Te Ine i te Kiato o te Penupenu i roto i te Tukanga Hanga Pepa
Te rerekētanga o te tukanga e puta mai ana i te koretakete matotoru o te penupenuhe takoha puku tēnei mō te hua, e whakaatu ana i te hua kāore i te tino tika, te whakaiti i te kaha o te mīhini ki te whakahaere, me te pikinga o ngā whakapaunga whakahaere i roto i te tukanga hanga pepa hou. Ko te whakatinanatanga o te tino tika, te wā-tūturungā mita mātotoru penupenuehara i te mea he whakapai ake i ngā taputapu anake; engari he wāhanga matua o tētahi rautaki whakahaere tukanga matatau, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
He aha te take e tika ai te whakahaere i te matotoru o te penupenuHe mea nui i roto iTe Tukanga Hanga Pepa
Matataute matotoru o te penupenuHe nui atu te mana whakahaere i tua atu i te aroturukitanga tukanga noa iho. He whakatau rautaki tēnei e pā nui ana ki te mahi pūtea a te mira, te whai huatanga o te mahi, me te kounga o te hua. Ka tātarihia e ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei te tika o tete matotoru o te penupenuKa pā te ine ki te mekameka uara hanga pepa katoa.
Pūtake Tukanga: Te Mahere i te Kiato o te Penupenu mā te Mekameka Uara
He raupapa o ngā panonitanga tino whakawhirinaki tetahi ki tetahi te tukanga hanga pepa, ā, ko ia panonitanga e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua whakahaere o te mea o mua. Mai i te pakaru tuatahi o ngā rauemi mata ki te hanganga whakamutunga o te pepa,te matotoru o te penupenuhe tawhā whakahaere matua. Ka tīmata te tukanga ki te whakapūpū, ka wahia ngā rauemi mata pēnei i ngā maramara rakau, i te pepa hangarua rānei hei paru i roto i te mīhini whakapūpū. I konei, he mea nui te ōritetanga tika mō ngā mahi katoa o raro iho, nā te mea ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te ōwehenga muka-ki-wai te whakararuraru i ngā wāhanga o muri mai.
Whai muri i te whakapūpū tuatahi, ka whakamahia te paraoa penupenu me te whakarite i ngā rauemi. He tukanga miihini nui te whakapūpū e whakarerekē ana i ngā muka penupenu kia whanake ai ō rātou āhuatanga hanga pepa pai rawa atu, e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mātotoru, te porosity, me te kaha. He mea nui te ōritetanga o te penupenu e uru ana ki te kaiwhakapūpū, nā te mea he mea tika te kukū muka pumau kia ōrite ai te mahi miihini ki ngā muka. Ki te kore tēnei mana whakahaere, ka koretake te tukanga whakapūpū, ka hua ake he muka koretake, ā, i te mutunga, he hua whakamutunga iti iho. Hei whakamutunga, i te pito mākū o te mīhini pepa, ka hangaia te rauemi kua whakaritea hei pepa tonu. Ko te pupuri i te rere pumau me te ōrite o te muka mai i te pouaka mīhini ki te pouaka pane he mea nui kia tutuki ai te hanganga pepa ōrite me te whakarite i te rere o te mīhini katoa, ka ārai i ngā pakaru tukutuku utu nui.
Te Arotau i te Whakamahinga me te Hua o ngā Rauemi Mata
He mea nui te whāngai pūmua ōrite ki te whakatutuki i te tunu pai, te tango i ngā matū, me te whakama, ka whakanui ake i te kaha o te muka me te hua whānui.1 Ina ōrite te pūmua, ka taea te whakahaere tika i te horopeta matū, ka ārai i te hiahia mō te whakama nui rawa hei whakatika i ngā rerekētanga. Ka taea e te whakama nui rawa te whakaheke i te kounga me te kaha o te muka, ka whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga o te hua whakamutunga. Mā te whakarite i tētahi tukanga pumau me te matapae, ka taea e ngā mira te whakatutuki i te putanga hua teitei ake me te hua whakamutunga ōrite ake, kounga teitei ake.
He pātai āu mō te arotau i ngā tukanga whakaputa?
He Aratohu Hangarau mō te Ine i te Kiato o te Penupenu Ahumahi
Te kōwhiringa o ngā mea e tika anate matotoru o te penupenuHe whakatau hangarau nui te hangarau ine, me hāngai ki ngā tikanga tukanga me ngā whāinga rautaki. Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga he tātaritanga whakatairite o ngā hangarau matua, hei ārahi i te tukanga whiriwhiri.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Ine i te Kiato ā-Rārangi Wā-Tūturu
I ngā wā o mua, i mahia ngā inenga kiato i waho o te ipurangi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā pycnometers, i hiahiatia ai te tauira ā-ringa, ā, i puta ai he whakaroa nui. I ēnei rā, ko te ine hihiri, ā-roto te paerewa o te ahumahi. Mā tēnei ka taea te kohikohi raraunga tonu, i te wā tūturu, ka taea ai te urupare tere me ngā mahi whakahaere i kore i taea i mua.
