Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu mu nthawi yeniyeni ndi njira yofunika kwambiri pakupanga pulasitiki yowola. Mamita olemera a Lonnmeter amayesa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi ndi slurry ndi kuwerenga kosalekeza komanso kolondola kwambiri. Kuwunika kumeneku nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza ogwira ntchito kuyankha nthawi yomweyo ku kusintha kwa zinthu, kusintha kuchuluka kwa chakudya kapena momwe zinthu zilili kuti polymerization isungidwe mkati mwa zofunikira.
Chidule cha akuluakulu
Njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola imayimira yankho lofunikira kwambiri pa nkhani yowonjezereka ya kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi mafuta okhazikika. Imayang'ana kwambiri kupanga kosatha mwa kusintha zinthu zongowonjezedwanso, monga lignin kuchokera kumakampani opanga zamkati ndi mapepala, kukhala ma polima abwino kwa chilengedwe okhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa mwaluso komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka komwe kumayendetsedwa. Gawoli limaphatikizapo magawo angapo ofunikira, kuyambira kusankha zinthu zopangira ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala, kudzera munjira zapamwamba zopangira polymerization, mpaka kusintha kukhala zinthu zomalizidwa kudzera munjira zapadera zopangira.
Pulasitiki Yowola
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Cholinga chachikulu cha njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola ndi kuwononga chilengedwe chili m'njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira polymerization: condensation polymerization ndi ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Izi zimathandiza kuwongolera molondola kulemera kwa mamolekyulu ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukonza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a makina. Zatsopano zaposachedwa zayang'ana kwambiri kuphatikiza lignin mu matrices a polyester, pogwiritsa ntchito graft-onto ndi graft-from copolymerization kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu yolimba komanso kusweka kwa moyo. Kupanga kudzera mu njira zoyendera zochokera ku microreactor kumakhazikitsanso muyezo watsopano wa magwiridwe antchito. Mosiyana ndi njira zachikhalidwe, ma microreactor amapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yowongolera kutentha ndi kusakaniza, kukulitsa liwiro la polymerization pomwe amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndikuchotsa zoyambitsa zitsulo zoopsa m'malo mwa njira zina zosamalira chilengedwe. Zotsatira zake ndi zokolola zokhazikika za ma polima okhala ndi kufanana kowonjezereka komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe.
Vuto lalikulu pakukulitsa njira zopangira pulasitiki yowola limachokera pakusandutsa kupita patsogolo kwa labotale kukhala kupanga kodalirika komanso kwakukulu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale kumadalira kuwongolera kwamphamvu komanso nthawi yeniyeni. Vuto limodzi losatha ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kumagawidwa mofanana pakupanga, kofunikira kwambiri kuti magwiridwe antchito azidziwike bwino komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo. Mofananamo, mawonekedwe a makina ndi kutentha ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira zolimba za kulongedza, katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mafilimu a zaulimi.
Kuyang'anira kupolima ndi kuwongolera njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola kwapita patsogolo kudzera mu zida zoyezera molondola. Miyeso yozungulira ndi yokhuthala, monga yomwe imapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwunika nthawi yeniyeni panthawi ya kusungunuka kwa propylene kapena kusungunuka kwa bulk polymerizations. Zipangizozi zimalola kuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi ndi kukhuthala, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha nthawi yomweyo magawo olowera. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa propylene nthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza kusunga kusinthasintha kwa batch, kukonza kugwiritsa ntchito catalyst, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti polymer ndi yofunika kwambiri - chofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa zinyalala ndi kukwera mtengo pamene ikukwaniritsa zolinga zokhazikika. Miyeso yolondola ya propylene imathandiziranso njira yodziyimira yokha ndi zolemba zomwe zimafunikira kuti malamulo azitsatiridwa munjira zopangira pulasitiki yowola yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani.
Ngakhale kuti zinthu zachitika bwino, kukulitsa njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola kukupitilizabe kukumana ndi zopinga. Kupereka zakudya zabwino zochokera ku biobased feedstocks, kuphatikiza mankhwala obiriwira pagawo lililonse, komanso kufunikira kwa njira zowunikira komanso zowunikira bwino kumafuna chisamaliro chopitilira. Kusankha njira zoyenera zopangira pulasitiki yowola ndi njira zobayira ziyenera kutsimikizira osati kokha magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuwonongeka kwa moyo m'malo enieni - cholinga chikukonzedwabe ndi chithandizo cha ukadaulo wowunikira komanso wowunikira bwino.
Mwachidule, zatsopano mu polymerization yoyenda mosalekeza, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru lignin ndi zolowetsa zongowonjezwdwanso, komanso kuwongolera kuchulukana kwa matope nthawi yeniyeni zikuwonetsa momwe zinthu zikuyendera popanga pulasitiki yosamalira chilengedwe. Kugwirizana kwa kupita patsogolo kumeneku kukuthandizira kupita patsogolo kwa gawoli popanga mapulasitiki otchipa, ogwira ntchito bwino, komanso okhazikika.
Mapulasitiki Owola ndi Ntchito Yawo Pakupanga Zamakono
Mapulasitiki osinthika ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymeric zopangidwa kuti ziwonongeke kudzera mu zochita zamoyo—monga, kagayidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya, bowa, kapena algae. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumabweretsa zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe monga madzi, carbon dioxide, methane (pansi pa mikhalidwe ya anaerobic), ndi biomass. Mosiyana ndi ma polima wamba, omwe amachokera ku petrochemicals ndipo amalimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mapulasitiki osinthika amakhala ndi maulumikizidwe a mankhwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kusweka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi enzymatic, komanso hydrolysis.
Kusiyana pakati pa mapulasitiki ovunda ndi ma polima wamba kumachokera ku kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala. Mapulasitiki wamba, monga polyethylene (PE) ndi polypropylene (PP), ali ndi mafupa olimba a carbon-carbon okhala ndi crystallinity yayikulu komanso hydrophobicity, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale olimba kwambiri komanso osavunda. Zinthuzi zimakhalabe m'chilengedwe kwa zaka zambiri kapena kuposerapo, zimagawikana pokhapokha ngati kuwala pang'onopang'ono kapena kutentha komwe sikuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zawo zachilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma polima ovunda nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma ester, amide, kapena glycosidic bonds omwe amawola m'chiuno mwawo, zomwe zimawonjezera kuwonongeka kwambiri akakumana ndi zinthu zoyenera zachilengedwe komanso zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, polylactic acid (PLA) ndi polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) zimakhala ndi ma bond oterewa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kuwonongeka kuchitike kudzera mu hydrolysis ndi microbial enzyme action.
