Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutsuka mpweya wa flue womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zoyambira za oxygen furnace. Mu machitidwe awa, NaOH imagwira ntchito ngati mpweya woyamwa komanso wochotsa bwino mpweya wa asidi monga sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ndi carbon dioxide (CO₂). Kusunga kuchuluka kwa NaOH mu mpweya wabwino kwambiri.madzi otsukirandikofunikira kwambiri pa njira zogwirira ntchito zochizira mpweya wotuluka m'chimbudzi ndipo ndi maziko a ukadaulo woyeretsera mpweya wotuluka m'chimbudzi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale achitsulo.
Kuyeza bwino ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa NaOH kumakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito komanso kuwongolera kutulutsa mpweya. Pamene mlingo wa caustic uli wochepa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa asidi kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malamulo azitsatira malamulo komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa. NaOH yochulukirapo sikuti imangowononga mankhwala komanso imapanga zinthu zosafunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama ndi udindo woyang'anira chilengedwe ziwonjezeke. Kafukufuku wa magwiridwe antchito awonetsa kuti, mwachitsanzo, yankho la 5% NaOH m'malo opopera awiri limachotsa 92% SO₂, pomwe kuwonjezeka kwa njira monga kuwonjezera sodium hypochlorite kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kugwidwa kwa zinthu zodetsa.
Njira Yopangira Chitsulo cha Oxygen Furnace: Masitepe ndi Nkhani
Chidule cha Njira Yoyambira ya Oxygen Furnace (BOF)
Njira yoyambira yopangira chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya okosijeni imaphatikizapo kusintha mwachangu chitsulo chosungunuka cha nkhumba ndi chitsulo chotsalira kukhala chitsulo chapamwamba. Njirayi imayamba poika chitsulo chosungunuka cha nkhumba mu chotengera cha BOF—chopangidwa mu ng'anjo yophulika posungunula chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito coke ndi limestone—ndipo mpaka 30% ya chitsulo chotsalira polemera. Zidutswa zimathandiza kuwongolera kutentha ndi kubwezeretsanso mkati mwa dongosololi.
Kupanga Zitsulo Zoyambira za Oxygen
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Mkondo woziziritsidwa ndi madzi umalowetsa mpweya wabwino kwambiri mu chitsulo chotentha. Mpweya umenewu umakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kaboni ndi zinyalala zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokhuthala. Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri ndi monga C + O₂ kupanga CO ndi CO₂, Si + O₂ kupanga SiO₂, Mn + O₂ kupanga MnO, ndi P + O₂ kupanga P₂O₅. Madzi a laimu kapena dolomite amawonjezedwa kuti agwire ma oxide awa, ndikupanga slag yoyambira. Slag imayandama pamwamba pa chitsulo chosungunuka, zomwe zimathandiza kulekanitsa ndi kuchotsa zodetsa.
Gawo lopukutira limatenthetsa mphamvu mofulumira; zidutswa zimasungunuka ndikusakanikirana bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana. Kawirikawiri, njirayi imatenga mphindi 30-45, ndikupanga matani 350 achitsulo pa gulu lililonse m'malo amakono.
Pambuyo poyatsa, kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zitsulo nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'magawo ena oyeretsera kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zenizeni. Chitsulocho chimathiridwa mu makina oyeretsera mosalekeza kuti apange slabs, billets, kapena maluwa. Kuzungulira kotentha ndi kozizira pambuyo pake kumapanga zinthuzi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo monga magalimoto ndi zomangamanga. Chinthu china chodziwika bwino ndi slag, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu simenti ndi zomangamanga.
Zotsatira Zachilengedwe ndi Utsi Woipa
Kupanga zitsulo za BOF kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri ndipo kumapanga mpweya wambiri wa flue ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Utsi waukulu umachokera ku okosijeni wa kaboni (CO₂), kugwedezeka kwa makina, ndi kuphulika kwa zinthu panthawi ya mpweya.
CO₂Ndi mpweya waukulu wowonjezera kutentha womwe umapangidwa, womwe umayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha. Kuchuluka kwa CO₂ komwe kumatulutsidwa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kaboni mu chitsulo chotentha, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zawonjezeredwa, ndi kutentha komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zobwezerezedwanso kwambiri kungachepetse kutulutsa kwa CO₂ koma kungafunike kusintha kuti chitsulo chikhale bwino komanso kuti kutentha kukhale koyenera.
Utsi wotulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'onoZikuphatikizapo ma oxide achitsulo chosalala, zotsalira za flux, ndi fumbi lochokera ku ntchito zochapira kapena kugogoda. Tinthu timeneti timayang'aniridwa mosamala kwambiri zomwe zimafuna ukadaulo wowunikira nthawi zonse komanso kuchepetsa.