Ngā Inenga Taikaha Wiri: Te Tika i roto i te Ao Huruhuru
Ngā ine densitome wiri, e mōhiotia ana kongā mita mātotoru o te marau whakarārangi, e mahi ana i runga i te kaupapa o te auautanga oro. E rua ngā marau whakarewa e whakaohokia ana kia wiri i te auautanga tūturu. Ina rumakina ki roto i te wai, i te paru rānei, ka pā te mātotoru o te reo ki te wiri o ngā marau, ka puta he huringa i roto i te auautanga oro. Ka inehia e te pūoko tēnei nekehanga auau, ka whakamāoritia hei uara mātotoru.
Ko ngā painga matua o tēnei hangarau ko tōna tino tika, tōna pono, me te tāutanga ngāwari ki roto i ngā paipa, i ngā koropiko taha, i ngā tāke rānei. He tino pai mō ngā rere penupenu me ngā wai iti te ōritetanga ina kei roto te matotoru i te awhe kua tohua e te taputapu. Heoi, me aro atu ki ō rātou herenga mahi. He tairongo ngā ine matotoru wiri ki te tere rere me ngā rerekētanga matotoru, ā, ka pāngia pea e te pānga rohe o ngā pakitara paipa. He mea nui te tāutanga tika, ā, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi wāhi me te rere laminar me te diameter paipa e whakaiti ana i te turbulence me ngā pānga rohe.
Ngā Ine Ine Matū: Te Mana Kore-Whakaeke o te Whakaiti Gamma
Ka whakamahia e ngā ine ine matū karihi te kaupapa o te whakaiti i te irahiko gamma. Ka whakanohoia he pūtake gamma ki tetahi taha o te paipa, ā, ka whakanohoia he pūoko ki tetahi taha. I te rerenga o te irahiko gamma mā roto i te wai tukanga, ka whakaitihia. Ka hono tika te mātotoru o te reo ki te nui o te irahiko e tae atu ana ki te pūoko: ko te teitei ake o te mātotoru, ko te iti iho o te irahiko e puta ana.
Ko te painga matua o tēnei hangarau ko tōna āhua kore-whakaeke, nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he whakapā tika ki te wai tukanga. Nā tēnei ka ārai i ngā pānga o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te matotoru, me te tere rere, ā, he pai mō te ine i ngā paru matotoru, matotoru, waikura rānei pērā i te paru raima me te wai pango. Ahakoa te kaha o tā rātou mahi, he wero motuhake kei ngā ine matotoru karihi. Me whai kaimahi motuhake me ngā tikanga haumaru tino tika nā te whakamahinga o te irahiko whakakoi. Haunga te whakapaunga whakapaipai tuatahi, he mea nui te whakaaro ki te utu katoa o te mana pupuri (TCO). Ka pirau noa te pūtake irahiko i roto i te wā, me te hiahia kia whakakapia he utu nui, he roa hoki te wā. Mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi taputapu kite tino tairongo ka āwhina i te whakaiti i tēnei mā te whakaroa i te roa o te oranga o te pūtake, engari ko te utu mō te wā roa me te kawenga ture he mea nui tonu i roto i te tātari huringa ora o ēnei pūnaha.
Ngā Tukunga Ngaruiti: He Otinga mō ngā Ranunga Uaua
Ka inehia e ngā tukunga ōritetanga ngaruiti te ōritetanga katoa o te paru penupenu, tae atu ki ngā muka, ngā mea angiangi, me ngā whakakī, mā te tātari i te mimiti o te kaha ngaruiti. He tino whai hua tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā tono e whakauru ana i ngā penupenu whakauru, i ngā mea rānei he nui te ihirangi whakakī, nā te mea ka whakaratohia he inenga whānui o te ihirangi totoka katoa. Ko te kaha ki te ine i te ōritetanga katoa he painga motuhake i runga i ngā hangarau e aro ana ki te wāhanga muka o te paru anake.
He Anga Kōwhiringa Hangarau Hanganga
Ko te whiriwhiri i te hangarau tika mō tētahi tono motuhake me whai huarahi hanganga e paunatia ana te mahi, te utu, me ngā whakaritenga whakahaere. Kei te whāriki e whai ake nei he anga whakatairite mō ngā tīma hangarau.