Mapulasitiki ovunda amatha kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mankhwala awo ndi zinthu zopangira. PLA ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamalonda, yopangidwa kudzera mu kuwiritsa zinthu zongowonjezedwanso monga chimanga kapena nzimbe. Kapangidwe kake, polyester yolumikizidwa ndi ma ester bond, imakonda kuwonongeka kwa hydrolytic—ngakhale makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu ndi chinyezi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma composting m'mafakitale. PHA, yopangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mafuta a masamba kapena starch, ili ndi kapangidwe kofanana ka polyester koma imawonongeka mwachangu m'nthaka komanso m'madzi. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) ndi poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) ndi ma polyester ovunda kwambiri; PBS nthawi zambiri imachokera ku succinic acid ndi butanediol yochokera kuzinthu zodyetsera zomera, pomwe PBAT ndi co-polyester yophatikiza mayunitsi ovunda ndi aromatic kuti asinthe bwino mawonekedwe a makina ndi kinetics ya kuwonongeka.
Mapulasitiki okhala ndi sitachi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, opangidwa posakaniza sitachi yachilengedwe—makamaka yopangidwa ndi amylose ndi amylopectin polysaccharides—ndi ma polima ena owonongeka kapena ofala kuti agwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti azitha kukonzedwa bwino. Kuwonongeka kwawo kumadalira ma enzyme a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadula ma glycosidic bonds, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chiwonongeke mwachangu kwambiri m'malo oyenera.
Kusintha kwa mapulasitiki ovunda popanga zinthu kumapereka maubwino ambiri pa chilengedwe ndi ntchito. Choyamba, zipangizozi zimachepetsa katundu wotsalira wa zinyalala za pulasitiki, chifukwa zinthu zawo zosweka zimaphatikizidwanso ndi zochitika zachilengedwe za biogeochemical. Izi zikuchulukirachulukira pamene mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi komanso a anthu akuchulukirachulukira kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndi mapulasitiki ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, mapulasitiki ambiri ovunda amagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zongowonjezedwanso, zomwe zingachepetse mpweya woipa womwe umawononga chilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kudalira zinthu zakale zochepa.
Poganizira momwe zinthu zilili, mapulasitiki ovunda ndi osinthika ndipo amagwirizana ndi njira zodziwika bwino zopangira ma polima, monga kupanga jakisoni ndi kutulutsa. Njira monga kupanga jakisoni wa pulasitiki wovunda ndi njira zina zopangira ma molding ndi njira zosinthira njira zachikhalidwe zopangira ma thermoplastic, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zigwirizane mosavuta ndi zomangamanga zomwe zilipo kale zopangira ma packaging, ulimi, ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha.
Pantchito, kuwongolera khalidwe lenileni pakupanga mapulasitiki ovunda ndikofunikira, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku bio-based ndi variable feedstocks. Zipangizo zoyezera mkati, monga ma density meters ochokera ku Lonnmeter, zimathandiza kuyeza nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa propylene density ndi propylene slurry polymerization control. Kuyang'anira molondola magawo ofunikira monga kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi ndi momwe polymerization imagwirira ntchito kumatsimikizira kuti polymer imakhala yabwino nthawi zonse, magwiridwe antchito abwino amakina, komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa biodegradation komwe kumayembekezereka. Mtundu uwu wa process control ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ma polima ovunda masiku ano, kuteteza katundu wazinthu zonse komanso kutsatira miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito kapena ma composting.
Kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe wazaka ziwiri zapitazi akuwonetsa chidziwitso chofunikira: liwiro lenileni ndi kukwanira kwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe sizimangodalira kapangidwe ka polima komanso malo ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, PLA imafuna kutentha kwa manyowa m'mafakitale kuti iwonongeke mwachangu, pomwe PHA ndi mapulasitiki ena okhala ndi sitachi amawonongeka mwachangu m'nthaka yachilengedwe kapena m'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, ubwino weniweni wa chilengedwe umalumikizidwa ndi kusankha mankhwala oyenera a polima komanso kukhazikitsa zomangamanga zothandizira kuyang'anira zinyalala.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki ovunda kumatsegula mwayi watsopano wopanga zinthu mokhazikika komanso njira zoyenera zothanirana ndi mavuto, makamaka zikaphatikizidwa ndi kuyang'anira bwino njira, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zakudya, komanso kusankha bwino zinthu. Kuphatikizidwa kwawo bwino mu kupanga kwamakono kumadalira kumvetsetsa bwino momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso njira zopangira pulasitiki yovunda, komanso kuyang'anira bwino nthawi yonse yopanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutaya zinthu.
Kusankha ndi Kukonzekera Zinthu Zopangira
Kusankha chakudya chokhazikika komanso chosinthika ndiye maziko a njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola. Malamulowa amafuna kuwunika kolimba kwa moyo wonse (LCA) kuti atsimikizire kuti mpweya woipa ukuchepa, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka ndi madzi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe zawonongeka kumapeto kwa moyo. Ma LCA amakono amawerengera kulima, kukolola, kukonza, ndi zotsatira zake, kuonetsetsa kuti kupeza zinthu monga zotsalira zaulimi, biomass yosadyedwa, kapena zinyalala zachilengedwe kumapereka zabwino zenizeni zachilengedwe.
Zakudya ziyenera kupewa mpikisano ndi chakudya. Zipangizo monga switchgrass, miscanthus, mankhusu a mbewu, mafuta ophikira otayirira, kapena cellulose yochokera ku nsalu ndizomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri. Izi sizimangolimbikitsa njira zoyendetsera chuma komanso zimachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso mtengo wa zinthu zopangira poyerekeza ndi chimanga kapena nzimbe. Opanga ayeneranso kutsimikizira kuti kusankha mbewu ndi kufunikira kwakukulu sikubweretsa kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka mwachindunji, monga kudula mitengo kapena kutayika kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kutsata, ndi zolemba kuchokera ku gwero mpaka ku polymerization, kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwa ogula ndi olamulira kuti atsimikizire kuti unyolo wopereka ndi wodalirika.
Kupanga pulasitiki yowola kumaphatikizaponso kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma ngati njira zofunika kwambiri zosankhira. Zakudya ziyenera kupezeka ndi umboni wotsimikizika wa momwe zinthu zilili bwino pantchito komanso maubwino kwa anthu ammudzi. Mapulani odzipereka ndi ma audit a chipani chachitatu nthawi zambiri amafunika asanavomerezedwe.
