Kuyeza Kosalekeza kwa Kukhuthala
I. Makhalidwe Osazolowereka a Madzi ndi Mavuto Oyezera
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwamuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalamachitidwe m'munda wakuchotsa mafuta a shalendikuchotsa mchenga wa mafutakumafuna kuzindikira bwino zovuta kwambiri za rheological zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi osazolowereka awa. Mosiyana ndi kuwala kwachikhalidwe.chakudya chopanda pakemafuta ochulukirapo,phula, ndipo matope ogwirizana nawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe osakhala a Newtonian, okhala ndi magawo ambiri ogwirizana ndi kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta zapadera kuti zida zikhazikike komanso kulondola.
1.1 Kutanthauzira Malo Osazolowereka a Rheology
1.1.1 Mbiri Yokhuthala Kwambiri: Vuto la Bitumen ndi Mafuta Olemera
Ma hydrocarbon osazolowereka, makamaka bitumen yochokera kukuchotsa mchenga wa mafuta, amadziwika ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kwachilengedwe. Bitumen yochokera kuzinthu zazikulu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kukhuthala kwa mPa·s (cP) pa kutentha koyenera (25°C). Kukula kwa kukangana kwamkati kumeneku ndiye chotchinga chachikulu cha kuyenda kwa madzi ndipo kumafuna njira zapamwamba, monga njira zobwezeretsera kutentha monga Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), kuti ichotsedwe komanso kunyamulidwa mopanda ndalama.
Kudalira kutentha kwa mafuta olemera sikuti ndi chinthu chongowerengera chabe; ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poyesa kuyenda kwa madzi ndikuwunika momwe kutentha kumayendera mkati mwa dziwe. Kukhuthala kwa mphamvu kumatsika kwambiri kutentha kukakwera. Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti pali cholakwika chochepa pakuyesa kutentha panthawi yamuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalaKumasulira mwachindunji kukhala cholakwika chachikulu chofanana mu mtengo wa kukhuthala komwe kwanenedwa. Chifukwa chake, kubwezera kutentha kolondola komanso kophatikizana ndikofunikira pa dongosolo lililonse lodalirika lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri komanso okhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthasintha kwa kukhuthala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kumapanga madera osiyanasiyana a geomechanical (ochotsedwa madzi, ochotsedwa madzi pang'ono, osachotsedwa madzi) omwe amakhudza mwachindunji kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kusintha kwa malo osungiramo madzi, zomwe zimafuna deta yeniyeni ya kukhuthala kuti itsogolere kapangidwe kogwira mtima ka njira yobwezeretsa.
1.1.2 Khalidwe Losakhala la Newtonian: Kuchekerera, Thixotropy, ndi Zotsatira za Kuchekerera
Madzi ambiri omwe amapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilendo amasonyeza makhalidwe osakhala a Newtonian.kuchotsa mafuta a shale, nthawi zambiri zochokera ku gel, ndi madzi ochepetsera kudulidwa kwa shear, komwe kukhuthala kogwira ntchito kumachepa kwambiri pamene kuchuluka kwa kudulidwa kwa shear kumawonjezeka. Mofananamo, mayankho a polima omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso mafuta m'malo osungira mafuta olemera amawonetsanso mphamvu zochepetsera kudulidwa kwa shear, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayesedwa ndi chizindikiro cha khalidwe lotsika (n), monga n=0.3655 pa mayankho ena a polyacrylamide.
Kusinthasintha kwa kukhuthala ndi kuchuluka kwa kumeta kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zamkati. Popeza kukhuthala kwa madzi osakhala a Newtonian si chinthu chokhazikika koma chimadalira gawo lakumeta lomwe limakumana nalo, kusinthasintha kosalekezachida choyezera kukhuthala kwa mafutaiyenera kugwira ntchito pamlingo wodziwika bwino, wotsika, komanso wobwerezabwereza womwe umagwirizana mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu zimayendera (laminar, transitional, kapena turbulent). Ngati kuchuluka kwa kudulidwa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sensa sikusinthasintha, kuwerenga kwa viscosity komwe kumachitika kumakhala kochepa chabe ndipo sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera poyerekeza njira, kusintha, kapena kuwongolera. Chofunikira ichi chachikulu chimafuna kusankha ukadaulo wa sensa, monga zida zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimalekanitsidwa mwadala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zamadzimadzi a payipi kapena chombo.
