Te Ine i te Kukū Urea i roto i ngā Tukanga Denitration
Ko ngā ture kounga hau tino pakari o te ao katoa e hiahia ana kia whakahaerehia e ngā whare ahumahi ngā tukunga hauota waikura (NOx). Ko te Urea, he matū haumaru, he pūmau hoki, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha denitration hei whakaiti i te NOx. Ko te mea nui ko te whakataurite i te nui o te urea i werohia ki ngā taumata NOx wā-tūturu i roto i te hau paru kia tutuki ai te whakaiti NOx e hiahiatia ana me te kore raruraru.
UKāore e taea e te horopeta iti te whakaiti i te NOx, ā, ka tūpono ka kore e tutuki ngā ture. Ka moumou te matū i te nui rawa o te horopeta, ka piki ake ngā utu, ā, ka puta te "paheke haukini"—ka mawhiti te haukini kāore i tauhohe ki te āhuarangi. He utu nui te paheke haukini, he kino ki te taiao, ā, ka taea te hanga tote piri pērā i te haukini bisulfate me te haukini sulfate, ka whakapoke i ngā taputapu, ka whakaiti i te pai o te mahi, ka kino hoki.
Ngā Wero o te Aroturukitanga Urea Ipurangi
Te Whakakino, te Whakatiotanga, me te Waikura
Te pokeHe raruraru pumau tēnei, inā koa ka whakamahia te wai mārō hei whakawai i te rauemi whāngai urea totoka. Ka taea e ngā kohuke i roto i te wai mārō te pupū ake i waho o te wairewa, ka arahi ki te tauine me te aukati i ngā wāhanga nui, tae atu ki ngā pūoko werohanga me ngā pūoko. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te whakaputa i ngā inenga hē, ā, me mahi tonu te tiaki me te horoi i ngā wā katoa, utu nui, ka whakaiti nui i te wā mahi o te pūnaha.
Te whakatioatatangatērā pea ka puta i ngā pāmahana iti o te putanga hau (i raro iho i te 200−250∘C) me ngā mata e pā ana te otinga urea ki ngā pakitara o te paipa, ka hanga he kiriata. Nā te kiriata matotoru ake, e hua pinepine ana i te pikinga o te rahinga rehu, i te rahi rānei o te pata, ka uaua ake te mimiti o ngā ngota urea, ka hua ake te hanganga tioata. Ko tēnei tukanga tētahi o ngā tino take o te aukati i te pūoko me te pūwero.
Theāhua waikuraHe tino mōrearea te otinga urea ki ngā taputapu. Ko te hanga urea he hanganga o te ammonium carbamate, he takawaenga tino waikura ka taea te whakangaro tere i ngā rauemi tuku iho, ka arahi ki te pakaru kino o ngā taputapu. Nō reira, me whakaaro nui ki te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi taputapu, nā te mea ka kore e mahi ngā wāhanga paerewa, ā, me whakakapi tonu i roto i tēnei taiao kaha.
He pātai āu mō te arotau i ngā tukanga whakaputa?
Te awe o ngā āhuatanga tukanga hihiri ki te ine
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te wai tonu e whakararu ana i te ine tika. He tino tairongo te mātotoru o te wairewa ki te pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana ka pā nui ki te kukū hauota urea i inehia. Ka taea e ngā pānui te nekeneke haere, ā, ka tukuna he raraunga hē ki te pūnaha whakahaere me te kore he utu pāmahana tika. E whakaatu ana tēnei rerekētanga i te hiahia nui mō tētahi pūoko kukū urea e whakauru ana i te utu pāmahana wā-tūturu hei whakatika i ēnei huringa tukanga.
Waihoki, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tere rere, te matotoru, me te aroaro o ngā mirumiru hau e mau ana ka puta he koretake me ngā hapa nui o te ine, e hiahiatia ana he hoahoa pūoko e pakari ana, e pono ana hoki i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere hihiri.
