Chidule cha Kuchepetsa Chrome mu Madzi Otayira Opangidwa ndi Ma Electroplating a Mafakitale
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ndi chinthu chodetsa kwambiri pakupanga ma electroplating a mafakitale. Chimayambitsidwa makamaka kudzera m'madzi osambira a chromic acid ndi masitepe omalizitsa pamwamba pa chromate. Madzi otayira omwe amatuluka amatha kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa Cr(VI) kuyambira makumi mpaka mazana a ma milligram pa lita imodzi, zomwe ndi zazikulu kuposa malire otulutsira omwe amalamulidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Cr(VI) imasungunuka kwambiri, imakhalabe m'madzi, ndipo imagawidwa ngati khansa ya Gulu 1. Zoopsa pa thanzi la anthu zimaphatikizapo kukhudzidwa ndi khungu, zilonda zam'mimba, mavuto opuma, kusintha kwa majini, komanso mwayi wowonjezeka wa khansa. Mwachilengedwe, Cr(VI) imasokoneza ntchito ya ma enzyme m'zomera ndipo ndi poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi pamlingo wotsika ngati 0.05 mg/L. Kusuntha kwake kumathandiza kuti isamukire m'nthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuipitsa kosalekeza komanso kofala.
Popeza Cr(VI) ili ndi poizoni komanso malamulo ovuta, njira yochepetsera chrome ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukonza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplate. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kusintha Cr(VI) ya poizoni kukhala trivalent chromium (Cr(III) ndi mankhwala, yomwe ndi yoopsa kwambiri ndipo imatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta. Sodium bisulfite solution ndi mankhwala ochepetsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, komwe kuchuluka kwake kogwira ntchito kumayang'aniridwa kuti kugwire bwino ntchito. Kuyeza molondola kumachitika poyesa kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite m'madzi; kuyeza kuchuluka kwa sodium m'mizere, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo monga oscillating density meters, kumatsimikizira kuwongolera kolondola kwa njira ndikuchepetsa zinyalala za mankhwala.
Kutsatira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe pa malo opangira ma electroplating kumafuna kuti chromium ya hexavalent ichepetsedwe mpaka pansi pa malire ovomerezeka asanatulutsidwe madzi otayira. Malamulo ochokera ku US EPA ndi EU nthawi zambiri amaletsa kuchuluka kwa Cr(VI) kovomerezeka kufika pa 0.05 mg/L mu madzi otayira. Kutsatira miyezo imeneyi kumafuna kuyang'anira ma ion a chromium nthawi yeniyeni, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi, komanso njira zochiritsira zolimba. Kuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'ma electroplating ndikofunikira, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa bisulfite kosayenera kapena kuchepetsa kosakwanira kumasiya milingo ya Cr(VI) pamwamba pa malire otsatira malamulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la chilengedwe komanso zilango zomwe zingatheke.
Njira zoyendetsera zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira kuchokera kwa opanga monga Lonnmeter, omwe amagwira ntchito yoyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mizere. Zipangizozi zimapereka deta yeniyeni, yodziwikiratu kuti iwunikire kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite ndikuthandizira kuwongolera mwachangu njira yochepetsera chrome.kukhuthalandikuchulukanaKuwunika kumachepetsa chiopsezo, kumawonjezera chitetezo pa ntchito, komanso kumakwaniritsa kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza kutayidwa kwa madzi otayira. Izi ndi maziko a makono oletsa kuipitsa kwa chromium ndi kuchiza madzi otayira a chromium m'mafakitale.
Chithandizo cha Madzi Otayidwa a Chrome Plating
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Kusintha kwa Mankhwala: Hexavalent kukhala Trivalent Chromium
Njira ndi Chemistry
Kusintha hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) kukhala trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa njira yochepetsera chrome ya njira yopangira ma electroplating ndi electroplating water waste. Sodium bisulfite solution ndi sodium bisulfite wamadzimadzi ndi zinthu zochepetsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa hexavalent chromium, yomwe ndi yoopsa kwambiri, yosungunuka, komanso yosasuntha, kuchokera ku madzi otayira. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kumachitika makamaka m'mikhalidwe ya acidic, yokhala ndi pH yotsika (<4).