1.1.3 Zotsatira za Kupsinjika kwa Zokolola ndi Kuvuta kwa Zigawo Zambiri
Kupatula kuchepeta pang'ono, mafuta olemera ndi bitumen zimatha kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a pulasitiki ya Bingham, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zili ndi Threshold Pressure Gradient (TPG) yomwe iyenera kugonjetsedwa musanayendetsedwe muzinthu zobowola. Mu kayendedwe ka mapaipi ndi kasupe, zotsatira zophatikizana za kuchepeta ndi kupsinjika kwa zokolola zimalepheretsa kwambiri kuyenda ndipo zimakhudza bwino kuchira.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitsinje yosazolowereka yotulutsa madzi imakhala ndi magawo ambiri ndipo imakhala yosiyana kwambiri. Mitsinje iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa, monga mchenga ndi zinyalala, makamaka ikatulutsa madzi ambiri.mafuta okhuthalakuchokera ku miyala yamchenga yolimba. Kuchuluka kwa mchenga ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chogwira ntchito, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zida, kuzimitsa zitsime, komanso kugwa kwa dzenje la pansi. Kuphatikiza kwa ma hydrocarbon okhuthala kwambiri (asphaltenes, bitumen) ndi mchere wolimba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo cha nthawi yayitali ya sensor: cholimbakuipitsa(kutsata zinthu) ndi makinakukwapulaChilichonsemuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatiDongosololi liyenera kukhala lolimba kwambiri ndipo liyenera kukhala ndi malo olimba kuti lipirire zinthu zowononga komanso zowononga pamene likukana kukhuthala kwamphamvu.mafilimu.
1.2 Kulephera kwa Njira Zachikhalidwe Zoyezera
Njira zachikhalidwe za labotale, monga ma viscometer ozungulira, a capillary, kapena ogwa, ngakhale kuti ndi ofanana ndi ntchito zinazake, sizili zoyenera kuwongolera kosalekeza komanso nthawi yeniyeni komwe kumafunidwa ndi ntchito zamakono zosazolowereka. Kuyeza kwa labotale kumakhala kosasinthika, kosatha kujambula ma transients a rheological omwe amadalira kutentha omwe amadziwika ndi njira zosakanikirana ndi kutentha.
Ukadaulo wakale womwe umadalira zinthu zozungulira zachikhalidwe, monga ma viscometer ena ozungulira, uli ndi zofooka zake zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yamafuta olemera kapena bitumen. Kudalira ma bearing ndi ziwalo zoyenda bwino kumapangitsa kuti zidazi zikhale zosavuta kulephera kugwira ntchito, kuwonongeka msanga chifukwa cha tinthu ta mchenga tomwe timayabwa, komanso kuipitsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso komatira kwa zinthu zopanda pake. Kuipitsidwa kwambiri kumawononga mwachangu kulondola kwa mipata yopapatiza kapena malo ozindikira omwe amafunikira kuti awerengedwe bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito asagwirizane komanso kusokoneza kukonza kokwera mtengo. Malo ovuta akukhuthala kwa mafuta a shalendikuchotsa mchenga wa mafutakumafuna ukadaulo wopangidwa mwaluso kuti uchotse zinthu zolephera izi.
II. Ukadaulo Wapamwamba Woyezera: Mfundo za Inline Viscometry
Malo ogwirira ntchito a mafuta osazolowereka amafuna kuti ukadaulo woyezera womwe wasankhidwa ukhale wolimba kwambiri, upereke mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi, komanso upereke mawerengedwe omwe sadalira momwe mafuta amayendera. Pa ntchitoyi, ukadaulo wa viscometer wogwedezeka kapena womveka bwino wawonetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso kudalirika.
2.1 Mfundo Zaukadaulo za Viscometer Zogwedezeka (Ma sensor Ozungulira)
Ma viscometer ogwedezeka amagwira ntchito kutengera mfundo ya oscillation damping. Chinthu chozungulira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala torsional resonator kapena tuning fork, chimayendetsedwa ndi maginito kuti chizimvana pa frequency yachilengedwe yokhazikika (ωn) ndi ma amplitude okhazikika (x). Madzi ozungulira amakhala ndi mphamvu yozungulira, yomwe imafuna mphamvu inayake yotsitsimutsa (F) kuti isunge magawo okhazikika a oscillation.
Ubale wosinthasintha umatanthauzidwa mwakuti, ngati kukula ndi kuchuluka kwachilengedwe sizikusinthasintha, mphamvu yofunikira yosonkhezera imakhala yofanana ndi coefficient ya viscosity (C). Njirayi imakwaniritsa miyeso ya viscosity yovuta kwambiri pomwe imachotsa kufunikira kwa zigawo zovuta komanso zotayika zamakina.
2.2 Kuyeza Kukhuthala Kwa Mphamvu ndi Kuzindikira Mogwirizana
Mfundo yoyezera resonant imatsimikizira kukana kwa madzi ku kayendedwe ka madzi ndi kusakhala ndi mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muyeso womwe nthawi zambiri umafotokozedwa ngati zotsatira za kukhuthala kwamphamvu (μ) ndi kukhuthala (ρ), komwe kumaimiridwa ngati μ×ρ. Kuti tipeze ndikulemba za kukhuthala kwenikweni kwamphamvu (ρ), kukhuthala kwamadzi (ρ) kuyenera kudziwika bwino.
