Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta nthawi zonse kumapereka deta yeniyeni komanso yolondola kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'makampani opanga ma hydrocarbon. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuyeretsa mafuta kwapamwamba, komwe kuyeza komwe kumachitika pa intaneti kumayendetsa bwino komanso kuchita bwino munjira monga kusakaniza, kulekanitsa, ndi kusungunuka. Pamene oyenga mafuta akuyesetsa kuti zinthu zikhale zosavuta komanso kusinthasintha kwa njira, kutsatira kuchuluka kwa mafuta kosasweka kwakhala njira yothandizira kuwongolera bwino magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo.
Kuyeza kodalirika kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi ndikofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu zoyeretsera mafuta. Mu njira zosakaniza, makamaka zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu njira zokonzera kusakaniza kwa hydrocarbon, deta ya kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi imalola kupanga zinthu zomaliza zomwe zili pa-spec mwa kulola kusintha kosalekeza, kodziyimira pawokha kwa magawo azinthu. Kuwerenga kolakwika kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kungayambitse kusakaniza kokwera mtengo, kutsika kwa zinthu, kapena kutumiza kunja kwa spec. Kuyeretsedwa kwa mafuta m'mlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito kuyeretsa mafuta ndi vacuum distillation kumadalira kwambiri ma profiles a kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'nthawi yeniyeni kuti adziwe malo odulidwa a zinthu ndikuwonjezera zokolola. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wapamwamba woyeretsera mafuta umagwiritsa ntchito mita ya kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kuti uyang'anire magawo olekanitsidwa, kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala ndi malekezero olemera abwereranso bwino popanda kuipitsidwa kwambiri pakati pa mitsinje.
Malo Oyeretsera Mafuta
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Kuyeza kuchulukana kwa madzi kumathandizanso njira zolekanitsira ndi kusinthasintha kwa madzi. Mu njira yopangira ma catalytic cracking (FCC) ndi njira zogawa madzi, kudziwa kosalekeza za kuchulukana kwa madzi kumathandiza ogwira ntchito kuwongolera magawo ogwirira ntchito monga kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Kuyenda kwa deta nthawi zonse kumeneku kumathandizira kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndikuletsa zinthu zomwe sizili zofunika. Mofananamo, njira zosinthira madzi kukhala nthunzi m'mafakitale poyeretsa zimadalira kuwongolera kuchulukana kwa madzi kuti zithetse kusinthasintha kwa madzi, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo komanso magwiridwe antchito azachuma monga kuwunika kwa njira yochepetsera kuzizira.
Zofunikira zenizeni za njira zoyezera madzi a hydrocarbon m'malo amakono opangira mafuta ndi zofunika kwambiri. Mayunitsi ambiri amagwira ntchito pansi pa kuthamanga kwambiri ndi kutentha, zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika zoyezera chifukwa cha kupangika kwa nthunzi, kusintha kwa gawo, kapena kuipitsidwa. Pakufunika mapangidwe olimba komanso olimba a mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi—monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter—omwe amatha kupirira nyengo yamphamvu popanda kubwerezabwereza kapena kusuntha pafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kusamutsa kwa hydrocarbon mu kukonza mafuta kumaika kulemera kwalamulo ndi kwamalonda pa miyeso yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi: kulondola ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusamutsa kwa hydrocarbon, chifukwa ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kumakhudza ma invoice, misonkho, ndi kutsatira mapangano. Njira zoyezera zolondola za kusamutsa kwa hydrocarbon ziyenera kuthana ndi mpweya wolowetsedwa ndi kuyenda kwa magawo ambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti mtengo woperekedwa ndi wodalirika.
Ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa njira zogawa ma hydrocarbon ndi ntchito zokonzanso mayunitsi. Zowunikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mita ya inline density, zimazindikira malire a magawo ndikuletsa kusakanikirana kwa mitsinje yowala ndi yolemera - chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino komanso nthawi yogwira ntchito. Zolumikizira zosakaniza m'matanki kapena mapaipi ziyenera kuzindikirika mwachangu ndikuwongoleredwa kuti zipewe kuipitsidwa kapena kutayika kwa zokolola.
Zoletsa zamakono za mafakitale oyeretsera zinthu—ma slate ovuta a zinthu, kusintha kwa ma grade pafupipafupi, komanso kuyang'anira bwino zachilengedwe—zikugogomezera kufunika koyezera kuchulukana kosalekeza m'mitsinje ya mafuta ndi gasi. Ukadaulo wamakono umagwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba kuti zigwire ntchito mosalekeza, ndipo mita yolowera imakhalabe yofunika kwambiri pakulimba kwa ntchito ndi phindu. Popanda kuwerengera kuchulukana kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni, chiopsezo cha kusokonekera kwa ntchito, ngozi zachitetezo, kapena kuphwanya malamulo kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa gawo lofunikira la muyeso kuchokera ku gawo loyeretsera mafuta osaphika kudzera mu kusakaniza kwa hydrocarbon komwe kumatsikira pansi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amenewa nthawi zonse kumafuna mayankho omwe amapereka kulondola kosalekeza, kupirira mikhalidwe yovuta, komanso kuphatikizana bwino ndi zomangamanga za mafakitale zomwe zilipo. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kwa kufunika kogwira ntchito, ukadaulo woyezera, ndi kuwongolera njira ndi komwe mita yozungulira imathandizira magwiridwe antchito apamwamba amakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon amakono.