Sodium bisulfite ndi yabwino kuposa sulfur dioxide chifukwa ndi yosavuta kuigwira, siifuna makina opanikizika, ndipo ndi yoyenera kwambiri poyang'anira mlingo wabwino. Sulfur dioxide ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochepetsa; komabe, imabweretsa mavuto poigwira chifukwa cha mpweya wake komanso poizoni wake. Mu kafukufuku wa labotale ndi mafakitale, sodium bisulfite imachotsa Cr(VI) nthawi zonse komanso moyenera, poganizira pH yeniyeni ndi kuwongolera mlingo, pomwe sulfur dioxide ingapereke kuchepetsa kofanana koma ndi zofunikira zowonjezera pakugwira ntchito komanso chitetezo.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuchepetsa kumadalira kwambiri pH. pH pakati pa 2-3 ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti iwonjezere liwiro ndi kukwanira kwa kusintha kwa Cr(VI) ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri bisulfite ndi kapangidwe ka sulfate yachiwiri. Pamene pH ikukwera pamwamba pa 4, liwiro la reaction ndi efficiency limachepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kosakwanira komanso ndalama zambiri zamakemikolo. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo woyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi oscillating density meter, monga wopangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi a sodium bisulfite nthawi yeniyeni, kuonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka koyenera kwa reagent kukuwonjezedwa kuti kukwaniritse zolinga zochotsera chromium ya hexavalent pomwe kukuwongolera mtengo ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.
Kuwunika kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite kumathandizanso kusintha kuchuluka kwa chakudya cha m'madzi ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti madzi otayira azitsatira malamulo otuluka komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira okhala ndi sulfate.
Mvula ndi Kuchotsa
Chromium ya hexavalent ikachepetsedwa kukhala chromium ya trivalent, sitepe yotsatira ndi mvula. Cr(III) imapanga chromium hydroxide yosasungunuka pamene pH ya yankho ikukwera, nthawi zambiri powonjezera alkali monga sodium hydroxide.
Kugwa kwabwino kwa madzi kumafuna kuwongolera bwino pH. pH yabwino kwambiri ya chromium hydroxide nthawi zambiri imakhala mkati mwa 7.5 mpaka 9.0. Ngati pH ili yotsika kwambiri, hydroxide sidzapangidwa kapena idzasungunukanso; ngati pH ili yokwera kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa amphoteric kungachitike, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chromium ichuluke mu yankho. Kuchuluka kwa chromium ya trivalent kumakhudzanso mapangidwe a tinthu ndi kukhazikika; kuchuluka kwa Cr(III) kwakukulu kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, kukonza mawonekedwe a matope komanso kumasuka kulekanitsidwa.
Kuti matope agwire bwino ntchito pokonza zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating, kulekanitsa bwino chromium hydroxide precipitate n'kofunika kwambiri. Njira monga kukoka kwa mphamvu yokoka, kuwunikira, ndi kusefa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zabwino zimaphatikizapo kusunga pH yokhazikika, kukonza flocculant yowonjezera, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti muwone kukhazikika kwa matope, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kutsatira malamulo ndi kukhazikika kwa njira zochizira chromium m'madzi otayira.
Muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa ma electroplating pogwiritsa ntchito zida mongamamita ochulukirachulukira(mfundo yokhudza kusinthasintha kwa mita ya density meter), imapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito mayankho nthawi yomweyo pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba ndipo imathandizira kusintha njira kuti atsimikizire kuti matope achotsedwa bwino popanda madzi ambiri kapena ma chromium ion osachepetsedwa. Kulekanitsa bwino ndi kusamalira precipitate kumachepetsa kuipitsa kwachiwiri ndikuthandizira kukwaniritsa kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza chilengedwe pa malo opangira ma electroplating.
Mwachidule, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino sodium bisulfite poika ma electroplating, kuwongolera pH mwamphamvu, ndi kuyang'anira njira zenizeni nthawi yeniyeni—komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi zida zapamwamba monga za ku Lonnmeter—ndizo maziko a njira zamakono zochepetsera chromium poika ma electroplating ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti ntchito zochizira madzi otayira ndi zotetezeka komanso zogwirizana.
Kuwongolera Njira ndi Zida
Magawo Ofunikira Owunikira
Kuyang'anira mosalekeza kuchepetsa hexavalent chromium ndikofunikira kwambiri pakutsata njira zamagetsi zamagetsi komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Magawo ofunikira ogwirira ntchito ndi monga pH, kuthekera kochepetsa okosijeni (ORP), ndi kuchuluka kwa chromium ion. Kusunga pH mkati mwa mulingo woyenera wa 2.0–3.0 kumawonjezera mphamvu yochepetsera hexavalent chromium ndipo kumalola kuwongolera molondola kusintha kupita ku trivalent chromium, kuchepetsa zoopsa za kuipitsa chilengedwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatira malamulo otulutsa madzi otayira.