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)imachokera makamaka ku sulfure mu chitsulo chosungunuka cha nkhumba. Njira zowongolera ziyenera kuthana ndi ntchito yochepa yochotsa zinthu mu magawo oyamba a ntchito komanso kuthekera kwa mvula ya asidi ngati itatulutsidwa popanda kuthandizidwa.
Ntchito zamakono za BOF zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera mpweya woipa:
- Makina otsukira mpweya wofewa (monga, kusungunuka kwa miyala yamchere yonyowa, kuumitsa kwa mandimu pang'ono) amafufuza kuchotsa SO₂ ndikulola kusintha kukhala zinthu zina zothandiza monga gypsum.
- Ukadaulo wapamwamba woyeretsa mpweya wotuluka m'madzi, zosefera nsalu, ndi jakisoni wouma wa sorbent umachepetsa kutulutsa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
- Njira zopezera ndi kusunga CO₂ zikuganiziridwa kwambiri, ndipo ukadaulo—monga kutsuka amine ndi kulekanitsa nembanemba—ukuyesedwa kuti upeze phindu pamtengo.
Njira zogwira mtima zochizira mpweya wotuluka m'madzi zimadalira kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ndi kusintha kwa njira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira kuchuluka kwa alkali pa intaneti, kuphatikizapomita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa soda yoopsandi zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya pa intaneti monga Lonnmeter, zimathandiza kuti mpweya wotuluka m'madzi ukhale wosalala bwino komanso kuti utsatire miyezo yotulutsa mpweya. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, mafakitale a BOF amatha kuchepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wa SO₂ ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono toposa 69%, zomwe zimathandiza kutsatira malamulo ndi kusamalira zachilengedwe.
Kutsuka Gasi la Flue mu Njira Yoyambira Yopangira Ng'anjo ya Oxygen
Cholinga ndi Zofunikira pa Kutsuka Mpweya wa Flue
Kutsuka mpweya wa flue kumatanthauza machitidwe ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zichotse sulfure dioxide (SO₂) ndi zigawo zina za asidi kuchokera ku mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wopangidwa panthawi yopanga zitsulo za basic oxygen furnace (BOF). Cholinga chachikulu ndikuchepetsa kuipitsa mpweya mumlengalenga ndikukwaniritsa malire olamulira a sulfure ndi mpweya wina wotulutsa mpweya. Pakupanga zitsulo, njira zotsukira izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe kwa zinthu zodetsa mpweya zomwe zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga panthawi ya okosijeni wa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi ma flux osiyanasiyana.
Mfundo yaikulu ya mankhwala yomwe imayang'anira kutsuka mpweya wa flue ndikusintha mpweya wa SO₂ kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kapena osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito posintha mpweyawo ndi ma sorbents a alkaline m'madzi kapena olimba. Yankho lalikulu mu kutsuka wonyowa pogwiritsa ntchito NaOH ndi:
- SO₂ (mpweya) umasungunuka m'madzi ndikupanga sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃).
- Kenako sulfurous acid imakumana ndi sodium hydroxide (NaOH), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) ndi madzi zipangidwe.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Kuchepetsa kutentha mwachangu komanso koopsa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti makina a NaOH azitha kuchotsa bwino kwambiri. Pakutsuka pogwiritsa ntchito miyala yamchere kapena laimu, zotsatirazi zimachitika kwambiri:
- CaCO₃ kapena Ca(OH)₂ imachitapo kanthu ndi SO₂, ndikupanga calcium sulfite ndipo, ikakakamizidwa, calcium sulfate (gypsum).
- CaCO₃ + SO₂ → CaSO₃
- CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira zotsukira izi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa sorbent, kukhudzana ndi gasi ndi madzi, kutentha, ndi mawonekedwe enieni a mpweya wa BOF flue.
Mitundu ya Njira Zotsukira Mpweya wa Flue mu Kupanga Zitsulo
Makina otsukira pogwiritsa ntchito soda (NaOH) ndi miyala yamchere/lime ndi njira zoyezera njira zochizira mpweya wa BOF. NaOH imakondedwa chifukwa cha alkalinity yake yamphamvu komanso kuthamanga kwa reaction, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti SO₂ ichotsedwe bwino pansi pa mikhalidwe yolamulidwa. Komabe, ndi yokwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi laimu kapena miyala yamchere. Makina achikhalidwe awa okhala ndi calcium amakhalabe ofanana, nthawi zambiri amafika pa 90–98% pamene magawo a njira akonzedwa bwino.
Potsuka ndi laimu kapena laimu wonyowa, nthawi zambiri mpweya umapita mmwamba kudzera m'mabowo opakidwa kapena opopera pomwe matope amayendetsedwa kuti atsimikizire kuti mpweya ndi madzi zimalumikizana bwino. Sulfite kapena sulfate yomwe imachokera imachotsedwa mu ndondomekoyi, ndipo gypsum ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimachokera mumakina a laimu/laimu.
