I. Kufunika kwa Kukhuthala mu Kulekanitsa kwa Hydrocarbon
Kukonza mafuta osaphika osaphika—njira yophimbidwa ndinjira yochotsera madzi m'mafuta osakonzedwa komanso kuchotsa mchere m'thupi(D/D/D)—ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zodula kwambiri pakupanga ndi kuyeretsa ma hydrocarbon. Njirazi zimakhala ndi phindu lalikulu, chifukwa kulephera kulekanitsa bwino madzi ndi mchere kumawononga mwachindunji ubwino wa zinthu ndipo kumaika pachiwopsezo ntchito za fakitale yotsukira zinthu pansi pa madzi kudzera mu dzimbiri lofulumira komanso kuletsa ntchito ya catalyst.
Kukhuthala kumazindikiridwa ngati chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri komanso cha nthawi yeniyeni cha kugawikana kwa maginito ndiemulsionKukhazikika. Emulsion yokhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu imagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chakuthupi, choletsa kwambiri kukhazikika kofunikira kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi kuphatikizika kwa madontho amadzi omwazikana.
Komabe, malo ogwirira ntchito a D/D/D—omwe amadziwika ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu, kutentha kwambiri, dzimbiri, komanso kupezeka kwa madzi ovuta, osakhala a Newtonian, okhala ndi magawo ambiri—amachititsa kuti njira zoyezera kukhuthala kwachibadwa zikhale zosadalirika komanso zolephera. Maukadaulo wamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amadalira ziwalo zoyenda kapena machubu opapatiza a capillary, amalephera kuipitsa, kuwonongeka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina.
Chotsukira Mafuta Osaphika
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Msika ukufuna kusintha kwa njira yopangira zida zolimba zomwe zimatha kuyeza mosalekeza komanso mokhulupirika. Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer imapereka kudalirika kofunikira kumeneku. Pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka makina kolimba komanso kosavuta kopanda ziwalo zosuntha, zisindikizo, kapena ma bearings, ukadaulo uwu umapereka kulondola kosayerekezeka komanso kulimba m'malo ovuta. Mwa kuphatikiza njira yolumikizira ma viscosity feedback loop iyi mu Distributed Control System (DCS), ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza mphamvu yowongolera modabwitsa mlingo wa demulsifier ndi ma profiles otenthetsera. Kuthekera kumeneku kumabweretsa phindu lalikulu, lotheka kuwerengedwa pa ndalama kudzera mu kupewa ndalama zambiri zamakemikolo, kusunga mphamvu, kutsatira bwino khalidwe la zinthu, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
II. Ma Emulsion a Mafuta Osaphwanyidwa: Kupanga, Kukhazikika, ndi Zolinga za Njira
2.1. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala ndi Fiziki ya Kukhazikika kwa Emulsion ya Mafuta Osaphwanyidwa
Kupanga mafuta osakonzedwa nthawi zonse kumabweretsa mapangidwe a emulsions okhazikika, nthawi zambirimafuta m'madzi ndi mafuta m'madzimtundu, komwe madontho amadzi amamwazika bwino nthawi yonse ya mafuta osalekeza. Kukhazikika kwa ma emulsions awa ndi chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe ake, zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa kuti ziwongolere bwino.
Kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma emulsions amenewa kumayendetsedwa makamaka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamwamba zomwe zimapezeka mu mafuta osaphika. Ma emulsifiers achilengedwewa amaphatikizapo mamolekyu ovuta a polar monga asphaltenes, resins, naphthenic acids, ndi tinthu tolimba togawanika bwino tomwe timachokera ku ntchito zopangira, monga dongo,matope obowolazotsalira, ndi zinthu zotsalira chifukwa cha dzimbiri. Zinthuzi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: zimalowa mwachangu pamalo olumikizirana ndi madzi amafuta, komwe zimasanjikizana kukhala filimu yolimba komanso yoteteza. Filimuyi imaletsa madontho amadzi omwazikana kuti asagwirizane ndi kusonkhana, kuchepetsa Interfacial Tension (IFT) ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo.
Mavuto ophatikizana a thupi ndi mankhwala omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala osapangidwa amaphatikizidwa ndipo amaonekera mwachindunji mu mphamvu zambiri za rheological za madzi. Kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa mafuta osapangidwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti emulsion ikhale yolimba. Kukhuthala kumagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chachikulu chakuthupi ku kinetics yolekanitsidwa.
2.2. Zolinga za Kuchotsa Madzi M'thupi, Kuthetsa Madzi M'thupi, ndi Kuchotsa Mchere M'thupi (D/D/D)
Ndondomeko yolumikizidwa ya D/D/D ikufuna kukonzekera mtsinje wa mafuta osakonzedwa kuti azinyamulidwa ndi kuyengedwa pambuyo pake, kuonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira miyezo yokhwima yachitetezo ndi khalidwe.
