Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati mwa mzere ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera njira ndi kukonza bwino kupanga butadiene. Njirazi zimathandiza kutsata mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi zosungunulira panthawi yofunika kwambiri monga kuchotsa kwachiwiri, kusungunula, ndi kuyeretsa. Mu mafakitale amakono opangira zinthu, deta yeniyeni kuchokera ku zida zozungulira imalowa mwachindunji mu machitidwe owongolera, kuthandizira kuyerekezera kwa njira yosinthira ndikusintha zosintha zogwirira ntchito monga kutentha, kuthamanga, kuwonjezera zosungunulira, ndi kulinganiza madzi. Kuphatikizana kolimba kumeneku kumawonjezera kudalirika kwa zotulutsira ndikuchepetsa kupanga "ma polima a popcorn" osafunikira kapena zinthu zina zonyansa za polymeric.
Chiyambi cha Njira Yopangira Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga rabara padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka popanga mphira wa butadiene (BR) ndi mphira wa styrene-butadiene (SBR), zomwe pamodzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri pachaka. Ntchito zake zimafikira matayala a magalimoto, katundu wamafakitale, ndi ma polima omanga, ndipo kufunikira kwake kumapezeka kwambiri m'madera monga Asia-Pacific chifukwa cha kukula kwa magawo opanga ndi kupanga magalimoto.
Kuchotsa Butadiene
*
Njira yopangira imayamba ndi kusankha zakudya zoyenera. Mwachikhalidwe, zinthu zopangira petrochemical monga naphtha ndi butane zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ma hydrocarbon awa amapereka zokolola zambiri m'njira zachikhalidwe ndipo amapindula ndi njira zopezera zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukhazikika kwapangitsa chidwi cha zakudya zina, monga bioethanol yochokera kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso komanso biomass yosakhala chakudya. Ukadaulo wosinthira ethanol kukhala butadiene ukupeza mphamvu yochepetsera mpweya woipa ndikusandutsa zinthu zomwe zikupezeka, ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri zachuma komanso kukulitsa chuma.
Njira yaikulu ya mafakitale yopangira butadiene ndi kusweka kwa nthunzi. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa naphtha kapena ma hydrocarbon ena opepuka kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 750–900°C) pamaso pa nthunzi. Kutentha kumeneku kumagawa mamolekyu akuluakulu kukhala ma olefin ang'onoang'ono ndi ma diolefin, ndipo butadiene imapangidwa pamodzi ndi ethylene, propylene, ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Pambuyo pa kusweka, kuzimitsa mwachangu kumaletsa zotsatira zosafunikira, kutsatiridwa ndi njira yovuta yolekanitsa mpweya. Butadiene nthawi zambiri imachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito distillation yotulutsa, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za polar monga DMF kapena NMP kuti ilekanitse butadiene ndi ma hydrocarbon ofanana a C4. Mizati yogawa makoma kapena kubwezeretsanso nthunzi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Njira zatsopano "zogwiritsira ntchito cholinga", monga kusintha kwa ethanol mu ma reactor ambiri kapena madzi, zikuyimira njira zina zokhazikika m'malo mwa kusweka kwa nthunzi. Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst osiyanasiyana omwe amapangidwira kusankha bwino komanso kukhazikika. Kapangidwe ka Catalyst ndi reactor ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukweza kuchuluka kwa kusintha ndikuchepetsa zinthu zosafunikira.
Njira yonse yopangira butadiene imayamba ndi kukonzekera chakudya, kupitirira mu kusweka (kapena kusintha kwa catalytic), ndipo imapitirira ndi kuzimitsa zinthu, kulekanitsa mpweya, ndi kusungunuka komaliza kuti ipange butadiene yoyeretsedwa. Munthawi yonseyi, kuyang'anira mosamala—monga kuyeza kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa butadiene—ndi njira zowongolera zapamwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhale zoyera, zokolola, komanso chitetezo kuntchito. Kuipitsa zida zakale, kuwonongeka kwa zosungunulira, ndi kusokonekera kwa njira zimayendetsedwa kudzera mu njira zaukadaulo ndi kuyeretsa zosungunulira—kutsimikizira kupanga butadiene kodalirika komanso kogwira mtima m'malo amakono opangira mafuta.