Kuphatikiza kwa Kuyeza Kosalekeza kwa Kachulukidwe Pamayunitsi Oyeretsera
Kutulutsa mpweya ndi vacuum
Kuyeza kuchuluka kosalekeza ndikofunikira kwambiri pa njira zoyeretsera mafuta mumlengalenga ndi mu vacuum. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kugawa mafuta osakonzedwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a hydrocarbon molondola kwambiri. Mamita ozungulira, monga ochokera ku Lonnmeter, amapereka ndemanga mwachangu pa njira zoyeretsera mafuta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti azilamulira bwino zomwe zalembedwa komanso mtundu wa zosakaniza.
Magawo osaphika mu kusungunuka kwa mpweya—kuphatikizapo naphtha, palafini, ndi dizilo—ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera a kuchulukana. Kuwerengedwa kwa kuchulukana kwa nthawi yeniyeni kumaonetsetsa kuti magawo akukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pakukonza bwino kusakaniza kwa hydrocarbon pansi. Mu kusungunuka kwa vacuum, kuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchulukana ndikofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi magawo ovuta owira kwambiri. Chikhalidwe chokhuthala komanso chokhuthala cha zotsalira za vacuum chimapangitsa kuti kuyeza kolondola kukhale kovuta ndi njira zachikhalidwe zosagwirizana ndi intaneti, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi vuto la kusafanana kwa zitsanzo komanso nthawi yoyankha pang'onopang'ono.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, monga kusungunuka kwa solvent (toluene), kwasintha kusanthula kwa kuchuluka kwa magawo olemera ndi okhuthala. Mwa kuchepetsa zotsalira musanayese, ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza kubwerezabwereza komanso kudalirika kwakukulu, kuchotsa zolakwika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusamalira zitsanzo ndi zotsatira za kukhuthala. Kafukufuku woyesera akuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pamtundu wa deta ya kuchuluka kwa zotsalira za vacuum ndi magawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulekanitsidwa kwabwino komanso kutsatira mosalekeza zomwe zafotokozedwa muzinthuzo.
Ndi mita yolumikizirana yolumikizidwa, nsanja zoyeretsera zimapindula ndi machenjezo ndi kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni. Izi zimathandizira kutsatira miyezo ya chilengedwe, zimachepetsa kusagwira ntchito bwino, komanso zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo wapamwamba woyeretsera.
Kuphwanya kwa Madzi Oyambitsa Madzi (FCC) ndi Kugawa kwa Madzi Oyambitsa Madzi
Pa nthawi ya kusweka kwa madzi ndi kusweka kwa madzi, kuyeza kolondola kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti kuwonjezere ubwino wa magawo ndikupeza bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst. Ma inline density mita amathandiza kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ma hydrocarbon, zomwe zimathandiza kuwongolera momwe ma cracking amachitikira komanso slate ya zinthu. Deta iyi ya nthawi yeniyeni imachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa njira ndikuwonjezera kusweka kwa mamolekyulu olemera.
Kuyeza kuchulukana kosalekeza kumakhudza mwachindunji njira yogawa ma hydrocarbon, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zopepuka ndi zolemera zalekanitsidwa bwino, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso phindu la ndalama. Ogwira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kuchulukana kuti asinthe malo odulidwa ndikusunga mtundu wa mafuta a gasi, mafuta ozungulira, ndi zinthu zopepuka zosweka. Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse kumawonjezera phindu la ndalama mwa kukonza njira zoyezera ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi ndikusunga kusamutsa koyenera pakukonza ma hydrocarbon.
Deta ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu imaperekanso chidziwitso cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimaletsa kugwira ntchito kwa catalyst ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza bwino komanso kusintha magwiridwe antchito. Kuyeza kwa mzere kumathandiza kuti njira zosakaniza mu kukonza ma hydrocarbon zisamalidwe bwino, kuchepetsa kupanga zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika bwino komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito.
Magulu Okonza ndi Kukonza Zinthu Ochedwa
Mu mayunitsi ochedwetsa kuphika, kuyeza kuchulukana ndikofunikira kuti mafuta otsala olemera asinthidwe bwino kukhala zinthu zopepuka ndi coke. Zoseweretsa zamkati zimagawa nthawi zonse njira zopangira, kukonza kuneneratu zokolola ndikupereka chitsimikizo champhamvu cha mtundu wazinthu. Deta yolondola imasiyanitsa pakati pa mafuta olemera a gasi, mafuta opepuka a gasi, ndi zinthu zapakati. Izi zimawonjezera njira zamafakitale zosinthira nthunzi pakuyeretsa ndikuthandizira kuwongolera njira yopangira kuphika.
Pa mayunitsi okonzanso, kuwerengera kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumatsatira kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala pamene chakudya chikusinthidwa kuti chipange ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi octane ambiri. Deta yosalekeza imathandizira njira zogawa ma hydrocarbon ndipo imatsimikizira kuti zofunikira za malonda a mitsinje yokonzanso ndi yolemera ya hydrogen zimakwaniritsidwa nthawi zonse. Chidziwitso cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni chimalimbikitsa kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi mwa kulola ogwira ntchito kuyankha nthawi yomweyo kusintha kwa njira.