2.2.1. Kuchotsa madzi m'thupi ndi Kutaya Madzi m'thupi
Kuchotsa mafuta osakonzedwa kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapangidwira kusokoneza filimu yokhazikika ya interfacial. Mamolekyu a demulsifier awa amalowa mkati mwa malo olumikizirana, kusuntha bwino ma emulsifier achilengedwe, kuchepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa interfacial, ndikufooketsa mphamvu ya makina ya nembanemba yoteteza. Mankhwalawa akangomaliza kugwira ntchito, njirayi imapitilirakusowa madzi m'mafuta osakonzedwa(kulekanitsa gawo).
Cholinga chachikulu chanjira yochotsera mafuta ochulukirapoNdi cholinga chokwaniritsa kulekanitsa kwathunthu, kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta osaphika omwe apezeka akukwaniritsa zofunikira za Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W). Kawirikawiri, zofunikira zoyendera mapaipi zimafuna kuti mafuta osaphika omwe akonzedwa akhale ndi BS&W yochepera 0.5% mpaka 1.0%. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti njira zabwino kwambiri zochotsera madzi ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yolekanitsa bwino, ndipo njira zogwirira ntchito zosonyeza kuchuluka kwa kulekanitsa kwa 88% kapena kupitirira apo panthawi yoyesa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira imeneyi iyenera kutulutsa madzi otayirira okhala ndi mafuta ochepa mokwanira (monga, pansi pa 10 mpaka 20 mg/L) kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zotulutsa kapena kubwezeretsanso chilengedwe.
2.2.2. Kuchotsa mchere
Kuchotsa mchere m'madzi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri yotsuka madzi yomwe imachitika kuti ichepetse kuchuluka kwa mchere mu mafuta osaphika, omwe amayesedwa mu Mapaundi pa Migolo Ikuluikulu (PTB). Njirayi, yomwe imachitika m'munda wopanga kapena pamalo opangira mafuta, imaphatikizapokusakanizamafuta osaphikidwa otentha ndi madzi ochapira ndi mankhwala ophwanya emulsion. Kenako osakanizawo amayikidwa mu electrostatic field yamagetsi amphamvu mkati mwa thanki yosungira mphamvu yokoka kuti zotsalira zisweke mosavuta.mafuta m'madzi ndi madzi mu emulsion ya mafutandi kuchotsa gawo la madzi amchere.
Kufunika kochotsa mchere mwamphamvu sikungathe kukambidwanso. Ngati mchere ndi zitsulo zolemera sizichotsedwa, zimasungunuka ndi madzi zikatenthedwa m'magawo otsatira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma asidi owononga (monga hydrogen chloride). Asidiyu amachititsa kuti zipangizo zogwirira ntchito ziwonongeke kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zosinthira kutentha ndi mipiringidzo yothira madzi, ndipo zingayambitse poizoni woopsa. Chifukwa chake, kukwaniritsa bwino kulekanitsa mchere kwa pafupifupi 99% ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ntchito igwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. Kulamulira kutentha ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa mchere, chifukwa kutentha kwa kuchotsa mchere nthawi zambiri kumafikiridwa potenthetsa mafuta osaphika kapena osakaniza a gasi/nthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi ndi zinthu zodetsa ziwonongeke zilekanitsidwe mwachangu.
III. Udindo Wofunika Kwambiri wa Kuyeza Kukhuthala kwa Nthawi Yeniyeni
3.1. Kukhuthala monga Gawo Lolamulira Njira Yeniyeni
Kukhuthala sikuti ndi chizindikiro chofotokozera chabe; ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha mphamvu chomwe chimalamulira kayendedwe ka kulekanitsa. Njira iliyonse yowongolera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndondomeko ya D/D/D—kaya ndi jakisoni wa mankhwala, kulowetsa kutentha, kapena kusakaniza kwa makina—pomaliza pake cholinga chake ndi kuthana kapena kuchepetsa chotchinga cha kukhuthala kuti chifulumizitse kuphatikizika kwa madontho.