Ripanga 1: Mahere Whakataurite o ngā Hangarau Ine Matū o te Pulp
| Hangarau | Kaupapa | Ngā Taupānga Tino Pai | Ngā Painga Matua | Ngā Huakore Matua | Kōtaha Utu |
| Te wiri | Ngā huringa auau haruru me te mātotoru wai | Ngā penupenu, ngā waikura iti te matotoru | Te tino tika, te ine i te wā tūturu, te pakari | He tairongo ki te rere, te matotoru; he whakaurunga whakararuraru | Waenga-whānui |
| karihi | Te whakaiti i te irahiko gamma i runga i te mātotoru | Ngā paru matotoru, waikura, pūmau (hei tauira, te paru raima, te wai pango) | Kāore e pokanoa, kāore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga tukanga (mahana, pēhi, matotoru) | Ngā āwangawanga haumaru, te taumahatanga ture, te TCO teitei nā te pirau o te pūtake | Teitei |
| Ngaruiti | Ine i ngā totoka katoa mā te mimiti ngaruiti 19 | Ngā penupenu whakauru, ngā penupenu me ngā whakakī 19 | Ka ine i te ōritetanga katoa (ngā muka + ngā whakakī), kāore he wāhanga nekeneke | He tairongo ki ngā panonitanga o te ihirangi wai, me whakatikatika mō ngā momo pāpāho motuhake | Waenga-whānui |
| Kōriori | Te rere o te papatipu me te mātotoru mai i ngā wiri ngongo | Ngā matū utu nui (hei tauira, TiO₂), ngā tono horopeta nui | Ine tika i te papatipu me te mātotoru, he tino tika, kāore e pāngia e te pāmahana/pēhi | He nui te utu, he tairongo ki te hau e mau ana, ka pāngia pea e te wiri o waho | Teitei rawa |
Ako atu mō ētahi atu mita mātotoru
Ētahi atu Mita Tukanga Ipurangi
Te Mita RonaHangarau Marau Wiriwiri
Te Mita Ronavte whakapūmaufmahideumanga meeterhe tauira matua mō te ine ine marau wiri me tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi.
Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Matua me te Mahi
Teine matotoru marau wiriHe inenga mohio tēnei e ahu mai ana i te tukatuka iti e whakarato ana i te ine tika-teitei, i te wā tūturu. Kua hangaia ōna inenga mahi hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te maha o ngā wāhi tukanga hanga pepa. He mea hanga ngā wāhanga mākū o te taputapu mai i te maitai kore waikura 316, he rauemi e mōhiotia ana mō tōna ātete ki te waikura, e whakarite ana i te roa o te ora i roto i ngā taiao matū kino.
Ripanga 2: Mita Roaine matotoru marau wiriNgā Whakatakotoranga Hangarau
| Whakatakotoranga | Uara | Wāhanga |
| Awhe Ine | 0-2 | karamu/m³ |
| Te Tika o te Ine | 0.003 | karamu/m³ |
| Taumira Ine | 0.001 | karamu/m³ |
| Te āheinga ki te whakahoki anō | 0.001 | karamu/m³ |
| Tohu Putanga | 4-20 | mA |
| Pūtake Hiko | 24 | VDC |
| Pēhanga Mahi | <1 | MPa |
| Te pāmahana tukatuka | -10 ki te 120 | °C |
| Awhe Matatini | <2000 | CP |
He Aratohu Whaihua mō te Tāutanga me te Whakaurunga Hiko
Te tāutanga tika o te tinana me te hiko o teine matotoru marau wiriHe mea nui mō tōna mahi me tōna roa. Ka tukuna e te densitometer ngā kōwhiringa whakairi ngāwari, tae atu ki te whakairinga paipa matua, poutū rānei, whakairinga whakapae, taha rānei, me te whakairinga flange tāke motuhake mō ngā paru matotoru me te paru. Mō ngā paipa he iti ake te diameter (DN32, iti iho rānei) me te tere rere wai teitei (neke atu i te 0.5 m/s), e taunakihia ana te whakairinga i runga i te rawhi.
Me aro nui ki ngā taipitopito mō te tāutanga hiko. Me tūhono pai te anga o te taputapu ki te whenua hei ārai i te pokanoa hiko. He mea nui hoki kia tāuta te taputapu kia tawhiti atu i ngā motuka me ngā kaitahuri hiko-teitei, ā, me whakamahi hoki i ngā taura hiko kua āraia hei ārai i te haruru hiko o waho kei whakararuraru i te tohu. Me whakawiri pūmau te taupoki o te pouaka hiko i muri i te waea kia mau ai te hiri ki te mowhiti-O, kia kore ai e uru te makuku, e whakararu hoki i ngā hiko o roto.