Kuwunika kwa ORP kumapereka mayankho mwachangu pa momwe redox ilili, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro choyambirira cha kuchotsa chromium yosakwanira. Ma electrode agolide, omwe amakondedwa chifukwa cha kusakhala ndi mankhwala komanso kukhazikika kwawo, amapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri pakupanga madzi otayira omwe amafunikira. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zina, golide amapewa kuipitsidwa ndipo amasunga zizindikiro zolondola za ORP, makamaka pomwe kuchuluka kwa chloride, zitsulo zolemera, kapena zodetsa zachilengedwe zikanasokoneza zinthu zina za electrode. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yochepetsera chrome kwambiri, ma electrode agolide amasunga kulinganiza pakapita nthawi yayitali ndikupereka zotsatira zobwerezabwereza ngakhale pamene mankhwala akusinthasintha.
Kuwunika kwa chromium ion, komwe kumachitika ndi ma analyzer a nthawi yeniyeni, kumayesa kupita patsogolo kwa kuchepetsa ndikutsimikizira kusintha kwathunthu. Gawoli ndilofunika kwambiri chifukwa chromium yokhala ndi hexavalent imabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu paumoyo komanso kutsatira malamulo pakukonza ndi kusamalira madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating.
Zida Zoyezera Zokhazikika Pamzere ndi Zodziyimira Pawokha
Kuwunika molondola kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite ndikofunikira kwambiri powongolera njira yochepetsera, chifukwa sodium bisulfite nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chochepetsera kuchotsa hexavalent chromium. Mlingo wa sodium bisulfite wamadzimadzi uyenera kufananizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyeza kwa inline density kukhale kofunika kwambiri pochiza madzi otayira m'mafakitale.
Choyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi chozungulira chimapereka muyeso wodziyimira pawokha, wamkati mwa mzere pozindikira kuchuluka kwa madzi kudzera mu mfundo ya kuchuluka kwa madzi ozungulira. Popeza kuchuluka kwa madzi a sodium bisulfite kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, zida izi zimapereka muyeso wopitilira, wosasokoneza. Mwachitsanzo, zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zozungulira za Lonnmeter bwino.kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa track, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha mwachangu mlingo kuti zithandize bwino kugwiritsa ntchito sodium bisulfite muzochitika zamagetsi.
Ma density mita amakono, kuphatikizapo ochokera ku Lonnmeter, amatulutsa chizindikiro chokhazikika cha 4–20 mA, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kulumikizana kosasunthika ndi machitidwe owongolera machitidwe odziyimira pawokha. Akaphatikizidwa ndi zida za pH ndi ORP, amapanga njira yotseka yolumikizirana. Dongosololi limasintha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni, kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, kuchepa kwa mlingo, kapena kuphwanya malamulo mu njira zochepetsera chrome. Deta yochokera ku zida izi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito polemba mosalekeza ndi kupereka malipoti kwa akuluakulu oyang'anira.
Njira zoyezera ndi kukonza ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti muyeze modalirika. Zipangizo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi mkati mwake zimafuna kuyeza kwa zero ndi span pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yodziwika bwino ya sodium bisulfite solution kapena madzi osasungunuka. Ma ORP meter ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi ma redox buffers ovomerezeka, ndi zipangizo za pH zoyezedwa ndi NIST-traceable pH solutions musanayambe ntchito iliyonse, makamaka pochiza chromium m'madzi otayira.
Kuti zinthu zitsatire bwino chilengedwe pokonza ma electroplating ndi hexavalent chromium, zipangizozi zimathandizira:
- Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kuti muwonetsetse kuti mankhwala akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse
- Kuwunika kachulukidwe ka nthawi yeniyeni kuti akonze bwino njira
- Kupereka ndemanga mwachindunji ku makina a PLC kapena SCADA pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 4–20 mA
Ma protocol amalimbikitsa kuyang'ana ma calibration tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyeretsa masensa pamwezi, komanso kutsimikizira nthawi ndi nthawi motsutsana ndi njira zoyesera ma titration a labotale kuti zisunge kulondola ndikuchepetsa kusuntha. Njira yokhwimayi idapangidwa kuti isunge kukhazikika kwa njira, kuteteza kutsatira malamulo, ndikuwonjezera njira zochepetsera chromium m'malo osungira madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplate.
Kuonetsetsa Kuti Kuchotsa Chromium Yokhala ndi Hexavalent Kuli Koyenera komanso Kutsatira Malamulo a Zachilengedwe
Mapulogalamu oyeretsera madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating amapangidwa motsatira miyezo yokhwima yotulutsira madzi kuti azitha kuwononga chromium (Cr(VI)). Njira yogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi kugawa mitsinje yokhala ndi chromium ndipo imatsatira njira yochepetsera ndi kuyang'anira magawo ambiri.