Kuyang'anira kukhuthala kwa madzi kumagwira ntchito ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yowunikira momwe demulsifier imagwirira ntchito. Kuwonongeka bwino kwa mankhwala a emulsion yokhazikika kuyenera kupangitsa kuti kukhuthala kwa madzi ambiri kukhale koyezeka komanso kofulumira. Kusintha kwa rheological kumeneku kumatha kuyesedwa mu dongosolo lotsekedwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuwunika kosalekeza momwe mankhwala amathandizira. Kuzungulira kwa feedback nthawi yeniyeni kumeneku ndikofunikira chifukwa kumalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupitilira kuyesa kwa labotale kosasinthika, komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kukalamba kwa zitsanzo za mafuta osaphika komanso kutayika kwa zigawo zowala.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukhuthala kwa mafuta kumagwirizana ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa mphamvu. Kutentha koyenera kwa desalter kumadalira kwambiri kukhuthala kwa mafuta osakonzedwa ndi kuchuluka kwake, komanso kusungunuka kwa madzi mkati mwa mafuta osakonzedwa. Mafuta osakonzedwa kapena okhuthala amafunika kutentha kwakukulu kuti achepetse kukhuthala kokwanira kuti madontho a madzi ayende bwino komanso kuti mphamvu yokoka ikhazikike. Deta yosalekeza ya kukhuthala imalola mainjiniya kukhazikitsa ndikusunga kutentha koyenera kofunikira kuti alekanitse bwino, kupewa kutentha kwambiri komanso kulekanitsidwa kosakwanira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa kwambiri.
Ubale umenewu umayika kukhuthala pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Kugwira ntchito kwa desalter kumayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zinayi zofunika: khalidwe la madzi, magawo ogwirira ntchito (P/T), mlingo wa mankhwala, ndi mbali za makina. Zinthu zogwirira ntchito ndi mankhwala ndiye zowongolera zazikulu. Kukhuthala kumalumikiza ma levers awa mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, ngati njira yowunikira mosalekeza yazindikira kuwonjezeka kwa kukhuthala, DCS yolumikizidwa imatha kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili ndikusankha njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopatukana - kaya kuwonjezeka kochepa kwa mphamvu ya kutentha (pazovuta za kuchulukana kapena kusungunuka) kapena kuwonjezeka kwa demulsifier (pazovuta za kukhazikika kwa mankhwala). Mphamvu iyi yolowererapo mosinthasintha imasintha ulamuliro kuchoka pakusintha kosasintha, kosinthika kupita ku kukonza kolondola, kofulumira.
3.2. Zotsatira za Kuyeza Kolakwika Kapena Kochedwa kwa Kukhuthala
Kusowa kwa deta yolondola komanso yosasunthika ya kukhuthala kumabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu zogwirira ntchito ndipo kumatsimikizira kusagwira bwino ntchito kwachuma.
Kuchuluka kwa Mankhwala Omwe Amaperekedwa ndi Mankhwala Omwe Amapangidwa Mopitirira Muyeso ndi Kukwera kwa Mitengo kwa OPEX
Ngati muyeso wa kukhuthala ukudalira zitsanzo za labu zomwe zimasinthasintha, kapena ngati chipangizo chamkati chikupereka deta yosalondola, mlingo wa demulsifier sungathe kukonzedwa bwino poyerekeza ndi vuto la kukhazikika kwa mtsinje wopanda mafuta womwe ukubwera. Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito jakisoni wa mankhwala opitilira mlingo wofunikira kuti atsimikizire kulekanitsidwa. Poganizira kuti kukwaniritsa kulekanitsidwa koyenera nthawi zambiri kumafuna mlingo wa formula womwe uli pakati pa 50 mpaka 100 ppm, chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma demulsifier apadera komanso okwera mtengo kumabweretsa kukwera kwakukulu komanso kopeweka kwa Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
Kusagwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Moyenera
Popanda mayankho olondola komanso enieni a kukhuthala kwa mpweya, kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa mosamala kuti kuchepetse kukhuthala kwa mpweya woipa kwambiri womwe ukuyembekezeka. Kudalira malo okhazikika, okwera kapena deta yochedwa kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wotentha upitirire kupitirira malire ofunikira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya kutentha iwonongeke kwambiri komanso mosalekeza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale imodzi mwa ndalama zazikulu kwambiri zosinthika zomwe zingawongoleredwe mu njira ya D/D/D.
Kulephera kwa Ubwino wa Zinthu ndi Kuwonongeka Kotsika
Kuyeza kolakwika kumatanthauzira mwachindunji kuti kusiyana sikuli bwino kwambiri. Ngati emulsion siikonzedwa bwino, mafuta oyeretsedwa omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mafutawa sadzakwaniritsa zofunikira za BS&W kapena PTB. Mafuta oyeretsedwa omwe sali ofunikira samangobweretsa chilango chamalonda komanso, chofunika kwambiri, amaika pachiwopsezo ntchito yonse yoyeretsera pansi. Kuipitsidwa ndi mchere komwe sikunakonzedwe kumathandizira kuti dzimbiri lizipangike chifukwa cha asidi ndipo kumabweretsa kutsekeka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa malo osinthira kutentha ndi nsanja zoyendetsera ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kulephera kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera kukhuthala kwa mafuta m'thupi mwanjira ina kumathandizira kukonza kokwera mtengo, kutseka kosakonzekera, komanso kusintha zida zoyambira.
