Kuyeza kolondola komanso kosalekeza kwa kachulukidwe ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga naphtha ndi ntchito za ethylene cracker—kumawonetsa mphamvu za chakudya (zopangira hydrocarbon, kuchuluka kwa sulfure, ndi zina zotero), kumawongolera kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni (kutentha kwa ng'anjo/nthawi yogona), kumachepetsa zoopsa zomwe sizikudziwika, kumachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa coke, komanso kumathandizira kutsatira malamulo ndi magwiridwe antchito a petrochemical m'mafakitale, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolumikizirana monga ma oscillating tube densitometers ndi kutentha/kupanikizika komwe kumatsimikizira kudalirika.
Chidule cha Kupanga Naphtha ndi Njira Zopangira Ethylene
Njira yopangira naphtha ndiyo maziko a gawo lamakono la petrochemical. Naphtha, chosakaniza cha hydrocarbon chosinthasintha kuyambira C5 mpaka C12, chimapezeka makamaka kudzera mu kusungunuka kwa mafuta osakonzedwa ndi kukonza ma condensate. Kufunika kwa naphtha kumachokera ku kusinthasintha kwake: monga chakudya chachikulu chopangira ethylene ndi propylene, imagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusakaniza mafuta, kupanga zosungunulira, komanso kupanga mankhwala apadera.
Magawo Opangira Naphtha
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Kupanga naphtha kumayamba ndi kukonzekera chakudya, cholinga chake ndi kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa kuchokera ku mafuta osakonzedwa kapena zinthu zosungunuka. Kuwongolera zodetsa, monga kuchotsa sulfure, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muteteze mayunitsi otsatira njira ndikugwirizana ndi malamulo azachilengedwe. Gawo lotsatira ndi kusungunula koyamba—kugwiritsa ntchito mizati yamlengalenga kapena vacuum kuchotsa naphtha ngati gawo lopepuka. Kuchotsa naphtha kumatsatira, kuyeretsa naphtha pochotsa sulfure yotsala, nayitrogeni, ndi zitsulo. Gawoli limakulitsa kwambiri ubwino wa chakudya cha zinthu zodyetsera pakusintha mankhwala pambuyo pake.
Zosintha zina zikuphatikizapo kusintha kwa catalytic ndi isomerization, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti naphtha ipangidwe malinga ndi momwe ikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Kusintha kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa octane mu mafuta, pomwe isomerization imasintha kapangidwe ka hydrocarbon kuti igwirizane bwino ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala. Njira zoyeretsera izi zimatsimikizira kuyenerera kwa chinthu chomaliza pakusweka kapena kusakaniza pansi pamadzi.
Udindo wa Naphtha monga chakudya cha ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker ndi chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake koyenera ka mamolekyu. Akayambitsidwa ku njira yodulira nthunzi, kapangidwe ka naphtha kamathandizira zokolola zosiyanasiyana—kuphatikizapo kusakaniza kwa ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, ndi xylene. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumathandizira ma chemical complexes ophatikizika, omwe amafunikira ma olefin akuluakulu ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali kuti apindule kwambiri ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za msika.
Mu ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker, njirayi imachitika m'magawo angapo olamulidwa bwino:
- Kutentha kwa Zakudya:Naphtha imasakanizidwa ndi nthunzi yosungunuka, makamaka kuti ilepheretse kupanga coke. Chosakanizachi chimatenthedwa mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kofunikira kuti pakhale kusweka.
- Kusweka kwa Nthunzi (Malo Owala):Mtsinje wotentha umalowa m'machubu a uvuni, omwe amatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa pakati pa 850°C ndi 950°C. Pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu kumeneku komanso nthawi yochepa yokhalamo, ma hydrocarbon bond amasweka, ndikupanga ethylene, propylene, ndi ma olefin ena owala.
- Kuzimitsa ndi Kulekanitsa Zinthu:Mpweya woswekawo umaziziritsidwa nthawi yomweyo mu gawo lozimitsira kuti uletse zotsatira zosafunikira ndikusunga phindu la ethylene. Kutuluka kwa chinthucho kumapatulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja zogawa, zochotsera mpweya, ndi zotengera mpweya, ndikugawa ma olefin ndi zinthu zina.
- Kuyeretsa Zinthu:Pomaliza, njira iliyonse yogulitsira imayeretsedwa kukhala ndi makhalidwe ake, kuchotsa zotsalira zilizonse zodetsa pogwiritsa ntchito zoyamwitsa, ma sieve a molecular, ndi ma distillation columns.
Mtundu wa chakudya chosweka umapanga mwachindunji kugawa kwa zinthu. Naphtha imapanga gulu lolimba la zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa pamodzi koma imakhala ndi phindu lochepa la ethylene—nthawi zambiri 25–35% poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa chakudya. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zakudya zina monga ethane zimapereka phindu la ethylene mpaka 80% koma ndi zochepa zomwe zimapangidwa pamodzi. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapanga kapangidwe ka zomera, zotsatira zachuma, komanso zovuta zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Ma cracker a ethylene omwe amagwiritsa ntchito naphtha amafunikira zida zapamwamba zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi zida zoyesera kuchuluka kwa madzi panthawi yonseyi. Zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimayang'anira ubwino wa chakudya cha naphtha, kusakaniza molondola, komanso kuthandiza kukonza bwino magwiridwe antchito a cracker. Kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa madzi kumathandizira njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikuthandizira kupanga chitsanzo cha zokolola za malonda, kuwonetsa kuphatikiza kothandiza kwa zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi - kofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zomera zazikulu za ethylene.
Kumvetsetsa njira yopangira naphtha ndi gawo lake lotsatira pakusweka kwa ethylene ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zomwe makampani opanga mafuta amagwiritsa ntchito komanso magwiridwe antchito ake. Kugwirizana pakati pa mtundu wa chakudya, kapangidwe ka njira, ndi ukadaulo woyezera kumayendetsa kukonza bwino kwa zomera ndipo kumagwirizana ndi zomwe msika ukusintha komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe.
Kukonza Njira ndi Magawo Olamulira Ofunikira
Kuwongolera molondola kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa ethylene ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Kusankha chakudya, kuwongolera momwe ng'anjo imagwirira ntchito, komanso kuyang'anira nthawi yochitira zinthu ndi maziko a njira zopangira naphtha bwino.
