'lifupi mwa kusweka komwe mukufuna, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kutsekeka, kufalikira kwa ngalande, kapena kufalikira kosakwanira. Kusintha kwa kukhuthala sikumangothandiza kuti kusweka kuyendetsedwe komanso kumathandizira kuyenda kwa hydrocarbon kudutsa m'dera lolimbikitsidwa.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri)
Q1: Kodi kuchuluka kwa guar gum kumakhudza bwanji kukhuthala kwake m'madzi ophwanyika?
Kukhuthala kwa gum kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu yonyamula propant ya madzi. Deta ya m'ma laboratories imatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa gum pafupifupi 40 pptg kumapereka kukhuthala kokhazikika, kutseguka bwino kwa fracture index, komanso zotsalira zochepa kuposa kuchuluka kwa madzi, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo wake. Mchere wochulukirapo kapena ma ion ambiri m'madzi amatha kulepheretsa kutupa kwa gum, kuchepetsa kukhuthala ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa fracture.
Q2: Kodi ntchito ya thanki yosakaniza ndi yotani pakusunga ubwino wa yankho la guar gum?
Thanki yosakaniza madzi ya hydraulic fracturing imalola kuti guar gum isafalikire mofanana, kupewa ziphuphu ndi kusagwirizana. Makina osakaniza odula kwambiri ndi omwe amakondedwa, chifukwa amafupikitsa nthawi yosakaniza, amaswa ma polymer agglomerates, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kukhuthala kofanana kumachitika nthawi yonse ya yankho. Zida zoyezera nthawi zonse m'matanki osakaniza zimathandiza kusunga kuchuluka kwa guar gum komwe kumafunika komanso mtundu wonse wa madzi, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza nthawi yomweyo ngati zinthu zikusiyana ndi zomwe mukufuna.
Q3: Kodi kukhuthala kwa madzi ophwanyika kumakhudza bwanji liwiro lokhazikika kwa propant?
Kukhuthala kwa madzi ophwanyika ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe tinthu ta propant timakhalira mofulumira. Kukhuthala kwakukulu kumachepetsa liwiro lokhazikika, ndikupangitsa propant kuyima kwa nthawi yayitali ndikulola kulowa mozama mu fracture. Ma model a masamu amatsimikizira kuti madzi okhala ndi kukhuthala kowonjezereka amawongolera mayendedwe opingasa, amawongolera mawonekedwe a banki, ndikulimbikitsa malo ofanana a propant. Komabe, pali kusiyana: kukhuthala kwakukulu kwambiri kumatha kufupikitsa kutalika kwa fracture, kotero kukhuthala koyenera kuyenera kusankhidwa pamikhalidwe inayake ya reservoir.
Q4: Ndi zowonjezera ziti zomwe zimakhudza kukhuthala kwa mayankho a guar gum?
Kusintha kwa guar gum pogwiritsa ntchito sulfonation kumawonjezera kukhuthala ndi kukhazikika. Zowonjezera monga boric acid, organoboron, ndi organozirconium cross-linkers zimawonjezera kwambiri kukhuthala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha, makamaka m'mikhalidwe yovuta yomwe imachitika nthawi zambiri m'malo opangira mafuta. Zotsatira zake zimadalira kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera: kuchuluka kwa cross-linker kumapereka kukhuthala kwakukulu koma kungakhudze kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo. Mchere ndi kuchuluka kwa ayoni mu yankho zimathandizanso, chifukwa mchere wambiri (makamaka multivalent cations) ungachepetse kukhuthala pochepetsa kutupa kwa polima.
Q5: Kodi kukhuthala kwa madzi kungayesedwe ndi kulamulidwa mosalekeza panthawi yophwanya?
Inde, kuyeza mosalekeza kwa kukhuthala kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma viscometer omwe ali pamzere ndi makina owunikira okha. Ma viscometer a mapaipi ndi masensa a nthawi yeniyeni ophatikizidwa ndi ma algorithm apamwamba amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kutsatira, kusintha, ndikukonza kukhuthala kwa madzi ophulika nthawi yomweyo. Machitidwe awa amatha kubweza phokoso la masensa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yonyamula propant ikhale yabwino komanso zotsatira zabwino za kuphulika kwa hydraulic. Machitidwe owongolera anzeru amalolanso kusintha mwachangu kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-05-2025