Kusakhazikika kwa Ntchito
Ma emulsion a mafuta osakonzedwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi machitidwe ovuta osakhala a Newtonian, pomwe kukhuthala kwawo kumawonekera kumasintha kutengera kuchuluka kwa kudulidwa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyeza kolakwika kumavuta kupanga ndi kuwongolera kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka magawo ambiri, zomwe zingayambitse zolakwika za kayendedwe ka madzi monga mawonekedwe ovuta a slug, kukhazikika kwa ma holdup, ndi kugawa magawo osagwirizana. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchotsedwa kosakwanira kwa madzi kungafunike nthawi yowonjezera yosungira mu chotengera chokhazikika, zomwe zingayambitse kubwezeretsedwanso kwa madzi, kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonjezera zoopsa.
Dziwani Zambiri Zokhudza Ma Meter Ochulukirachulukira
Mayeso Ena Ogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti
IV. Mavuto a Kuyeza Kukhuthala kwa Mafuta Osaphikidwa
4.1. Malo Ochitira Zinthu Zosasangalatsa Amafuna Kuti Zinthu Zikhale Zolimba
Viscometer yolowera mkati yomwe yasankhidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa D/D/D iyenera kukhala yokhoza kupirira mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito yomwe imapitirira malire a kapangidwe ka zida zodziwika bwino za labotale kapena zamafakitale.
Kupsinjika Kwambiri ndi Kutentha Kwambiri
Njira ya D/D/D nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito komanso kutentha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ochotsa mafuta onunkhira amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osaphika otentha, ndipo miyeso yapadera monga Reservoir Fluid Analysis (RFA) nthawi zambiri imafuna masensa omwe angagwire ntchito m'malo onse osungiramo madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Chida chapaderacho chiyenera kukhala cholimba, ndipo kukana kutentha nthawi zambiri kumafunika kufika pa 450 ℃ ndi kupanikizika komwe kumatha kuthana ndi kupsinjika koyenera (monga, mpaka 6.4 MPa) kapena mayankho opangidwa mwapadera pa ntchito zopitilira 10 MPa.
Kuwononga, Kuipitsa, ndi Kukulitsa
Madzi omwe akukonzedwa ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Mafuta osaphika ali ndi madzi amchere, zinthu zina za asidi (monga naphthenic acids), ndipo nthawi zina hydrogen sulfide (H2S), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke zomwe zimawononga zinthu wamba mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa zinthu zolimba zogawanika bwino (dongo, mchenga, asphaltenes) ndi mchere kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zosungunuka komanso zokhuthala zikhale pamalo oyezera. Zipangizo ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba kwambiri, monga 316 Stainless Steel, ndi njira zosinthira pogwiritsa ntchito zophimba zapadera kapena zinthu zoteteza dzimbiri (monga Teflon coating) kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimakhala nthawi yayitali zikakhudzana ndi gawo la madzi amchere owononga.
Kuvuta kwa Multiphase ndi Non-Newtonian
Mitsinje ya mafuta osaphikidwa mu gawo lokonza nthawi zambiri siili yofanana. Ndi zosakaniza zovuta, zokhala ndi magawo ambiri okhala ndi mpweya/thovu lolowetsedwa, madontho amadzi omwazikana, ndi zinthu zolimba zopachikidwa. Kuvuta kumeneku kumawonjezeka ndi rheology yosakhala ya Newtonian yomwe imapezeka mu emulsions yolemera yosaphikidwa kapena yokhala ndi asphaltene yambiri. Kuyeza kukhuthala kwa madzi omwe kayendedwe kake kamadalira liwiro la kumeta nthawi yomweyo, ndipo komwe kali ndi magawo angapo ndi tinthu topachikidwa, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri paukadaulo uliwonse wa sensor.
4.2. Zolepheretsa Zofunikira pa Viscometry Yachizolowezi
Zofooka zomwe zimapezeka mu njira zoyezera kukhuthala kwa mafuta zimasonyeza chifukwa chake sizili zoyenera kuwongolera mafuta osakonzedwa mokhazikika komanso mkati mwa mzere.
Ma Viscometer Ozungulira
Ma viscometer ozungulira amadalira kuyeza mphamvu yofunikira kuti azungulire spindle mkati mwa madzi. Mfundo imeneyi imafuna kapangidwe kovuta kwambiri ka makina kuphatikiza ziwalo zosuntha, zisindikizo, ndi ma bearing. Mu chilengedwe cha D/D/D, zigawozi zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cholephera: zinthu zolimba zowononga ndi madzi oundana zimayambitsa kuwonongeka mwachangu ndi kulephera kwa chisindikizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zosamalira komanso kugwira ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zozungulira zimakhala zochepa m'malo okwera kwambiri, sizingathe kugwira bwino tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ndipo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza zotsatira zomwe zimatengera wogwiritsa ntchito m'malo mopereka mayankho odalirika opitilira.