Njira yodziwika bwino yochizira imayamba ndi kusintha pH ya madzi otayidwa, kenako ndikuwonjezera chochepetsera monga yankho la sodium bisulfite lamadzimadzi. Gawo lochepetsera limasintha chromium ya poizoni hexavalent kukhala trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), yomwe ndi yopanda poizoni ndipo imatha kupangika ngati hydroxide. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuchepa kokwanira komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zosafunikira zochizira komanso kuipitsa kwachiwiri.
Kuwongolera njira zapamwamba kumadalira muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu mzere, woperekedwa ndi ukadaulo monga oscillating density meters kuchokera ku Lonnmeter. Kusinthasintha kwa mita ya density mita kumayesa kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite yamadzimadzi nthawi yeniyeni, kuonetsetsa kuti mlingo woyenera ukuperekedwa panthawi yochepetsa chrome. Muyeso wa inline density wa electroplating umathandizira kutsatira mphamvu za reagent zokha, kuchepetsa kulowererapo kwa wogwiritsa ntchito komanso zolakwika.
Pambuyo pochepetsa, kuwunikira pambuyo pake ndikusefa, kuchotsa chromium ya trivalent yomwe yayamba. Kuti zitsimikizire kuti madzi otuluka akukwaniritsa miyezo yolamulidwa ya kuchuluka kwa chromium ion, njira zotsatirira kutulutsidwa kwa madzi otayira zimafuna kuyang'aniridwa kolondola. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) ndi njira yodziwika bwino yodziwira milingo yocheperako ya Cr(VI) ndi chromium yonse; kutsimikizika kwake kumathandizira malipoti odalirika olamulira. Kusanthula kwa Colorimetric, kutengera momwe diphenylcarbazide imachitira, kumapereka chida chowunikira mwachangu cha chromium yotsalira ya hexavalent, zomwe zimathandiza kuwunika pafupipafupi, pamalopo ndi kukhudzidwa kwakukulu.
Kusunga malamulo okhudza chilengedwe pa ntchito zoika ma electroplating kumadalira kuthekera koyang'anira ndikuwongolera mitundu ya chromium nthawi zonse pochiza madzi otayira kuti agwire ntchito ya chromium. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kumapereka mayankho mwachangu pakugwiritsa ntchito sodium bisulfite mu electroplating, kuthandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa dosing. Zotsatira zowunikira kuchokera ku AAS ndi mayeso a colorimetric zimawonetsedwa ndi malire olamulira—nthawi zambiri ≤0.1 mg/L ya Cr(VI)—kuti zitsimikizire momwe kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kumagwirira ntchito komanso kulemba kuti akuluakulu akutsatira malamulowo.
Ngati njira yochizira ipeza kuchuluka kwa chromium yotsalira ya hexavalent, njira zosinthira monga kuwonjezera reagent yowonjezera, kukonza pH, kapena nthawi yayitali yosungira imayambitsidwa. Kusinthaku kwamphamvu, kuphatikiza ndi kuyang'anira kodalirika kwa inline density ndi Lonnmeter mita, kumatsimikizira kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuchotsa chromium ya hexavalent. Mwa kuphatikiza zinthuzi, njira yochepetsera chrome imagwirizana ndi miyezo yosinthira yotulutsa ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe komanso zaumoyo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa chromium ya hexavalent.
Njira Zokonzera Bwino Ntchito Zamakampani
Kuwunika bwino kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite ndikofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mtengo wake panthawi yochepetsa chrome pokonza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating. Sodium bisulfite solution imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri posintha ma ion a chromium (Cr(VI)) kukhala chromium (Cr(III) yotetezeka kwambiri, motero zimathandiza kutsatira malamulo otulutsa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi—pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi—kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuwunika ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite. Choyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi cha Lonnmeter chimatsata kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi nthawi zonse, kupereka mayankho enieni omwe ogwiritsa ntchito angagwiritse ntchito kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi la sodium bisulfite mu njira yoyezera. Deta yolunjika iyi imalola kusintha kwa mlingo nthawi yomweyo, kuchepetsa zinyalala za reagent ndikuchepetsa ndalama za mankhwala. Kuyeza bwino mlingo sikuti kumangoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri sodium bisulfite komanso kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchepa kwa chromium ion kosakwanira, komwe kungayambitse kuphwanya malamulo kapena kufunikira kobwezera ndalama zambiri.