Kuphatikiza kwa muyeso wopitilira wa inline density mu mlengalenga wothira mafuta, vacuum distillation, FCC, hydrocracking, delayed coking, ndi reforming units kumawonjezera kuwonekera bwino kwa zomera, kuwongolera njira, ndi ubwino wa malonda. Zotsatira zake ndi kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa malonda mumakampani onse opangira mafuta a hydrocarbon.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito mu Ntchito Zoyeretsera Ma Key
Kukonza Kosakaniza
Kukwaniritsa kuwongolera kolondola pa njira zosakaniza mu kuyeretsa kwa hydrocarbon kumafuna kuyeza kolondola komanso kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Ma inline density mita, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amapereka deta yeniyeni yofunikira pakusakaniza magawo osiyanasiyana a mafuta. Popeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta aliwonse kumakhudza ma mixing ratios ndi makhalidwe omwe akufuna monga API gravity ndi octane number, ngakhale kusinthasintha pang'ono kungayambitse zinthu zomwe sizili ndi spec.
Ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kosalekeza kwa kachulukidwe ka madzi kuti asinthe mwachangu kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu pakati pa zigawo, kuonetsetsa kuti kusakanizako kumakwaniritsa zofunikira nthawi zonse. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yokonzanso kapena yotsika mtengo komanso zimachepetsa chiopsezo chopatuka ku miyezo yolamulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu unit yosakaniza mafuta, deta yosalekeza ya kachulukidwe ka madzi imalola makinawo kuyankha okha ngati njira imodzi yolowera imasiyana mu kuchuluka kwa madzi—kukonza kuchuluka popanda kuchitapo kanthu pamanja. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti njirazi zimachepetsa zochitika zolephera kwa kachulukidwe ka madzi ndikuwonjezera kutsata kwa magulu azinthu zama hydrocarbon, kuthandizira mwachindunji maudindo amakampani ndi mapangano.
Chitsimikizo cha Kusamutsa Mwana
Kusamutsa kolondola kwa ma hydrocarbon mumakampani opangira ma hydrocarbon kumadalira njira zolondola komanso zotsatirika zoyezera ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi. Pakayenda zinthu pakati pa makampani, monga kuchokera ku fakitale yoyeretsera kupita ku malo osungiramo zinthu kapena mapaipi, zolakwika zoyezera zimatha kubweretsa zotsatirapo zazikulu zachuma komanso mikangano. Mamita ochulukirachulukira ochokera ku Lonnmeter amatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa voliyumu kukhala kolondola panthawi yosamutsayi, kuthandizira kutsatira malamulo komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zachuma.
Ntchito zoyeretsera mafuta zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta kuti ziwone kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zaperekedwa pa mgwirizano. Kutsatira kwambiri miyezo, monga yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi API ndi ASTM, kumasunga kudalirika kwa zolemba zosamutsira katundu zomwe zasungidwa komanso kuchepetsa mikangano yokwera mtengo. Mu ukadaulo wapamwamba woyeretsera mafuta, kutsimikizika kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumakhudza mwachindunji kulipira, kuwongolera zinthu, ndi kuwunika malamulo.
Kuzindikira Chiyankhulo cha Madzi
Kuzindikira malo olumikizirana amadzimadzi ndikofunikira kwambiri panthawi yosintha zinthu, kusungira, ndi kusamutsa kuti tipewe kuipitsidwa ndikusunga umphumphu wa chinthucho. Ma inline density mita omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masensa ozindikira malo olumikizirana amadzimadzi amazindikira mwachangu malire a magawo, monga kusintha kuchokera ku mafuta kupita ku dizilo kapena kuchoka ku hydrocarbon kupita ku madzi, poyang'anira kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito amadalira kuwerenga kumeneku kuti ayambe kuchita zinthu monga kusuntha madzi, kusintha matanki, kapena kuyambitsa ma flush—kuti ateteze ubwino ndi chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, posungira mafuta osakonzedwa bwino, ukadaulo wolondola wozindikira mawonekedwe amaletsa kusakanikirana kwa ma grade osagwirizana, zomwe zimathandiza njira zogwirira ntchito bwino zogawa ma hydrocarbon ndikuteteza zida zotsika. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi gasi kumathandiziranso kuyankha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito panthawi yamavuto, kuchepetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi maulendo oyaka kapena oopsa amadzimadzi.
Gome Lachifupikitso: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kofunika Kwambiri pa Kuyeza Kuchuluka Kosalekeza
| Kugwiritsa ntchito | Kusinthasintha kwa Control | Zotsatira Zoyamba | Ukadaulo Waukulu |
| Kukonza Kosakaniza | Chiŵerengero cha kusakaniza, kuchulukana | Amachepetsa zinthu zomwe sizinatchulidwe bwino | Mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu |
| Chitsimikizo cha Kusamutsa Mwana | Kuchulukana, kulemera | Kulondola kwa malamulo ndi zachuma | Mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu |
| Kuzindikira Chiyankhulo cha Madzi | Kusintha kwa kachulukidwe | Kukhulupirika kwa malonda ndi chitetezo | Sensa yozindikira mawonekedwe |
Kuwunika kolondola komanso kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za Lonnmeter ndikofunikira kwambiri pa njira zokonzera bwino kusakaniza kwa ma hydrocarbon, njira zolondola zoyezera kusamutsa zinthu, komanso ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, kuthandizira ntchito zotsukira mafuta zotetezeka, zogwira mtima, komanso zotsatizana pa malo aliwonse ofunikira.