Njira Zachikhalidwe Zochotsera Mitsempha ya Capillary
Njira monga capillary viscometry zimadalira kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kudzera mu chubu choletsa. Ngakhale zili zolondola pansi pa mikhalidwe ya labotale, sizothandiza pantchito zamafakitale. Zimavutika kupereka zotsatira zenizeni za madzi osakhala a Newtonian ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kutsekeka kuchokera ku tinthu tomwe timayimitsidwa ndi malo olimba omwe amapezeka m'mitsinje yamafuta osakonzedwa. Kufooka kumeneku kumafuna kukonza kwambiri, kumabweretsa kusokonekera pafupipafupi kwa ntchito, ndipo kwenikweni kumalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo poyang'anira nthawi yayitali komanso mosalekeza mumtsinje wa ntchito.
Kugwirizana kwa njira zolephera za ma viscometer achikhalidwe—kufooka kwa makina (zotsekereza, ma bearing) ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zonyansa komanso zowononga (kutsekeka, kusweka)—kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika komveka bwino kwa uinjiniya. Kuyeza bwino mafuta osaphika mkati mwa mzere kumafuna ukadaulo wa sensor womwe umachotsa kwathunthu magawo osuntha ndi njira zoletsa kuyenda, ndikusuntha katundu woyezera kutali ndi njira zosatetezeka zamakina kupita ku mfundo za fiziki zokhazikika.
V. Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer: Yankho Lolimba
5.1. Kapangidwe Kapadera ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito
Chojambulira cha Lonnmeter chozungulira chapangidwa makamaka kuti chithetse mipata yofunika kwambiri yomwe yasiyidwa ndi ukadaulo wamakono m'malo ovuta.
Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito
Viscometer imagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo ya axial vibration damping. Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito chinthu cholimba cha sensa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chozungulira, chomwe chimayendetsedwa kuti chizungulire mosalekeza pafupipafupi motsatira njira yake ya axial. Pamene mafuta osakonzedwa akuyenda pamwamba ndikudulidwa ndi chinthu chogwedezeka ichi, madziwo amayamwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kukoka kwamphamvu - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asungunuke. Mphamvu yotayika yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha ntchito yodula iyi imayesedwa ndi electron circuit ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji ndikusinthidwa kukhala kuwerenga kwamphamvu kwa viscosity, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa mu centipoise (cP). Njirayi imayesa mphamvu yofunikira kuti pakhale kugwedezeka kokhazikika.
Kapangidwe Kosavuta ka Makina
Ubwino waukulu waukadaulo waLonnmeter inline viscometerndi kuphweka kwake. Kudula kwamadzimadzi kumachitika kokha kudzera mu kugwedezeka, komwe kumalola kapangidwe kosavuta ka makina—komwe kulibe ziwalo zosuntha, zosindikizira, kapena ma bearing. Kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kameneka ndikofunikira kwambiri: pochotsa zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka kwambiri, dzimbiri, komanso kulephera m'malo opanikizika kwambiri komanso owuma, Lonnmeter imatsimikizira kulimba kwambiri komanso zosowa zochepa zosamalira, kugonjetsa mwachindunji zoletsa zazikulu za zida zozungulira. Kapangidwe kake kamagwiritsa ntchito 316 Stainless Steel yolimba, yokhala ndi makonda omwe amapezeka pazinthu zowononga, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito Teflon zokutira kapena ma alloys enaake oletsa dzimbiri.