Njira Zofunikira Pakutulutsa Butadiene
Kukonzekera Kuphwanyika ndi Kudyetsa kwa Kutentha
Kusweka kwa kutentha kumapanga maziko a njira yopangira butadiene. Zakudya monga naphtha, butane, ndi ethane nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; chilichonse chimapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokolola. Naphtha, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri, imapanga zigawo zazikulu za C4 ndi zokolola za butadiene zochepa, pomwe butane ndi ethane nthawi zambiri zimapereka kusankha kwakukulu kuzinthu zomwe mukufuna.
Mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito mu uvuni wosweka ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kutentha kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala pakati pa 750° ndi 900°C, ndi mpweya wopanda mpweya wosungidwa kuti kupewe kusungunuka kosafunikira. Kutalika kwa nthawi yokhalamo ndikofunikira: nthawi yochepa kwambiri yokhalamo komanso kuzimitsa mwachangu kumaletsa zochitika zina zomwe zimachepetsa kusankha kwa butadiene ndikuyambitsa kupanga kwa zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha kowonjezereka mkati mwa izi kumatha kuwonjezera phindu komanso kumawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso zotsatira zoyipa zosafunikira. Chifukwa chake, kukonza bwino kuyenera kulinganiza kutentha, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndi liwiro lozimitsa kuti butadiene ichotsedwe bwino.
Kukonza chakudya chisanadze, makamaka cha zakudya zina kapena zongowonjezedwanso monga bioethanol kapena 1,3-butanediol, kumaphatikizapo njira za hydrolysis kapena fermentation. Njira monga kuphulika kwa nthunzi kapena madzi otentha amadzimadzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa biomass, kupanga substrate yokhoza kuwiritsa ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kusintha. Kapangidwe ka reactor kamakhudza njira izi: ma reactor ambiri amathandizira kutentha ndi kusamutsa kuchuluka, pomwe machitidwe a adiabatic ambiri amathandizira kukula kwa njira ndi kusankha.
Kulekanitsa Gasi, Kuchotsa Gasi Koyamba ndi Kwachiwiri
Mukamaliza kusweka, mpweya wosaphika umalowa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zolekanitsa. Kulekanitsa mpweya kumayamba ndi kuzimitsa ndi kulekanitsa koyamba kuti muchotse ma hydrocarbon olemera, kenako mayunitsi opondereza amachepetsa voliyumu ndikukweza mphamvu kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Kuumitsa kumachotsa chinyezi, chomwe chingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito a zosungunulira pansi komanso ubwino wa chinthucho.
Kuchotsa koyamba kumagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kapena zosungunulira zina zomwe zili mu nsanja zopanikizika kwambiri. Pano, butadiene imalekanitsidwa ndi mankhwala ena a C4 kutengera kusiyana kwa kusungunuka. Zosungunulira monga N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), kapena njira zina zatsopano zokhazikika monga 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo, kukhazikika, komanso chitetezo. Zosungunulira zimasungunula butadiene mosankha, zomwe zimachotsedwa mu zosungunulira ndi nthunzi kapena kupanikizika kochepa.
Kuchotsa kwachiwiri kumachitika kuti kubwezeretse bwino, kutenga butadiene yotsala kuchokera ku gawo lamadzi kapena zosungunulira zomwe zatayika pa gawo loyamba. Njirayi ingafunike kukhudzana kwina kwa zosungunulira kapena ntchito zolimba kwambiri za mzati. Kuti butadiene ibwezeretse bwino (mpaka 98%) ndi kuyera (pafupifupi 99.5%), magawo monga chiŵerengero cha solvent-to-feed (nthawi zambiri 1.5:1) ndi chiŵerengero cha reflux (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 4.2:1) amakonzedwa bwino. Kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha magawo a mzati woganiza bwino kumawonjezera mphamvu yolekanitsa ndi mphamvu zochepa zowonjezera. Kuphatikiza maukonde obwezeretsa kutentha pakati pa magawo a mzati kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yonse ndi pafupifupi 12%.