Te Whakatūnga, te Whakarerekētanga, me te Tiaki Wā Roa
Ahakoa me whakarato ngā tuhinga hangarau a te kaihoko i ngā aratohu whānui mō te whakatūnga me te tiaki, ko te pukapuka ā-ringa kua whakaratohia mōine matotoru marau wirikua kitea kāore i oti, kāore he tohutohu taipitopito mō te whakatikatika me te rapurongoā mō te wā roa. Ko te kore o ngā mōhiohio he mōrearea nui ki ngā tīma hangarau. Ko te otinga aunoa pakari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te taputapu anake engari ki te hohonu o te pūnaha tautoko me te mārama o ana tuhinga whakahaere. Ko te pūoko iti te utu engari kāore he pukapuka taipitopito mō te whakatikatika mara me te rapurongoā ka arahi pea ki ngā utu whakahaere roa ake, tae atu ki te pikinga o te mahi tiaki me te mōrearea nui ake o te wā kore mahi kua whakaritea.
I te korenga o ngā tohutohu motuhake a te kaihoko, me whai i ngā tikanga pai whānui mō ngā ine matotoru wiri. Ko te tīmatanga o te tono he whakataurite wai parakore, ka whakakorehia te taputapu i te wā e ine ana i tētahi reo me te mātotoru e mōhiotia ana (hei tauira, te wai parakore). I roto i te wā, ka hiahiatia pea he whakataurite mara kotahi-ira, maha-ira rānei hei whakatika i te nekenekehanga o te pūoko, i ngā huringa rānei o ngā āhuatanga tukanga. Me whai whakaaro me te whakatika i ngā take whakahaere noa pēnei i te poke o te pūoko, te noho mai o ngā mirumiru hau, te wiri nui rawa atu rānei o waho.
Te Whakauru i te Pūoko ki roto i tētahi Pūnaha Aunoatanga Kotahi
Ko te uara tūturu o tētahimita mātotoru penupenuka tutuki ina whakauruhia pai ana raraunga ki roto i te hoahoa aunoatanga whānui o te mira.
Mai i te Pūrere Papa ki te Hinonga: Te Tūranga o ngā Pūnaha DCS me te PLC
Ko te DCS (Distributed Control System) te PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) rānei te pūnaha io matua o te mira. Ko ngā tūāpapa DCS hou, pērā i a Valmet DNA me Emerson DeltaV, kua whanake haere ki tua atu i te mana whakahaere tukanga taketake kia noho hei tūāpapa whakauru e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi mira katoa, tae atu ki te kounga, ngā taraiwa, me te aroturukitanga āhua. Kua hangaia ēnei pūnaha hei whakahaere i ngā takahuri whakahaere uaua mō ngā tukanga tonu, pērā i te raina hanga pepa, mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga pūoko hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te tukanga me te arotau i te whakaputanga. Mō te maha o ngā mira, he whai wāhitanga tēnei ki te whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha DCS, PLC rānei kua tawhito, he uaua ki te pupuri me te whakauru ki ngā hangarau hou.
Rautaki Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Modbus vs. OPC UA
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te mahi tahi a te pūnaha me te kaha ki te whakawhanui i ngā mahi ā muri ake nei. Ko ngā kawa e rua e tino kitea ana i roto i te aunoatanga ahumahi ko Modbus me OPC UA.
Modbus: Te Māmā me te Pono mō ngā Hanganga Tuku Iho:
He kawa rongonui a Modbus, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō tōna māmā me te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga. E whakahaerehia ana i runga i te hoahoa matua-pononga, e rapu ana tētahi taputapu pokapū i ngā taputapu pononga kua honoa mō ngā raraunga. Nā tēnei huarahi māmā ka waiho hei whiringa pono mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero māmā, tohu-ki-tohu i roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere tuku iho, inā koa mō ngā tono iti ake te tauine e aro nui ana ki te māmā me te whai huatanga o te utu.
OPC UA: Te Pūtake mō te Mamati Haumaru me te Tauine:
He rerekē, ko te OPC UA he kawa hou, he kawa motuhake-pūhara i hangaia mō te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga haumaru, ka taea te mahi tahi. Ka whakahaerehia i runga i te tauira kiritaki-tūmau, e āhei ai ngā rautaki whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngāwari ake. Ko ōna painga matua ko ōna āhuatanga haumarutanga pakari, tae atu ki te whakamunatanga me te manatoko, me tōna kaha ki te whakahaere i ngā momo raraunga uaua me ngā raraunga raraunga. Nā tēnei ka waiho te OPC UA hei kawa tino pai mō ngā taiao ahumahi hou e tika ana kia whakauruhia ngā pūnaha mai i ngā kaihoko rerekē ki te haumaru me te pono. Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i ngā mea e rua he tauwhitinga nui i waenga i te māmā me ngā whāinga roa o te rautaki panoni mamati.