5.2. Magawo Othana ndi Mavuto Enaake a Njira
Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo a Lonnmeterviscometer yozungulira yozungulirakusonyeza kuyenerera kwake kupirira zofunikira kwambiri za njira ya D/D/D:
Mafotokozedwe Olimba a Lonnmeter Viscometer
| Chizindikiro | Kufotokozera | Kufunika kwa Mavuto a D/D/D a Mafuta Osakonzedwa |
| Kukhuthala kwa Ma Viscosity | 1 - 1,000,000 cP | Kuphimba kwathunthu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta osaphika, kuphatikizapo mafuta olemera, bitumen, ndi ma emulsions okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu. |
| Kulondola / Kubwerezabwereza | ±2% ~ 5% | Kulondola kwambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwerengera molondola momwe mankhwala ochotsera demulsifier amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe mphamvu zimakhazikitsidwira. |
| Kukana Kutentha Kwambiri | < 450℃ | Zimaonetsetsa kuti ntchito yodalirika ikugwira ntchito pa pre-heater komanso pa desalting yotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri. |
| Kuchuluka kwa Kupanikizika | < 6.4 MPa (Yosinthika >10 MPa) | Imathandizira kupsinjika kwa njira zokhazikika, pogwiritsa ntchito mainjiniya apadera kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pamavuto apamwamba. |
| Zipangizo | 316 Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira (Chokhazikika) | Kapangidwe kabwino kamapereka kukana kwambiri dzimbiri; zipangizo zomwe zasinthidwa zimasamalira mchere ndi H2Mavuto a S. |
| Mulingo Woteteza | IP65, ExdIIBT4 | Imakwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima yoteteza kuphulika komanso yoteteza chilengedwe m'malo oopsa a mafakitale. |
5.3. Ubwino waukadaulo ndi ntchito
Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri mu Mayendedwe Ovuta
Mfundo yoti mafuta osaphika agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino imapindulitsa kwambiri pakugwira ntchito yovuta komanso ya magawo ambiri ya emulsions. Kugwedezeka kosalekeza kwa ma frequency apamwamba kumapereka mphamvu yofatsa komanso yodziyeretsa pamwamba pa sensa, ndikuletsa kusungunuka kwa zinthu zonyansa, kukula, ndi sera. Mosiyana ndi ukadaulo wa vortex kapena rotational, sensa ya Lonnmeter siikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika zoyezera zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha thovu la mpweya kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa (kuyenda kwa magawo ambiri). Kukana kumeneku kuipitsidwa ndi kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwa zinthu zolimba kumatsimikizira kuti kuyeza kupitilira pamene zida zachikhalidwe zingalephere kapena zimafuna kukonzedwa nthawi zonse.
Kusowa kwa zisindikizo ndi ma bearing kumayimira mpikisano wofunikira kwambiri. Popeza malo a D/D/D amadziwika ndi madzi ake owononga komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kowononga zinthu zolimba, kuchotsa zigawo zamakina zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu kumachotsa gwero lalikulu la nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kukonza kokwera mtengo komwe kumakhudzana ndi kulephera kwa zida mu ntchito yopanda mafuta. Chisankho chofunikira ichi chaukadaulo chimatsimikizira nthawi yokwanira yogwirira ntchito pa kuzungulira kofunikira kwa viscosity feedback.
Muyeso Wolondola Wosakhala wa Newtonian
Dongosolo la Lonnmeter limagwira ntchito popereka kuchuluka kwa shear rate pamadzi kudzera mu kugwedezeka. Pa mafuta ovuta, omwe si a Newtonian omwe amapezeka mu D/D/D, komwe kukhuthala kumadalira kuchuluka kwa shear, muyeso uwu wa shear high ndi wofunikira kwambiri. Umajambula molondola "kusintha kwenikweni kwa kukhuthala" komwe kumagwirizana ndi kayendedwe kake ka process line, kuteteza zinthu za rheological zomwe zingachitike ndi zida zochepetsera shear, monga ma viscometer ena ozungulira, omwe angasinthe mosazindikira kukhuthala kogwira ntchito kwa madzi panthawi yoyezera.
Utsogoleri Wophatikizana Wapaintaneti Wopanda Seamless
Kuti akwaniritse kuthekera kokwanira kokonza bwino, viscometer iyenera kupereka deta yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta ndi makina owongolera. Lonnmeter imapereka zotulutsa zokhazikika zamafakitale (4–20 mADC, Modbus) za kukhuthala ndi kutentha. Kuthamanga kwa deta ya digito kosasinthasintha kumeneku kumathandizira kuphatikiza mwachangu mu Distributed Control Systems (DCS) kapena nsanja za SCADA zomwe zilipo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwambawu kumafuna njira yosinthira digito pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira ndi kuphatikiza deta ya sensa kuti muchepetse zovuta zoyambira ndikuwonetsa kubweza koyambirira pa ndalama (ROI). Deta yolumikizidwa iyi imapanga maziko a matrix yowunikira, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kugwirizanitsa mwachangu kusinthasintha kwa kukhuthala ndi mitsinje ina ya deta (monga kutentha, kusiyana kwa kuthamanga) kuti atsogolere njira yothandiza yokonza.
VI. Kukonza ndi Kupereka Mtengo Wachuma
Mtengo weniweni wa Lonnmeter pazachumaViscometer Yozungulira YozunguliraKuyeza kosachitapo kanthu kumapangidwa pamene muyeso wosachitapo kanthu umasinthidwa kukhala njira yogwirira ntchito, yotsekedwa. Kusanthula deta molondola komanso kolondola kwambiri kumakhazikitsa njira yofunikira yowunikira kuti iyendetse bwino ntchito ziwiri zazikulu zosinthira: kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kutentha.