Kupukuta pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera pogwiritsa ntchito madontho a slurry kapena dry sorbent injection (DSI) pochiza mpweya mwachindunji m'malo ouma pang'ono. Trona, laimu wosungunuka, ndi limestone ndi ma sorbents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Trona imapeza chiwongola dzanja chapamwamba kwambiri chochotsa SO₂ pakati pa izi (mpaka 94%), koma laimu ndi limestone zimapereka njira zodalirika komanso zotsika mtengo kwa zomera zambiri zachitsulo. Makina opopera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa, amakonzedwa mosavuta, komanso amatha kusinthasintha pochotsa zinthu zoipitsa zambiri kuphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mercury.
Mwaukadaulo, kutsuka pogwiritsa ntchito NaOH kumagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amadzimadzi, kupewa kupanga zinthu zolimba zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zina komanso kuthandizira njira yosavuta yochotsera zinyalala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makina a laimu/laimu amadalira kuyamwa kwa matope, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gypsum ifunike kusamalidwa kapena kutayidwa. Kutsuka ndi kupopera kumaphatikiza kuyamwa kwa mpweya ndi madzi, ndipo zinthu zouma zimasonkhanitsidwa ngati zinthu zolimba.
Mofananamo, NaOH ikupereka:
- Kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kuwongolera njira.
- Palibe zinyalala zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusamalira zachilengedwe kukhale kosavuta.
- Mtengo wokwera wa reagent, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isakope kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu, koma ndi yabwino kwambiri komwe kumafunika kuchotsa SO₂ kwambiri kapena kutaya zinthu zolimba zomwe zili mkati mwake kumakhala kovuta.
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito miyala ya laimu/laimu:
- Kutsika mtengo kwa reagent.
- Ntchito yokhazikika bwino, kuphatikiza kosavuta ndi gypsum valorization.
- Amafuna njira zolimba zoyendetsera matope ndi zinthu zina.
Makina opopera ndi owuma ndi owuma a sorbent:
- Kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri kwa trona, ngakhale mtengo ndi kupezeka kwake kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito.
Kuphatikiza kwa NaOH Scrubbing mu Ntchito za BOF
Magawo otsukira a NaOH amaphatikizidwa pansi pa malo oyambira osonkhanitsira mpweya wa BOF, nthawi zambiri pambuyo pa magawo oyamba ochotsa fumbi monga ma electrostatic precipitators kapena ma baghouses. Mpweya wotuluka umaziziritsidwa usanalowe mu nsanja yotsukira, komwe umakhudza yankho la NaOH lozungulira. Kutuluka kwa madzi kumayang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti kuone kuchuluka kwa alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi pa intaneti, mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi a caustic soda, ndi machitidwe opangidwira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi a alkali pa intaneti—monga Lonnmeter—kuonetsetsa kuti reagent ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino komanso kuti SO₂ igwire bwino ntchito.
Kuyika kwa NaOH scrubbing n'kofunika kwambiri; nsanja yotsukira iyenera kuyikidwa kuti igwire mpweya wambiri komanso kuti ikhale ndi nthawi yokwanira yolumikizirana. Madzi otuluka mu scrubber nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa ku neutralization kapena recovery system, kuchepetsa mavuto azachilengedwe komanso kuthandizira kugwiritsanso ntchito madzi.
Kuphatikiza kutsuka kwa NaOH mu njira yoyambira ya uvuni wa okosijeni kumathandizira kuti ntchito yonse igwire bwino ntchito mwa:
- Kuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya woipa wa SO₂.
- Kuchotsa zinyalala zolimba pakuyeretsa mpweya wotuluka m'chimbudzi, kuchepetsa kutsata njira zamakono zoyeretsera mpweya wotuluka m'chimbudzi ndi malamulo atsopano.
- Kulola kusintha kwa ndondomeko yeniyeni kudzera mu muyeso wa NaOH pa intaneti, kuonetsetsa kuti ndondomekoyi ikusunga malo oti SO₂ ichotsedwe.
Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumathandizira njira yonse yochotsera mpweya woipa m'mafakitale. Kumathetsa mavuto otulutsa mpweya woipa omwe amapezeka popanga zitsulo zoyambira za ng'anjo ya okosijeni mwa kupereka njira zodalirika komanso zosinthika zochizira mpweya woipa woipa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono zowongolera komanso zogwirira ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira kuchuluka kwa alkali pa intaneti kumawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa NaOH, kumaletsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, ndikutsimikizira kuti njira yowongolera mpweya woipa imagwira ntchito mkati mwa malire okhwima.