Te Otinga Lonnmeter: Mita Kukū Urea
Te Mātāpono Mahi o te Pūoko Kukū Urea
Ko te mita kukū urea kei roto i te tukanga he pūoko ā-roto e whakamahia ana mō te ine kukū, te ine mātotoru rānei o ngā wai rua i roto i ngā paipa, ngā tāke me ētahi atu oko. Ka huri te auau oro o te marau whakahāngai wiri i te ōwehenga whakamuri tika ki te papatipu me te mātotoru o te wai e karapoti ana i a ia. Kei roto i te pūoko he marau āhua-U e peia ana e te hiko hei wiri i te auau oro tika. Ina rumakina tēnei marau ki roto i te wai, ka tāpirihia te papatipu o te wai ki te papatipu whai hua o te marau, ka heke te auau o te wiri. Ka aroturuki tonu ngā hiko matatau o te pūoko i tēnei nekehanga auau. Mā te hono i tēnei nekehanga auau ki tētahi pihi whakatikatika kua whakaritea i mua, ka taea e te taputapu te whakarato i tētahi ine tika me te taea te whakahoki i te mātotoru o te wai.
Ko te auahatanga tūturu kei roto i te whakawhiti mai i te pānui kiato taketake ki te uara kukū mahi. Ka tutuki i te Lonnmeter tēnei mā te whakauru tika i tētahi pūoko pāmahana tino tika ki roto i te tirotiro. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei pūoko ngā raraunga pāmahana wā-tūturu ki te wae tukatuka ā-roto, kātahi ka whakamahia he rauropi utu pāmahana matatau. Ka whakatikahia e tēnei tukanga te pānui kiato ki te pāmahana tohutoro paerewa, ka whakaitihia ngā pānga o ngā huringa pāmahana tukanga. Kātahi ka hurihia tēnei uara kiato kua whakatikatikaina ki tētahi kukū motuhake, pērā i te ōrau taumaha. Ko tēnei tukanga e rua-taahiraa—te ine i tētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana (kiato) ā, ka whai ake ko te whakawhiti mā te pihi whakatikatika me te utu pāmahana—ko te mea nui ki te whakarato i tētahi ine kukū urea tika me te pono.
He painga nui te hoahoa ā-roto o te pūoko marau whakahāngai i roto i te taiao whakakino waikura uaua. Nā te korenga o ngā kōhao iti, o ngā awa whaiti, o ngā kopa ngoikore rānei, he ātete tūturu te pūoko ki te paru me te tioata e whakararuraru ana i ētahi atu hangarau. Mā tōna hanganga pakari, tuwhera hoki ka taea e te wai te rere noa i te taha o ngā titi wiri, ka whakaiti i te whai wāhi ki te kohikohi o ngā putunga kohuke, o ngā tioata urea rānei, ka whakararu i te ine.
Ako atu mō ētahi atu mita mātotoru
I hangaia mō te Taiao Whakakorenga Hiko
I te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino o tētahi tipu whakakore matū, kua hangaia e Lonnmeter āna pūoko me te pūtaiao rauemi hei kaupapa matua. Ko ngā wāhanga matua kua whakamakukuhia o te taputapu he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi pakari pēnei i te maitai kore waikura 316, e whakarato ana i te ātete teitei ki te waikura matū, inā koa mai i ngā matū tino kaha pēnei i te ammonium carbamate. Mā ngā rauemi ātete waikura ka roa ake te roa o te ora o te taputapu ine kukū, ka roa ake ngā wā tiaki, ā, ka whakaitihia te wā whakatā kore i whakaritea.
Ka whakatikatikahia ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana e te pūoko pāmahana kua whakauruhia me ngā rauropi matatini, kia mau ai te pānui pono me te pumau ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o te wai tukanga.
Te Whakaurunga me te Hononga Korekore
Ka taea te whakauru ngāwari i te putanga porowhita iahiko 4-20mA o te Lonnmeter ki ngā pūnaha PLC, DCS rānei nā te mea:
- Waea Māmā:Hei tuku waea-rua, kotahi te takirua waea e whakamahia ana mō te tuku hiko me te tuku tohu, kia whakaitihia ai te uauatanga.
- Tohu Pono:He ātete te tohu 4-20mA ki ngā hekenga ngaohiko i ngā tawhiti roa, ā, he ātete hoki ki te haruru hiko me te pokanoa hiko-aukati.