Kubwezeretsa mbewu mwachangu n'kofunika kwambiri. Mbewu za pachaka, zinthu zochokera ku ulimi, ndi zinthu zomwe zimadzadzanso mbewu mwachangu monga algae kapena udzu zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusinthika kwawo mwachangu komanso zoopsa zochepa za kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe. Zakudya ziyeneranso kulimidwa ndikukonzedwa ndi mankhwala ochepa oopsa; kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe nthawi zonse kwachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa ulimi wachilengedwe komanso kuyang'anira tizilombo tophatikizana.
Kuika patsogolo zinyalala ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zina kumaphatikiza njira zopangira pulasitiki yomwe imatha kuwola ndi njira zopangira pulasitiki zomwe siziwononga chilengedwe. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zina ...
Pambuyo posankha, njira zokonzekera zisanachitike ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti monomer ichotsedwe bwino komanso kuti ikhale yoyera. Mwachitsanzo, zotsalira zaulimi zimafunika kuphwanyidwa, kuuma, ndi kugawidwa m'magulu asanayambe kupanga shuga wokhuthala. Mbewu zokhala ndi sitachi zimaphikidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa ndi enzyme kuti zigaye chakudya chovuta. Pa chakudya cha cellulose, mankhwala kapena makina opukutira amachotsa lignin ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kokonza. Gawo lililonse limayang'ana kwambiri kuchotsa monomer zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga lactic acid, zofunika kwambiri pakupanga pulasitiki yochuluka komanso njira zopopera pulasitiki.
Zakudya zokonzedwa kale zimayang'aniridwa mosamala kuti zione ngati zili ndi kapangidwe kake, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsa, komanso chinyezi. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zinthu zomwe zalowetsedwa bwino komanso kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino pakusintha kwa mankhwala kapena kuwiritsa—zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa njira, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zachitika, komanso kukula kwa kupanga pulasitiki yowola. Chifukwa chake, kukonza bwino zakudya sikuti ndikofunika kwambiri pa chilengedwe chokha; ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zizigwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti zinthu zizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'magawo onse otsatira.
Kuumba ndi Kupanga: Kuyambira Zosakaniza Mpaka Zinthu Zomalizidwa
Kuumba kwa Pulasitiki Yowonongeka Yopangidwa ndi Mabakiteriya
Kupangira jakisoni wa pulasitiki wowola kumadalira kuperekedwa molondola kwa ma resin osungunuka—monga PLA, PHA, ndi PBS—m'bowo looneka ngati pulasitiki, komwe zinthuzo zimazizira ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe omaliza. Njirayi imafuna chisamaliro chapadera pa njira yopangira pulasitiki wowola ndipo imaphatikizapo njira zabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi kutentha kwa zinthuzi.
Zinyalala za Polylactic acid (PLA) zimakhala pakati pa 160 ndi 200 °C, koma zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimachitika pa 170–185 °C. Kupitirira kutentha kumeneku kumabweretsa chiopsezo cha kusweka kwa unyolo, kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyulu, komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a makina. Kutentha kwa nkhungu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 25 ndi 60 °C. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa nkhungu, kuyambira 40 mpaka 60 °C, kumawonjezera kristalo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya makina, pomwe kuzizira mwachangu pansi pa 25 °C kungayambitse kupsinjika kwamkati ndi mapangidwe osalimba a kristalo. Kupanikizika kwa jakisoni nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 60 mpaka 120 MPa—kokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti nkhungu idzadzaza pomwe kupewa kung'anima. Kukhuthala kochepa kwa PLA kumalola kuthamanga pang'ono, kupewa zoopsa za kudulidwa kwambiri komwe kumawononga polima. Chofunika kwambiri, PLA iyenera kuumitsidwa bwino pansi pa 200 ppm chinyezi (maola 2-4 pa 80–100 °C). Madzi ochulukirapo amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa hydrolytic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigawo zikhale zofooka komanso zosagwira ntchito bwino.
Ma resins a PHA, monga PHB ndi PHBV, amafanana ndi zosowa za kutentha kolamulidwa. Amawumba bwino kwambiri pakati pa 160 ndi 180 °C. Pa kutentha kopitilira 200 °C, ma PHA amawonongeka mwachangu. Okonza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa nkhungu pakati pa 30 ndi 60 °C. Kupanikizika kwa jakisoni nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 80 mpaka 130 MPa ndipo kumadalira kapangidwe ka copolymer ndi kusakaniza. Monga PLA, ma PHA ndi osavuta kwambiri ku madzi otsala ndipo amafunika kuumitsa pa 60–80 °C kuti chinyezi chikhale pansi pa 500 ppm. Kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono kwa jakisoni kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa shear, kusunga umphumphu wa unyolo wa polima.
Ma resini a PBS, ngakhale kuti ndi olimba kwambiri pa kutentha kuposa PLA kapena PHA, amafunikirabe kusungunuka kwa kutentha pakati pa 120 ndi 140 °C. Kukonza kutentha kwambiri (> 160 °C) kumatha kuwononga matrix. Kutentha kwa nkhungu kwa 20–40 °C n'kofala; kutentha kwakukulu kumathandiza kupangika kwa kristalo, ndikukweza kukhazikika kwa chinthu chopangidwa. Kupanikizika kokhazikika ndi 80–100 MPa. PBS imatha kupirira chinyezi choyambira chambiri kuposa PLA, koma iyenerabe kukonzedwa pa 80 °C isanapangidwe.
Zinthu zapadera zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zonsezi ndi monga kusamala nthawi yomwe ikukhala komanso momwe chinyezi chimatengedwa. Kukhala nthawi yayitali mu mbiya kapena nkhungu pa kutentha kwakukulu kumathandizira kuwonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe mtundu, kuuma, ndi fungo. Kusamalira chinyezi moyenera, komwe kumachitika powumitsa pulasitiki, ndikofunikira kwambiri pa gawo lililonse la njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola. Zida zowunikira nthawi yeniyeni, monga inline density meters ndi inline viscosity meters zopangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, zimathandiza kusunga kusinthasintha kwa zinthuzo powulula kusiyana kwa zinthu zosungunuka chifukwa cha kutentha kapena kusinthasintha kwa chinyezi.