Kuvuta kwa Makina Oyeretsera ndi Kuwongolera Njira
Kuphatikiza kwa muyeso wopitilira wa kachulukidwe pogwiritsa ntchito masensa okhala ndi mzere monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter kwasintha kasamalidwe ka zovuta pa ntchito zoyeretsera. Mu makampani opanga ma hydrocarbon, deta yeniyeni kuchokera ku inline density meters tsopano imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonza njira zovuta zoyeretsera mpweya, vacuum distillation, blending, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking fractionation, ndi delay coking. Muyeso wopitilira wa kachulukidwe mu mafuta ndi gasi umalola kuzindikira mwachangu kusiyana kwa mtundu wa chakudya ndi njira zopangira. Izi sizimangothandiza kukonza njira mwachangu komanso zimathandiza kuwongolera njira zosinthika komanso zanzeru m'magawo onse oyeretsera.
Deta ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni imakhudza mwachindunji kuwerengera kwa zizindikiro zovuta za fakitale yoyeretsera. Zizindikirozi zimaphatikizapo kapangidwe kake ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito a malo, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyerekeza, kupanga zisankho zachuma, komanso kukonzekera njira. Kusintha kosalekeza kuchokera ku mita ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati mwa mzere kumatsimikizira kuti zizindikirozi zikuyimira bwino momwe ntchito ikuyendera, osati yodziwika bwino—makamaka chifukwa makhalidwe osakonzedwa, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokonzedwa, ndi zokolola zimatha kusintha mwachangu ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa ntchito.
Njira zamakono zoyezera njira zimadalira deta yapamwambayi kuti iwonjezere kulondola. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira zosakaniza zoyeretsera ma hydrocarbon, kutsata kuchulukana pa mfundo zazikulu kumalola kusintha kolondola kwa chiŵerengero kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za malonda. Mu kusungunuka kwa mpweya ndi vacuum, muyeso wopitilira wa kuchulukana umachenjeza ogwira ntchito kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake kochokera m'mizere, kuthandizira kukonza mwachangu ndikuteteza kudula kwa malonda. Njira zoyezera ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi izi zimawonjezeranso kukhwima kwakukulu panthawi yosungira ma hydrocarbon, kukonza kutsata ndi kutsatira malamulo kudzera mu njira zolimba komanso zotsimikizika za deta.
Njira zowongolera zotsogola zayamba kugwira ntchito pamene mafakitale oyeretsera zinthu akukhala ovuta kwambiri. Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zili m'magawo—kuyambira pa ntchito ya munthu payekha mpaka kukonzedwa kwa malo onse. Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), gulu la kukonza zinthu lomwe limathandizidwa ndi muyeso wa nthawi yeniyeni, likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza nthawi kuyambira kumapeto mpaka kumapeto komanso kugawa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya MILP nthawi zonse imagwirizanitsa deta ya anthu kuti isinthe nthawi yokonzekera zinthu, kusinthana ndi zochitika zosasinthika (monga kufika kwa katundu), ndikukonza kugawa kwa zinthu motsatira unyolo woperekera zinthu. Kuwongolera kumeneku kwa utsogoleri kumalola mafakitale oyeretsera zinthu kuti agwirizane ndi kasamalidwe ka chakudya, kusungunula, kusakaniza, ndi kutumiza zinthu nthawi yeniyeni, kuchepetsa mavuto ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi mosalekeza kumathandizira mapasa a digito ndi ma framework owongolera zinthu popereka chidziwitso chatsopano cha momwe zinthu zilili komanso kusanthula zochitika. Mu njira zogawa ma hydrocarbon, masensa ozungulira a Lonnmeter amapereka mayankho ofunikira, kusunga mitundu yolondola ya njira zomwe zimathandizira ukadaulo wapamwamba wothira madzi ndi ma loops owongolera nthawi yeniyeni. Maukadaulo awa amathandizanso kudalirika kwa ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, kuthandiza kudziwa malo osinthira pakati pa zinthu kapena magulu, komanso kuthandiza masensa ozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi panthawi yosintha ma grade kapena kusinthana kwa thanki.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera izi kumathandizira njira yatsopano yowongolera magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, ma profiles a mafakitale onse oyeretsera mafuta amathandizira kusintha kolosera kuti azitha kuwongolera nthawi ya njira zosinthira kutentha kwa mafakitale, kapena ngati deta yolowera kuti zinthu zigwirizanenso bwino ndi ntchito zokonzanso mayunitsi. Kuyeza bwino kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumakhala maziko a njira zolondola zoyezera kusamutsa katundu—chofunikira kwambiri m'malonda a hydrocarbon am'deralo komanso apadziko lonse lapansi.