Chitsanzo: Mu njira yokonzanso madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating, kuphatikiza kusinthasintha kwa mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti ayang'anire bisulfite nthawi yeniyeni kunalola kuti reagent ichepetse mpaka 15% pomwe ikusunga kuchuluka kwa chromium kotsika kwambiri kuposa malire alamulo. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa ntchito pozindikira kusinthasintha kosayembekezereka kwa njira yoyambirira, monga kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa zinyalala kapena kuchuluka kwa matope. Kuyankha kumeneku kumachepetsa nthawi yotsika mtengo yogwira ntchito komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kutsata malamulo a chilengedwe.
Kuyang'anira kukhuthala kwa matope ndi khalidwe la madzi otuluka kumakhudzanso mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo wake. Kuchotsa hexavalent chromium kuchokera kuzinthu zotayira zamagetsi kumachititsa kuti madzi otuluka, omwe ngati atasungunuka kwambiri, amatha kulepheretsa kusungunuka kwa chromium ndi kusefa pambuyo pake. Kuyang'anira bwino—kugwiritsa ntchito muyeso wa inline density pakugwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating ndi kusanthula kolunjika—kumatsimikizira kuti mawonekedwe a matope amakhalabe abwino kwambiri pakusamalira ndi kutaya. Kuwongolera koyenera kwa momwe madzi otayira amakhalira komanso kapangidwe ka madzi otuluka kungathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi, kuchepetsa ndalama zotayira, ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chopitirira malire otsatira malamulo otulutsira madzi otayika.
Kuyang'anira ma ion a chromium, pamodzi ndi muyeso wa inline density, kumapereka chidziwitso chothandiza pakukonza magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuyika ma chart density values pamodzi ndi chromium reduction rates kumathandiza magulu kuti agwirizane mwachangu kusintha kwa dosing ndi zotsatira zenizeni za ndondomekoyi. Kinetic removal curve ikuwonetsa kuti kusunga kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite pamlingo woyenera kumathandizira kusintha kwa Cr(VI) ndi 35%, poyerekeza ndi batch processing popanda kupitiliza feedback:
-- ...
| Nthawi (mphindi) | Kuchotsa Cr(VI) (%) | Kuchulukana (g/cm³) |
|------------|----------------------|------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
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Deta ya ndondomeko ndi kusanthula kumawonjezera njira zochepetsera chrome mu electroplating mwa kuthandizira kuwerengera mlingo ndi kukonza msanga kupotoka. Kuyang'anira kosalekeza kwa makhalidwe a yankho—monga kuchulukana kudzera mu oscillating density meters—kumathandizira kuzindikira mwachangu kusalingana kwa mankhwala. Kusanthula kwapamwamba kwa ndondomeko kumagwiritsa ntchito miyeso iyi ya nthawi yeniyeni kuti itsogolere kugwiritsa ntchito sodium bisulfite mu electroplating, kuchepetsa ndalama zonse za reagent ndi kupanga zinthu zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka zinyalala mu electroplating kakhale kosavuta komanso kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo lonse.
Kuyeza kodalirika kwa inline density kwa electroplating sikuti kumangothandiza kuwongolera kuipitsa kwa chromium yokhala ndi hexavalent, komanso kumalimbitsa kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe pa ntchito za electroplating. Ndi ukadaulo wa Lonnmeter womwe umaphatikizidwa m'malo ofunikira mu ndondomekoyi, malo ogwirira ntchito amatha kusunga kuchuluka kwa chromium molimba mtima, kukwaniritsa miyezo yoyendetsera ntchito, ndikusunga ntchito zokhazikika zamafakitale popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso kapena chiopsezo cha chilengedwe.
Kuthetsa Mavuto ndi Kukonza
Mavuto Omwe Amakhalapo: Kupha Masensa, Kulephera Kupereka Mlingo Woyenera, Kuyendetsa Zida
Mu njira yochepetsera chrome, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite ndi kuchepetsa chromium ion kumadalira masensa omwe ali pamalo amphamvu kwambiri. Kupha kwa masensa, komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuyika kwa hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, ndi zina zodetsa, kumasokoneza muyeso wolondola wa inline density ndi kuyang'anira sodium bisulfite solution. Ma deposits amapangidwa pa ma probes ndi ma electrodes, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa sensitivity, kuwerenga kosasinthasintha, kapena kutayika kwathunthu kwa ntchito. Ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa zimatha kutseka malo a sensa, pomwe zinthu za acidic kapena oxidative zimatha kuwononga zigawo za sensa, kufulumizitsa kusuntha kwa zida ndi kusakhazikika kwa chizindikiro.
Kusagwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka ndi sodium bisulfite yamadzimadzi, kumawonjezera kuwononga kuwongolera kwa njira. Kusagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungayambitse kuchepa kosakwanira kwa hexavalent chromium, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale kutsatira malamulo otulutsira madzi otayira. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumawonjezera ndalama za mankhwala ndipo kungayambitse zinthu zodetsa zosafunikira. Kusinthasintha kwa zida—kusintha kwa mayankho oyambira chifukwa cha zaka za sensor, kuipitsidwa, kapena kuwonongeka kwa zinthu—kumabweretsa kuyang'anira kosadalirika kwa sodium bisulfite ndipo kumafuna kukonzedwanso pafupipafupi kuti tipewe zolakwika mu njira zodziyimira pawokha kapena machitidwe oyankha. Mavutowa amapangitsa kuti kuyeza kwamphamvu komanso kosalekeza kwa kusintha kwa chromium kukhale kofunika kwambiri kuti titsatire malamulo a chilengedwe m'makonzedwe a electroplating a mafakitale.
Malangizo Okonza Ma Probes, Electrodes, ndi Density Meters
Kukonza nthawi zonse n'kofunika kwambiri kuti muchepetse zotsatira za poizoni wa sensa ndi kusuntha kwa zida. Ma probe ndi ma electrode ayenera kufufuzidwa pafupipafupi kuti awone ngati pali kuipitsidwa, kusintha mtundu, kapena kuwonongeka kwakuthupi. Njira zoyeretsera zimadalira mtundu wa sensa ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Kuyeretsa kwa makina (monga maburashi ofewa kapena ma wipers) kumatha kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mafilimu a pamwamba. Kuyeretsa kwa ultrasonic komwe kumachitika kokha komwe kumaphatikizidwa mu probe kumathandiza kutulutsa zinthu zomwe zili mkati nthawi yeniyeni popanda kufunikira nthawi yogwira ntchito.
Machitidwe oyeretsera mankhwala—pogwiritsa ntchito ma acid osungunuka, ma base, kapena zosungunulira zapadera—amachotsa scale yokhazikika, zigawo za oxide yachitsulo, ndi kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe. Pambuyo poyeretsa, masensa ayenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi oyeretsedwa kuti apewe kuipitsidwa kwina. Ma probe ndi ma electrode opangidwa kuchokera ku PTFE, platinamu, kapena zinthu zina zosagwira dzimbiri nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kukana bwino kuipitsidwa ndipo amafunika kutsukidwa pang'ono.
Mamita oyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, ayenera kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ovomerezeka nthawi ndi nthawi omwe amafotokozedwa ndi kukhazikika kwa njira ndi malangizo a wopanga. Kutsimikizira nthawi ndi nthawi kumaonetsetsa kuti kusunthika kapena kuipitsidwa sikukhudza kulondola kwa muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa madzi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite panthawi yochotsa hexavalent chromium. Zizindikiro zilizonse za phokoso kapena kusakhazikika kwa chizindikiro cha kuipitsidwa kwa madzi mu mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi zitha kusonyeza kuwonongeka kwa madzi kapena hardware ndipo ziyenera kuyambitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi kutsukidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Sinthani ma gasket, ma seal, ndi zinthu zina zonyowa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti mupewe kutuluka kwa madzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti masensa akhala nthawi yayitali m'mitsinje yamadzi otayira omwe amafunikira mankhwala. Sungani zolemba zatsatanetsatane zautumiki zomwe zikuwonetsa zochita zokonza, zochitika zokonzanso, zolakwika zosayembekezereka, ndi nthawi yoyankhira kuti zithandize kuzindikira mavuto omwe amabwera mobwerezabwereza ndikukonza bwino kukonza mtsogolo.
Makonzedwe a Alamu ndi Osalephera
Machitidwe ochenjeza ndi osagwira ntchito bwino ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakusunga malamulo ndi kupewa kusokonekera kwa njira zochizira madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri—kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite, kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira, mphamvu yochepetsera madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira—ziyenera kukhala ndi malire ochenjeza omwe amaikidwa mu makina owongolera njira zochizira. Ma alamu ofunikira kwambiri ayenera kuyambika ngati muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira ukuwonetsa kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa malo oti madzi a sodium bisulfite alowe kapena ngati zolinga zochepetsera madzi otayira sizikukwaniritsidwa.
Ma alarm contacts ochokera ku masensa ofunikira, monga Lonnmeter inline density mita, ayenera kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ma process interlocks omwe amaletsa mapampu oyezera kapena kusuntha madzi otayira osatsatira malamulo kupita ku matanki osungira. Malangizo osalephera ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti, ngati sensa yalephera (monga zero signal yosalekeza kapena kuwerenga kosakwanira), makinawo abwerera ku njira yotetezeka kwambiri yogwirira ntchito—mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kuchepetsa chromium kapena kupatula mizere yochizira yomwe yakhudzidwa.