Makina apamwamba, monga banja la zida za SRD, ndi apadera chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu yoyezera kukhuthala, kutentha, ndi kuchulukana nthawi imodzi mkati mwa probe imodzi. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mitsinje yosazolowereka ya magawo ambiri komwe kuchulukana kumasintha chifukwa cha mpweya wolowetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa madzi osiyanasiyana, kapena kusintha kwa ma blend ratios. Mwa kupereka kuchulukira kwa ...
2.3 Kulimba kwa Makina ndi Kuchepetsa Kuipitsidwa kwa Magazi
Masensa ogwedera ndi oyenera kwambiri pamavuto akukhuthala kwa mafuta a shalentchito chifukwa ali ndi zigawo zolimba komanso zosakhudza, zomwe zimawathandiza kugwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika mpaka 5000 psi ndi kutentha mpaka 200°C.
Ubwino waukulu ndi chitetezo cha sensa ku macroscopic flow conditions. Resonant element imasinthasintha pafupipafupi kwambiri (nthawi zambiri mamiliyoni ambiri a ma cycles pa sekondi imodzi). Kugwedezeka kwa ma frequency apamwamba kumeneku, komwe kumakhala kochepa, kumatanthauza kuti muyeso wa viscosity sudalira kuchuluka kwa ma bulk flow, zomwe zimachotsa zolakwika muyeso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa mapaipi, kusintha kwa ma laminar flow, kapena ma flow profiles osagwirizana.
Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake kamathandizira kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhale bwino nthawi isanathe chifukwa chochepetsa kuipitsidwa. Kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa ma frequency ambiri kumalepheretsa kuti zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri monga bitumen kapena asphaltenes zisamamatire nthawi zonse, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati njira yodziyeretsera yokha. Zikaphatikizidwa ndi malo olimba omwe sakhwinyata, omwe sagwa, komanso osagwa, masensawa amatha kupirira kuwonongeka kwa mchenga ndi zinyalala zomwe zimapezeka mukuchotsa mchenga wa mafutamatope. Kulimba kwapamwamba kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti masensa azikhala ndi moyo wautali m'malo okhala ndi zinthu zowononga.
2.4 Malangizo Osankhira Malo Ovuta
Kusankha choyeneramuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatiUkadaulo wa ntchito zosazolowereka umafuna kuwunika mosamala kulimba kwa ntchito ndi kukhazikika, ndikuyika patsogolo makhalidwe awa kuposa mtengo woyamba wa zida.
2.4.1 Magawo Ofunika a Magwiridwe Antchito ndi Kufalikira kwa Ma Range
Kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino, viscometer iyenera kusonyeza kubwerezabwereza kwapadera, ndipo ma specifications nthawi zambiri amafunika kukhala abwino kuposa ± 0.5% ya kuwerenga. Kulondola kumeneku sikungakambirane pa ntchito zowongolera zotsekedwa, monga jakisoni wa mankhwala komwe zolakwika zazing'ono pa kuchuluka kwa madzi zingayambitse ndalama zambiri komanso zilango zogwirira ntchito. Mtundu wa viscosity uyenera kukhala wokwanira kuti ugwirizane ndi ntchito yonse, kuyambira mafuta ochepa osungunuka mpaka bitumen yokhuthala, yosasungunuka. Masensa apamwamba a resonant amapereka kuyambira 0.5 cP mpaka 50,000 cP ndi kupitirira apo, kuonetsetsa kuti makinawo akugwirabe ntchito nthawi yonse yosakaniza ndi kusintha.
2.4.2 Envelopu Yogwirira Ntchito (HPHT) ndi Zipangizo
Popeza kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kutentha komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuchira ndi kunyamula kosazolowereka, sensa iyenera kuyesedwa kuti igwire ntchito yonse, nthawi zambiri imafuna ma specifications mpaka 5000 psi ndiviscometer yogwirira ntchito pamzereKutentha kosiyanasiyana komwe kumagwirizana ndi kutentha (monga, mpaka 200°C). Kupatula kupsinjika ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha, zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo olimba ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe chimapereka chitetezo chofunikira ku kuwonongeka kwa makina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha tinthu ta mchenga ndi kuukira kwa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Gome 1 limapereka chithunzithunzi chachidule cha ubwino woyerekeza wa masensa ozungulira mu ntchito yovutayi.