Zotsatira zake zimaonekera bwino pofufuza momwe ntchito za fakitale yoyeretsera zinthu zimayendera. Asanaphatikizepo njira zoyezera zinthu nthawi yeniyeni, kasamalidwe ka zovuta kankadalira kwambiri kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a anthu komanso kuyesa zinthu nthawi zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ichedwe komanso kusagwira ntchito bwino. Kuyambitsa kufalikira kwa zinthu nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kuti zinthu zisinthe m'njira yofanana ndi momwe zinthu zimayendera komanso kuti zinthu zisinthe. Tchati chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa kusinthaku:
Mndandanda wa nthawi uno ukuwonetsa nthawi yogwirira ntchito bwino komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu poyankha kusintha kosafunikira pambuyo poyesa kuchulukana kosalekeza. Cholakwika chilichonse kapena kusintha kwa njira zomwe zawonetsedwa zikugwirizana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kuchulukana, zimayambitsa kukonzanso kwa mtundu nthawi yomweyo, ndikuyendetsa zisankho zowongolera kudzera muulamuliro wa fakitale. Chifukwa chake, njira zowongolera kusakaniza kwa hydrocarbon zimakonzedwa, zinyalala za njira zimachepetsedwa, ndipo zidziwitso zaubwino wazinthu zimakwaniritsidwa ndi chidaliro chachikulu.
Mwachidule, kuyeza kuchulukana kosalekeza sikuti ndi njira yofunikira yowongolera njira molondola pakukonza kwamakono, komanso tsopano ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri yoyendetsera zovuta, kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi, komanso kugwira ntchito kwachuma kosatha mumakampani opangira ma hydrocarbon.
Njira ndi Maukadaulo mu Kuyeza Kuchulukana Kosalekeza
Kuyeza kuchulukana kosalekeza ndiko maziko a ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'makampani opanga ma hydrocarbon, kuyambira kusamutsa mafuta ndi gasi mpaka njira zosakaniza m'mafakitale oyeretsera. Mitundu yayikulu ya zida ndi iyi:Miyezo ya Coriolis, ma densitometer a chubu ogwedezeka, ndi ma nuclear density gauges—aliyense ali ndi mphamvu zapadera komanso njira zosankhira zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zinazake kuyambira ku distillation ya mumlengalenga mpaka ku fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) ndi hydrocracking.
Ma flowmeter a Coriolis amapereka muyeso wa nthawi yeniyeni wa kuyenda kwa misa ndi kuchulukana kwa madzi poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa machubu odzazidwa ndi madzi. Pamene kuchuluka kwa resonant kumasinthidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, mamitawa amatha kuyeza molondola kuchulukana kwa madziwo kukhala mkati mwa ±0.001 g/cm³, mosatengera kapangidwe ka madziwo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana posakaniza, kuyeza kusamutsa kwa madzi, komanso kuwongolera njira zogwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni mu distillation ndi reforming units. Kulimba kwawo motsutsana ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana, kuthamanga, ndi ma viscosity profiles kumatsimikizira kulondola kosatha pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yoyeretsera. Ndi ofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ndi kasamalidwe ka mafuta otsetsereka, komwe kusiyanitsa bwino magawo ndikofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa chinthu komanso kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kungakhale kochepa pamapaipi akuluakulu kapena pamene pali mpweya wambiri wolowetsedwa, zomwe zimafuna kuganizira mosamala magawo ogwirira ntchito, ndipo nthawi zina, kuphatikiza njira zamakono zoyeretsera.
Ma densitometer a chubu ogwedezeka, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri a njira yogawa ma hydrocarbon, zimagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo zofanana za ma frequency ogwedezeka koma ndi gawo lokhazikika kapena lozungulira. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumasintha mawonekedwe a kugwedezeka, omwe amawunikidwa pakompyuta kuti ayesedwe mosalekeza. Ma densitometer awa amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kukhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale abwino kwambiri pa malo oyesera ndi malo oyesera komanso oyesera komanso poyesa mkati mwa mitsinje komwe kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake kuli kochepa kapena kodziwika bwino. Kapangidwe kawo kakang'ono kamagwirizana ndi ntchito zomwe zili ndi zoletsa za malo, monga pa skids kapena mapaipi ang'onoang'ono.
Ma gauge a nyukiliya amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya gamma radiation attenuation kudutsa mtsinje wa ndondomekoyi. Mlingo wa kuyamwa kwa chizindikiro umagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zikuyenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma gauge awa akhale othandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhuthala kwambiri kapena ambiri omwe amatha kulephera kapena kufunikira kukonza kwambiri. Ngakhale amapereka zotsatira zodalirika za zosakaniza zovuta, zofunikira pamalamulo, njira zotetezera, ndi miyezo yotaya ma radioisotope zimawonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso zovuta.
Kusankha pakati pa ukadaulo uwu kumadalira zofuna za ntchito, kugwirizana kwa zinthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Ma Coriolis flowmeters ndi abwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi gasi mosalekeza, kuphatikiza njira zolondola zoyezera kusamutsa mafuta ndi njira zokonzera bwino ma hydrocarbon. Pa njira zoyezera madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito vacuum distillation, ma vibrating tube densitometers amatha kukondedwa chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwawo komanso kuthekera kwawo kupereka mawerengedwe okhazikika pazochitika zovuta kwambiri. Ma nuclear density gauges amasungidwa ku slurry yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ntchito zowerengera za coking mochedwa, kapena malo ena ovuta komwe kuyeza kosakhudzana ndi kofunikira.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi mwaukadaulo kumathandizira kwambiri kuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, deta yeniyeni yochokera ku Coriolis flowmeter yolumikizidwa ndi process control imathandiza ogwira ntchito kuwona kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake mu mlengalenga kapena panthawi ya njira zosinthira nthunzi m'mafakitale. Izi zimathandiza kuyankha mwachangu ku zolakwika, kukonza kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi ndikuchepetsa kupanga kokwera mtengo kosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Panthawi yosamutsa anthu, kuyeza kosalekeza kwa inline density kumaonetsetsa kuti miyezo yamalonda ikutsatira ndikuletsa mikangano, makamaka pamalo oyesera ndalama.