Zolakwika zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pa utomoni wowola ndi monga kusweka (kuchokera ku chinyezi chochuluka), kusweka kwa brittle (chifukwa cha kuumitsa kwambiri kapena kutentha kwambiri), ndi malo opanda kanthu kapena kudzaza kosakwanira (kuchokera ku kutentha kochepa kwa nkhungu kapena kupsinjika kochepa). Ngati malo opanda kanthu aonekera, ikani zouma zolimba kwambiri. Ngati ming'alu kapena kusweka kwachitika, chepetsani kutentha kwa kusungunuka ndikufupikitsa nthawi yogona. Malo opanda kanthu nthawi zambiri amayankha kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa jakisoni kapena kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kutentha kwa kusungunuka.
Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kukonza kutentha kwa nkhungu kumabweretsa kusintha kwa makina ndi pamwamba pa PLA ndi PBS, pomwe kuchepetsa nthawi yosungiramo zinthu zosungunuka kumasunga kulemera kwa mamolekyu a ma resin a PHA. Nthawi yozungulira, magawo owuma, ndi kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili pakapita nthawi zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pakupanga ziwalo za pulasitiki zomwe zimatha kuwola popanda zolakwika.
Njira Zina Zosinthira
Kupatula kupanga jakisoni, njira zingapo ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe zimatha kuwola, chilichonse chikugwirizana ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zimafunikira kuti manyowa azikhala.
Kutulutsa kumaumba pulasitiki mwa kukakamiza polima wosungunuka kudzera mu die, kupanga ma profiles, machubu, ndi mapepala. Mu ndondomeko ya pulasitiki yowola, kutulutsa kumapanga mapepala a PLA kuti apange thermoforming kapena ma PBS pellets kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo. Chofunika kwambiri pa ubwino ndi kuchulukana kofanana kwa kusungunuka, komwe kumayang'aniridwa ndi ma density meters a nthawi yeniyeni monga ochokera ku Lonnmeter, kuonetsetsa kuti kuyenda bwino komanso makulidwe a khoma ndi ofanana.
Kupopera filimu kumapanga mafilimu opyapyala otha kuwola (a matumba kapena mapepala) mwa kutulutsa utomoni kudzera mu die yozungulira ndikuwukulitsa kukhala thovu. Kulamulira kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi apa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti makulidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito azikhala ofanana, makamaka popeza utomoni wotha kuwola nthawi zambiri umakhala wovuta kusinthasintha kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha.
Chotenthetsera kutentha chimatenthetsa mapepala a pulasitiki ovunda—omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa PLA—mpaka ataphwanyika, kenako nkuwakanikiza mu nkhungu kuti apange thireyi, chikho, kapena mawonekedwe a chivindikiro. Kukonza bwino kumadalira makulidwe ofanana a pepala ndi kuumitsa kale mafilimu olowera kuti apewe thovu lamkati ndi malo ofooka.
Kuumba zinthu mopanda mphamvu kumapanga zinthu zopanda kanthu monga mabotolo ndi zidebe. Pa mapulasitiki owonongeka monga PBS, kuwongolera mosamala mphamvu yosungunuka ndi kutentha kwa parison (preform) ndikofunikira chifukwa zinthuzi zimatha kukhala zosavuta kugwedezeka komanso kusalunjika bwino panthawi yopumira.
Njira iliyonse yosinthira iyenera kufananizidwa ndi utomoni ndi chinthu chomwe mukufuna. Kuti mupange manyowa abwino kwambiri komanso kuti zinthu zigwire bwino ntchito, sankhani njira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zosowa za polima zokhudzana ndi kutentha, makina, ndi makristalo ndi mawonekedwe a gawo lomaliza ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kuchuluka kwa zinthu pa intaneti nthawi yeniyeni panthawi yonse yotulutsa, kupanga pepala, kapena mabotolo kumatsimikizira kuti zinthuzo zimagwirizana bwino komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala.
Kugwirizanitsa bwino njira ndi zinthu—kaya kudzera mu kupanga pulasitiki yovunda, kutulutsa, kuphulitsa filimu, kupanga thermoforming, kapena kupanga blow molding—kumatsimikizira kuti njira zopangira pulasitiki yovunda zikugwirizana ndi zomwe chilengedwe chimayembekezera komanso zabwino. Njira iliyonse iyenera kuganizira bwino za biopolymer sensitivities yapadera, ndi kuyang'anira, kuumitsa, ndi kuwongolera kutentha komwe kumapangidwa popanga pulasitiki yovunda.
Kukonza Njira: Kuyang'anira ndi Kulamulira Katundu wa Polima
Kuwongolera mwamphamvu njira ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga pulasitiki yowola, zomwe zimalamulira zinthu zomaliza za polima monga mphamvu ya makina, kuwola kwa zinthu, ndi chitetezo. Kukwaniritsa polymerization yabwino kwambiri ndi kuphatikiza kumatanthauza kuwongolera bwino magawo ofunikira: kutentha, kuthamanga, nthawi yochitira, ndi kuyera kwa zinthu zonse zomwe zilowetsedwa.
Kutentha kuyenera kulamulidwa bwino. Kupatuka kungasinthe kulemera kwa mamolekyu a polima, kristalo, ndi magwiridwe antchito ake. Kutentha kochulukirapo kungayambitse kusweka kwa unyolo kapena kuwononga ma monomers ozindikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapulasitiki ofooka kapena osasinthasintha awonongeke. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha kochepa kwambiri kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa monomer, zomwe zimafuna nthawi yayitali yochitira zinthu komanso kuyika pachiwopsezo zotsatira zosakwanira.
Zotsatira za kupanikizika zimaonekera m'njira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma monomers osasunthika kapena ma polymerization a gas-phase, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi propylene polymerization. Kupanikizika kokwera kumatha kukweza kuchuluka kwa reaction ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu a polymer, koma kupanikizika kwambiri kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa zida ndi zochitika zosafunikira. Mu njira zina, monga polycondensation, kupsinjika kwa sub-atmospheric kumathandiza kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zatsalira ndikuyendetsa reaction mpaka kumapeto.
Gawo lililonse popanga pulasitiki yowola limadalira kwambiri kuyera kwathunthu kwa ma monomers, ma catalyst, ndi zosungunulira. Ngakhale chinyezi chochepa kapena zodetsa zachitsulo zingayambitse zotsatira zoyipa, kuyambitsa kutha kwa unyolo msanga, kapena ma catalyst a poizoni. Ndondomeko zamafakitale zimaphatikizapo kuyeretsa kwambiri zinthu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuyeretsa mosamala zida zonse zopangira kuti ziteteze kutulutsa koyenera komanso kwabwino.