Kuyeza Kuzama kwa NaOH: Kufunika ndi Njira
Udindo Wofunika Kwambiri wa Kuwunika Kukhazikika kwa NaOH
ZolondolaMuyeso wa kuchuluka kwa NaOHNdikofunikira kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya basic oxygen furnace (BOF), makamaka pa njira yotsukira mpweya wa flue. Kulamulira bwino mlingo wa NaOH kumakhudza mwachindunji ntchito yochotsa SO₂. Ngati yankho la caustic soda ndi lofooka kwambiri, SO₂ imachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wambiri utuluke komanso kuyika pachiwopsezo kusatsatira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe. Kumbali ina, kuchuluka kwa NaOH kumawonjezera ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito reagent ndikupanga zinyalala zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimawonjezera ntchito yokonza zinyalala ndi kusamalira zinthu.
Kuchuluka kwa NaOH kolakwika kumawononga njira yonse yoyeretsera mpweya wotuluka m'madzi. Kuchuluka kosakwanira kumayambitsa zochitika zoyambitsa, pomwe SO₂ imadutsa mu scrubber yosakonzedwa. Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'madzi kumawononga zinthu ndikupanga zinthu zomwe sizingapeweke za sodium sulfate ndi carbonate, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala zisamayende bwino. Zochitika zonsezi zitha kusokoneza kutsata malire a mpweya wabwino ndikuwonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito pafakitale yachitsulo.
Ukadaulo wa Meter Yowunikira Paintaneti
Zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi pa intaneti, kuphatikizapo zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi a soda, zimasintha njira zochizira mpweya wa flue popereka kuwunika kosalekeza komanso nthawi yeniyeni. Zipangizozi zimagwira ntchito poyesa pH, conductivity, kapena zonse ziwiri; njira iliyonse imapereka ubwino wake.
Masensa apaintaneti amayikidwa mwachindunji m'mizere yozungulira mowa kapena m'matanki. Mfundo zazikulu zolumikizira ndi izi:
- ma electrode a pH (galasi kapena solid-state) kuti azitha kutsatira alkalinity mwachindunji.
- Ma probe oyendetsera magetsi (chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena ma electrode a alloy osagwira dzimbiri) kuti muyeze kuchuluka kwa ayoni.
- Mawaya otulutsa chizindikiro kapena kulumikizana kwa netiweki kuti agwirizane ndi makina owongolera omwe amagawidwa mufakitale, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale mlingo wodziyimira pawokha.
Ubwino wa kuyeza kuchuluka kwa NaOH pa intaneti ndi monga:
- Kupeza deta mosalekeza komanso mosalekeza.
- Kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo kuchepa kwa NaOH kapena kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochulukirapo.
- Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zamanja ndi ntchito.
- Kuwongolera bwino njira, chifukwa deta yeniyeni imalola kusintha kwamphamvu pa mlingo wa caustic kutengera zosowa zenizeni.
Machitidwe a mafakitale akuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza mitundu yonse ya masensa mkati mwa Lonnmeter kapena nsanja zina zofanana za masensa ambiri kumawonjezera kulimba kwa kuwunika kwa alkali pa intaneti. Njira yophatikizana iyi tsopano ndi yofunika kwambiri paukadaulo wamakono woyeretsa mpweya wa flue, makamaka pantchito zazikulu komanso zosinthasintha kwambiri monga njira yoyambira yopangira chitsulo cha oxygen furnace.
Njira Zabwino Zowunikira ndi Kusunga Kuchuluka kwa NaOH
Kuyeza ndi kukonza bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muyeze molondola pa intaneti. Masensa amafunika kuyeza nthawi zonse—ma pH mita ayenera kuyeza pamalo awiri kapena kuposerapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka zoyezera zomwe zimayenderana ndi pH yofunikira. Ma conductivity mita ayenera kuyeza motsutsana ndi njira zodziwika bwino zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zodziwika bwino za ionic.
Ndondomeko yokonza zinthu ikuphatikizapo:
- Kuyang'ana ndi kuyeretsa maso pafupipafupi kuti mupewe kuipitsa kapena kugwetsa mvula kuchokera ku sodium carbonate kapena sulfate.
- Kutsimikizira kuyankhidwa kwamagetsi ndi kubwezeretsanso pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kulikonse kwa mankhwala kapena zakuthupi.
- Kusintha zinthu za sensa nthawi ndi nthawi zomwe wopanga amalangiza, zomwe zikusonyeza kuwonongeka kwa nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha malo omwe amayaka kwambiri.
Kuthetsa mavuto ofala:
- Kusinthasintha kwa masensa nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ukalamba; kukonzanso nthawi zambiri kumatha kubwezeretsa kulondola.
- Kuchotsa zinthu zodetsedwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina monga sodium sulfate kumafuna kutsukidwa ndi mankhwala kapena kuchotsedwa ndi makina.
- Kusokoneza kwa mchere wina wosungunuka, komwe kungakweze mphamvu ya mpweya molakwika, kumayendetsedwa ndi kufufuza kwa labotale nthawi ndi nthawi ndikusankha njira zoyenera zolipirira mkati mwa mita.