Gome 1: Kusanthula Koyerekeza kwa Inline Viscometer Technologies kwa Utumiki Wamafuta Wosazolowereka
| Ukadaulo | Mfundo Yoyezera | Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Osakhala a Newtonian | Kukana Kuipitsa/Kukwinyika | Kawirikawiri Kukonza Nthawi |
| Kugwedezeka kwa Torsional (Resonant) | Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chinthu chozungulira (μ×ρ) | Zabwino Kwambiri (Munda wochepa wodulidwa bwino) | Wapamwamba (Palibe ziwalo zosuntha, zokutira zolimba) | Zochepa (Kudziyeretsa) |
| Kuzungulira (Kwamzere) | Mphamvu yofunikira pozungulira chinthu | Wapamwamba (Ungapereke deta yozungulira kayendedwe ka madzi) | Yotsika mpaka Yocheperako (Imafuna mabearing, yomwe imatha kusungunuka/kuwonongeka) | Pamwamba (Pamafunika kuyeretsa/kukonza pafupipafupi) |
| Mafunde a Ultrasonic/Acoustic | Kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa mafunde a acoustic | Pakati (Tanthauzo la Shear ndi lochepa) | Kuchuluka (Kusakhudzana ndi munthu kapena kukhudzana kochepa) | Zochepa |
Gome 2 limafotokoza zofunikira zofunika pakuyika zinthu mu ntchito yovuta, monga kukonza bitumen.
Gome 2: Mafotokozedwe Ofunikira a Magwiridwe Abwino a Viscometers Ogwira Ntchito Yogwedezeka
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira pa Utumiki wa Bitumen/Mafuta Olemera | Mtundu Wamba wa Masensa Odziwika Kwambiri | Kufunika |
| Kukhuthala kwa Ma Viscosity | Ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 100,000+ cP | 0.5 cP mpaka 50,000+ cP | Iyenera kuphimba kusiyana kwa mitsinje yodyera (yochepetsedwa kukhala yosasungunuka). |
| Kubwerezabwereza kwa Kukhuthala | Kuposa ±0.5% ya kuwerenga | Kawirikawiri ± 0.5% kapena kupitirira apo | Chofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera jakisoni wa mankhwala otsekedwa. |
| Kuyeza kwa Kupanikizika (HP) | Osachepera 1500 psi (nthawi zambiri 5000 psi imafunika) | Kufikira 5000 psi | Zofunikira pa mapaipi amphamvu kwambiri kapena mizere yosweka. |
| Kuyeza kwa Kachulukidwe | Zofunikira (μ ndi ρ nthawi imodzi) | kubwerezabwereza kwa g/cc | Chofunika kwambiri pakupeza ma multiphase ndi kuwerengera mphamvu ya ma viscosity.
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III. Kugwiritsa Ntchito, Kukhazikitsa, ndi Kutalika kwa Ntchito
Kupambana kwa ntchito kwamuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalaPakubwezeretsa zinthu zachilendo kumadaliranso ukadaulo wapamwamba wa masensa ndi ukatswiri wa mapulogalamu. Kuyika bwino ntchito kumachepetsa zotsatira za kayendedwe ka madzi akunja ndikupewa malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo choyima, pomwe njira zosamalira bwino zimathetsa mavuto osapeŵeka okhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa ndi kusweka.
3.1 Njira Zabwino Zogwiritsira Ntchito Anthu
3.1.1 Kuyika kwa Sensor ndi Kuchepetsa Malo Oyima
Muyeso uyenera kuchitidwa nthawi zonse mu dongosolo la kayendedwe ka madzi komwe madzi akuyenda mosalekeza m'dera lonse lozindikira. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira kuganizira pa mafuta olemera ndi bitumen, omwe nthawi zambiri amasonyeza khalidwe la kupsinjika kwa zokolola. Ngati madziwo aloledwa kuima, kuwerenga kwake kudzakhala kosinthasintha kwambiri, kosayimira mtsinje waukulu, komanso mwina kokwera kambirimbiri kuposa kukhuthala kwenikweni kwa madzi oyenda.
Mainjiniya ayenera kuchotsa mwachangu madera onse omwe angakhale osakhazikika, ngakhale ang'onoang'ono, makamaka pafupi ndi maziko a chinthu chozindikira. Pazoyika T-piece, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'mapaipi, nthawi zambiri chofufuzira chachifupi sichikwanira. Kuti muwonetsetse kuti chinthu chozindikira chikuyenda bwino komanso mofanana, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchitosensa yayitali yoyikazomwe zimafika patali mu chitoliro, makamaka kupitirira pomwe mtsinje wa madzi umatuluka mu T-piece. Njira imeneyi imayika chinthu chodziwikiratu mkati mwa mtsinje, ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera kwa madzi oyimira. Mu ntchito zomwe zimaphatikizapo madzi omwe ali ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka, njira yabwino yokhazikitsira imafanana ndi njira yoyendera kuti achepetse kukana ndikulimbikitsa kudulidwa kwa madzi mosalekeza pankhope ya sensa.