Kuchuluka kwa slurry ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, makamaka mu propylene polymerization—njira yodziwika bwino popanga ma polymer resins owonongeka. Kusunga kuchuluka kwabwino kwambiri mu polymerization slurry kumakhudza mwachindunji reaction kinetics komanso, pamapeto pake, katundu wa zinthu.
Ubwino woyeza pa intaneti nthawi yeniyeni ndichoyezera kuchuluka kwa propylenendi ziwiri. Choyamba, ogwira ntchito amatha kupeza khalidwe lokhazikika la malonda kudzera mu deta yosasokonezedwa pakuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadziChachiwiri, kuzindikira mwachangu kusinthasintha kwa kachulukidwe ka zinthu kumathandiza kuti pakhale kusintha kwa nthawi yake—kuletsa kupanga zinthu zosayembekezereka kapena zotayika. Kuyankha mwachindunji koteroko ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mtundu wofanana wa polima, makamaka m'mizere yopanga zinthu yopitilira muyeso komanso yopitilira.
Kuphatikiza ma density meters monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter mu polymerization reactor kapena compounding extruder kumapereka chida champhamvu chowongolera njira zopitilira. Mwa kutsatira momwe kuchuluka kwa density kumayendera pa ntchito iliyonse yopanga, opanga amatha kusanthula ndondomekoyi, kukhazikitsa ma alarm olondola kwambiri, ndikukhazikitsa njira zowongolera bwino. Izi zimachepetsa kutaya kwa zinthu zopangira, zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu, komanso zimathandizira mwachindunji zolinga za njira zopangira pulasitiki zomwe siziwononga chilengedwe.
Machitidwe owunikira kuchuluka kwa propylene nthawi yeniyeni ali ndi mphamvu yotsimikizika. Pamene kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumayendetsedwa bwino, kusinthasintha kwa utomoni kumawonjezeka ndipo kusintha kwa njira kumachepetsedwa. Kuyankha mwachangu kuchokera ku mita ya kuchuluka kumatanthauza kuti mainjiniya a njira amatha kupewa kuwononga kwambiri zolinga, kuchepetsa kusinthasintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri ndi zinthu zopangira. Njira zowongolera izi tsopano zikuonedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri popanga pulasitiki yowola komanso yophatikizana masiku ano.
Kuphatikiza kwa zida zotere nthawi yeniyeni kumathandizira kusintha kosalekeza kwa njira zopangira pulasitiki yowola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina, kutentha, komanso kuwonongeka kubwerezedwe m'malo opangira zinthu. Mzere wowongolera wolondola uwu ndi wofunikira kwambiri chifukwa malamulo, chitetezo, ndi miyezo yamsika ya ma polima owola ikupitirirabe kulimba.
Mavuto Okhudza Kupanga Mapulasitiki Owonongeka ndi Kuwonongeka
Kupanga mafakitale njira zopangira mapulasitiki ovunda kumakumana ndi zopinga zambiri pa unyolo wamtengo wapatali, kuyambira ndi mtengo wa chakudya ndi kupezeka kwake. Njira zambiri zopangira mapulasitiki ovunda zimadalira zinthu zopangira ulimi monga chimanga, nzimbe, ndi chinangwa. Mitengo yawo ndi yosasinthasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa misika yazinthu, nyengo yosayembekezereka, kusintha kwa zokolola, komanso kusintha kwa mfundo zaulimi ndi mafuta a zomera. Zinthu izi zimaphatikizana kusokoneza kukhazikika kwachuma kwa njira zopangira mapulasitiki ovunda, zomwe zimakhudza gawo lililonse kuyambira kugula chakudya mpaka kupanga polymerization ndi molding.
Mpikisano wa chakudya cha ziweto ndi chakudya, chakudya cha ziweto, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu umawonjezera kuvutika kupeza zinthu zopangira. Mpikisano woterewu ungayambitse mkangano wokhudza chitetezo cha chakudya ndikukulitsa kusakhazikika kwa mitengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa opanga kuonetsetsa kuti akupeza zinthu zotsika mtengo komanso zokhazikika. M'madera omwe mbewu zina sizikupezeka, mavutowa amakula, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa njira zopangira pulasitiki zomwe siziwononga chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kusintha zinthu kumabweretsa vuto lina. Kusintha zinthu zamoyo kukhala ma monomers ndipo, pamapeto pake, ma biopolymers kumafuna chakudya chapamwamba, chopanda kuipitsidwa. Kusintha kulikonse kungachepetse zokolola ndikuwonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Ngakhale njira zapamwamba zopangira pulasitiki yowola—monga kuwiritsa, polymerization, ndi kupanga—zimakhalabe ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zomvera khalidwe la zinthu zomwe zalowetsedwa. Zakudya za m'badwo wachiwiri monga zinyalala zaulimi zimakumana ndi zopinga zaukadaulo kuphatikizapo kukonza zinthu zovuta komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusintha.
Mavuto okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu amawonjezera zovuta zina. Kusonkhanitsa chakudya, kusungira, ndi mayendedwe kumadalira zomangamanga zazikulu, makamaka posamalira biomass yosakhala chakudya. Kuchuluka kwa nyengo yokolola kungayambitse kukwera mwadzidzidzi kwa mitengo ya zinthu kapena kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. Kusamalira, kuumitsa, ndi kukonza biomass kumafuna ndalama mu zomangamanga zapadera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zosakhazikika komanso zokwera mtengo zomwe zimatsutsa kuyenda kosalekeza komwe kumafunikira popanga polima yochokera ku biomassage yayikulu.
Kukwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za makasitomala ndi ntchito kumabweretsa zovuta zina. Mapulogalamu amafuna magawo osiyanasiyana opangira ma polima ovunda, monga mphamvu yokoka, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, ndi khalidwe loumba. Kukwaniritsa izi popanda kuwononga kuwonongeka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama n'kovuta. Makasitomala omwe amapakidwa akhoza kuika patsogolo kuwonongeka mwachangu, pomwe ena, monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'magalimoto, amafunikira kulimba. Njira zatsopano zopangira mapulasitiki ovunda komanso kusintha kwa njira ziyenera kusinthidwa bwino kuti zigwirizane ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya magwiridwe antchito, nthawi zambiri zimafuna njira zamakono komanso zosinthika komanso kuwunika katundu nthawi yeniyeni.