Kuchedwa kwa ma alarm ndi ma deadbands kumachepetsa ma alarm okhumudwitsa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa njira, koma malo oika ma alarm ayenera kuwonetsa malire oyendetsera kutulutsa kwa chromium ndi zinthu zina zoopsa. Mu malo ovomerezeka, kuchulukitsa kwa data—pogwiritsa ntchito masensa ofanana kapena ma backup density mita—kungateteze ku kutayika kwa deta chifukwa cha poizoni wa masensa kapena kulephera kwa zida. Kuyesa kogwira ntchito kwa ma alarm ndi ma interlocks nthawi zonse, kotsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi maulendo enieni a njira, ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire nthawi yoyankha ya wogwiritsa ntchito ndikuletsa kuphwanya malamulo pakutulutsa madzi otayira m'mafakitale.
Kukonza mwadongosolo, kukonza ma alamu nthawi yake, komanso kuyankha mwamphamvu popanda kulephera kumapanga maziko odalirika a kuwunika kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite, kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa chromium, komanso kasamalidwe ka zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating.
Kuchepetsa bwino chrome mu njira yopangira ma electroplating m'mafakitale kumadalira njira yodziwika bwino yowongolera mankhwala, kuyang'anira, komanso kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuchotsa chromium ya hexavalent ndikusunga mikhalidwe yoyenera ya asidi—nthawi zambiri pa pH 3—kuti sodium bisulfite igwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, kuonetsetsa kuti chromium yoopsa ya hexavalent (Cr(VI)) ikhale chromium yotetezeka ya trivalent (Cr(III)) monga momwe mabungwe olamulira amalimbikitsira komanso kuthandizidwa ndi makampani. Kusunga sodium bisulfite solution yoperekedwa pamlingo wa 3-5 kuposa kuchuluka kwa molar Cr(VI) kumathandiza kutsimikizira kuchepa mwachangu, mokwanira komanso kudziwikiratu kwa chromium panthawi yotsatira ya chithandizo.
Kuwunika kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite nthawi yeniyeni ndikofunikira kuti ntchito iyende bwino. Maukadaulo oyezera kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite, monga omwe amachokera ku mfundo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite, amapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira nthawi zonse mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa madzi a sodium bisulfite. Kuphatikiza ma density mita odziyimira pawokha mu ndondomekoyi kumathandiza kusintha bwino kwa mlingo, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso, komanso kuzindikira mwachangu kusiyana kulikonse ndi momwe chakudya chimakhalira. Kuwongolera kwakukulu kumeneku kumathandizira kusintha kwa chromium nthawi zonse komanso kutsatira miyezo yamkati yotulutsira madzi ndi maudindo alamulo kuti madzi anyansidwe azitsatira.
Kuwunika molondola kwa ma ion a chromium kumathandizanso kutsatira malamulo achilengedwe a malo opangira ma electroplating. Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa ma electroplating sikuti kumangotsatira kuchepetsa ma agent feeds komanso kumadziwitsanso mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri pakukonza chromium m'madzi otayira, kuthandiza ogwira ntchito kupeza kuchuluka kodalirika kochotsa zinthu zodetsa komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zowononga chromium. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kokhazikika kwa ma ion nthawi yeniyeni panthawi yonse yochepetsera chrome kumachepetsa zolakwika za ogwira ntchito ndikuchepetsa kudalira zitsanzo zamanja zomwe zimawononga nthawi yambiri, kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito bwino komanso kutsatira malamulo azachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo, komwe kumakhala ndi zida zapamwamba mongakuchulukana kwa mkatindizoyezera kukhuthalaKuchokera ku makampani monga Lonnmeter, kumaonetsetsa kuti njira yochepetsera chrome imakhala yodalirika komanso yogwira ntchito nthawi zonse komanso m'madzi otayira osiyanasiyana. Kuyeza kodalirika kumathandiza mainjiniya a njira kuti ayankhe mwachangu kusintha, kukwaniritsa njira zochepetsera chromium mu njira zabwino zopangira ma electroplating, ndikusintha njira zoyezera momwe zimafunikira kuti zitsatire chilengedwe. Njirayi imathandizira kasamalidwe ka zinyalala zogwiritsa ntchito ma electroplating kosatha ndipo imalola kuti pakhale kukwaniritsidwa kobwerezabwereza kwa zoletsa zotulutsa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osafunikira kapena chiopsezo ku chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza kwa kuwunika kolondola kwa kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kuwongolera kwathunthu kwa njira zopangira zinthu kumapanga maziko a machitidwe amakono, otsatira malamulo, komanso ogwira mtima ochotsera chromium. Kuwunika kolimba ndi kuphatikiza ukadaulo sikuti kungowonjezera zinthu zokha—tsopano ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakukwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito abwino, owonekera bwino, komanso osamalira chilengedwe.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi yankho la sodium bisulfite limathandiza bwanji kuchotsa chromium ya hexavalent kuchokera m'madzi otayira a electroplating?