Kuphatikiza njira zoyeretsera—kuumitsa, kuchotsa zinthu zina monga acetylenes ndi saturated—ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zosungunulira zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale bwino. Mapangidwe apamwamba, monga kugawa makoma kapena ma reboilers apakati ndi ma heat pumps, asonyeza kuti amachepetsa kufunikira kwa mphamvu (mpaka 55%) ndikuchepetsa ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito pamene akuwonjezera mphamvu yobwezeretsa butadiene.
Kuchotsa Zinthu Zowonongeka ndi Kuyeretsa Zinthu
Kutulutsa madzi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochotsera butadiene yoyera kwambiri kuchokera ku zigawo za C4 hydrocarbon. Mu gawo ili, chosungunulira chosankhidwa chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri powonjezera kusiyana kwa kusasinthasintha pakati pa butadiene ndi zonyansa zake zotentha kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zilekanitsidwe bwino.
Kusankha zosungunulira kumayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zingapo: kusankha kwa butadiene, kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi kutentha, kuchuluka kwa kuchira, nkhani zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo, komanso mtengo. NMP ndi DMF zakhala zikulamulira m'mbuyomu koma tsopano zikusinthidwa ndi zosungunulira zobiriwira monga 1,2-propylene carbonate, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu yofanana yolekanitsa, yopanda poizoni, komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo. Zosungunulira zamadzimadzi (DES) zimawonetsanso chiyembekezo, zimapereka kukhazikika komanso kubwezeretsanso kwathunthu pomwe zikugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri yochotsa.
Zosungunulira zimabwezedwanso ndi kubwezeretsedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera ndi kusefa kwa membrane, zomwe zimachotsa phula ndi zinthu zonyansa ndikuwonjezera moyo wa zosungunulira. Kuphatikiza ma module a membrane kuti achotse phula kumachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito ndipo kumathandizira kugwira ntchito kwa closed-loop.
Kuyeretsa zinthu kumagwiritsa ntchito kuyeretsa kwina komanso nthawi zina kusakaniza ndi kusakaniza. Njira zamakono zoyeretsera, monga kugawa magawo ambiri kapena kugawa magawo, zimaonetsetsa kuti kuyera kwa zinthu za butadiene kumakwaniritsa kapena kupitirira 99.5%. Kuyang'anira kosalekeza—nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu, monga kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi ma viscosity meters ochokera ku Lonnmeter—kumathandiza kutsata kuchuluka kwa butadiene m'mitsinje ndikuwongolera njira zowongolera. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthuzi zimapereka deta yeniyeni yokonzera kupanga kwa butadiene, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kusunga kuyera kwa zinthu nthawi zonse komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa.
Kuphatikiza bwino kwa kusankha zosungunulira, kuphatikiza njira, ndi kuyeza kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa butadiene kumapereka njira yolimba yopangira butadiene yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamtundu wabwino komanso zokhazikika.
Kuyeza Kukhazikika Kwapakati: Mfundo ndi Kufunika
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mkati mwa njira yopangira butadiene ndi njira yeniyeni komanso yodziwira nthawi zonse mankhwala omwe ali mkati mwa njira yopangira. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri polamulira ndikuwongolera njira yonse yochotsera butadiene, kuonetsetsa kuti pali chitetezo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri nthawi iliyonse yofunika kwambiri.
Kodi Kuyezedwa N'chiyani?
Njira yochotsera butadiene imafuna kuyeza molondola kwa zinthu zingapo. Zolinga zazikulu zimaphatikizapo butadiene yokha, yomwe kuchuluka kwake koyera kuyenera kufika kapena kupitirira 97%, komanso zosungunulira monga furfural ndi N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa njira zochotsera madzi ndi madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndikutsatira zinthu zodetsa monga mankhwala ena osasunthika komanso zinthu zoopsa - nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka mumitsinje ya propylene, kapena mu mpweya wochokera m'mizere yobwezeretsa zosungunulira. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi zodetsa ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikutsatira malamulo ndikugwira ntchito bwino.