Kulinganiza magwiridwe antchito a chinthu, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, ndi kukula kwake kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kristalo kungapangitse kuti chinthucho chikhale ndi mphamvu, koma kungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Kusintha momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito—monga nthawi ya polymerization ya pulasitiki kapena kupanga jakisoni—kuyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti kusungitse magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe komanso kupanga zinthu zambiri. Mayankho oyezera mkati, monga Lonnmeter's propylene density meters, amapereka kuwunika kwa propylene density nthawi yeniyeni ndikulola kuwongolera molondola mu gawo la slurry density ya propylene polymerization ya njira ya pulasitiki yowola, kuthandizira khalidwe la chinthu nthawi zonse komanso kugwira ntchito kowola.
Zoyembekeza za malamulo ndi kulankhulana momveka bwino kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakupanga pulasitiki yowola. Malamulo angakhazikitse miyezo yokhwima yoti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga manyowa, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito manyowa, komanso kusunga chakudya. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mapulasitiki oboola, oboola, ndi oxo ndikofunikira, chifukwa kulemba molakwika kapena zonena zosamveka bwino za zinthu kungayambitse zilango za malamulo ndikuwononga chidaliro cha ogula. Opanga ayenera kuyika ndalama pakulemba zilembo zomveka bwino komanso zolemba zambiri za zinthu, kusonyeza kuti akutsatira malamulo komanso kuti zinthuzo ndi zodalirika komanso zachilengedwe.
Mavuto awa osiyanasiyana—ndalama, kupezeka, kusintha kwa zinthu, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu, magwiridwe antchito a zinthu, komanso kutsatira malamulo—akugogomezera zovuta zokulitsa njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola. Gawo lililonse, kuyambira kusankha ndi kuyeza nthawi yeniyeni ya zinthu monga madzi a propylene mpaka kupanga njira yonse yopangira pulasitiki yowola, limadalirana ndipo limafuna kukonzedwa kosalekeza komanso kuwonekera poyera mu unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali.
Kusamalira Zinyalala, Kutha kwa Moyo, ndi Zopereka Zachilengedwe
Kuwonongeka kwa mapulasitiki ovunda kumadalira kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu. Kutentha kumachita gawo lalikulu; mapulasitiki ambiri ovunda, monga polylactic acid (PLA), amavunda bwino pokhapokha kutentha kwa ma composting a mafakitale, nthawi zambiri kupitirira 55°C. Pa kutentha kwakukulu kumeneku, ma polima amafewa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tipezeke komanso kukulitsa enzyme hydrolysis. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pa kutentha kozungulira kapena kotsika—monga m'malo otayira zinyalala kapena m'malo opatulira zinyalala m'nyumba—kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kumatsika kwambiri, ndipo zinthu monga PLA zimatha kukhalapo kwa zaka zambiri.
Chinyezi n'chofunikira kwambiri. Makina opangira manyowa amasunga chinyezi cha 40-60%, chomwe chimathandizira kagayidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma polymer. Madzi amagwira ntchito ngati njira yotumizira ma enzyme komanso ngati reactant pakuwonongeka kwa ma polymer, makamaka ma esters, omwe amapezeka m'mapulasitiki olembedwa kuti ndi opangidwa ndi manyowa. Chinyezi chosakwanira chimachepetsa ntchito yonse ya ma bacteria, pomwe kuchuluka kwake kumasandutsa manyowa a aerobic kukhala zinthu zopanda mpweya, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka bwino ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kupanga methane.
Ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imayambitsa kusintha kwenikweni kwa ma polima apulasitiki kukhala zinthu zabwino. Ma composting a mafakitale amalimbikitsa magulu osiyanasiyana a mabakiteriya ndi bowa, okonzedwa bwino kudzera mu mpweya wabwino ndi kuwongolera kutentha. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatulutsa ma enzyme osiyanasiyana—lipases, esterases, ndi depolymerases—omwe amaswa kapangidwe ka polymeric kukhala mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono monga lactic acid kapena adipic acid, omwe kenako amasinthidwa kukhala biomass, madzi, ndi CO₂. Kapangidwe ka microbial consortia kamasintha pakapangidwe ka composting: mitundu ya thermophilic imalamulira kutentha kwambiri koma imapereka m'malo mwa zamoyo zokonda mesophilic pamene milu ikuzizira. Kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a pulasitiki ndi crystallinity yake imagwiranso ntchito zazikulu; mwachitsanzo, zosakaniza zochokera ku starch zimapezeka mwachangu kuposa PLA yolimba kwambiri.
Mapulasitiki ovunda amathandizira kusokoneza zinyalala mwa kupereka njira zina zopangidwira kuwononga kolamulidwa m'malo mosonkhanitsa zinyalala. M'malo otayira zinyalala, ubwino wawo ndi wochepa pokhapokha ngati malo otayira zinyalala akonzedwa kuti awonongeke—osowa kawirikawiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kotentha. Komabe, akatumizidwa ku ma composting a mafakitale, mapulasitiki ovomerezeka ovunda amatha kusinthidwa kukhala manyowa okhazikika, ndikuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatumizidwa ku malo otayira zinyalala kapena kuwotcha. Malo am'madzi, omwe amadziwika ndi kutentha kochepa komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, kotero mapulasitiki ovunda sayenera kuonedwa ngati yankho la kutaya zinyalala m'madzi koma m'malo mwake njira yopewera kusonkhanitsa zinyalala pambuyo pa ogula ngati pali njira zoyenera zotayira zinyalala.
Kusamalira zinyalala zamakono kumawonjezera kufunikira kwa mapulasitiki owonongeka. Machitidwe opangira manyowa m'mafakitale amapangidwira kuti apange malo ofunikira otentha komanso odzaza ndi chinyezi kuti awonongeke bwino. Machitidwewa amatsatira njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zoyendetsera mpweya, chinyezi, ndi kutentha, potsata zinthu zosiyanasiyana kudzera munjira monga kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni momwe zinthu zilili mu mulu wa manyowa. Mwachitsanzo, ma Lonnmeter inline density mita, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulamulira njira poonetsetsa kuti chakudya chikugwirizana komanso kuyendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka zinthu: kukhuthala kokhazikika ndikofunikira kuti muwone kusakaniza ndi kukhuthala koyenera, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa kusweka kwa manyowa m'makompositi.