Ripanga 3: Whakataurite Modbus me OPC UA
| Āhuatanga | Modbus | OPC UA |
| Hanganga | Ariki-Pōngā | Tūmau-Kiritaki |
| Te Whakahaere Raraunga | Ngā momo raraunga māmā anake | Ngā hanganga raraunga uaua, ngā raraunga matihiko |
| Haumarutanga | Kāore he mea iti; kāore i te haumaru ā-taketake | Haumarutanga pakari (whakamunatanga, manatoko) |
| Te Whakawhanuitanga | He mea herea e te hoahoanga | He tino tauine me te ngāwari |
| Te Whakamahinga Pai Rawa | Ngā pūnaha iti, tuku iho, ko te māmā me te utu te mea nui | Ngā whatunga ahumahi haumaru, taunekeneke, me te uaua me ngā pūnaha kaihoko kanorau |
Te Rohe e Whai Ake Nei: Te Mana Whakahaere Matatau me te Maramarama e Aroturukihia ana e te Raraunga
Ko te hokinga mai pono o te haumitanga ki roto i tētahimita mātotoru penupenuka wetekina mā te neke atu i te mana whakahaere urupare taketake me te whakamahi i ngā raraunga mō te whakatau kaupapa atamai.
Kei tua atu i ngā Huringa Urupare: He Kupu Whakataki ki te Mana Tukanga Matatau (APC)
Ko te Whakahaere Tukanga Matatau (APC) he whakarei ake i te hoahoanga whakahaere DCS/PLC taketake. Engari i te urupare noa ki tētahi rerekētanga mai i tētahi pūwāhi kua whakaritea, ka whakamahia e te APC ngā rauropi matapae, e ahu mai ana i te tauira hei arotau i te tukanga i runga i ngā taraiwa pakihi pēnei i te utu, te putanga, me te kounga. Mā te whakaurute matotoru o te penupenuraraunga, ka taea e te pūnaha APC te whakarerekē wawe i ngā taurangi pēnei i te horopeta matū, ngā tere rere rānei, ā, mā reira ka tangohia ngā arai me te whakanui ake i te kaha me te whai huatanga o te matū.
Tātari Matapae me te Whakatūpato Moata mō te Hapa
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā raraunga pūoko tino tika, ina hopukina e te kaituhi hītori tipu, hei tātari matapae hei matapae me te ārai i ngā pakaru o ngā taputapu. Mā te tātari i ngā au o te wiri, te pāmahana, me ētahi atu taurangi tukanga, ka taea e te mira te neke mai i te rautaki tiaki tauhohe ki te rautaki tiaki matatau, me te karo i te wā whakamutu mahi kore whakamaheretia he utu nui. He tino whai hua tēnei huarahi i roto i tētahi ahumahi ka taea e ngā kati kore whakamaheretia te hua ake he mate pūtea nui.
Ngā Taunakitanga Whai Hua
Whakarāpopototanga Rautaki
Te ine tika me te whakahaere i tete matotoru o te penupenuehara i te mea he wero hangarau takitahi; he mea nui rautaki mō ngā mahi hanga pepa o ēnei rā. He haumi iti, he mea arotahi ki tētahi kamupene kounga teiteimita mātotoru penupenuka taea te whakamahi hei whakakorikori mō te panonitanga matihiko puta noa i te mira, ka puta he hua nui i roto i te ahua o te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā tukanga, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, me te kounga hua pai ake. He mea nui te whakawhiti mai i ngā tukanga ā-ringa, tauhohe ki te whakahaere aunoa, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā raraunga, kia noho whakataetae ai, kia whai hua ai hoki i roto i te mākete o te ao e kaha ana te tono.
He haumitanga nui ake te whiriwhiri i tētahi taputapu pakari, tautokona pai, me te ara mārama mō te whakaurunga i tētahi atu huarahi iti te utu, e ara ake ai pea ngā mōrearea mahi huna me ngā utu tiaki roa. Ko te whāinga matua ko te hanga i tētahi pūnaha ehara i te mea hei taputapu ine anake engari hei wāhanga tūāpapa o te haerenga a te mira ki tētahi heke mai whai hua ake, pono ake, me te atamai ake.Contact tō mātouengineers to mōWhakahaere Ratonga meters.