6.1. Kugwirizanitsa Kukhuthala kwa Nthawi Yeniyeni ndi Kulamulira Njira Zosinthasintha
Njira yowongolera imadalira kuphatikiza mawerengedwe a kukhuthala ndi ma lever oyambira owongolera—mlingo wa demulsifier ndi kutentha kotenthetsera—kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira yabwino yolekanitsira ikusungidwa pamtengo wotsika kwambiri.
Cholinga chachikulu chowongolera ndikupeza ndikusunga mfundo ya kukhuthala kochepa kogwira ntchito kolekanitsa. Ngati dongosololi lapeza kupotoka, yankho limawerengedwa kutengera ndalama zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.
Chingwe Chowongolera Mayankho
| Kuwoneka kwa Kukhuthala (Nthawi Yeniyeni) | Kuzindikira Mkhalidwe wa Njira | Ntchito Yokonza (Yokha/Yogwiritsa Ntchito) | Zotsatira Zachuma Zoyembekezeredwa |
| Kukhuthala kukuwonjezeka pambuyo posakaniza/kubaya | Kusakwanira kwa Kutulutsa kwa Madzi kapena Kuchuluka Kosakwanira kwa Kugwirizana kwa Madzi | Wonjezerani Mlingo wa Demulsifier (PPM) KAPENA Wonjezerani Kutentha kwa Kutentha | Zimawonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi; Zimalepheretsa kubwezeretsanso emulsification ndi slugging |
| Kukhuthala kokhazikika komanso kogwirizana, koma deta yakale ikuwonetsa kuti ndi yokwera kuposa momwe imafunikira | Kutentha Kosagwira Ntchito Koyenera Kwambiri kwa Matenda Osauka a Current | Chepetsani Pre-heater/Desalter Temperature Setpoint kufika pa T yotsika kwambiri yogwira ntchito | Amachepetsa mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kutentha; Kusunga koyambirira kwa OPEX |
| Kukhuthala kumachepa mofulumira komanso kukhazikika pamalo otsika | Kulekanitsidwa Kwabwino Kwambiri Kupezeka / Chiwopsezo cha Kuchuluka kwa Mankhwala | Chepetsani Mlingo wa Demulsifier (PPM) kukhala mlingo wocheperako wogwira ntchito | Amachepetsa mwachindunji ndalama zogulira mankhwala ndi kutaya mankhwala |
Kukonza Mlingo wa Demulsifier
Dongosolo lowongolera limagwiritsa ntchito kukhuthala kwa nthawi yeniyeni ngati muyeso wa magwiridwe antchito kuti lisinthe mwachangu kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa demulsifier. Mphamvu imeneyi imachotsa chizolowezi chokwera mtengo komanso chofala cha mankhwala ochulukirapo kuti athetse kusinthasintha kosafunikira kapena kudalira zotsatira za labu zomwe zachedwa. Mwa kuchepetsa mlingowo kufika pamlingo wocheperako wofunikira kuti akwaniritse kulekanitsa komwe akufuna, ogwira ntchito akutsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala okwera mtengo pomwe akugwirabe ntchito bwino (monga, kukwaniritsa kulekanitsa mchere ndi 99%).
Kusamalira Mphamvu za Kutentha
Popeza zofunikira pa kutentha kwa desalter zimatengera mawonekedwe a rheological a crude, kuwerengera kolondola kwa viscosity kumalola makinawa kusunga kutentha kwa pre-heater ndi desalter pamalo otsika kwambiri ofunikira pakulekanitsa gawo. Mphamvu imeneyi imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso zosafunikira zokhudzana ndi kutentha kwa mafuta osakonzedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti OPEX isungidwe bwino komanso nthawi zonse.
Mwa kusunga ulamuliro wamphamvu pa zinthu izi, chomeracho chimasintha kuchoka pa ntchito yokhazikika, yokhazikika kupita ku dongosolo lokonzekera bwino komanso lokonzedwa bwino. Kuchuluka kwa deta kumeneku kumalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kupita ku lingaliro lokonzekera bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi komanso kosamveka bwino kwa kukhuthala, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi kutentha kokhazikika ndi mlingo wa demulsifier, kumatha kuwonetsa vuto la makina lomwe likubwera, monga kuipitsa kwambiri kapena kuwonongeka kwa pampu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yokonzekera bwino ntchito isanachitike.
6.2. Mapindu Oyezedwa ndi Kukwaniritsa ROI
Kuphatikiza kwa Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer kumabweretsa phindu lodalirika komanso lokhazikika pazachuma pa unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali wopangira.