Kusankha chakudya cha ziweto ndi njira yofunika kwambiri. Zakudya zopepuka za naphtha ndi zina monga ethane zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa mafuta ndipo zimakhala ndi parafini wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ethylene isankhe bwino pamene zimachepetsa zinthu zomwe sizili bwino komanso kupanga coke. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zakudya zosweka zomwe zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mafuta a ethylene—chifukwa cha ma hydrocarbon olemera—zimapangitsa kuti ethylene iperekedwe pang'ono komanso kuti mpweya woipa utuluke kwambiri. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kukwera kulikonse kwa C8+ kumagwirizana ndi kutayika kwa zokolola, zomwe zikusonyeza kufunika kokhala ndi chidziwitso ndi kuwongolera zakudya nthawi zonse.
Mu uvuni, kusunga kutentha koyenera kwa coil-outlet (≈850°C) ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale kusweka kwakukulu kwa coil. Kupatuka kumabweretsa kusweka kwachiwiri kosafunikira kapena kutayika kwa coke kwambiri. Nthawi yokhalamo iyenera kukonzedwa mosamala; ngati ndi yochepa kwambiri, kusinthako kumachepa, koma ngati kwa nthawi yayitali, ethylene imadyedwa motsatizana, zomwe zimachepetsa kutulutsa. Kuphatikizana kwa kutentha ndi nthawi yokhalamo, komwe kumasinthidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi kuchulukana ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya, ndiye maziko a ntchito yabwino kwambiri.
Kuyeza kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe imalola kulamulira kwa mlingo umenewu. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zoyezera kuchulukana kwa madzi, monga Lonnmeter's inline density meters, ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza deta yeniyeni ya zinthu zamadzimadzi. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchulukana kwa madzi zotere zimapereka ndemanga mwachangu pa kapangidwe ka naphtha yomwe ikubwera ndi zinthu zosweka. Ndemanga iyi imapangitsa kusintha kwa ng'anjo kuti igwire bwino ntchito, kuthamanga kwa ng'oma ya nthunzi, ndi mpweya wa arch, kuteteza kuchulukana kwa madzi ngakhale zinthu za chakudya zikusintha.
Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nkhaniyi zikuphatikizapo kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, makamaka kudzera mu masensa omwe ali mkati omwe amapirira kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjika komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri pa ntchito za ethylene cracker. Zida izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusinthasintha kwa chakudya chomwe chimabweretsa kutayika kwa zokolola ndikulola kuphatikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi machitidwe owongolera njira.
Njira zolondola zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimathandiza kuwongolera ndi kukonza bwino zinthu. Ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti adziwe ngati chakudya chomwe chikubwera chikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwabwino kapena ngati kusakaniza kukufunika. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a naphtha amatha kukonzedwa ndikusakanikirana motsatira kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumayesedwa, kuonetsetsa kuti ng'anjo imakhalabe munjira yoyenera yopangira ethylene.
Zipangizo zoyesera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimakhudza mwachindunji nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chakudya, kusankha zinthu zopangira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Pamene ma densitometer akuwonetsa kusintha kwa chakudya champhamvu kwambiri, mainjiniya a njira amatha kulowererapo mwa kusintha kutentha kwa uvuni, chiŵerengero cha nthunzi, kapena nthawi yochitira zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi igwire bwino ntchito. M'mafakitale amakono, deta yeniyeni yochokera ku zida zolimba imathandizanso kupanga zitsanzo zamitundu yambiri kuti chakudya chigawidwe komanso kasamalidwe ka mphamvu.
Mwachidule, kukonza bwino njira zopangira ethylene kumadalira pa kuyang'anira kosalekeza ndi kuwongolera zosintha zazikulu za njira: kusankha chakudya, magawo a uvuni, ndi nthawi yochitira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodalirika zoyezera kuchulukana kuchokera ku Lonnmeter kumalola kuzindikira njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuteteza zokolola ndikupangitsa kuti ntchito yokhazikika komanso yogwira mtima pa magawo onse a naphtha cracking.
Mfundo ndi Kufunika kwa Kuyeza Kachulukidwe
Kuyeza kuchulukana kumagwira ntchito ngati maziko owongolera njira zopangira naphtha ndi ntchito za uvuni wa ethylene cracker. Pakuphwanya kwa naphtha-nthunzi, kuchulukana kumapereka chidziwitso mwachangu cha chiyambi cha chakudya ndi mbiri yake yoyeretsera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera njira. Kuchulukana kwa naphtha—nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa ndi njira zoyezera kuchulukana kwa madzi monga ASTM D4052—sikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka hydrocarbon kokha komanso kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa sulfure, kununkhira, ndi kugawa kwa parafini. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza mwachindunji zokolola zazinthu, magwiridwe antchito, komanso zizolowezi zodetsa m'zitofu za ethylene cracker, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchulukana ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha mtundu wa chakudya ndi kusweka.
Kuyeza kuchulukana kwa zinthu kumathandiza ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale kuti aziyang'anira kusinthasintha kwa chakudya chosweka nthawi yeniyeni. Mwa kuzindikira kusinthasintha kwa kuchulukana kwa zinthu, zimakhala zotheka kusintha kutentha kwa ng'anjo ndi nthawi ya nyumba mwachangu, kukonza bwino kugawa kwa zinthu ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mitsinje yosadziwika. Kuwongolera kotereku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa kupanga kwa ethylene, kuchepetsa kuyika kwa coke, ndikukulitsa magwiridwe antchito a ng'anjo zosweka.
Pakati pake, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumatanthauzidwa ngati kulemera pa unit volume (ρ = m/V). Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'malo oyeretsera madzi kumaphatikizapo kudziwa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pansi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwina. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mafakitale zimayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'machubu ozungulira, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu Lonnmeter inline density meters, kumawerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi mwa kuzindikira kusintha kwa ma frequency mu chubu cha U chogwedezeka chodzazidwa ndi madzi a chitsanzo - kusintha komwe kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi m'chitsanzocho. Njirayi imakwaniritsa zosatsimikizika pansi pa 0.1% ndi kuwerengera kolimba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa chodalirika komanso mphamvu zake.