3.1.2 Kuphatikiza mu Kusakaniza ndi Ntchito za Matanki
Ngakhale kuti chitsimikizo cha kuyenda kwa madzi m'mapaipi ndicho chofunikira kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchitomuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatim'malo osasinthasintha ndikofunikiranso. Ma Viscometer amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'matanki osakaniza komwe mafuta osakonzedwa, bitumen, ndi zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana zimasakanizidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zapansi pamadzi. Mu ntchito izi, sensa ikhoza kuyikidwa mu thanki molunjika kulikonse, bola ngati njira yoyenera ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwerenga nthawi yeniyeni kumapereka ndemanga mwachangu pa kusinthasintha kwa kusakaniza, kuonetsetsa kuti chinthu chomaliza chikukwaniritsa zolinga zabwino, monga zomwe zimafunikira.chizindikiro cha kukhuthala.
3.2 Ma Protocol Othandizira Kukonza ndi Kutsimikizira
Kulondola kungapitirire pokhapokha ngati njira zowerengera zili zokhwima komanso zolondola. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusankha mosamala miyezo yowerengera komanso kuwongolera mosamala zinthu zachilengedwe.
Kukhuthala kwa mafakitalemafuta odzolaimayesedwa mucentipoise kapena millipascal-seconds (mPa⋅s) kapena kinematic viscosity mu centistokes (cSt), ndipo kulondola kumasungidwa poyerekeza miyeso yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi miyezo yovomerezeka yowunikira. Miyezo iyi iyenera kutsatiridwa ndi miyezo ya dziko kapena yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga NIST, ISO 17025) kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika. Miyezo iyenera kusankhidwa kuti ikwaniritse bwino ntchito yonse, kuyambira ku viscosity yotsika kwambiri (zogulitsa zochepetsedwa) mpaka ku viscosity yokwera kwambiri (chakudya chosaphika).
Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri kwa kukhuthala kwa mafuta olemera, kukwaniritsa kukhathamiritsa kolondola kumadalira kwathunthu kusunga kutentha kolondola. Ngati kutentha panthawi yokonza kusinthasintha ngakhale pang'ono, mtengo woyerekeza wa kukhuthala kwa mafuta wamba umachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulondola komwe kunakhazikitsidwa kwa sensa yamunda kusakhale kolondola. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kutentha kwambiri panthawi yokonza ndi chosinthika chodalirana chomwe chimatsimikizira kudalirika kwamuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalamakina akugwira ntchito. Oyeretsera njira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito masensa awiri oyezedwa kutentha kwina, monga 40°C ndi 100°C, kuti awerengere molondola nthawi yeniyeniChiyerekezo cha Kukhuthala(VI) ya mafuta odzola.
3.3 Kuthetsa Mavuto ndi Kukonza Malo Oipa Kwambiri
Ngakhale masensa omveka bwino kwambiri amafunikira kukonzedwa nthawi zonse m'malo omwe ali ndi kuipitsidwa kwambiri ndi bitumen, asphaltenes, ndi zotsalira zolemera za crude. Njira yoyeretsera yodzipereka komanso yothandiza ndiyofunikira kuti muchepetse nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kupewa kusinthasintha kwa kuyeza.
3.3.1 Mayankho Apadera Oyeretsa
Zosungunulira za mafakitale nthawi zambiri sizigwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi zinthu zovuta komanso zomatira kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafuta olemera ndi bitumen. Kuyeretsa bwino kumafuna njira zapadera komanso zopangidwa ndi mankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamphamvu zosungunulira ndi zinthu zosungunulira pamodzi ndi njira yosungunulira mafuta onunkhira. Njirazi, monga HYDROSOL, zimapangidwa makamaka kuti zilowe bwino komanso kuti zisanyowetse pamwamba, kusungunula mafuta olemera, mafuta osakonzedwa, bitumen, asphaltenes, ndi paraffin, komanso kuletsa kuti zinthuzi zisabwererenso kwina kulikonse mu dongosololi panthawi yoyeretsa.
3.3.2 Ndondomeko Yoyeretsera
Njira yoyeretsera nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo kufalitsa chosungunulira chachikulu, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi kutsuka pambuyo pake pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira chachiwiri chosinthasintha, monga acetone. Acetone imakondedwa chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kusungunula zosungunulira zamafuta otsala ndi zotsalira zamadzi. Pambuyo pa kutsuka kwa zosungunulira, sensa ndi nyumba ziyenera kuumitsidwa bwino. Izi zimachitika bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woyera komanso wofunda pang'ono. Kutuluka kwa zosungunulira mwachangu kumatha kuziziritsa pamwamba pa sensa pansi pa mame, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wonyowa upange mafilimu amadzi, omwe angadetse madziwo akayambiranso. Kutenthetsa mpweya kapena chidacho kumachepetsa chiopsezochi. Njira zoyeretsera ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mu njira zosinthira mapaipi kapena zombo kuti muchepetse kusokonezeka kwa ntchito.