Ndalama Zotsika Zogwirira Ntchito:
Kusunga Mankhwala: Kulamulira mlingo wamphamvu kumachepetsa kulowetsedwa kwa mankhwala okwera mtengo ochotsa mankhwala, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa ndalama mwachangu.
Kusunga Mphamvu: Kukonza kutentha kotenthetsera pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya rheological ya nthawi yeniyeni kumachepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta/nthunzi kwakukulu komwe kumachitika mu kutentha mafuta osakonzedwa.
Kusunga Ndalama Zosamalira: Kapangidwe kosavuta, kopanda ziwalo zosuntha, zotsekera, ndi mabearing, pamodzi ndi mphamvu yodziyeretsera yokha ya sensa yogwedezeka, kumachotsa ndalama zambiri zosamalira ndi kukonza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zachikhalidwe pokonza zinthu zowononga komanso zodetsa.
Ubwino ndi Mtengo Wabwino wa Zinthu: Kutsimikizika kuti zinthu zidzafika pamlingo wokhazikika, monga kukwaniritsa BS&W ya $0.5$% komanso kuchotsa PTB yambiri, kumatsimikizira kuti mafuta osakonzedwa akukwaniritsa zomwe zanenedwa, kupewa zilango zamalonda komanso ndalama zambiri zomwe zimadza chifukwa chokonzanso kapena kuchepetsa dzimbiri.
Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera Kwambiri ndi Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu: Kukonza bwino zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kutentha kumabweretsa kusintha kwachangu komanso kogwirizana kwa kayendedwe ka madzi. Izi zimachepetsa nthawi yokhazikika komanso nthawi yosungira madzi, motero zimawonjezera mphamvu yogwira ntchito bwino ya malo ogwirira ntchito.
Kulimbitsa Chitetezo ndi Kudalirika: Kuchepetsa kudalira zitsanzo zamanja ndi kuyesa kwa labotale kumachepetsa kuwonekera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ku mizere yoyendetsera mpweya yothamanga kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuwononga. Kudalirika kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka sensa yolimba kumachepetsa kwambiri mwayi woti zida zizimitsidwe mosakonzekera.
Kuchotsa madzi m'thupi, Kutaya madzi m'thupi, ndi Kuchotsa mchere m'thupi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kupambana kwachuma komanso kudalirika kwa ntchito zamakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon. Kuvuta kwa njira, kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zopanda pake, komanso magwiridwe antchito amphamvu kwambiri kumafuna mulingo wolondola woyezera komanso kulimba kwa masensa komwe ukadaulo wamba sungapereke. Kuvuta kwa makina, kufooka kwa dzimbiri, komanso kufooka kwa kuipitsidwa kumapangitsa kuti ma viscometer achikhalidwe akhale ndi mavuto, zomwe zimaika pachiwopsezo magwiridwe antchito komanso chitetezo cha katundu.
Lonnmeter Inline Vibrational Viscometer ndi njira yeniyeni yothetsera vutoli, yopangidwa makamaka kuti ikule bwino m'malo ovuta awa a mafakitale. Kapangidwe kake kosavuta, kosasuntha magawo kumatsimikizira kuyenda kosalekeza kwa deta, kuthana ndi njira zolephera zamkati mwa makina ozungulira ndi a capillary. Poyesa molondola kukhuthala kwenikweni kwa mafuta ovuta, osakhala a Newtonian, Lonnmeter imalola njira yowongolera yosinthika komanso yolosera. Njira iyi imapereka maziko okonzekera bwino a kuchuluka kwa demulsifier ndi ma profiles otenthetsera, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino komanso kuti ntchito ikuyenda bwino kwambiri.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa ukadaulo wapamwamba uwu kumasintha njira ya D/D/D kuchoka pa ntchito yosasintha, yopewera zoopsa kupita ku njira yolondola komanso yotsika mtengo. Njirayi imapereka phindu mwachangu komanso loyezeka pa ndalama zomwe zayikidwa kudzera mu kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kuwononga mphamvu.
Pemphani Uphungu Watsatanetsatane wa RFQ.
Tengani sitepe yofunika kwambiri kuti mutsimikizire kuti mafuta osaphika ndi abwino komanso kuti mupeze phindu lalikulu pazachuma. Yambani Kusunga ndalama pa mankhwala ndi mphamvu lero mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolimba kwambiri ya viscometry yamakampani. Pezani mwayi wofunsira njira yokonzedwa mwamakonda komanso tsatanetsatane wa Pempho la Quotation (RFQ). Lumikizanani ndi akatswiri athu aukadaulo tsopano kuti muyambitse njira yanu yokonzera zinthu mogwirizana ndi rheology yanu yapadera, zoletsa zogwirira ntchito, komanso zolinga za ROI zovuta.