Kuonetsetsa kuti reagent ndi yabwino nthawi zonse kumatanthauza kuyang'anira NaOH yomwe ikubwera kuti ione ngati ili yoyera komanso yosungidwa bwino kuti ipewe kuyamwa kwa CO₂ (komwe kumapanga sodium carbonate ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya caustic). Kuyang'ana nthawi zonse zoperekera ndi zolemba kumatsimikizira kuti njirayi nthawi zonse imagwiritsa ntchito reagents mkati mwa zomwe zafotokozedwa, kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito a njira komanso kutsatira malamulo.
Njira izi zikuthandizira kuyeza kodalirika kwa kuchuluka kwa NaOH ndikugwira ntchito kosalekeza mu njira zofunikira zochotsera sulfure zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya okosijeni.
Ng'anjo Yoyambira ya Oxygen
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Kukonza bwino kwa Flue Gas Scrubbing ndi NaOH popanga zitsulo
Njira Zowongolera Njira
Njira zotsukira mpweya wa flue wa mafakitale popanga zitsulo zoyambira za ng'anjo ya okosijeni zimadalira kuchuluka kwa NaOH kolondola kuti zichotse bwino sulfur dioxide (SO₂) ndi nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Makina odzipangira okha amaphatikiza deta yeniyeni kuchokera ku mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi pa intaneti monga Lonnmeter, zomwe zimathandiza kuwunika kosalekeza kuchuluka kwa madzi a alkali. Makinawa amasintha kuchuluka kwa madzi a NaOH nthawi yomweyo, kusunga kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akufuna kuti mpweya usawonongeke komanso kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mankhwala.
Ubwino wa Zachilengedwe
Kutsuka ndi NaOH monyowa, ngati kulamulidwa bwino, kumakwaniritsa kuchotsa 92% SOx ndi yankho la 5% NaOH, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu maphunziro oyerekeza a zomera. Ukadaulo uwu nthawi zambiri umaphatikizidwa ndi NaOCl, zomwe zimakweza kuchuluka kwa zochotsa zodetsa zambiri, ndi machitidwe ena kufika pa 99.6% bwino pa SOx ndi kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa NOx. Kuchita kotereku kumagwirizana ndi zomwe gawo la chitsulo limachita pa nyengo pansi pa zolinga za Paris Agreement, zomwe zimathandiza kutsimikizira kwa chipani chachitatu ndi kutsimikizira kutsatira malamulo kwa opanga zitsulo. Kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni ndi kupereka mlingo wodziyimira pawokha kumathandizanso kuzindikira mwachangu ndi kukonza chithandizo cha mpweya wosakhala wa spec, kupewa kuphwanya malamulo ndi zilango zokwera mtengo.
Mtengo ndi Kugwira Ntchito Bwino
Kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa NaOH pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zowunikira kuchuluka kwa alkali pa intaneti, monga Lonnmeter caustic soda concentration metering, kumayendetsa ndalama zambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito bwino mu njira yoyambira ya oxygen ng'anjo. Makina oyesera okha amawongolera kugwiritsa ntchito reagent, ndikuchepetsa mwachindunji ndalama za mankhwala popewa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kapena mochepera. Kafukufuku wamakampani nthawi zonse akuwonetsa kuti mankhwala amasungidwa ndi 45% pamene mlingo umasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yeniyeni.
Njira zogwirira ntchitozi zimachepetsanso kuwonongeka kwa zida ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Kusamalira kolosera komwe kumathandizidwa ndi kuyang'anira kosalekeza kumapereka chenjezo loyambirira la kupotoka ndi zolakwika pa ntchito, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ntchito zosamalira zikonzedwe zisanawonongeke zida. Njira monga kuyesa kutentha ndi kusanthula kugwedezeka zimawonjezera moyo wa zida. Mafakitale amanena kuti ndalama zosamalira zimasungidwa ndi 8-12% poyerekeza ndi njira zodzitetezera, komanso mpaka 40% poyerekeza ndi njira zothanirana ndi vutoli. Zotsatira zake, njira zopangira chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya okosijeni zimakhala zokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiopsezo cha kutsekedwa kosakonzekera chichepe, chitetezo chikhale bwino, komanso kutsatira malamulo odalirika. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera njirazi komanso njira zochizira mpweya wotuluka m'madzi zimathandiza opanga zitsulo kuti azitha kulinganiza bwino zolinga zachilengedwe ndi zachuma.
Mavuto ndi Mayankho Odziwika Pakuyeza Kuchuluka kwa NaOH
Kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa NaOH mu ndondomeko yoyambira ya uvuni wa okosijeni ndikofunikira kwambiri pakutsuka bwino mpweya wa flue, kuwongolera njira, komanso kutsatira miyezo yaubwino wa chitsulo. Mavuto atatu opitilira ndi kusokonezedwa ndi mankhwala ena, kuipitsa kwa masensa, komanso kufunika kochepetsa ntchito zoyesa ndi manja.