Njira zina zofunika kwambiri ndi monga kuyeza kwa hydrostatic ndi pycnometry. Komabe, izi zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za labotale kapena kusanthula khalidwe chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimafuna thandizo lamanja ndipo sizingapereke miyeso yokhazikika komanso yeniyeni yofunikira m'malo amakono a zomera. M'mafakitale a mafakitale, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolondola kwambiri zimayikidwa nthawi zonse pamalo ofunikira kwambiri pakuyenda kwa njira kuti ziyese kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi zonse, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magwiridwe antchito azigwira ntchito mwachangu kuti asinthe zinthu ndikuthandizira kutsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa.
Ndikofunikira kuti zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu ziziganizira za kutentha ndi kupanikizika, chifukwa kusintha kwa chilengedwe komanso komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana kungasinthe kwambiri mtengo woyezera. Zipangizo zamakono zimaphatikiza kubweza kutentha kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuwerenga kwa kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu kukugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yokhazikika, ntchito yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta komanso yolondola kwambiri chifukwa cha zatsopano mu kapangidwe ka masensa ndi njira zoyezera.
Mwachidule, kuyeza kolondola komanso kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolimba monga inline oscillating tube meter ndikofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikizira khalidwe ndi kukonza njira zopangira naphtha ndi ntchito za ethylene cracker furnace. Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzizi zimapereka deta yofunika kwambiri kuti isunge umphumphu wa chakudya, kukonza kusinthasintha kwa zinthu, komanso potsiriza kuyendetsa bwino ntchito zachuma komanso zogwirira ntchito za zomera za petrochemical.
Ukadaulo ndi Zida Zoyezera Kuchulukana Kwambiri
Kusintha kuchoka pa njira yachikhalidwe yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kupita ku njira yoyezera mphamvu ya madzi kwasintha makampani opanga zinthu monga kupanga naphtha, ntchito za uvuni wa ethylene cracker, ndi kuyang'anira kosalekeza kwa chakudya chosweka. Njira zoyambirira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimadalira njira zoyendetsedwa ndi manja kapena theka-automatic, zomwe zimafuna kuti pakhale njira yokwanira yogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo komanso nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito. Ma Capillary viscometers, njira ya hydrostatic, ndi mfundo ya Archimedes zinali zoyambira koma zotenga nthawi, nthawi zambiri zimapereka deta ya labotale ya mfundo imodzi m'malo mowongolera njira yeniyeni.
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, monga Coriolis flow meter kapena oscillating tube viscometers, zinapereka kulondola kwabwino koma zinakumanabe ndi mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, Coriolis meter imatha kutayika kulondola chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwa magawo ambiri, mpweya wolowetsedwa, kapena kuyenda kosasinthasintha—mikhalidwe yofala kwambiri m'makampani opanga mafuta. Njirazi nthawi zambiri zimafuna kukonza kwakukulu, kuwerengera, komanso kuyambitsa kuchedwa chifukwa chochotsa zitsanzo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pamanja.
Zipangizo zamakono zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zayambitsa masensa ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi njira zolumikizirana zamagetsi zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuyesa kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni. Ukadaulo wa masensa monga ma fork densitometers osinthira, zida zamawu ndi zamagetsi, ndi machitidwe ojambulira a x-ray tsopano amapereka miyeso yosalekeza, yomwe imachitika pamalo amodzi, kuchotsa kufunikira kwa zitsanzo zakunja ndikuchepetsa zolakwika za anthu.
Zida ndi Zida Zoyezera Kuchulukana
Zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa kachulukidweZingagawidwe m'magulu akuluakulu angapo, ndipo chilichonse chimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi:
Njira Zogwedera (Kukonza Foloko, Cantilever):
Masensa ozungulira, kuphatikizapo Lonnmeter inline density meters, amadalira kusintha kwa ma resonance frequency pamene madzi akudutsa kapena kukhudzana ndi chinthu chogwedezeka. Pokonza zida za fork, ma prong awiri amayikidwa kuti asunthe; kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhudza ma frequency awo achilengedwe. Malo okhala ndi kuyenda kokhazikika, monga mapaipi mu uvuni wa ethylene cracker, amapindula ndi zida izi chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwakukulu komanso kuyankha mwachangu. Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi Cantilever zimapereka mfundo zofanana, ndi kukhudzidwa koyenera madzi a Newtonian ndi osakhala a Newtonian. Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakulamulira kosalekeza pakusakaniza, kusintha, ndi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kulipira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi kuthamanga komwe kumatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kodalirika m'mikhalidwe yovuta ya petrochemical.
Masensa a Acoustic:
Masensa a mawu amayesa liwiro la mawu kudzera mumadzimadzi, omwe amasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kapangidwe kake. Mwa kutumiza kugunda kwa ultrasound kudutsa njira yodziwika bwino ndikujambula nthawi yake yoyendera, sensa imawerengera kuchuluka kwa mawu mwachindunji. Zipangizo za mawu zimathandiza pamitsinje yokhala ndi zosakaniza zambiri—monga zophwanyika—kumene kusintha kwa magawo mwachangu kumakhala kofala. Kuzindikira kwa mawu kogawidwa (DAS) ndi ma fiber optic arrays kumathandizanso kupanga mapu atsatanetsatane a kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka mawu ndi kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mawu popanda kusokoneza njira. Machitidwewa ndi abwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumafuna kusokonezeka kochepa kwa zitsanzo, komwe kumapitilira pa kuchuluka kwa mawu komanso magawo osiyanasiyana.
Njira Zothandizira ndi Kutsegula Ma Diaphragm:
Zipangizo zogwiritsa ntchito pressure diaphragm zimagwiritsa ntchito differential pressure kudutsa geometry yodziwika bwino kuti ziwerengere kuchulukana. M'malo ovuta kwambiri, monga visbreaking kapena ma naphtha ena otentha kwambiri, ma diaphragm seal amateteza zinthu zobisika pamene akutumiza kusintha kolondola kwa pressure ku ma transmitter akutali kapena mkati. Zipangizo zapadera monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi madzi otentha kwambiri zimasunga magwiridwe antchito a chipangizocho pansi pa kutentha kopitilira 400°C ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu, ndi kulinganiza kophatikizana komwe kumatsimikizira kutsata ndi kudalirika kwa kuyeza. Kusamalira nthawi zonse (monga, ma flush ports) kumasunga kulondola mu njira zodetsa zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi mitsinje ya zotsalira.