Kuphatikizidwa mu kupanga manyowa kumafuna kuti mapulasitiki ovunda azindikirike bwino ndikusankhidwa bwino. Malo ambiri amafunika kutsimikiziridwa kuti manyowa amatha kupangidwa motsatira miyezo yokhazikitsidwa. Pamene zofunikira izi zakwaniritsidwa, ndipo njira zogwirira ntchito zikutsatiridwa, manyowa amatha kukonza mapulasitiki ovunda bwino, kubweza mpweya ndi michere m'nthaka motero kutseka kuzungulira kwachilengedwe mkati mwa njira yopangira mapulasitiki ochezeka ndi chilengedwe.
Kuyenda kwa mapulasitiki ovunda kudzera m'machitidwe awa, mothandizidwa ndi deta yolondola ya njira monga muyeso wa Lonnmeter wa nthawi yeniyeni, kumathandiza kuti zinthu ziwonjezeke komanso kusamalira zachilengedwe. Komabe, zopereka zonse zachilengedwe sizimangodalira kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi njira zopangira pulasitiki yovunda komanso khalidwe la ogula komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zomangamanga zoyendetsera zinyalala zakomweko. Popanda kusonkhanitsa bwino, kuzindikira, ndi kupanga manyowa, njira yofunikira—njira yopangira pulasitiki yovunda kuti iwonjezere nthaka—ikhoza kusokonezedwa, zomwe zingachepetse ubwino wa chilengedwe.
Kuti tiwone momwe magawo ofunikira opangira manyowa amakhudzira liwiro la kuwonongeka, tchati chotsatirachi chikufotokoza mwachidule nthawi zoyerekeza za kuwonongeka kwa ma polima wamba omwe amatha kuwola pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana:
| Mtundu wa polima | Manyowa a Mafakitale (55–70°C) | Kompositi Yapakhomo (15–30°C) | Malo Otayira Zinyalala/Malo Otayira Zinyalala a M'madzi (5–30°C) |
| PLA | Miyezi 3–6 | > Zaka ziwiri | Zosatha |
| Zosakaniza za Starch | Miyezi 1–3 | Miyezi 6–12 | Yochedwa kwambiri |
| PBAT (Misanganizo) | Miyezi 2–4 | > Chaka chimodzi | Zaka mpaka zaka makumi ambiri |
Tchatichi chikugogomezera kufunika kosamalira bwino malo opangira manyowa ndikuthandizira kuyang'anira njira zogwirira ntchito kuti pakhale zinthu zabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe panthawi yonse yopanga pulasitiki yowola.
Mayankho: Njira Zopangira Zinthu Mogwirizana, Zapamwamba
Kupanga pulasitiki yowola bwino, yogwirizana, komanso yogwirizana kumadalira njira zatsatanetsatane zogwirira ntchito (SOPs) komanso kuwunika kosalekeza kwa njira. Oyang'anira mafakitale ndi mainjiniya ayenera kukhazikitsa ma SOP omwe amafotokoza momwe angapangire pulasitiki yowola, ndikugogomezera kuwongolera kokhwima ndi zolemba pagawo lililonse. Izi zikuphatikizapo kudya zinthu zopangira—kuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwapadera kwa chinyezi komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa chakudya chochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuonetsetsa kuti malo osungiramo zinthu amatsatana mwachangu kumathandiza malo kuzindikira mwachangu komwe kwachokera zolakwika ndikuchitapo kanthu kokonza.
Kuyang'anira momwe polymerization imagwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga pulasitiki yowola. Pa polylactic acid (PLA), izi nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kuwongolera bwino momwe polymerization imagwirira ntchito - kusankha catalyst, kutentha, pH, ndi nthawi - kuti muchepetse mapangidwe azinthu zomwe zapangidwa komanso kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyu. Ndi ma polima opangidwa ndi fermentation monga polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), kuchotsa kuipitsidwa kudzera mu njira zotsukira bwino komanso kuyeretsa kovomerezeka ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa kutayika kwa zokolola komanso kulephera kwa khalidwe. Ntchito ziyenera kuwonjezera miyezo yolembedwa kudzera mu magawo opangira mapulasitiki ophatikizika, kutulutsa, ndi kuipitsa. Magawo a njira - monga ma profiles a kutentha, liwiro la screw, nthawi yokhazikika, ndi kuumitsa musanagwiritse ntchito (nthawi zambiri maola 2-6 pa 50-80°C) - ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti zisawononge kuwonongeka kwa biopolymer.
Kuyang'anira kosalekeza ntchito kumapanga maziko a njira zamakono zopangira pulasitiki zomwe zimaberekanso zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito mita yozungulira yozungulira—monga yomwe imaperekedwa ndi Lonnmeter—ndi ma viscometer apaintaneti kumathandiza malo ogwirira ntchito kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa propylene, kuchuluka kwa slurry, ndi kukhuthala nthawi yeniyeni. Kuyankha mwachangu koteroko kumalola kusintha mwachindunji kwa njirayi, kuonetsetsa kuti polymerization reaction ikupitirirabe mkati mwa zofunikira zenizeni. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa propylene nthawi yeniyeni ndikofunikira kwambiri mu gawo la slurry density ya propylene polymerization, kupewa magulu osafotokozera komanso kuchepetsa kukonzanso ndi kuwononga zinthu. Mwa kusunga kuwongolera mwamphamvu ndi zida monga mita yozungulira ya propylene ya Lonnmeter, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi kumakhalabe kokhazikika panthawi yonse yokulitsa ndi kuyendetsa bwino. Izi sizimangowonjezera kuchulukitsa kwa njira komanso zimathandizira kutsatira miyezo yazinthu ndi zofunikira zowongolera.
Deta yochokera pa intaneti nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ngati ma chart owongolera njira. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kusintha kwa mphindi ndi mphindi muzinthu zofunika, monga kukhuthala ndi kuchulukana, kupereka chenjezo mwachangu la kusintha kwa zomwe zikuchitika (onani Chithunzi 1). Zochita zowongolera mwachangu zimachepetsa chiopsezo chopanga zinthu kunja kwa zofunikira zomwe mukufuna ndikuwonjezera phindu lonse la njira zopangira pulasitiki yowola.
Kukulitsa kupanga pamene mukuchepetsa ndalama kumabweretsa mavuto osatha pa njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola. Malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera ndalama zokonzedwa mwaluso: kukonza nthawi zonse ndi kukonza zida zonse zowunikira, kupeza zinthu zambiri ndi kudalirika kwa ogulitsa, komanso kuyang'ana njira zosakaniza zowonjezera (popeza zowonjezera zina zimatha kulepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa polima). Maphunziro athunthu a ogwiritsa ntchito ndi satifiketi yanthawi zonse munjira zonse zofunika amathandizira mwachindunji kubwerezabwereza pakati pa kusinthana ndi kuyendetsedwa kwa zinthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zofotokozera zokhazikika komanso kufananiza pakati pa ma labotale—monga kuyesa kwamakina kapena kuwunika kwa kuwonongeka ...