Gome 3: Buku Lothandizira Kuthetsa Mavuto a Kusakhazikika kwa Kuyeza Kukhuthala Kosalekeza
| Chosayembekezereka Chomwe Chawonedwa | Chifukwa Chomwe Chingakhalepo Mu Utumiki Wosazolowereka | Malangizo Okonza/Kuwongolera Munda | Mbali Yoyenera ya Sensor |
| Kuwerenga kwadzidzidzi komanso kosasunthika kwa kukhuthala kwakukulu | Kuipitsa kwa sensor (asphaltenes, filimu yamafuta olemera) kapena kusonkhanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono | Yambani njira yoyeretsera mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera onunkhira. | Kugwedezeka kwa mafunde amphamvu nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa chilakolako chofuna kuipitsa. |
| Kukhuthala kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi | Sensor yomwe yaikidwa pamalo osasunthika kapena oyenda ndi laminar/non-uniform (madzi osakhala a Newtonian) | Ikani sensa yayitali yolowera kuti ifike pakati pa kayendedwe ka madzi; ikaninso motsatizana ndi kayendedwe ka madzi. | Sensor Yaitali Yoika (Mbali Yopangidwira). |
| Kuwerenga zinthu mopupuluma pambuyo poyambitsa bizinesi | Matumba a mpweya/gasi otsekeredwa (zotsatira za magawo ambiri) | Onetsetsani kuti mpweya ukutuluka bwino komanso kuti kuthamanga kwa mpweya kukhale kofanana; thirani madzi otuluka mwachangu. | Kuwerenga kwa nthawi imodzi (SRD) kumatha kuzindikira gawo la mpweya/lopanda kanthu. |
| Kukhuthala kotsika nthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi mayeso a labu | Kuchepa/kuchepa kwambiri kwa chowonjezera cha polima/DRA | Tsimikizirani momwe mapampu obayira amagwirira ntchito pang'onopang'ono; sinthani njira zokonzekera yankho la DRA. | Kuyeza popanda kutengera kuchuluka kwa madzi (Kapangidwe ka sensa). |
IV. Deta Yeniyeni Yokonzera Njira ndi Kukonza Mosakayikira
Kutumiza deta nthawi yeniyeni kuchokera ku chipangizo chodalirika kwambirimuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalaDongosololi limasintha kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kuchokera pa kuyang'anira kochitapo kanthu kupita ku kayendetsedwe koyenera komanso koyenera m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za kuchotsa ndi kunyamula zinthu zachilendo.
4.1 Kuwongolera Molondola kwa Mankhwala Okhudza Kuika Jakisoni
4.1.1 Kukonza Kochepetsa Kokokera (DRA)
Ma Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zinthu zopanda pakekukhuthala kwa mafutamapaipi kuti achepetse kukangana kosasunthika ndikuchepetsa kufunikira kwa mphamvu yopopera. Zinthuzi, makamaka ma polima kapena ma surfactants, zimagwira ntchito poyambitsa khalidwe lochepetsa kudulidwa kwa madzi. Kudalira kokha pa kuyeza kutsika kwa kuthamanga kuti muwongolere jakisoni wa DRA sikuthandiza chifukwa kutsika kwa kuthamanga kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi kutentha, kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina.
Njira yowongolera yapamwamba imagwiritsa ntchito kukhuthala kooneka nthawi yeniyeni ngati chosinthira chachikulu cha mayankho a mlingo wa mankhwala. Mwa kuyang'anira mwachindunji kugwedezeka kwa madzi komwe kumachitika, dongosololi limatha kusintha molondola kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa DRA kuti madziwo akhale pamalo abwino kwambiri a rheological (mwachitsanzo, kukwaniritsa kuchepa kwa kukhuthala kooneka bwino ndikuwonjezera chiwerengero cha kuchepetsedwa kwa shear-thinning, ). Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti kuchepetsa kukoka kwakukulu kumachitika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zisungidwe bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira kosalekeza kumalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa DRA, komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kudulidwa kwa madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu ojambulira otsika komanso kuyang'anira kukhuthala komwe kumachitika pansi pa malo ojambulira kumatsimikizira kufalikira koyenera popanda kuwonongeka kwa unyolo wa polima komwe kumachepetsa mphamvu yochepetsera kukoka.
4.1.2 Kukonza Injection Yothira Madzi Ponyamula Mafuta Olemera
Kusakaniza ndikofunikira kwambiri ponyamula mafuta osakhwima ndi bitumen okhuthala kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kusakaniza zinthu zosungunulira (ma condensate kapena ma crudes opepuka) kuti pakhale mtsinje wophatikizika womwe umakwaniritsa zofunikira za mapaipi.muyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatiimapereka ndemanga mwachangu pa kukhuthala kwa kusakaniza komwe kumabwera (μm).