- Tauine Raina:Mō te awhe kukū 0-100%, e rite ana te 4mA ki te 0% me te 20mA ki te 100%, e āhei ai te whakatauine māmā i roto i te pūnaha whakahaere.
- Haumaru, Pūmau hoki:Mā te tūnga whenua tika o te anga pūoko ka tika ai te tohu me te haumaru hiko, ka pai ake ai te hototahi ki ngā pūnaha ahumahi.
Ngā Whakatakotoranga Tino Pai me ngā Painga Whaihua
Ehara i te ine tika anake te whakatinanatanga whai hua o te pūoko kukū urea; engari he mea nui te whakanoho rautaki hei whakanui ake i ngā hua whakahaere.
Te Wāhanga Whakarite me te Rokiroki o te Otinga Urea
Ko te wāhi tuatahi, ā, ko te mea tino arorau mō te whakatinanatanga o te pūoko ko te tīmatanga o te tukanga whakakorenga: ko te whakarite otinga urea me ngā tāke rokiroki. Mā te pūoko kua tāutahia i tēnei wā ka whakaratohia he parepare tuatahi mō te whakahaere kounga, e whakamana ana kei te tika te kukū o te otinga kua whakaritea i mua i te tukunga atu ki te pūnaha ine. Ka taea e tēnei inenga matatau te kite tonu i ngā hapa mai i te waimeha ā-ringa hē, ngā rerekētanga o te rauemi whāngai urea totoka, te whakamahinga rānei o te wai poke, ka ārai i ēnei take kei horapa ki raro, ā, ka whakararu i te tukanga katoa. Mā te aroturuki i te kukū i roto i te tāke rokiroki ka whakaratohia hoki he taputapu whakahaere taonga whai hua, e whakarite ana i te tuku rite tonu me te rite o te matū kua whakaritea tika.
Te Aroturuki i ngā Raina Werohanga me te Inenga
Hei whakahohe i te mana whakahaere pono, me tāuta he mita kukū urea ki roto i te raina werohanga pēhanga teitei, i mua tata tonu i ngā pūwero werohanga. Mā tēnei whakatakotoranga ka taea te ine tika me te tika o te matū e tomo ana ki te pūnaha i te wā tūturu. Ko ēnei raraunga ora te whakaurunga taketake mō ngā rautaki whakahaere matatau e whakarerekē tonu ana i te tere werohanga i runga i ngā taumata hau NOx kua inehia, te pāmahana whakatere, me ētahi atu tawhā whakahaere.
Ahakoa ko ētahi pūnaha whakahaere e whakatau ana i ngā raruraru mai i ngā rerekētanga pēhanga i roto i te raina inenga, mā te ine kukū tika, tonu, ka whakaratohia he tohu pakari ake, pono ake hoki. Ka taea e ia te kite wawe i ngā hapa papu, i ngā aukatinga wāhanga, i te nui rawa/iti rawa rānei o te inenga, ka taea ai te urupare tere, aunoa i mua i te whakararuraru i te mahi whakaiti NOx o te pūnaha. Mā tēnei huarahi ka nekehia te tipu mai i te tauira tiaki tauhohe ki te tauira matapae wawe.
Te Hononga ki te Paheketanga o te Haukini
Ko te uara o te pūoko kukū urea e horapa atu ana i tua atu i te pūwāhi raraunga kotahi. Mā te whakarato i tētahi rerenga raraunga pumau me te pono, ka taea e te pūoko te whakahaere tika i te tere werohanga matū, kia mau tonu ai te ōwehenga stoichiometric tino pai. He hononga tika tēnei ki te whakaiti i te paheke o te haukini. Ka taea te ārai i tētahi huihuinga nui rawa i te wā tūturu, ka whakaiti i te para matū me te pānga taiao o ngā tukunga haukini kāore i tauhohe.
Uara ki ngā Kaihoko
- Te Whakaiti i te NOx me te Whakatutuki i ngā Ture;
- Te Whakaiti i te Whakamahinga o te Reagent me ngā Utu Whakahaere
- Te Whakanui i te Wā Mahi me te Whakaiti i ngā Taumahatanga Tiaki