Zipangizo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Magnetic Field:
Ma magnetic densimeters amagwiritsa ntchito kuyanjana kwa madzi ndi mphamvu ya maginito—kaya kudzera mu kugwedezeka kwa maginito mkati mwa chubu chofotokozera kapena kudzera mu Hall effect sensors—kumene kusintha kwa mphamvu yonyowa kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa madziwo. Izi ndi zabwino pa zitsanzo zosayendetsa kapena zowononga; komabe, zimafunika kulipidwa mosamala zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitsinje yokhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena kutentha kwambiri.
Njira Zoyamwitsa X-ray:
Mu kafukufuku ndi malo apadera omwe amafuna kulondola kwambiri pa kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjika, kuyamwa kwa x-ray kumapereka yankho lolimba, losavulaza. Ma x-ray amphamvu kwambiri amadutsa mu chitsanzocho, ndipo kuchepa kumayesedwa; kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka ndi makulidwe a chitsanzocho. Akaphatikizidwa ndi maselo a diamondi otenthedwa ndi laser, njira iyi imalola kuyeza pa kupsinjika kopitilira 20 GPa ndi kutentha kopitilira 2000 K—mikhalidwe yomwe imakumana nayo mu kafukufuku wapamwamba wazinthu ndi maphunziro osankhidwa a petrochemical okwera. Njirayi imapereka kusatsimikizika kochepera 0.01%, kuphatikiza magawo olimba ndi amadzimadzi nthawi yeniyeni komanso pansi pa kusintha kwa kutentha kwamphamvu.
Makhalidwe Oyerekeza a Magwiridwe
Ukadaulo wamakono woyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu umakonzedwa bwino kuti ugwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti ugwirizane ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Zida zoyezera zamkati ndi zida monga zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Lonnmeter zimapereka zabwino zingapo poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe:
- Muyeso wopitilira nthawi yeniyeniimalola ndemanga mwachindunji pakusintha kwa njira zodziyimira pawokha mu uvuni wa ethylene cracker kapena ntchito zosakaniza naphtha.
- Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzondinthawi yoyankha mwachangukuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndikuwongolera chitetezo cha njira.
- Ma algorithms a digito olipira ndi kuwerengerakuchepetsa kusinthasintha komwe kumadalira wogwiritsa ntchito, kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa malonda ndi kuwongolera khalidwe.
- Kukana kuipitsidwa, kutentha, ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweyaMu zipangizo zamakono zimatsimikizira kuti muyeso wake ndi wokhazikika ngakhale mutadutsa madzi osweka, zosakaniza zovuta za hydrocarbon, kapena malo odulira kwambiri.
Njira zachikhalidwe zoyezera ma labotale zimakhalabe muyezo wofunikira pakuwunika, makamaka pamene kusatsimikizika komaliza kwa muyeso kapena kutsata mayunitsi a SI kukufunika. Komabe, pakuwunika pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kwa njira zoyendetsera, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati mwa mzere zimayimira muyezo wamakampani.
Makhalidwe a Ntchito ndi Zinthu Zogwirira Ntchito
Kudalirika kwa kuyeza m'malo opangira mafakitale kumadalira magawo angapo. Kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo kumakhudza kuyimira ndi liwiro la kuyankha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa zitsanzo ziyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wolimba pa umphumphu wa kuyeza kuti zitsimikizire deta yothandiza, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mkati monga zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu za Lonnmeter. Kuzindikira ndikofunikiranso - kuthekera kozindikira kusintha pang'ono kwa zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndikusintha kwa njira zothetsera mavuto m'ma feedstock osweka kapena njira zopangira naphtha.
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusankha zida komanso kukhazikika kwa muyeso. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ziyenera kugwira ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kutentha kwa ng'anjo mpaka kutentha kwambiri mu ntchito za ethylene cracker. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kolondola pa >800°C, monga momwe kumachitikira mu ng'anjo za ethylene cracker, kumabweretsa zopinga kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za sensor, kusunthika, ndi kuzungulira kwafupikitsa kwa calibration. Kutentha kwambiri kogwira ntchito kumathandizira dzimbiri, kumayambitsa kutopa kwa makina, ndikukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zapadera za sensor kapena nyumba zolimba za zida kuti ziwonjezere nthawi yogwira ntchito ndikusunga kulondola.
Kulondola kokha ndi ntchito ya kapangidwe ka zida ndi njira yogwirira ntchito. Njira zamakono zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimadalira kutsimikizika pafupipafupi motsutsana ndi miyezo yovomerezeka. Pa ntchito zophwanyika za chakudya, zolakwika zazing'ono pakuzindikira kuchuluka kwa madzi zimafalikira kukhala kusintha kolakwika kwa njira, zomwe zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndi kukolola. Kutsatira kwambiri njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuphatikiza malo owunikira nthawi zonse kumathandizira kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi molondola kwambiri m'malo opangira mafuta.
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa chakudya chosweka m'malo ovuta kumabweretsa zovuta zapadera. Mitsinje yopangira zinthu m'zitofu za ethylene cracker ndi zomera za naphtha nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuyenda kwa magawo ambiri, ndi ma hydrocarbons omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Mamita a Lonnmeter inline density adapangidwa kuti athe kupirira malo amphamvu awa okhala ndi zomangamanga zolimba komanso zinthu zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala ndi kutentha. Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kumeneku, kuphatikiza kwa liwiro lalikulu, kusintha kwa magawo mwachangu, komanso kutentha kwambiri mkati mwa ma process coils kumatha kuyambitsa cholakwika cha muyeso wa kutentha ndi makina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zolimba zogwirira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo.