Kuyeza kwapakati pa intaneti ndi kunja kwa intaneti: Zotsatira pa ntchito
Kusankha pakati pa njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene mkati ndi kunja kwa intaneti kuli ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pakugwira ntchito. Zipangizo zolowera mkati—monga ma spectrometer, masensa, ndi mamita—zimayikidwa mwachindunji mu njira zoyendetsera, zomwe zimapereka deta yogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Kuyankha kwa nthawi yeniyeni kumeneku kumathandiza kuti zinthu zikonzedwe mwachangu, kuwongolera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa butadiene, komanso kukonza bwino kayendedwe ka zosungunulira ndi magawo ochotsera. Poyerekeza, kuyeza kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kumafuna kusankhidwa ndi manja, kukonza labotale, ndi zotsatira zochedwa. Nthawi zochedwetsa zotere zimatha kuwonjezera zoopsa za zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika bwino, kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa njira, ndi kuwononga, chifukwa kusintha kumakhala kochitapo kanthu m'malo mochitapo kanthu.
Kuyeza kwa nthawi yeniyeni, pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga inline density meters kapena inline viscosity meters kuchokera ku Lonnmeter, kumathandizira njira zabwino kwambiri zowunikira kuchuluka kwa butadiene mosalekeza. Njirazi zimachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha zolakwika za anthu ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo, komanso zimathandiza kuwongolera njira zodziyimira zokha zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa malo opangira mafuta ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wamkati zatsimikizika kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusankha hydrogenation, komwe mayankho achangu amathandizira kusintha momwe zinthu zimachitikira kuti zichepetse zinthu zina ndikusunga chiyero.
Ofufuza za kuchuluka kwa deta omwe ali pa intaneti amapereka deta mumasekondi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti munthu azilamulira mwachangu. Kusankha zitsanzo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumachedwetsa nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo isagwire bwino ntchito.
Mfundo ndi Udindo mu Kulamulira Machitidwe
Mwachitsanzo, ma modelo oyeserera okhwima omwe adatsimikiziridwa ndi deta ya inline density ndi viscosity amalola mainjiniya kukonza bwino kulekanitsa ndi khalidwe la zinthu—kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene pamene akuchepetsa mphamvu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira. Kuyeza kwa inline kumathandizanso kutsatira malamulo mwa kuyang'anira nthawi zonse mpweya ndi madzi otuluka kuti apeze zinthu zodetsa, njira yotsimikiziridwa ndi ma network a sensor omwe akonzedwa bwino komanso zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa.
Mwachidule, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa ma hydrocarbons—kuphatikizapo zomwe zinapangidwira butadiene—zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yogwirira ntchito nthawi yomweyo yomwe imafunika kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri, zinyalala zochepa, komanso kuti pakhale kuwononga kochepa chilengedwe. Kuchuluka kwa deta kumeneku, kosalekeza, tsopano kumaonedwa kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri popanga butadiene, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale njira yonse yowongolera ndi kulamulira kuchotsa zinthu.
Zipangizo Zoyezera Kukhazikika ndi Zipangizo Zogwiritsira Ntchito Butadiene Extract
Kukhazikitsa mu Industrial Butadiene Extraction
Mu njira yochotsera butadiene, zida zimayikidwa pamalo ofunikira kuti zitsatire kayendedwe ka zinthu ndi kusintha kwake. Malo ophatikizika nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo malo otulutsira zinthu, malo olowera ndi pansi pa mizati yothira, ndi matanki osungiramo zinthu. Malo oyika zinthu amatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa njira, monga kapangidwe ka chakudya kapena magwiridwe antchito olekanitsa, kumadziwika mwachangu.
Ma network opezera deta amatumiza zotsatira ku ma distributed control systems (DCS) kapena ma programmable logic controllers (PLC), zomwe zimathandiza mainjiniya a processing kuti ayang'anire zizindikiro zazikulu za magwiridwe antchito ndi malire a alamu. Lonnmeter inline density ndi viscosity meters zimagwirizanitsidwa mu ma framework awa kudzera mu ma industrial-standard protocols (Modbus, Ethernet/IP), zomwe zimathandiza kulembetsa deta ndi kusintha kwa deta.
