Kuchuluka kwa Chakudya ndi Zakumwa
Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumatanthauza kuchotsa gawo la zosungunulira kuchokera ku chakudya chamadzimadzi kuti apange bwino, asunge bwino komanso azinyamula. Zitha kugawidwa m'magulu monga kuuma kwa nthunzi ndi kuzizira.
Kuchuluka kwa nthunzi
Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumagwira ntchito potengera kusiyana kwa kusinthasintha pakati pa solute ndi solvent. Pamene kusinthasintha kwa solute mu yankho kuli kochepa ndipo solvent ili ndi kusinthasintha koonekeratu, solvent imatenthedwa ndi kutentha kuti ikhale ndi yankho. Yankho la chakudya lomwe liyenera kukhala losungunuka limayikidwa mu evaporator ndikutenthedwa ndi gwero lakunja la kutentha. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, solvent (madzi) mu yankholo idzasinthidwa kukhala nthunzi, chifukwa madzi otentha ndi otsika ndipo ndi osavuta kusungunuka.
Panthawi yotulutsa nthunzi, nthunzi ya solvent imatuluka mosalekeza, pomwe solvent (monga shuga, mapuloteni, mchere, mavitamini, utoto ndi zinthu zina zosasinthasintha kapena zovuta kusinthasintha) zimakhalabe mu yankho lotsala chifukwa cha kuwira kwake kwakukulu komanso kusasinthasintha kochepa. Nthunzi ya solvent yomwe imasungunuka imasonkhanitsidwa ndikuziziritsidwa kudzera mu condenser kuti isinthe kukhala madzi. Njirayi imatha kubweza mphamvu zina ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Madzi osungunuka amatha kubwezeretsedwanso kapena kutulutsidwa.
Yankho loyambirira limayikidwa pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka ngati kuchuluka kwa sungunuka komwe kumawonjezeka. Yankho lokhazikika la chakudya lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza pambuyo pake, monga kuumitsa kwina, maswiti, jamu, madzi, kapena ngati zinthu zopangira chakudya.
Njira yothira madzi m'magawo ambiri kapena yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale. Malinga ndi zosowa za njira zina zopangira, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuyenera kuyezedwa molondola nthawi yeniyeni kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zili bwino komanso kuti kuchuluka kwa chakudya kukhale koyenera.Lonnmeter, wogulitsa mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu pa intaneti, kuti mudziwe zambirimita yowunikira pa intanetimayankho.
Zinthu Zazikulu Zokhudza Kutuluka kwa Nthunzi ndi Kukhazikika kwa Madzi
Kutentha ndi nthawi yotenthetsera ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama mu kusungunuka kwa chakudya ndi zakumwa. "Kutentha kochepa ndi nthawi yochepa" makamaka kumatsimikizira kuti chakudya chili bwino momwe zingathere, pomwe "kutentha kwambiri ndi nthawi yochepa" makamaka kumalimbikitsa kupanga bwino.
Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kuwonongeka, kukhuthala ndi kusonkhanitsa mapuloteni, shuga ndi pectin. Zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa zomwe zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi malo osinthira kutentha zimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu, poyerekeza ndi kutentha kozungulira kwa zinthuzo. Sikelo ikapangidwa, idzakhudza kwambiri momwe kutentha kumayendera bwino komanso ingayambitse mavuto achitetezo. Njira yabwino yothetsera vuto la sikelo ndikuwonjezera liwiro la madzi. Zomwe zachitika zasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera liwiro la madzi kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mapangidwe a sikelo. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zotsutsana ndi maginito ndi mankhwala zitha kutengedwa kuti zipewe kukula komwe kungachitike.
Kukhuthala
Zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, shuga, pectin ndi zosakaniza zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu. Panthawi yotulutsa nthunzi, kukhuthala kwa madzi kumawonjezeka pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kumachepa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kutentha kupita patsogolo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuti zinthu zokhuthala zituluke, kuyenda kwa madzi m'thupi kapena kusakaniza zinthu zomwe zimakakamizidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutulutsa thovu
Zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pamwamba. Zikaphikidwa ndi kuwira, pamakhala thovu lokhazikika, lomwe limapangitsa kuti madziwo alowe mosavuta mu condenser ndi nthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo ataye. Kupangika kwa thovu kumakhudzana ndi mphamvu ya interfacial. Kukangana kwa interfacial kumachitika pakati pa nthunzi, madzi otentha kwambiri ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa, ndipo zinthu zolimba zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga thovu. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zopangira ma surfactants zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera mapangidwe a thovu, ndipo zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamakina zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuchotsa thovu.