Kuyesa zolakwika pazochitika zoopsa kwambiri zotere kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira ndi kujambula. Njira zachikhalidwe zoyendera ndi pycnometry zimapereka zotsatira zodalirika m'malo olamulidwa koma sizigwira ntchito bwino kutentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa kutentha, kusokoneza kwa m'mphepete, ndi kusinthasintha kwa calibration. Njira zapamwamba, kuphatikiza UV ndi kujambula kutentha, zimawonjezera kulondola mwa kuchepetsa zinthu zowunikira ndikuwongolera kusiyana kwa malo oyezera. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kukonza bwino momwe zithunzi zimachitikira—monga kuchotsa kumbuyo ndi kuyika kwa elliptical—kungachepetse pakati malire osatsimikizika ngakhale pakugwira ntchito pamwamba pa 3000 K. Tchati 1 chikuwonetsa magwero akuluakulu a cholakwika ndi momwe chimakhudzira kulondola:
Kutsimikizira molondola kwa zida kumaphatikizapo kuzungulira kobwerezabwereza koyezera pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zovomerezeka. Mu ntchito zophwanyika za chakudya, kuwerengera kuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira za kukhuthala kwa zitsanzo ndi cholakwika choyambitsidwa ndi kutentha komanso kusuntha kwa sensor kwa nthawi yayitali. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa amafotokoza kuti kubwerezabwereza kwa mkati mwa malo pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ofunikira otsatirika kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri moyo wautumiki wa zida, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kubwerezabwereza, ndikusunga milingo yolakwika pansi pa 1% pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Kutsimikizira kwachizolowezi—kowonjezeredwa ndi matenda ophatikizidwa—kumakhalabe kofunikira kuti njira yopitilira ikhale yogwira ntchito komanso yotetezeka m'malo opangira mafuta.
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, monga zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, zimaphatikiza ma sensor arrays, njira zoyeretsera zokha, komanso macheke oyezera kutali kuti zigwire bwino ntchito. Mu zida zoyesera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi madzi, kuwunika kofulumira kwa zolakwika ndi kuwerengera kosinthika ndizomwe zimayenderana ndi malamulo, kuwongolera njira, komanso kugwirira ntchito limodzi pamsika. Pomaliza, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi mphamvu m'malo ovuta kwambiri kumadalira kapangidwe ka zida zolimba, kuwerengera kwathunthu, komanso kuyang'anira zolakwika mwadongosolo - zipilala zofunika kwambiri pa njira iliyonse yoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi madzi m'makampani opanga mafuta.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuyeza Kachulukidwe mu Njira za Petrochemical
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, monga ma chubu ozungulira, ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga naphtha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya za ethylene cracker. Zikayikidwa mwachindunji mkati mwa mapaipi opangira, zida izi zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimapereka kuyang'anira kosalekeza komanso nthawi yeniyeni kuchuluka kwa madzi—chinthu chofunikira kwambiri powongolera ubwino wa zinthu zopangira ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kusintha kwa zinthu zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, ma chubu ozungulira amazindikira kuchuluka kwa madzi poyesa kusintha kwa ma frequency a chubu chodzazidwa ndi madzi a process; pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kumasintha, momwemonso ma frequency a resonance, kupereka deta mwachangu komanso molondola ngakhale kutentha ndi kupsinjika kosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mikhalidwe yozungulira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi magawo ozizira a feedstock. Kulinganiza ndi ma hydrocarbons monga methane ndi ethane kumatsimikizira kuti zida izi zimakhalabe zolondola pamadzimadzi osiyanasiyana a petrochemical.
Mu njira yopangira naphtha, mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kuipitsidwa popanda kusokoneza kwa zitsanzo pamanja. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimazindikira kusintha kochepa komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupotoka kwa njira kapena kukhalapo kwa zinyalala zosafunikira - monga mchere ndi zitsulo - zomwe zingayambitse kuipitsidwa m'machubu a ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kusintha kuchuluka kwa kusefera ndi machitidwe oyeretsera madzi, kuthandiza kuchepetsa kupangika kwa coke ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya ng'anjo pomwe kumachepetsa ndalama zosakonzedwa. Mwa kusunga mtundu wa chakudya chokhazikika, chida choyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi chimathandizanso kudalirika kwa ntchito komanso zotsatira zachilengedwe, monga momwe zalembedwera m'maphunziro ambiri ndi malipoti amalonda.
Deta ya sensa ya kachulukidwe ndiyofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera njira yosinthika mu ma cracker a ethylene. Yophatikizidwa mkati mwa Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Lonnmeter's inline density mita imapereka deta yopitilira kwa owongolera njira, zomwe zimathandizira kutentha kwa ng'anjo ndi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a feedstock. Mwachitsanzo, kusinthasintha kwa kuwerengera kwa kachulukidwe kungasonyeze kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka njira kapena kuyamba kwa kuipitsidwa; ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyankha mwa kukonza bwino mawonekedwe a kutentha kwa ng'anjo kapena kusintha momwe imagwirira ntchito, potero kukonza zokolola zazinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kusanthula kwa mafakitale kukuwonetsa zabwino zomwe zingatheke: kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito, ndi kusunga mphamvu, ndi phindu la ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zoyezera kachulukidwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mkati mwa miyezi ingapo chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito abwino.
Ponena za chitetezo, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zinthu mosalekeza kumapereka chenjezo koyambirira la zolakwika zomwe zingasokoneze kulimba kwa zida mu uvuni wa ethylene cracker. Umboni wofalitsidwa ukugogomezera kuti kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni kumathandizira njira zodzitetezera; ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulowererapo asanayambe kuipitsidwa kapena kusungunuka kwa coke kukhala zowononga ndalama zambiri kapena zoopsa zachitetezo. Kuchita izi sikungotsimikizira kuti ntchitoyo ndi yotetezeka komanso kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe poletsa mpweya woipa womwe umakhudzana ndi kuyaka kosagwira ntchito bwino komanso kusamutsa kutentha.
Zitsanzo kuchokera ku mafakitale ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zoyesera kuchuluka kwa madzi kumabweretsa magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a uvuni, mtundu wapamwamba wa zinthu, komanso kutsatira miyezo yolimba ya malamulo. Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi—kuphatikizapo njira zogwedera, vibronic, ndi Coriolis—zimapereka kulondola kofunikira pa malo ovuta awa, nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsa kulondola kwa ±0.1 kg/m³ kapena kuposa pamenepo m'malo otenthetsera kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kupatuka kuchokera ku ma profiles oyembekezeka a kuchuluka kwa madzi kumathandiza kuzindikira mwachangu kusokonezeka kwa njira, kuthandizira kukonza bwino komanso kutsimikizira khalidwe pakupanga naphtha ndi mayunitsi osweka a ethylene.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta za Lonnmeter mkati mwa njirazi kukuwonetsa momwe deta yeniyeni imathandizira makampani opanga mankhwala kusintha kuchoka pa kuyesa kwamanja nthawi ndi nthawi kupita ku kulamulira kokhazikika komanso kosinthika. Pamene ntchito za petrochemical zikuchulukirachulukira komanso kulamulidwa, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta zimakhazikitsidwa ngati zofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino zachuma komanso chitetezo.