Kuyeza kolondola komanso kopitilira muyeso wa kachulukidwe ka madzi nthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo monga Lonnmeter's inline density mita kumathandizira njira zoyezera zamadzimadzi za hydrocarbon zotetezeka, zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zotsatizana ndi malamulo pagawo lililonse la fakitale yamakono, zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino njira ndi umphumphu wazachuma mumakampani opangira ma hydrocarbon.
Mavuto ndi Mayankho Pokhazikitsa Kuyeza Kuchulukana Kosalekeza
Kukhazikitsa njira yoyezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'mafakitale opangira ma hydrocarbon kumabweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mayunitsi opangira ma process komanso zovuta za ntchito zoyeretsera. Zopinga zogwirizanitsa nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamene mafakitale opangira ma process nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zakale zowongolera zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mita zamakono zapamwamba monga zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter. Chigawo chilichonse cha ma process—kuyambira ku distillation ya mumlengalenga ndi ku distillation yapamwamba ya vacuum mpaka ku FCC ndi kuchedwa kwa coking—chili ndi zofunikira zinazake zogwirira ntchito, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kutentha, ndi kupanikizika komwe kumavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuphatikiza kwa sensor.
Kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo m'magawo osiyanasiyana awa kumafuna kuganizira mosamala kapangidwe ka makina. Ma inline density mita ayenera kulumikizana bwino ndi nsanja zowongolera njira kuti zithandizire zisankho zogwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zapamwamba monga kusamutsa kusunga pakukonza ma hydrocarbon, kukonza bwino kuphatikiza ma hydrocarbon, ndi njira zogawa magawo, komwe kulondola kwa muyeso kumakhudza mwachindunji phindu. Kukwaniritsa kuphatikiza kogwira mtima nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo njira zosinthira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa middleware ndi njira zolumikizirana zomwe zimatha kuphatikiza mitsinje ya data yopitilira popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito omwe alipo.
Kusunga kulinganiza, kulondola kwa deta, komanso kudalirika ndi vuto lomwe likuchitika nthawi zonse. Mamita ochulukirachulukira amatha kuipitsidwa, kusunthika, komanso kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusonkhanitsa zotsalira pamalo a sensor panthawi ya njira zopangira nthunzi kapena kugawa kwa hydrocracking kungachepetse kulondola kwa kuyeza. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, njira zosamalira nthawi zonse—monga kuyeretsa ndi kulinganiza kwa sensor nthawi zonse—ndizofunikira. Ma model oneneratu kutengera deta yogwira ntchito angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulosera zosowa za kuyeza ndikukonza nthawi yokonza, kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito pomwe kukulitsa kudalirika kwa kuyeza. Kutsimikizira kophatikizana, kugwiritsa ntchito masensa angapo m'mitsinje yofunika, kumawonjezera kukhulupirika kwa muyeso wosungira ndikuthandizira kukonza njira zochepetsera madzi.
Kulondola kwa muyeso wopitilira wa kachulukidwe kumadalira njira zolimba zowerengera. Mwachitsanzo, mita ya Lonnmeter yozungulira ya kachulukidwe imafuna kuwerengera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti ithane ndi kusuntha kwa sensor ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Ma schedule a calibration ayenera kukhala osinthika, ozikidwa pa deta yakale ndi zomwe zikuchitika muzochitika za ndondomeko. Kutsimikizira mwamphamvu panthawi ya distillation ya mlengalenga ndi kugawa kwa hydrocarbon kumatsimikizira kuti njira zoyezera hydrocarbon yamadzimadzi zimakhalabe zolondola, ngakhale pakufunika kogwira ntchito molimbika.
Kuyang'anira ndi kutanthauzira deta kumabweretsa zovuta zina. Kupeza deta yoyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu nthawi yeniyeni kumapanga ma data akuluakulu, osiyanasiyana omwe amafunikira kusanthula kwapamwamba kuti azindikire zomwe zingatheke. Zolakwika zosefera—monga zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zosakhalitsa kapena zolakwika za masensa—zimafunikira ma algorithms apamwamba otsimikizira deta. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri panthawi yosakaniza njira zoyeretsera ma hydrocarbon, komwe kuwerengera kolakwika kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kusokoneza khama lokonza ndi kutsimikizira mtundu wa zinthu.
Kuyang'anira bwino deta kumafikira ku masensa ozindikira mawonekedwe, kuyang'anira ma interface amadzimadzi panthawi yotumizira deta ndi ntchito zosakaniza. Kuzindikira mawonekedwe molondola kumathandizira njira zoyesera zowerengera kusamutsa deta. Kugwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa mafakitale kumathandiza mainjiniya azinthu kutanthauzira deta yomwe ikubwera, kuzindikira zolakwika, ndikuthandizira njira zowongolera, kuonetsetsa kuti magawo a njira ndi magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi ndi okhazikika.