Kuyankha kumeneku nthawi yeniyeni kumalola kuwongolera kolimba komanso kosalekeza pa chiŵerengero cha diluent injection (). Chifukwa diluents nthawi zambiri zimakhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali, kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pomwe kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera kuyenda kwa mapaipi ndi chitetezo ndi cholinga chachikulu pazachuma mukuchotsa mchenga wa mafutaKuunikira kukhuthala ndi kuchulukana kwa zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri pozindikira kusagwirizana kosayembekezereka kwa zinthu zopanda mafuta panthawi yosakaniza, zomwe zingathandize kufulumizitsa kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu ndikuwonjezera ndalama zamagetsi m'njira zotsatizana.
4.2 Kutsimikizira Kuyenda kwa Madzi ndi Kukonza Mayendedwe a Mapaipi
Kusunga kayendedwe kokhazikika komanso kogwira mtima kwa mafuta osazolowereka ndi kovuta chifukwa chakuti amakonda kusintha magawo ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa kukangana. Deta ya kukhuthala kwa nthawi yeniyeni ndiyo maziko a njira zamakono zotsimikizira kuyenda kwa madzi.
4.2.1 Kuwerengera Mbiri Yolondola ya Kupanikizika
Kukhuthala ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa mitundu ya ma hydraulic yomwe imawerengera kutayika kwa kukangana ndi ma profiles a kupanikizika. Pa mafuta osakonzedwa, komwe makhalidwe amatha kusiyana kwambiri kuchokera kumunda umodzi kupita ku wina, deta yolondola komanso yopitilira imatsimikizira kuti mitundu ya ma hydraulic ya paipi imakhalabe yolosera komanso yodalirika.
4.2.2 Kupititsa patsogolo Njira Zodziwira Kutayikira kwa Madzi
Machitidwe amakono ozindikira kutayikira kwa madzi amadalira kwambiri kusanthula kwa Real Time Transient Model (RTTM), komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito deta ya kuthamanga ndi kuyenda kwa madzi kuti kuzindikire zolakwika zomwe zimasonyeza kutayikira kwa madzi. Popeza kukhuthala kwa madzi kumakhudza mwachindunji kutsika kwa kuthamanga ndi kuyenda kwa madzi, kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa mafuta osakonzedwa kungayambitse kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi komwe kumafanana ndi kutayikira kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma alarm abodza ambiri. Mwa kuphatikiza nthawi yeniyeni.muyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthaladeta, RTTM imatha kusintha mtundu wake kuti ugwirizane ndi kusintha kwa malo enieni. Kukonzanso kumeneku kumawongolera kwambiri kuzindikira ndi kudalirika kwa njira yodziwira kutayikira kwa madzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuwerengera molondola kuchuluka kwa kutayikira kwa madzi ndi malo ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chogwira ntchito.
4.3 Kupopa ndi Kusamalira Mosayembekezereka
Mkhalidwe wa madzi m'thupi umakhudza kwambiri kukweza kwa makina ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zida zopopera. Deta ya kukhuthala kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni imalola kukonza bwino komanso kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili.
4.3.1 Kuchita Bwino ndi Kulamulira Kutsekeka kwa Mitsempha
Pamene kukhuthala kwa madzi kumawonjezeka, kutayika kwa mphamvu mkati mwa pampu kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya hydraulic ichepe kwambiri komanso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ichuluke kwambiri kuti ipitirire kuyenda bwino. Kuyang'anira kukhuthala kosalekeza kumathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kutsatira momwe pampu imagwirira ntchito komanso kusintha ma drive osinthasintha kuti atsimikizire kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuyang'anira momwe magetsi amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukhuthala kwakukulu kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha cavitation. Madzi okhuthala kwambiri amawonjezera kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya pa pompu, kusuntha curve ya pompu ndikuwonjezera Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr). Ngati NPSHr yofunikira ikuchepetsedwa - zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pogwiritsa ntchito deta yokhazikika kapena yochedwa kukhuthala - pompu imagwira ntchito moopsa pafupi ndi malo olumikizira madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka kwa makina Real-timemuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatiimapereka deta yofunikira kuti iwerengere moyenera NPSHr correction factor yoyenera, kuonetsetsa kuti pampu ikusunga malire ogwirira ntchito otetezeka komanso kupewa kuwonongeka ndi kulephera kwa zida.
4.3.2 Kuzindikira Zolakwika
Deta ya kukhuthala imapereka gawo lamphamvu la nkhani yokonzekera zinthu. Kusintha kosazolowereka kwa kukhuthala (monga, kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha kumeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kapena kuchepa chifukwa cha kusungunuka kosayembekezereka kwa madzi kapena kuphulika kwa mpweya) kungasonyeze kusintha kwa kudzaza kwa pampu kapena mavuto okhudzana ndi kuyenderana kwa madzi. Kuphatikiza deta ya kukhuthala ndi magawo owunikira achikhalidwe, monga zizindikiro za kuthamanga ndi kugwedezeka, kumalola kuzindikira koyambirira komanso kolondola kwambiri kwa kusokonezeka ndi kuzindikira zolakwika, kuteteza kulephera kwa zida zofunika monga mapampu ojambulira.