Zofooka ndi Mayankho
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe monga ma pycnometer, ma hydrometer, ndi zida zoyezera za U-tube zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja zakhala zikugwira ntchito mu gawo la petrochemical kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, malo opangira petrochemical—monga ziwiya za ethylene cracker ndi njira zopangira naphtha—amabweretsa mavuto omwe nthawi zambiri amaposa mphamvu zawo. Kusamalira zitsanzo za njirazi kumafuna ntchito yambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosagwirizana. Kusintha kwa kutentha panthawi yosamutsa kumatha kusintha zotsatira, pomwe mavuto monga kutsekeka kwa thovu la mpweya nthawi zambiri amasokoneza kulondola. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa chakudya chosweka kapena mitsinje ya naphtha yozungulira kumafuna kuwongolera bwino momwe zinthu zilili ndi kuyera kwa zitsanzo, zomwe sizingabwerezedwenso mosavuta mu labu, makamaka ndi zitsanzo zokhuthala kapena zambiri.
Pansi pa zochitika—kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, kapena pamaso pa mankhwala amphamvu kapena oipitsidwa—zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakale zimawonongeka mofulumira kapena sizipereka zotsatira zobwerezabwereza. Zipangizozi nthawi zambiri sizingathe kutsatira kusintha kwa njira nthawi yeniyeni, kotero magulu ogwira ntchito alibe deta yachangu komanso yothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker, njira zakale zimafuna kusankhidwa pamanja, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchedwa komwe kumalepheretsa kukonza njira. Kusowa kwa mayankho panthawi yake kungayambitse zisankho zosakwanira za kusweka kwa zinthu ndikuchepetsa zokolola za zinthu.
Kudalira pa kuyeza pamanja kumalepheretsanso kuyanjana ndi makina odzipangira okha. Zipangizo zambiri zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zomwe zilipo kale sizipereka deta yokhazikika ndipo zimafuna kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azitha kuzikonza nthawi zonse. Kukonzanso pafupipafupi komanso kuthamangitsidwa ndi madzi kumathandizira kuti pakhale kusatsimikizika kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. M'mafakitale amakono a petrochemical omwe amaika patsogolo ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito ndi chitetezo, kuchedwa ndi kusagwira ntchito kumeneku kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama komanso chiopsezo.
Zipangizo zamakono zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi mkati mwa mzere, monga zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, zimathetsa zofookazi popereka kusanthula kosalekeza, mkati mwa malo osamalidwa kwambiri. Zipangizozi zimapangidwa mwapadera kuti zipirire malo ovuta a ntchito—kutentha kwambiri, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera zomwe zimakumana nazo muzipangizo za petrochemical. Mwachitsanzo, ma inline vibrating tube densitometers ndi ma acoustic density meters apamwamba amatha kuyikidwa mwachindunji mu njira kapena kusamutsa mizere, kuchotsa zolakwika zogwirira ntchito ndi mikhalidwe yosagwirizana pakati pa mitsinje ya labu ndi njira. Kuyankha kwawo mwachangu kumapereka deta yeniyeni, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha mayankho mwachangu ndi kuwongolera njira, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga naphtha komanso kukonza bwino katundu wa chakudya m'zitofu za ethylene cracker.
Kusankha zida zoyenera zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi sikofala konse; kuyenera kuwerengera zofunikira pa ndondomekoyi komanso mawonekedwe a chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha njira yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi mu ndondomeko ya naphtha kumafuna chida cholondola, chobwerezabwereza, komanso chogwirizana ndi mankhwala pa kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu. Ma chubu ozungulira omwe ali mkati amakondedwa ndi mitsinje yamadzimadzi yoyera ya gawo limodzi chifukwa cha kulondola kwawo kwakukulu, pomwe makina apamwamba a acoustic kapena multi-sensor hybrid ndi oyenera kwambiri kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'ma feed osweka omwe ali ndi mpweya wolowetsedwa kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kutengera ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa ndondomekoyi—kuchuluka kwa madzi, kudalirika, kapena kusamalitsa kosavuta—mainjiniya ayenera kuwunika zofunikira pakuwongolera zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kusinthasintha kwa kuphatikiza, ndi zosowa zothandizira zomwe zikupitilira.
Mwachidule, kudalirika kwa zida zoyesera kuchuluka kwa madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira mafuta kumadalira kusankha mayankho olimba omwe akugwirizana ndi njira ndi zenizeni za chakudya. Zipangizo zamakono zomwe zili mkati zimatseka kusiyana pakati pa kulondola kwa labotale ndi zofunikira zenizeni za njira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ntchito zolondola, zogwira mtima, komanso zotetezeka mu unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali wa petrochemical, kuyambira kusanthula kwa chakudya chosweka mpaka kutsimikizira komaliza kwa naphtha.
Njira Zabwino Zosankhira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo Zoyezera Kuchulukana
Kusankha chida choyenera choyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta monga ma ethylene cracker furnaces kapena njira yopangira naphtha kumafuna kulinganiza bwino mphamvu za zida ndi zofunikira pa ntchito ndi zofunikira pa malamulo. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuganizira kuyanjana kwa mankhwala, mfundo zoyezera, momwe amaikidwira, zosowa zolondola, komanso ndalama zomwe amayembekezera posankha zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa makina—kuphatikizapo ma inline densitometers monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter.
Njira Zosankhira Zida Zoyezera Kuchulukana
Pa njira zokhudzana ndi ming'alu ya chakudya kapena kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mafakitale opangira zinthu, mfundo zazikulu ndi izi:
Mfundo Yoyezera: Sankhani zipangizo kutengera mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la chitsanzocho. Ma densitometer a U-tube ozungulira, omwe amatsatira ASTM D4052, amapereka miyeso yolondola kwambiri komanso yobwerezabwereza, makamaka ya ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi. Ma radiometry (gamma) mita amapereka mayankho olimba pazochitika zotentha kwambiri kapena kupanikizika kwakukulu zomwe zimapezeka m'malo otulutsira ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker ndi mitsinje ina ya naphtha, chifukwa sizimasokoneza ndipo sizimakhudzidwa ndi zovuta kwambiri.