Makampani apamwamba kwambiri amatchula njira zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi—ma SOP owunikidwa pa sitepe iliyonse, zolemba zolimba zosungidwa, njira zowongolera njira zowerengera, ndi ndemanga zokhazikika zomwe zikuphatikiza zomwe asayansi apeza posachedwapa. Njira imeneyi imalola njira zopangira ma polima abwino kwambiri, obwerezabwereza, komanso ogwirizana ndi malamulo pamlingo uliwonse. Kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ka pulasitiki nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito mita yolowera mkati kumatsimikizira kuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera komanso wofanana kwambiri.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri)
Kodi njira yopangira pulasitiki yowola ndi yotani?
Njira yopangira polymerization ya pulasitiki imaphatikizapo machitidwe a mankhwala omwe amalumikiza mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono a monomer—monga lactic acid kapena propylene—ndi mamolekyulu a polymer a unyolo wautali. Pa mapulasitiki osinthika monga polylactic acid (PLA), polymerization ya lactide yotsegulira mphete ndiyo muyezo wamakampani, pogwiritsa ntchito ma catalysts monga tin(II) octoate. Njirayi imabweretsa ma polima olemera kwambiri okhala ndi mamolekyulu okhala ndi mawonekedwe enieni. Kapangidwe ka polymer ndi kutalika kwa unyolo, zonse zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa panthawi ya polymerization, zimakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu yamakina ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa biodegradation. Mu machitidwe opangidwa ndi propylene, Ziegler-Natta catalysis imasintha ma monomers a propylene kukhala unyolo wa polypropylene. Popanga mitundu yosinthika, ofufuza amatha kupanga copolymer ndi ma comonomers osinthika kapena kusintha msana wa polymer ndi magulu osinthika kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Kodi mumapangira bwanji pulasitiki yowola?
Pulasitiki yowola imapangidwa pogula zinthu zopangira zinthu zongowonjezedwanso monga nzimbe kapena chimanga, kuzipanga kukhala ma monomers monga lactic acid, ndikuzipanga kukhala ma polima monga PLA. Ma polima omwe amachokera amaphatikizidwa ndi zowonjezera zothandiza kuti ziwongolere kukonzedwa ndi kugwira ntchito bwino. Zosakanizazi zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu monga kupangira jakisoni kapena kutulutsa kuti apange zinthu zomaliza. Magawo a njira amawongoleredwa mwamphamvu mu gawo lililonse kuti atsimikizire kuti zinthuzo ndi zowola zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo ndi kulongedza chakudya kochokera ku PLA, komwe kumayambira pa starch ya zomera ndikutha ngati zophimba zomwe zimatha kupangidwa ndi manyowa zomwe zatsimikiziridwa motsatira miyezo monga EN 13432.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zofunika kuziganizira pokonza jakisoni wa pulasitiki wowola?
Kukonza bwino mapulasitiki owonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito jakisoni kumadalira kasamalidwe koyenera ka kutentha, chifukwa kutentha kwambiri kumabweretsa kuwonongeka msanga komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya chinthucho. Kuwongolera chinyezi moyenera ndikofunikira chifukwa ma polima owonongeka nthawi zambiri amasungunuka m'malo onyowa, zomwe zimakhudza kulemera kwa mamolekyulu ndi mawonekedwe ake. Nthawi yozungulira yokonzedwa bwino imafunika kuti zitsimikizire kudzazidwa bwino komanso kupewa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe ka nkhungu kangasiyane ndi mapulasitiki wamba chifukwa cha kuyenda kwapadera ndi mawonekedwe ozizira a ma resin owonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yochepa yokhalamo komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa kudulidwa kwa nsonga kumatha kusunga mtundu wa polima ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.
Kodi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa propylene pa intaneti kumathandiza bwanji pakupanga pulasitiki yowola?
Machitidwe oyezera nthawi yeniyeni, monga inline propylene density meters ochokera ku Lonnmeter, amapereka ndemanga mwachangu pa kuchuluka kwa propylene mkati mwa polymerization reactor. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti njira ya polymerization imakhalabe mkati mwa magawo omwe akufunidwa, zomwe zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha mikhalidwe mwachangu. Kuchuluka kwa propylene kokhazikika kumathandizira kukula kwa unyolo wa polima nthawi zonse komanso kapangidwe kolondola ka mamolekyu, kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndikuwonjezera phindu lonse la zinthu. Izi ndizofunikira popanga mitundu ya polypropylene yomwe imatha kuwonongeka, pomwe kuwongolera njira kumakhudza mwachindunji mawonekedwe amakina komanso kuwonongeka komwe kumayang'aniridwa.
Chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa slurry ndikofunikira mu ndondomeko ya propylene polymerization?
Kuchuluka kwa slurry ya propylene—chisakanizo cha chothandizira choyimitsidwa, monomer, ndi kupanga polima—kumakhudza kusamutsa kutentha, kuchuluka kwa zochita, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chothandizira. Kusunga kuchuluka kwa slurry koyenera kumaletsa malo otentha, kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa reactor, komanso kumathandiza kukula kwa polima kofanana. Kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa slurry kungayambitse zolakwika ndi kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a makina omaliza a utomoni ndi mawonekedwe awo owonongeka. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa slurry ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti njira ikhale yokhazikika komanso kuti kupanga pulasitiki yosinthika kukhale koyenera.
Ndi zida ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi nthawi yeniyeni?
Mamita olemera a inline density, monga omwe amapangidwa ndi Lonnmeter, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa propylene yamadzimadzi mwachindunji m'mizere yopangira. Mamita awa amagwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta, kuyeza kuchuluka kosalekeza ndikutumiza deta kuti ilamulidwe nthawi yomweyo ndi chomera. Kuwerenga kolondola komanso kwanthawi yeniyeni kumathandiza gulu lopanga kuzindikira kusokonekera mwachangu, kuthandizira kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a reactor. Izi zimapangitsa kuti polymerization ikhale yowongolera bwino, kukhala yogwirizana bwino, komanso kuthetsa mavuto moyenera - ndikofunikira kwambiri pamapulojekiti oyesera komanso njira zopangira pulasitiki zomwe zimawonongeka m'mabizinesi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-18-2025