Kusamalira Kusokoneza kwa Mankhwala Ena mu Mpweya Wotulutsa Madzi
Njira yotsukira mpweya wotuluka nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito NaOH pochepetsa kuipitsa kwa asidi. Komabe, kukhalapo kwa ma ayoni ena—monga sulfates, chlorides, ndi carbonates—kungasinthe mawonekedwe enieni a mowa wotsukira ndikupangitsa kuti kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi kukhale kovuta.
- Kusokoneza thupi:Zoipitsa za ionic izi zimatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa yankho kapena kukhuthala kwake, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji muyeso kuchokera ku ma mita ochulukirachulukira opezeka pa intaneti monga Lonnmeter. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa SO₂ yosungunuka kumatha kuchitapo kanthu kuti ipange sodium sulfite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa NaOH kuwerengedwe pokhapokha ngati ma mitawo ayesedwa kapena kulipidwa chifukwa cha mayankho azinthu zambiri.
- Yankho:Zipangizo zamakono za Lonnmeter zimaphatikizapo ma algorithms apamwamba osiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe ka zinthu komanso kulimbitsa kutentha, zomwe zimachepetsa zolakwika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu zosokoneza. Kuwongolera pafupipafupi motsutsana ndi miyezo yodziwika bwino yokhala ndi ma profiles ofanana a utsi kumathandiziranso kulondola kwa muyeso wa njira za BOF zokhudzana ndi mitsinje ya mpweya wovuta wa flue. Kuphatikiza masensa ambiri a mankhwala kumathandizanso kupatula mawerengedwe a NaOH kuti azilamulira bwino reagent.
Kuthana ndi Kuipitsa kwa Sensor ndi Kusunga Kulondola kwa Muyeso
Kuipitsa kumachitika pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono, timadontho, kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimachitika zikasonkhana pamalo a sensa. Mu nyengo yovuta yoyeretsa mpweya wa BOF, masensa amakumana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mamba ochokera ku mchere, ndi zotsalira za viscous - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika pa kuwerenga ndi kukonza zinthu.
- Magwero ofala a zinthu zonyansa:Madzi monga calcium carbonate ndi iron oxides amatha kuphimba chinthu chogwedezeka cha sensa, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake yoyankhira ndikupangitsa kuti kuwerenga kwake kukhale kochepa kapena kosunthika. Kuwunjikana kwa matope omata a caustic kumalepheretsanso kukhazikika kwa chizindikiro.
- Yankho:Mamita oyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu a Lonnmeter apangidwa ndi malo osalala, osapsa ndi dzimbiri komanso njira zoyeretsera zomwe zingatheke monga kutsuka mkati mwa malo ndi kugwedezeka kwa ultrasound kuti aletse kusungunuka. Mayendedwe oyeretsera okonzedwa okha amatha kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera, kusintha kwambiri moyo wa masensa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo ndi zolondola nthawi zonse. Kuzindikira komwe kumapangidwira mkati kumachenjeza ogwiritsa ntchito kuti azitha kusuntha kapena kuipitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisamalira mwachangu popanda kufunikira kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi ndi manja.
Kuchepetsa Kusankha ndi Kusanthula Ntchito pa Manja
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa NaOH mwachizolowezi nthawi zambiri kumadalira kutengera zitsanzo pamanja ndi kugawa kwa labotale. Njira imeneyi imatenga nthawi, imakhala ndi zolakwika, ndipo imayambitsa kuchedwa kwa malipoti komwe kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni komwe kumafunika panthawi yopanga zitsulo zofunika kwambiri.
- Zovuta za kusanthula ndi manja:Kusankha zitsanzo kumasokoneza kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, kuyika pachiwopsezo ku mankhwala oopsa, komanso kumapereka deta nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwongolera njira zochizira mpweya woipa.
- Yankho:Kuphatikizika kwa Lonnmeter online alkali concentration monitoring mwachindunji mu PLCs kapena distributed control systems (DCS) kumathandiza kuti nthawi yeniyeni iperekedwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa reagent dosing ndi kuzindikira endpoint. Ma caustic soda concentration meter awa amatumiza deta nthawi zonse ku chipinda chowongolera, kuchotsa ntchito yanthawi zonse ndikulola ogwira ntchito kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuyang'anira njira. Zolemba za ndondomekozi zimatsimikizira kuti ma online concentration meter amenewa amachepetsa ntchito yoyesa zitsanzo ndi 80%, pomwe akuthandizira ukadaulo woyeretsa mpweya wa flue kuti asunge kutsatira malamulo ndi kufanana kwa zinthu.