Kugwirizana kwa Zitsanzo: Gwirizanitsani zipangizo zonyowetsedwa ndi cholumikizira—onetsetsani kuti sizikuwononga dzimbiri komanso kuti mpweya ukhale woipa kwambiri m'malo ovuta. Kukhazikitsa kolowera (molunjika mu kayendedwe ka ntchito) ndikwabwino kwambiri poyesa kuchulukana kosalekeza, pomwe njira zodulira zimakwaniritsa zosowa za zitsanzo zamadzimadzi ovuta.
Kulondola ndi Kudalirika: Kusankha chida kumadalira kulondola kofunikira. Malo osamutsira zinthu angafunike kulondola kwa ±0.001 g/cm³, pomwe kuyang'anira njira yonse ya zakumwa zopangidwa kumaloleza kufotokozera kwakukulu.
Zofunikira pa Zachilengedwe: Unikani kuchuluka kwa zipangizo kuti zigwire ntchito bwino pansi pa mphamvu yokwera, kutentha kwambiri, ndi mankhwala amphamvu omwe amapezeka m'mitsinje ya cracker ndi refinery. Zipangizo ziyenera kupirira kuipitsidwa ndi kusunga kulinganiza panthawi yosinthasintha kwa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza ndi Kudzipangira: Zipangizo ziyenera kulola kuphatikizana kwa digito kuti pakhale kuwongolera bwino njira, kuchepetsa njira zogwirira ntchito ndi manja komanso kuchepetsa zolakwika za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Malangizo Okhazikitsa Kuti Muyeze Kuchulukana Molondola
Kukhazikitsa bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muyeze kuchulukana kodalirika m'malo monga zosinthira nthunzi zomwe zimapanikizika kwambiri kapena mizere yodyetsera madzi m'ma crackers:
Malo ndi Kuwongolera: Ma densitometer ayenera kuyikidwa komwe madzi a processing ali ofanana - pewani malo omwe mpweya umatha kutsekeka kapena kusonkhana kwa sediment. Pa zitsanzo za inline, onetsetsani kuti mapaipi ali ndi kutalika kokwanira kuchokera pamwamba ndi pansi kuti muchepetse kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka madzi. Pazoyika zoyima, onetsetsani kuti chinthu cha sensor chimakhala choviikidwa mokwanira nthawi zonse.
Kutentha ndi Kupatula kwa Makina: Ikani mapaipi mu insulation kuti kutentha kwa chitsanzo kukhale kotetezeka koma pewani kuphimba zida zamagetsi kuti mupewe kutentha kwambiri. Ikani masensa kutali ndi magwero a kutentha kapena kugwedezeka kwa kuwala, komwe kungayambitse kusuntha kwa chizindikiro.
Kuphatikiza kwa Machitidwe: Gwiritsani ntchito mapaipi oyesedwa bwino ndi zothandizira zomwe zapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kupanikizika ndi kutentha kwa mizera yobwezeretsanso ya cracker furnace kapena ma naphtha hydrotreating units. Tsimikizirani kuti maulumikizidwe onse a makina akukwaniritsa ma code a malo kuti ateteze mphamvu ndi kutayikira kwa madzi.
Malo Osungira Zinthu ZofunikaKonzani kukhazikitsa komwe kuli ndi mwayi wowonekera bwino wowunikira, kuyeretsa, ndi kuwerengera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti musunge kukhulupirika kwa deta ya kachulukidwe pa nthawi yonse yogwirira ntchito ya chipangizocho.
Kusamalira Kuchita Bwino Kwa Nthawi Yaitali
Kuyang'ana pafupipafupi ndi kukonza koyenera kumathandizira kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'malo ogwiritsira ntchito petrochemical yolemera:
Kuyang'anira ndi Kuyeretsa: Yesani nthawi zonse malo oyezera kuti muwone ngati akupangana—makamaka omwe amapezeka ndi zakumwa zokhuthala kapena zakudya zophwanyika zomwe zaipitsidwa. Tsukani momwe mukufunira kuti mupewe zolakwika muyeso.
Kulinganiza: Gwiritsani ntchito madzi ofunikira ovomerezeka kuti muzitha kuwerengera mkati mwa malo kapena malo awiri pa ntchito yonse. Kuwerengera kwamphamvu ndi madzi enieni a process ndikwabwino kwambiri pamamodeli amkati. Lembani zochitika zonse zowerengera motsatira malangizo apadziko lonse lapansi kuti musunge kutsata.
Kuwunika Deta: Tsatirani nthawi zonse zotsatira za muyeso kuti muwone ngati pali zizindikiro za kusokonekera. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zowunikira zomwe zikuchitika kuti mupeze mavuto omwe akubuka asanayambe kukhudza kuwongolera kwabwino kapena kudalirika kwa kusamutsa mwana.
Maphunziro a Ogwira NtchitoOnetsetsani kuti ogwira ntchito aphunzitsidwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zida komanso njira zadzidzidzi, makamaka akamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi m'magawo opangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi ethylene cracker kapena naphtha.
Zinthu Zofunika Kuziganizira Pankhani ya Chitetezo Pakachitika Kutentha Kwambiri/Kupanikizika Kwambiri
Chitetezo n'chofunikira kwambiri pakuyika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'malo monga mizere yotumizira ma outlet:
Kufotokozera Zinthu Zofunika: Sankhani zipangizo zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yotsimikizika komanso kutentha. Gwiritsani ntchito ma valve, ma flanges, ndi ma sensor bodies ovomerezeka omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi kugwedezeka, dzimbiri, komanso kutentha.
Kutumiza Mokhwima: Yesani kutayikira kwa madzi ndikutsatira malamulo omangira oyenera. Tsimikizani kuti pali njira zowongolera kutentha kuti mupewe kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwa zida.
Kupatula Njira ndi PPE: Gwiritsani ntchito ma valve odzimitsa okha ndipo muchepetse kulowa kwa magetsi panthawi yokonza. Lamulirani kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera ndipo onetsetsani kuti mpweya wabwino ukuyenda bwino ngati mukukumana ndi mitsinje yotentha komanso yopanikizika.