Ma network a ma sensor opanda zingwe akuchulukirachulukira kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa kuyeza ndi kusinthasintha, makamaka m'malo ovuta kufikako kapena oopsa opangira mafakitale oyeretsera. Izi zimathandiza kutumiza deta nthawi yeniyeni, kuthandizira kuyang'anira kosalekeza m'malo oyeretsera mpweya komanso ntchito zokonzanso mayunitsi. Komabe, kuphatikiza ma network opanda zingwe ndi machitidwe owongolera omwe alipo kumabweretsa zovuta zina, monga kuonetsetsa kuti ma network ndi odalirika komanso kusunga njira zolimba zotetezera ma cyber kuti ateteze kukhulupirika kwa deta yofunika kwambiri.
Kukhazikitsa njira yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi Lonnmeter kumafuna njira yokonzedwa bwino yogonjetsera zopingazi. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuphatikiza masensa m'mapulatifomu akale, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba zoyezera ndi kukonza, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa data kwapamwamba kuti kutanthauzira ndi kukonza bwino. Mayankho awa pamodzi amathandizira kuyeza molondola kwa ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi, kuthandizira ukadaulo wapamwamba woyezera madzi, ndikuyendetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino panjira zonse zogawa ma hydrocarbon, kuphatikiza zoyeserera zowongolera, ndi ntchito zonse zoyeretsera.
Kupita Patsogolo mu Mapulani Okonzanso Ma Refinery: Kukula, Kulamulira Nthawi Yeniyeni, ndi Kuyang'anira Zovuta
Ma framework okonza bwino mafakitale tsopano akuposa kupanga ma schedule amanja pogwiritsa ntchito ma scale math models, monga Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) ndi Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), kuti apereke mayankho achangu komanso otheka pa ntchito zovuta. Ma framework amenewa amatha kuthetsa mavuto ang'onoang'ono okhudza kukonza mafakitale—kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka matanki, kusakaniza, ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu—m'mphindi yosakwana imodzi, kutsegula kusinthasintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni kofunikira pamakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon ndi malo opangira zinthu mwachangu.
Kulamulira nthawi yeniyeni ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukonza bwino mafakitale opangira mafuta. Pamene kusintha kwaukadaulo monga kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi Lonnmeter kukuphatikizidwa, ma framework awa amapeza mayankho ofunikira, ogwirizana ndi njira zoyezera mafuta ndi madzi komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi. Njira yoyendetsedwa ndi deta iyi imafulumizitsa kubweza ndalama ndikuwonjezera kudalirika kwa ntchito, chifukwa kusokonezeka kwa njira kapena kusintha kwa msika kumatha kuzindikirika mwachangu ndikuthandizidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mita ya inline density kumathandizira kusamutsa kwa hydrocarbon mu kukonza mafuta ndi madzi, kulondola kwa njira zokonzera mafuta ndi hydrocarbon komanso kuwongolera njira zoyendetsera mafuta ndi madzi (FCC).
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyeretsera mafuta kwakhala kofunika kwambiri. Mafelemu amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake kautali, kujambula tsatanetsatane wa mayunitsi opanga zinthu—monga kuyeretsa mafuta mumlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito kuyeretsa mafuta mu vacuum, ndi njira zogawikira madzi. Zizindikiro zovuta zimawerengedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso kulinganiza bwino katundu wa zida. Mwa kupanga chitsanzo cha zinthu, kuphatikiza maukonde a mapaipi enieni, mafelemuwo amawonjezera kuyimira, kubweretsa mgwirizano pakati pa chitsanzo ndi zochitika zenizeni zogwirira ntchito.
Ma network okonzekera bwino pogwiritsa ntchito MINLP yopanda kugwedezeka amalola kukonzanso kwamphamvu nthawi iliyonse pakachitika kusintha, kukulitsa kusinthasintha pa njira zosinthira nthunzi m'mafakitale pakuyeretsa ndi kuwunika mochedwa kwa njira yophikira. Izi sizimangowonjezera njira zogawa ma hydrocarbon ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba aukadaulo wothira distillation komanso zimathandizira zolinga zophatikizika zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaposachedwa kwa mitundu iyi kumapitilira kukweza chuma, kuphatikiza mu mpweya woipa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi kukhazikika - ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha malamulo olimba komanso kusakhazikika kwa msika.
Mafelemu ophatikizidwa tsopano akupitilira kupitirira mafakitale oyeretsera amodzi mpaka kumakampani ambiri, kukonza ma chain ambiri, kuphatikiza ntchito zokhudzana ndi izi m'mafakitale a ethylene ndi aromatics. Mwa kuphatikiza chitsanzo chosakhala cha mzere wa mayunitsi opangira ndi masensa apamwamba—monga ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi a Lonnmeter ndi masensa ozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi—mafakitalewa samangowongolera njira zolondola zoyezera kusamutsa katundu komanso amakwaniritsa kufalikira mwachangu mu njira zoyendetsera ndi zosakaniza.
Mwachidule, njira zowongolera zomwe zingathe kukulitsidwa, komanso nthawi yeniyeni, zolumikizidwa ndi muyeso wopitilira komanso kasamalidwe kovuta, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukonza mafakitale amakono. Njirazi zatsimikiziridwa mwaukadaulo kuti ziwonjezere kuchuluka kwa ntchito, phindu, komanso kukhazikika—zomwe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon amakono.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi kuyeza kochulukira kwa kachulukidwe kumathandizira bwanji kuti ntchito iyende bwino mumakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon?