Makampani opanga zitsulo enieni omwe akuyendetsa ntchito zamakono za BOF tsopano amadalira njira zamakono zoyezera kuphatikizapo zipangizo za Lonnmeter kuti athetse mavutowa, kuthandizira kuchotsa mpweya woipa wa flue ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa alkali.
Malangizo Ogwirizanitsa Njira Zosasinthika ndi Kuyang'anira Deta
Kuyeza bwino kuchuluka kwa NaOH pa intaneti kumadalira kuphatikiza kwamphamvu ndi zowongolera za njira. Lumikizani zoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi ku DCS, PLC, kapena SCADA systems kuti muyang'anire ndikuwongolera pakati. Onetsetsani kuti zizindikiro za sensa zakwezedwa bwino ndikutsimikiziridwa musanagwiritse ntchito poyendetsa ma process automation kapena poyang'anira alamu. Konzani ma alamu okwera/otsika kuti mulimbikitse wogwiritsa ntchito kuchitapo kanthu panthawi yopatuka pakugwiritsa ntchito soda ya caustic paukadaulo woyeretsera mpweya wa flue.
Kuonetsetsa kuti deta ndi yodalirika:
- Gwiritsani ntchito njira zowerengera nthawi ndi nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka zowunikira.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zolemba zodziwikiratu kuti muwunikenso zomwe zikuchitika komanso kuti muwunikenso malamulo.
- Gwiritsani ntchito redundancy pamene ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri; yikani masensa osungira kapena njira ziwiri zolumikizirana.
- Deta yolumikizidwa kuchokera ku mita yowunikira pa intaneti kupita ku machitidwe a mbiri ya zochitika kuti athe kuwunikanso mozama panthawi yothetsa mavuto kapena kuwunika njira.
Kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kwambiri, njira zogwirizanitsa machesi kuti zigwirizane ndi kukula kwa fakitale—kudalira DCS kuti igwire ntchito zambiri za BOF mosalekeza; kapena PLC/SCADA pamakina oyendetsera zinthu kapena oyendetsa omwe amafunikira kukonzanso mwachangu. Pakukonzekera kuphatikiza, gwiritsani ntchito magulu aukadaulo poyesa mawonekedwe ndi kutsimikizira kuti mupewe zolakwika zolumikizirana komanso kutayika kwa deta.
Mapeto
Kuyeza bwino kuchuluka kwa NaOH ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso kudalirika kwa njira yotsukira mpweya wa flue popanga zitsulo zoyambira za ng'anjo ya okosijeni. Kuwunika molondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni kwa NaOH kumaonetsetsa kuti SO₂ ndi NOx zachotsedwa bwino, zomwe zimathandiza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito komanso kutsatira malamulo okhwima. Kusunga kuchuluka koyenera kwa NaOH kumalola kuti kutsuka bwino, kuchepetsa kupanga zinthu zina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito reagent yosafunikira, komanso kupewa mavuto ogwirira ntchito monga kukula ndi dzimbiri m'dongosolo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zowunikira kuchuluka kwa alkali pa intaneti—monga zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma multi-parameter conductivity, salinity, ndi alkali detection—kwakhala muyezo wa makampani. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamphamvu monga ma online concentration meter ndi ma caustic soda concentration meter odzipereka, ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza chidziwitso chokhazikika cha momwe zinthu zilili. Machitidwewa amathandizira kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwa njira ndikuthandizira kusintha koyenera poyankha kusintha kwa katundu kapena mpweya, zomwe zimathandiza malo kuti asinthe njira zawo zopangira chitsulo cha oxygen furnace molondola.
Kukonza bwino njira kumalimbikitsidwa mwa kuphatikiza zida zoyezera zolondola ndi njira zowongolera mayankho, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha kwa mlingo wa NaOH mwachangu. Izi sizimangosunga magwiridwe antchito ochotsa mpweya wotuluka m'malo otulutsira mpweya komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe komanso zachuma zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka m'malo otulutsira ....
Mu dziko lomwe malamulo amafunikira kuwongolera mwamphamvu mpweya woipa, zomangamanga zolimba zoyezera si zofunikira paukadaulo zokha komanso ndizofunikira kwambiri pabizinesi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya—monga yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Lonnmeter—kumapatsa mphamvu mafakitale achitsulo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zowononga zomwe zimalamulidwa ndi oyang'anira ndi chidaliro, zomwe zimathandizira njira zopititsira patsogolo njira zoyendetsera ntchito komanso zofunikira pakulemba zikalata. Izi zimayika muyeso wolondola wa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa NaOH pakati pa ntchito zogwira mtima zopangira njira zoyendetsera ntchito komanso ntchito zokhazikika popanga zitsulo.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi kutsuka mpweya wa flue n'chiyani ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira pa ntchito yoyambira ya uvuni wa okosijeni?