Sodium bisulfite solution ndi mankhwala ochepetsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa chrome kuti asinthe hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), yomwe imayambitsa khansa komanso poizoni kwambiri, kukhala chromium yotetezeka ya trivalent (Cr(III)).
Njirayi imachitika bwino kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi asidi (pH 2-5), pomwe chromium yotsika imagwera ngati chromium hydroxide ikasintha pH kukhala alkaline, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ichotsedwe m'madzi otayira. Njirayi imalola malo osungiramo zinthu kuti akwaniritse kutsata malamulo okhwima okhudza kutulutsidwa kwa madzi otayira mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa Cr(VI) pansi pa malire odziwika, kuchepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi zaumoyo.
Kodi kufunika kwa kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mkati mwa mzere mu njira yochepetsera chrome ndi kotani?
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'magawo ndikofunikira kwambiri poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite panthawi yochepetsa hexavalent chromium m'mafakitale opangira ma electroplating. Ma Oscillating density meters, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amapereka kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha reductant chikuwonjezedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Cr(VI) ichepetse mphamvu yochepetsera mphamvu pamene ikuchepetsa zinyalala za reagent. Ma frequency a oscillation a ma mita awa ndi ofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho, kupereka mayankho mwachangu omwe amasunga kuwongolera kokhazikika kwa njira, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndikuletsa kulephera kutsatira malamulo.
Chifukwa chiyani kuyang'anira kosalekeza kwa chromium ion ndikofunikira kuti chilengedwe chizitsatira malamulo a electroplating?
Kuyang'anira kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa ma ion a chromium—nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometry kapena colorimetry—ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa ndi electroplating amakhalabe mkati mwa malire oyendetsera kutulutsa kwa chromium ya hexavalent. Akuluakulu azachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amafunika kuwongolera mwamphamvu pa 0.1 mg/L kapena pansi pake kuti apewe kuipitsa kwa chromium ya hexavalent. Kuyeza nthawi yeniyeni kumalola kusintha mwachangu kwa njira, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuphwanya malamulo, chindapusa, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kosakwanira kapena kusokonekera kwa njira.
Kodi pH imagwira ntchito yotani pakusintha kuchoka pa hexavalent kupita ku trivalent chromium?
Kulamulira pH ndikofunikira kwambiri pa kuchepetsa mankhwala ndi njira zotsatizana za chromium. Zinthu zokhala ndi asidi (nthawi zambiri pH 2-5) ndizofunikira panthawi yochepetsa, chifukwa zimasunga hexavalent chromium mu mawonekedwe ake a ionic omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Pambuyo pochepetsa, pH ya yankho imakwezedwa (nthawi zambiri >8.5) kuti ipangitse Cr(III) kukhala chromium hydroxide. Kusintha kwa pH koyenera kumatsimikizira kuti zimachitika mwachangu, kumawonjezera mphamvu yochotsera, kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, komanso kumathandiza kuti madzi atuluke komanso kutaya zinyalala.
Kodi zoyezera kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite zingathandize bwanji kuwunika kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite?
Ma Oscillating Density Meters amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa sodium bisulfite chifukwa zimathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende bwino,muyeso wamkatipopanda kufunikira koti mutenge zitsanzo pamanja. Mfundo ya chubu chogwedezeka imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kusintha kwa mafupipafupi a oscillation kupita ku kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa yankho, zomwe zimalola mayankho odziyimira pawokha pamachitidwe owerengera mankhwala. Kuwunika kolondola kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala nthawi yeniyeni kumaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi sulfate, komanso kuchepetsa mlingo, zomwe zimaika pachiwopsezo kuchepetsa chromium kosakwanira komanso kusatsatira malamulo. Mwa kuphatikiza zida za Lonnmeter, kukhazikika kwa njira ndi kuwongolera mlingo wa sodium bisulfite mu electroplating kumawonjezeka kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti kuchepetsa chromate kumakhala kogwira mtima komanso kodalirika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-10-2025