Kuyeza kuchulukana kosalekeza kumapatsa malo oyeretsera madzi chidziwitso champhamvu cha zinthu zamadzimadzi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera njira monga kusakaniza, kulekanitsa, ndi kusungunuka. Deta yeniyeni imalola ogwira ntchito kusintha momwe zinthu zilili mwachangu—zofunika kwambiri panthawi yogawa ma hydrocarbon ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri mu ntchito za catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking, ndi reforming unit. Kusintha kosalekeza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zoyeretsedwa zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zamtundu wokhwima, zimachepetsa kupanga kosatsimikizika, komanso zimachepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu. Zimathandizanso kuti malo azigwiritsira ntchito mphamvu bwino, kusintha mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito pamene akuthandizira malamulo ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi chilengedwe mumakampani opangira ma hydrocarbon. Masensa amakono a density monga ochokera ku Lonnmeter amapereka magwiridwe antchito awa ngati miyeso yokhazikika, yodziyimira payokha.
Kodi ntchito ya kuyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu m'banja ndi yotani pakusamutsa ana kuti akakhale m'ndende?
Kusamutsa kasamalidwe ka ma hydrocarbon pakupanga ma hydrocarbon kumaphatikizapo kusintha kwa umwini wa chinthu, nthawi zambiri kumakhudza ndalama zambiri. Kuyeza kolondola kwa kachulukidwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusamutsaku chifukwa mtengo wa hydrocarbon sumadalira kuchuluka kokha, komanso kulemera—makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kupsinjika kosinthasintha. Mita ya kachulukidwe ka mkati imapereka kulondola kofunikira kuti mudziwe kulemera kwenikweni kwa hydrocarbon yamadzimadzi yomwe ikusamutsidwa. Izi zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa mikangano yazachuma ndipo zimathandizira kutsatira miyezo yamalonda ndi malamulo, kuonetsetsa kuti magulu onse akhoza kudalira ziwerengero zomwe zanenedwa za kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa chinthucho. Deta ya kachulukidwe imasungidwanso nthawi zonse ngati zolemba zotsimikizika kuti zigwirizane ndi malonda.
Kodi kuzindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi kumachitika bwanji pogwiritsa ntchito muyeso wa kachulukidwe?
Ukadaulo wozindikira mawonekedwe amadzimadzi umagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi kuti uzindikire magawo osinthira m'mapaipi, matanki osungiramo zinthu, kapena panthawi yogwira ntchito. Mukasinthana pakati pa ma hydrocarbon grades kapena panthawi yotumiza mapaipi, mita yozungulira ngati yomwe imaperekedwa ndi Lonnmeter imazindikira nthawi yomweyo kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake. Kuyankha mwachangu kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa magawo kumachitika popanda kuipitsidwa kwambiri kwa zinthu. Kuzindikira mawonekedwe molondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni kumathandizira chitetezo chogwira ntchito popewa kusakanikirana kosayembekezereka kwa madzi osagwirizana ndikuteteza umphumphu wa chinthucho polola kutsatana kolondola kwa ma valvu ndi njira yoyendera panthawi yosakaniza, kusunga, ndi kusamutsa ntchito mkati mwa fakitale yoyeretsera.
Nchifukwa chiyani kuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikofunikira pakusungunuka kwa mpweya ndi vacuum?
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera mpweya komanso vacuum kumadalira kulekanitsa bwino ma hydrocarbon ndi kutentha ndi ma molekyulu. Kuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi gasi kumapereka mayankho mwachangu kuti alamulire njira yogwirira ntchito: kumalola kusintha kwa nthawi yake komwe kumathandizira kuti magawo enaake agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino komanso kumathandiza kuwongolera bwino njira zogulitsira. Mwa kupereka chizindikiro cha gawo lomwe likubwezedwa pagawo lililonse la njira, mafakitale oyeretsera amatha kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa, kuwonjezera phindu lonse, ndikuchepetsa kukonzanso. Izi zimathandizanso kuyankha bwino pakugwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kukonza bwino magwiridwe antchito a mayunitsi oyeretsera, makamaka panthawi yosintha chakudya kapena kusintha kwa njira.
Ndi ukadaulo uti womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa ma hydrocarbon amadzimadzi?
Njira zingapo zoyezera madzi a hydrocarbon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo oyeretsera zinthu amakono. Izi zikuphatikizapo Coriolis flowmeters, zomwe zimayesa mwachindunji kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kuchulukana; vibrating tube densitometers, zomwe zimazindikira kuchulukana kwa madzi kudzera mu kusintha kwa ma resonance frequency; ndi nuclear density gauges, zomwe zimazindikira kuchulukana mwa kuzindikira gamma ray absorption. Lonnmeter imadziwika kwambiri popanga inline density meters ndi viscosity meters zomwe zimathandiza kuyang'anira mwamphamvu komanso kosalekeza m'mikhalidwe yovuta yamakampani a hydrocarbon. Maukadaulo awa amatsimikizira kulondola kwa muyeso wosungira, kukonza bwino kuphatikiza zinthu, kuzindikira mawonekedwe, ndi kasamalidwe ka magawo a njira, zonse izi zikuchepetsa zitsanzo zamanja ndi zolakwika za anthu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-15-2025