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zomwe zatsimikiziridwa komanso zoyesedwa bwino zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwunika momwe zinthu zilili. Kuyesa pafupipafupi motsatira miyezo yovomerezeka kapena njira zofananira za labotale, monga chromatography yolowera mu gel yopanda intaneti, kumatsimikizira kulondola kwa kuyeza, ndikutsimikizira kudalirika pazisankho zowongolera njira.
Kulumikizana mwachindunji kwa njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene zomwe zili mkati mwa mzere ndi mapulatifomu odzipangira okha kumabweretsa zabwino zenizeni. Kusasinthasintha kwa kupanga kumawonjezeka pamene kupotoka kumawonekera nthawi yomweyo, kupanga zinthu zotayidwa ndi zosafunikira kumachepetsedwa, ndipo zokolola za njira zimakonzedwa bwino mwa kuthandizira kukonza nthawi yake. Njirayi imathandizira ntchito zachizolowezi komanso kukonza njira zapamwamba, ndikuyika malo ochotsera butadiene kuti agwire bwino ntchito komanso otetezeka.
Kukonza Njira Pogwiritsa Ntchito Kuyeza Kukhazikika kwa Inline
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati mwa mzere nthawi yeniyeni kumapanga maziko a kukonza bwino ntchito popanga butadiene. Mwa kugwira ndi kutumiza deta yopitilira pa butadiene ndi milingo yosungunulira, zida monga Lonnmeter inline density ndi viscosity meters zimapereka zofunikira kwambiri pakukonza kochokera ku chitsanzo ndi njira zowongolera zapamwamba. Kuphatikiza kwa deta iyi m'mapulatifomu oyeserera kumathandiza kupanga zisankho zodziwikiratu komanso kukonza bwino magawo ochotsera, kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa njira ndi kusinthasintha.
Pamene ma profiles olondola, a nthawi yeniyeni aphatikizidwa mu ma control loops—makamaka mu njira yochotsera butadiene ndi njira yachiwiri yochotsera—ma dynamic models amatha kusintha ma solvent-to-feed ratios, reflux rates, ndi column operations molondola kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro oyeserera amatsimikizira kuti kuboola kwa butadiene kumawonjezeka mwa kuthandizira kukonza feedback ya solvent flow ndi extraction temperatures akangopezeka, m'malo motsatira nthawi ndi nthawi, batch sampling intervals. Izi zimathandiza kuti mizati yochotsera igwire ntchito pafupi ndi gawo loyenera, kuonetsetsa kuti kuyera kwa chinthu chomwe mukufuna kumapitirira 99%—kusintha kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi njira zamanja kapena zakunja.
Kuwongolera kwakukulu kumeneku kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mwachindunji. Kuthekera kosunga gawo lililonse la distillation kapena kuchotsa pa "malo ake abwino" - motsogozedwa ndi kuchuluka koyezedwa ndi katundu weniweni - kumaletsa kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso (komwe kumawononga nthunzi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi) komanso kusagwira ntchito mokwanira (komwe kumabweretsa kulekanitsidwa pang'ono, kuzungulira kokonzanso, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zambiri). Nkhani zofalitsidwa zimasonyeza kusunga mphamvu kuyambira 12% mpaka 30% pamene kulamulira koyendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa inline kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa pampu yotentha kapena njira zotenthetsera zapakatikati. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yotsika kwambiri ya reboiler yawonetsedwa m'mizere yotulutsira distillation yomwe imatulutsa butadiene, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zichepe kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO₂.
Kukonza bwino kuchira kwa zosungunulira ndi phindu lina lalikulu. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa ma hydrocarbons zomwe zili mkati mwa mzere zimathandiza kuyang'anira mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira m'madzi ndi m'mitsinje ya pamwamba. Mwa kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusintha kubweza ndi kuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo, kubwezeretsa zosungunulira zambiri zisanatayike ku zinyalala kapena mpweya woipa. Njira zosakanikirana pogwiritsa ntchito mizati yogawa makoma ndi kulekanitsa kothandizidwa ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimatsatiridwa nthawi yeniyeni ndi zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya, zapangitsa kuti kutentha kwakunja kuchepe ndi 80% komanso kuti kuchira kukhale koyenera.