Malo Osensa: Ikani zipangizo kutali ndi malo otentha kwambiri ndipo onetsetsani kuti pali malo okwanira oti zituluke mwadzidzidzi. Ngati n'kotheka, gwiritsani ntchito malo oikira akutali m'malo ovuta kwambiri, monga gawo lowala la ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker.
Kuyeza kolondola, kotetezeka, komanso kodalirika kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mafakitale a petrochemical kumadalira kusankha zida zoyenera—monga zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Lonnmeter—zoyikidwa ndikusamalidwa motsatira njira zabwino kwambiri. Kutsatira mfundo izi kumatsimikizira kuwongolera bwino njira, mtundu wa malonda, komanso chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito pazogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi mungayese bwanji kuchuluka kwa madzi mu uvuni wa ethylene cracker kapena njira ya naphtha?
Kuchuluka kwa madzi mu ng'anjo ya ethylene cracker kapena panthawi yopanga naphtha kumatha kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kutengera mfundo monga kugwedezeka, kumveka, kapena kupanikizika. Ma densitometer a U-tube ozungulira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti azitha kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni m'malo ovuta azinthu, kuyeza mwachindunji kusintha kwa ma frequency komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi. Zoseweretsa za forok ndi acoustic zimagwira ntchito mofananamo pofufuza momwe zimakhudzira kutentha kuti zidziwe kuchuluka kwa madzi. Maukadaulo awa adapangidwa kuti athe kupirira kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupsinjika kwa ethylene cracking ndipo amayikidwa mkati kuti aziyang'anira nthawi zonse mitsinje yamadzimadzi, kupereka mayankho mwachangu kuti azitha kuwongolera njira. Kuphatikiza ndi machitidwe amakono owongolera kumathandiza kuwonetsetsa kuti kuwerenga kolondola komanso kokhazikika ngakhale panthawi yosinthasintha mwachangu muzochitika zazinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mita ya Lonnmeter inline vibration density imatha kupereka deta yodalirika kuchokera ku chakudya cha naphtha mwachindunji ku chipinda chowongolera ng'anjo.
Kodi ntchito ya kuyeza kuchuluka kwa ethylene kuchokera ku naphtha ndi yotani?
Kuyeza kolondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukweza kuchuluka kwa ethylene kuchokera ku naphtha feedstocks. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa feedstock kumasonyeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, komwe kungakhudze momwe ming'alu imagwirira ntchito, kuopsa kwa ng'anjo, ndi kugawa kwa zinthu. Zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha mwachangu magawo ogwirira ntchito monga kutentha, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndi chiŵerengero cha nthunzi-mpaka-hydrocarbon. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza kukulitsa kutulutsa kwa ethylene, kuchepetsa kupangika kwa zinthu zina, ndikukhazikitsa njira yotsutsana ndi kusiyana kwa feedstock. Mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira kosalekeza kumathandiza kuzindikira msanga chakudya chosakhala chapadera chomwe chingayambitse magwiridwe antchito osakwanira kapena kuipitsidwa kwambiri, kuthandizira kusinthasintha kwa zokolola komanso mtundu wa chinthu.
Kodi mitundu ikuluikulu ya zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a petrochemical ndi iti?
Ntchito za petrochemical zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti ziwunikire ndikuwongolera njira zamadzimadzi. Ma densitometer a chubu chogwedezeka chamkati ndi ofala, omwe amapereka kulondola kwakukulu komanso nthawi yoyankha mwachangu yoyenera malo osinthika. Ma meter a austic density amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya liwiro la mawu ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri pazinthu zina. Zipangizo zosinthira ma forok zimasanthula kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka ndi ma frequency kuti zidziwe kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi, ndi magwiridwe antchito odalirika pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuthamanga. Makina oyamwa a X-ray, ngakhale kuti si ofala kwambiri pamadzimadzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo apadera pomwe muyeso wosalowerera umafunika. Njira yeniyeni yomwe yasankhidwa imadalira zofuna za njira, kuyanjana kwa mankhwala, ndi zofunikira zogwirizanitsa. Lonnmeter imapanga ma densitometer olimba a inline vibrational, omwe ndi oyenera kwambiri kuwunika kuchuluka kwa madzi mosalekeza mu ethylene cracker ndi naphtha processes.
Kodi kuyeza kuchulukana kwa madzi kumapindulitsa bwanji chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a naphtha processing ndi ethylene cracking?
Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya nthawi zonse kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito pakupanga naphtha ndi ethylene. Kupatuka kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, komwe kungakhudze momwe zimayatsira moto, kulimbikitsa kupanga coke, kapena kusintha makhalidwe olekanitsa zida zapansi pamadzi. Deta ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya panthawi yake imalola makina owongolera kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo posintha magawo a uvuni, kusintha zowonjezera monga nthunzi, kapena kuyambitsa zochita zowongolera kuti zisunge magwiridwe antchito otetezeka. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusokonekera kwa ntchito, zimachepetsa kutseka kosakonzekera, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito pakati pa nthawi yokonza. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kupewa kusweka kapena kusonkhanitsa coke mu ma coil a uvuni - zonse zomwe zimakhudza kukolola kwa zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - motero zimathandiza kupanga kosalekeza komanso kogwira mtima.
Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa posankha chida choyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga naphtha kapena kupanga ethylene cracker furnace?
Kusankha chida choyenera choyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kumaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo. Chidachi chiyenera kukhala cholondola komanso chobwerezabwereza malinga ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito—kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, komanso kuwonetsedwa ndi mankhwala amphamvu. Chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana ndi makhalidwe a mankhwala a naphtha ndi zakudya zina, ndikupereka njira zoyezera mwachangu kuti zipereke deta yeniyeni yogwira ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa muyeso kuyenera kuphimba kusinthasintha konse kwa njira. Kusavuta kuyika, kuphatikiza ndi machitidwe owongolera ogawidwa, komanso kukonza kosavuta ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali. Ma densitometer ozungulira, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amakwaniritsa zofunikira izi popereka muyeso wolondola, wachangu, komanso wamphamvu wa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'njira yolunjika, kuonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso kusavuta kuphatikiza njira. Njira zoyezera, chitetezo ku kuipitsidwa, komanso kutsatira malangizo achitetezo a njira ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa mu njira yosankha.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-16-2025