Gome 4: Matrix ya Kugwira Ntchito kwa Deta ya Viscosity mu Ntchito Zosazolowereka za Mafuta
| Malo Ogwirira Ntchito | Kutanthauzira Deta Yokhuthala | Zotsatira za Kukonza Bwino | Chizindikiro Chachikulu Cha Magwiridwe Antchito (KPI) |
| Kuchepetsa Kukoka (Paipi) | Kuchepa kwa kukhuthala kwa khungu pambuyo pa jakisoni kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kudulidwa kwa khungu. | Kuchepetsa kumwa mankhwala mopitirira muyeso komanso kusunga kayendedwe kabwino ka mankhwala. | Mphamvu Yopompa Yochepa (kWh/bbl); Kutsika Kochepa kwa Kupanikizika. |
| Kusakaniza kwa Diluent (Chida Choyezera Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta) | Kuzungulira kwachangu kwa mayankho kumatsimikizira kuti kukhuthala kwa kusakaniza komwe kulipo kwakwaniritsidwa. | Kutsimikizika kotsatira malamulo a mapaipi ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zosungunula. | Kugwirizana kwa Chizindikiro cha Kukhuthala kwa Zogulitsa (VI); Chiŵerengero cha Kusungunuka/Mafuta. |
| Kuwunika Umoyo wa Pampu | Kusamveka bwino kwa kukhuthala kapena kugwedezeka kwa ma viscosity. | Chenjezo loyambirira la kusagwirizana kwa madzi, kulowa, kapena kutsekeka kwa cavitation; malire abwino a NPSHr. | Kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito yosakonzekera; Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Mwabwino Kwambiri. |
| Chitsimikizo cha Kuyenda kwa Madzi (Kuyeza Kosalekeza kwa Kukhuthala) | Yolondola pakuwerengera kutayika kwa kukangana komanso kulondola kwa chitsanzo chosakhalitsa. | Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kutsekeka kwa mapaipi; kuwonjezeka kwa kuzindikira kutayikira kwa madzi. | Kulondola kwa Chitsanzo cha Chitsimikizo cha Kuyenda kwa Madzi; Kuchepetsa Ma Alamu Otulutsa Madzi Olakwika. |
Mapeto ndi Malangizo
Zodalirika komanso zolondolamuyeso wopitilira wa kukhuthalaza ma hydrocarbon osazolowereka—makamakakukhuthala kwa mafuta a shalendi madzi ochokera kukuchotsa mchenga wa mafuta—si chinthu chofunikira kusanthula kokha koma ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso zachuma. Mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu, khalidwe lovuta losakhala la Newtonian, makhalidwe opsinjika, komanso chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi kusweka zimapangitsa kuti njira zamakono zoyezera mkati mwa mzere zikhale zopanda ntchito.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri kapenama viscometer ogwedezekaNdi ukadaulo woyenera kwambiri pa ntchitoyi chifukwa cha ubwino wake waukulu: palibe ziwalo zosuntha, muyeso wopanda kukhudza, kukana kwambiri kukanda (kudzera mu zokutira zolimba), komanso chitetezo chamkati ku kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi. Kutha kwa zida zamakono kuyeza kukhuthala, kutentha, ndi kuchulukana nthawi imodzi (SRD) ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mupeze kukhuthala kolondola kwa madzi m'mitsinje yambiri komanso kuthandizira kasamalidwe kathunthu ka madzi.
Kukhazikitsa njira zamakono kumafuna chisamaliro chapadera pa mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsa, kukonda masensa ataliatali olowetsa mu T-pieces ndi zigongono kuti apewe madera osasunthika omwe ali ndi madzi opsinjika ndi olemera. Kukhalitsa kwa ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu kukonza mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zilowe ndikufalitsa zonyansa zolemera za hydrocarbon.
Kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya viscosity nthawi yeniyeni kumapitirira kuyang'anira kosavuta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuwongolera kwapamwamba pazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Zotsatira zazikulu zokonzanso zimaphatikizapo kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pochepetsa kukoka mwa kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa rheological womwe mukufuna, kukonza bwino kugwiritsa ntchito diluent mu ntchito zosakaniza, kukulitsa kukhulupirika kwa machitidwe ozindikira kutayikira kwa RTTM, ndikuletsa kulephera kwa makina poonetsetsa kuti mapampu akugwira ntchito mkati mwa malire otetezeka a NPSHr osinthidwa mosinthika kuti azitha kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi. Kuyika ndalama mu mphamvu, mosalekeza komanso molimba mtimamuyeso wa kukhuthala kwa mkatindi njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera ndalama zambiri, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mafuta akuyenda bwino popanga ndi mayendedwe amafuta osazolowereka.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-11-2025