Kuchulukitsa zokolola ndi kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kumadalira mayankho ochepa omwe amathandizidwa ndi muyeso wa butadiene mkati mwa mzere. Pakukonzekera bwino kupanga butadiene, gawo lililonse kuyambira kukonzekera chakudya mpaka kugawa komaliza kwa chinthucho limakhudzidwa. Deta yoyezedwa imalola kuyang'anira kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa butadiene, kotero kusintha kungapangidwe kuti kugwirizane ndi magawo osankhidwa bwino kapena mikhalidwe yolekanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza kusungunuka kwa zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera kuzipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene mkati mwa mzere kunathandizira nkhani yofalitsidwa pomwe 98% ya butadiene yobwezeretsa ndi 99.5% yoyera idafikiridwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito yosinthika.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwake kumakhudza kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zamanja ndi zochitika zopanga zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika bwino, malo ogwirira ntchito amasunga ndalama zothandizira antchito, zopangira, ndi kutaya zinyalala. Kuwongolera bwino mayankho kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zawonongeka komanso nthawi yomwe zinthu sizikugwira ntchito. Ubwino wa zinthu umapindula ndi kapangidwe kake kosasinthasintha komanso kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe sizili bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makasitomala azidalira komanso kutsatira malamulo. Kutsata molondola kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma hydrocarbon kumachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa magiredi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamalandire zinthu zambiri komanso kuti zinthuzo zitheke kugulitsidwa.
Mu njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri monga kupanga butadiene, kusintha kulikonse pang'onopang'ono kwa ulamuliro kumabweretsa phindu lalikulu. Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene mkati mwake zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zokolola, mphamvu, ndi mtengo. Zida za Lonnmeter, zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pa kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kukhuthala kwa zinthu, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu njira yopititsira patsogolo yopititsira patsogolo zokolola za butadiene, kubwezeretsa zosungunulira, ndi ubwino wa zinthu, pomwe zikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi zinyalala.
Zoganizira Zotsimikizira Ubwino ndi Kukhazikika
Kuyang'anira mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa butadiene mkati mwa mzere kumathandizira kutsimikizira khalidwe la ntchito yochotsa butadiene. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya mkati mwa mzere zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mwachindunji mu njira yogwiritsira ntchito—monga zomwe zikutsatira ASTM D2593-23—zimapereka deta yeniyeni yofunikira kuti zinthu zikhale zoyera komanso kutsatira malamulo. Mwa kupereka muyeso wosalekeza, machitidwewa amateteza kutsatira miyezo yolimba ya chiyero ndi kusayera yomwe yafotokozedwa pa 1,3-butadiene ya polymerization.
Mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira kosalekeza kumapereka kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa za butadiene ndi hydrocarbon nthawi yomweyo, ndikupeza kusinthasintha kwachangu kwa njira zomwe kusanthula kwachikhalidwe kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kungaphonye. Izi zimathandiza kukonza mwachangu, kuchepetsa zochitika zosatsimikizika za zinthu ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Kuphatikiza ndi ma protocol a statistical process control (SPC) kumasintha muyeso wa nthawi yeniyeni kukhala luntha lochitapo kanthu, kuchepetsa kusiyana ndikusunga kusinthasintha kwa batch-to-batch mu njira yoyamba komanso yachiwiri yochotsera butadiene.
Kuchokera pakuwona kukhazikika, zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene zomwe zili mkati mwake zimathandizanso kwambiri pochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya ndi kutayika kwa zosungunulira. Mu njira yopangira butadiene, mayunitsi ochotsera zinthu zosungunulira amakhala ndi mwayi wotayika kudzera mu utsi wotuluka ndi mpweya wothawa, wotchulidwa kuti VOCs. Kuyeza kwa mkati mwake kumalola kusintha mwachangu magawo ogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa mwayi wochotsa zinthu mopitirira muyeso kapena kuwononga zosungunulira. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kuchuluka kosalekeza ndi zida monga zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter kumathandiza kuzindikira molondola kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira ndi malire a gawo la njira. Deta yofulumira komanso yolondola ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunulira imayendetsa bwino nthawi yeniyeni yobwezeretsanso zosungunulira, kuchepetsa mwachindunji kuwononga chilengedwe ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito ndi miyezo yosintha ya kutulutsa kwa VOC.