Kuwononga
Zakudya zina zokhala ndi asidi, monga madzi a masamba ndi madzi a zipatso, zimatha kuwononga chotenthetsera madzi panthawi ya nthunzi ndi kukhuthala. Pa chakudya, ngakhale dzimbiri lochepa nthawi zambiri limayambitsa kuipitsidwa komwe kumapangitsa kuti chinthucho chisayenerere. Chifukwa chake, chotenthetsera madzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zokhala ndi asidi chiyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zosagwira dzimbiri komanso zotenthetsera kutentha, ndipo kapangidwe kake kayenera kukhala kosavuta kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa madzi a citric acid kungagwiritse ntchito machubu otenthetsera a graphite osalowa kapena ma evaporator a enamel osagwira asidi.
Zakudya zambiri zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi zinthu zonunkhira komanso zokometsera, zomwe zimakhala zosasinthasintha kuposa madzi. Madziwo akamaphwa, zinthuzi zimatuluka limodzi ndi nthunzi, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa chinthu chosungunuka. Ngakhale kuti kutentha kochepa kumachepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu zokometsera, njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kutenga njira zobwezeretsa ndikuziwonjezera mu chinthucho mutachira.
Kuzimitsa Kukhazikika
Madzi a chakudya (monga madzi a zipatso, mkaka kapena madzi ena okhala ndi madzi ambiri) amaziziritsidwa pamalo otentha kwambiri. Kutentha kukatsika pansi pa nthawi yozizira kwambiri, mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali mu yankholo amaundana ngati makristalo a ayezi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa madzi amafika pamlingo wolimba komanso wamadzimadzi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwina. Pansi pa kutentha kumeneku, madzi ochulukirapo amayamba kuzizira, pomwe zinthu zosungunuka (monga shuga, ma organic acid, utoto, zokometsera, ndi zina zotero) sizosavuta kuzizira ndi madzi chifukwa cha kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana, koma zimakhalabe mu concentrate yosazizira.
Kulekanitsidwa kwa Makristalo Oundana
Ma kristalo a ayezi opangidwa amalekanitsidwa ndi concentrate pogwiritsa ntchito centrifugation, sefa kapena njira zina zakuthupi. Njirayi sikutanthauza kuti zinthu zosungunuka zisamatuluke, kotero zimatha kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa zosakaniza zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha komanso kutayika kwa fungo. Concentrate ikalekanitsa ma kristalo a ayezi ndi chinthu chozizira, chomwe chimakhala ndi solvent yambiri kuposa yankho loyambirira, pomwe chimasunga mtundu woyambirira, kukoma, zakudya komanso kukoma kwa chakudya mpaka pamlingo waukulu.
Kulamulira Mikhalidwe Yozizira
Panthawi yoziziritsa madzi, zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa kuzizira, kutentha kwa kuzizira ndi nthawi ziyenera kulamulidwa bwino kuti ziwongolere kukula kwa ayezi, mawonekedwe ake komanso kulekanitsidwa ndi zinthu zosungunuka kuti zitsimikizire kuti chinthu chomaliza chili bwino. Ukadaulo wa kuzizira ndi woyenera kwambiri pa zakudya ndi zakumwa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, monga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zatsopano, zinthu zachilengedwe, mankhwala ndi zinthu zotsekemera zapamwamba. Ikhoza kuwonjezera ubwino wachilengedwe wa zinthu zopangira ndipo ili ndi makhalidwe osunga mphamvu komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Komabe, njira iyi ilinso ndi zoletsa zina. Mwachitsanzo, njira yoziziritsa madzi singathe kutsukidwa bwino ndipo ingafunike chithandizo chowonjezera cha kuzizira. Kuphatikiza apo, pa mayankho ena okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kapena okhala ndi zosakaniza zapadera, vuto lolekanitsa makristasi a ayezi ndi zinthu zosungunuka lingawonjezere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusungunuka kukhale kochepa komanso ndalama zambiri ziwonjezeke.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-13-2025