Kutsuka mpweya wa flue ndi njira yowongolera mpweya woipa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mpweya woopsa monga sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kuchokera mu utsi wopangidwa panthawi yopanga zitsulo za oxygen furnace (BOF). Mankhwalawa amateteza chilengedwe mwa kuchepetsa mpweya wa asidi ndi kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafakitale achitsulo azitsatira miyezo ya mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya woipa. Njira ya BOF imatulutsa mpweya woipa wambiri, carbon monoxide, ndi sulfure, zomwe zimafuna chithandizo champhamvu cha mpweya kuti zichepetse zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe ndi malamulo.
Kodi njira yotsukira mpweya wa flue imagwira ntchito bwanji popanga zitsulo?
Mu mafakitale achitsulo a BOF, kutsuka mpweya wa flue kumadalira kuyamwa kwa mankhwala kuti achotse mpweya wa asidi kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya. Kawirikawiri, izi zimaphatikizapo kudutsa mpweya wa flue kudzera mu cholumikizira komwe choyamwa - nthawi zambiri sodium hydroxide (NaOH, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti caustic soda) kapena limestone slurry - chimayamwa ndi sulfur dioxide ndi mitundu ina ya acidic. Mwachitsanzo, NaOH ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, SO₂ imachitapo kanthu kuti ipange sodium sulfite kapena sulfate yosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweyawo usawonongeke. Njira yotsukira imayamwa zinthu zoipitsa, ndipo mpweya woyeretsedwa umatuluka. Kutsuka bwino kumadalira kuwongolera molondola ndi kuyang'anira mankhwala otsukira panthawi yonseyi.
Kodi njira yoyambira yopangira chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya okosijeni ndi iti?
Njira yopangira zitsulo za BOF imakhala ndi njira zosiyana komanso zoyang'aniridwa mosamala:
- Kuyika chitsulo chotentha, chosungunuka mu uvuni wa okosijeni (nthawi zambiri chimachokera ku zitofu zophulika), zitsulo zotsalira, ndi ma flux ngati miyala yamwala.
- Kutulutsa mpweya woyeretsedwa kwambiri kudzera mu chitsulo chosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zonyansa (makamaka kaboni, silicon, ndi phosphorous) zisinthe kukhala mpweya monga CO₂ ndi CO₂.
- Kulekanitsa slag (yomwe ili ndi zonyansa zosungunuka) ndi chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe mukufuna.
- Kukonzanso kwina mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa aloyi ndikuyika chinthu chachitsulo.
Pa nthawi imeneyi, mpweya woipa wofunikira kutsukidwa kwa mpweya wotuluka m'madzi umapangidwa, makamaka panthawi yopukutira ndi kuyeretsa mpweya.
Chifukwa chiyani mita yoyezera kuchuluka kwa NaOH pa intaneti ndi yofunika kwambiri?
Mamita oyezera kuchuluka kwa NaOH pa intaneti amapereka muyeso wokhazikika, nthawi yeniyeni wa kuchuluka kwa NaOH mu njira zotsukira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti muchotse bwino sulfur dioxide, kuchepetsa zinyalala za mankhwala, komanso kusunga kukhazikika kwa njira—popanda kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa zitsanzo zamanja kapena kuyesa kwa labotale. Kuyang'anira kokha kumathandiza kuyankha mwachangu kusinthasintha kwa njira, kumaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso pa mankhwala, komanso kumachepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kapena kuchuluka kwa NaOH. Zida monga Lonnmeter zimapereka mayankho nthawi zonse, zomwe zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zolinga zotulutsa mpweya zakwaniritsidwa, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji ndalama ndi kutsatira malamulo.
Ndi njira ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera kuchuluka kwa NaOH m'makina otsukira mpweya wa flue?
Kuchuluka kwa NaOH kungayesedwe ndi:
- Kugawa:Kutenga zitsanzo ndi manja ndi kugawa kwa ma laboratory ndi hydrochloric acid. Ngakhale kuti njira iyi ndi yolondola, imafuna ntchito yambiri, yochedwa, komanso yochedwa kusintha njira.
- Zoyezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu pa intaneti:Zipangizo monga Lonnmeter zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi (monga conductivity, sonic velocity), kapena njira zamakono zowunikira (monga near-infrared photometry), kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo, mu mzere.
Masensa oyendetsera mpweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri koma amatha kukhudzidwa ndi mchere wosokoneza. NIR multiwave photometry imatha kuyang'ana kwambiri caustic, ngakhale pamene pali zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli. Zida zatsopano zimaphatikiza mfundo zosiyanasiyana zoyezera kuti ziwunikire bwino alkali nthawi yeniyeni pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta yomwe imapezeka m'makina otsukira zomera zachitsulo.
Njira zimenezi zimaonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa soda m'madzi amchere kumasungidwa bwino, zomwe zimathandiza njira zoyeretsera mpweya wofewa bwino komanso wothandiza.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-27-2025