Kusunga njira yoyenera yowongolera njira kudzera mu deta yeniyeni kumathandizanso zolinga zazikulu zotsatirira chilengedwe. Njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya zomwe zili mkati sizimangochepetsa chiopsezo cha kutulutsidwa kwa VOC mwangozi komanso zimawonetsetsa kuti zikutsatirabe malire a kukhudzidwa ndi ntchito komanso zofunikira pa chilolezo cha chilengedwe.
Chitetezo cha njira chimakulitsidwa kwambiri mwa kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo zinthu zosazolowereka. Mwachitsanzo, kukwera mwadzidzidzi kwa kuchuluka kwa butadiene—komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa bwino kwa valavu kapena kufalikira kwa zosungunulira—kungathe kuzindikirika mkati mwa masekondi ndi ma analyzer a inline, zomwe zimathandiza kuti wogwiritsa ntchito ayankhe mwachangu. Izi zimasiyana kwambiri ndi chidziwitso chochedwa kuchokera ku sampling ya batch ndi kutembenuka kwa labotale. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyeza kwa inline kokha kumachepetsa kuchuluka ndi kufunikira kwa kusanthula pamanja pamalo oopsa, kuchepetsa kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi ma hydrocarbon oopsa panthawi yochotsa butadiene.
Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yeniyeni sizimangowonjezera kupanga ndi kutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ngati zida zabwino kwambiri zoyezera kuchuluka kwa butadiene pothandizira zolinga zokhazikika, chitetezo cha machitidwe, komanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwe. Pamene malamulo ndi zofunikira za makasitomala zikuchulukirachulukira, luso limeneli ndilofunika kwambiri pakupita patsogolo kwa kukonza kupanga kwa butadiene.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi njira yochotsera butadiene ndi yotani?
Njira yochotsera butadiene imayang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa ndi kuyeretsa butadiene kuchokera ku zosakaniza za hydrocarbon, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku kusweka kwa naphtha kapena zakudya zina. Kutulutsa kochokera kuzinthu zosungunulira ndi kuchotsa zinthu zosungunulira ndiye njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njirazi zimadalira zosungunulira monga dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), kapena zosungunulira zomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe monga 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), zomwe zimakwaniritsa bwino kulekanitsa bwino pamene zikuthandizira zolinga zokhazikika. Kuyerekezera kwa njira ya thermodynamic kumatsogolera kusankha mikhalidwe yabwino, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndikukulitsa chiyero ndi zokolola za butadiene. Njira zina zoyeretsera, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsanso zosungunulira zochokera ku nembanemba, zimathandizira kudalirika kwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuwonjezera moyo wa zosungunulira pochotsa zodetsa zomwe zimasonkhana mu kuzungulira kochotsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika yochokera ku chitsanzo kungapangitse kuti pakhale zokolola zofika 98% ndi zoyera zopangidwa pamwamba pa 99.5%, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchepetsedwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza kutentha ndi kasamalidwe ka zosungunulira.
Kodi kuyeza kwa inline concentration kumapindulitsa bwanji njira yopangira butadiene?
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mkati mwa mzere kumawonjezera kwambiri kulamulira njira yopangira butadiene. Masensa omwe amaikidwa mwachindunji mu njira yogwirira ntchito amapereka deta yokhazikika, yeniyeni pamlingo wa butadiene. Izi zimathandizira mayankho ku kupotoka kwa njira, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu ndikuwonjezera phindu. Kuzungulira kwa mayankho komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi zida zam'mbali kumalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha mikhalidwe—monga kutentha, kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira, ndi magawo oyeretsera—nthawi yomweyo, kuteteza mtundu wa chinthucho ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kuyang'anira mkati mwa mzere kumachepetsa kufunikira kwa zitsanzo zamanja ndi kusanthula kokwera mtengo kwa labotale, kuthandizira kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera kuti butadiene iwonekere pamene ikulimbikitsa malo otetezeka ogwirira ntchito. Njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri pomwe kusasinthasintha ndi kuopsa kwa butadiene kumafuna kasamalidwe kolondola komanso mwachangu kuti achepetse chiopsezo ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yamafakitale kuti akhale oyera komanso otetezeka.
Ndi mitundu iti ya zida zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa butadiene?
Zida zodziwika bwino zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa butadiene zimaphatikizapo zoyezera pafupi ndi infrared (NIR), ma spectrometer (MS), ndi ma chromatograph a gas (GC). Zoyezera za NIR zimalola kuyeza mwachangu, kosawononga m'ma hydrocarbon ovuta, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya chemometric komanso kukonzekera kochepa kwa zitsanzo. Ma chromatograph a gasi—nthawi zambiri ophatikizidwa ndi ma spectrometry a mass—amathandiza kulekanitsa mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuzindikira butadiene mu zosakaniza zachilengedwe zosakhazikika. Izi zimapereka kusankha kwakukulu komanso kukhudzidwa, kofunikira kuti zitsatire malamulo ndi kukonza njira. Kuphatikiza apo, oyezera odzipereka a VOC amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosankha, monga nyali za ultraviolet (UV) zophatikizidwa ndi machubu osefera, kuti apereke kuwunika kosalekeza komanso kosasokoneza kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Zipangizozi zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwawo mwamphamvu pansi pa mikhalidwe yosinthika komanso zotsatira zake zokhazikika komanso zodalirika, kuthandizira ntchito zanthawi zonse za zomera komanso zofunikira pamalamulo.
N’chifukwa chiyani kuchotsa zinthu zina n’kofunika kwambiri popanga butadiene?
Kuchotsa kwachiwiri ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga butadiene kuti ibwezeretsedwe bwino ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu. Pambuyo pochotsa koyamba, mitsinje yotsala imakhalabe ndi butadiene yokwanira kubwezeretsedwa. Kukonza izi ndi njira zowonjezera zosungunulira kapena zosungunulira kumawonjezera phindu lonse ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Kuyerekeza kolondola kolosera—pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga NRTL-RK kapena COSMO-RS—kumathandiza kudziwa kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zosungunulira, kutentha, ndi reflux pakuchotsa kwachiwiri, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zofunika pa ntchito zamafakitale. Kukhazikitsa kuchotsa kwachiwiri kumachepetsa zinyalala komanso kumathandizira pa chuma chabwino cha njira, kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi kukhazikika mwa kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya ndi zosungunulira pamene kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi zofunikira pa ntchito.
Kodi pali mavuto otani pakuyesa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi pa njira za butadiene?
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mu njira za butadiene kumakumana ndi mavuto angapo aukadaulo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kusakaniza kovuta kwa ma hydrocarbon, komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusakhazikika kwa butadiene ndi carcinogenicity, kumafuna zida zokhala ndi luso lapadera komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri - nthawi zambiri pamlingo wa sub-ppm. Kulondola kwa calibration kuyenera kusungidwa pamene mikhalidwe ya ntchito ikusintha; kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi chinyezi zimatha kukhudza kuwerenga kwa masensa ndi kukhazikika. Malo opangira mafakitale amawonetsa zida zoyezera ku zinthu zovuta kwambiri zamagetsi ndi zakuthupi, zomwe zimafuna kapangidwe kamphamvu komanso kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi kwa khalidwe. Kuthetsa kusokonezedwa ndi mankhwala omwe amakhalapo mumtsinje wa nthunzi - monga benzene ndi mitundu ina ya C4 - ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuyeza kodalirika. Njira zabwino zimaphatikizapo njira zoyezera nthawi zonse, kusankha zida zoyesera zomwe sizingawonongeke, komanso kuphatikiza zida zoyezera zamkati zomwe zimatha kupirira zovuta zogwirira ntchito popanda kutayika kolondola kapena kukhulupirika kwa muyeso. Mayankho awa pamodzi amathandizira kuwunika kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa butadiene ndi kukonza bwino kupanga pamene akuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi kutsatira malamulo a ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-16-2025
