Te Mārama ki te Tukanga Monomer Vinyl Chloride
Ko te vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) te tūāpapa o te umanga kirihou hou, e whakarato ana i te poraka hanga nui mō te hanga o te polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hei matū hokohoko, ka whakamahia anake te VCM mō te polymerization PVC, e āhei ai te hanga i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā taputapu hauora me ngā rauemi hanga ki ngā paninga waea me ngā taonga kaihoko. Ko te hiahia mō te VCM e pā tata ana ki te putanga PVC o te ao, e mea ana i tana hanga haumaru, whai hua, me te haumaru hei mea tino nui i roto i te ahumahi.
He hau kore tae te VCM, he tino mura i ngā āhuatanga taiao, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei wai pēhanga i roto i ngā whare motuhake. Ko tōna hanganga matū, CH₂=CHCl, he rōpū winira e hono ana ki tētahi ngota chlorine kotahi. Mā tēnei whakaritenga ngota ka taea te whakapūhui ngāwari, he āhuatanga tauhohenga e tautoko ana i te tauhohenga whakapūhui winira chloride e tika ana i roto i ngā mahi whakapūhui PVC. Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te waira chloride wai—pērā i te pāmahana kohua o te −13.4°C me te mātotoru o te 0.91 g/mL i te 20°C—e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere tukanga pakari me ngā pūnaha rokiroki motuhake e pupuri ana i te matū hei wai mō ngā mahi tukanga hanga monomer winira chloride i raro iho.
Tukanga Monomer Waina Pūhaumāota
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Kāore i te nui ngā whakamahinga o te VCM i waho o te whānuitanga o te PVC, e whakaatu ana i tōna tūranga hei monomer motuhake mō te polymerization. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga katoa o te hoahoa tipu monomer vinyl chloride, mai i te whakatakotoranga tereina tauhohenga ki te huapurengame te whakaora, kua arotauhia mō te huringa nui, tonu hei whakarato i te hangarau polymerization PVC.
Heoi, he nui ngā tūponotanga mō te whakahaere me te rokiroki o te VCM. Kua whakarōpūtia te VCM hei carcinogen Kāwai 1, me ngā taunakitanga kaha e hono ana ki te angiosarcoma ate me ētahi atu putanga hauora kino i muri i te whakamahinga roa. Ka kino ake tōna āhua paitini i te hanganga o ngā metabolites tauhohe, e herea ana ngā macromolecules pūtau me te whakararuraru i ngā tukanga koiora. Ka arahi te whakamahinga tere ki te pouri neurological, ko te whakamahinga mahi mau tonu e hono ana ki te "mate a ngā kaimahi vinyl chloride" - he mate e whakaatu ana i te kino o te ate, ngā tohu rite ki te scleroderma, me ngā whara wheua. He tino kaha ngā here whakaaturanga ture: mai i te tau 2024, ka whakatakoto te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi (OSHA) i te here whakaaturanga 8-hāora e whakaaetia ana o te 1 ppm, me ngā paepae iti ake i tūtohutia e ACGIH me NIOSH hei whakaata i te māramatanga paitini e whanake haere ana.
He tino mura hoki te VCM, me te awhe pahū i waenga i te 3.6% me te 33% i te hau. Nā te huinga o te paitini me te mura kua arahina ki ngā mahi haumaru pakari i roto i ngā whare hanga VCM katoa. Kua kati katoa ngā raina tukanga, ā, kua tiakina i raro i ngā hau kore mahi - te nuinga o te hauota - me te kimi turuturu tonu me ngā pūnaha hau ohorere. Ko te hauhautanga o te hauātanga ā-rohe, te ārai tukanga, te aukati i ngā mura tuwhera, me ngā rohe urunga e tino whakahaeretia ana ka whakaiti i te mōrearea. Ka rongoatia, ka haria hoki te VCM wai i raro i te pēhanga i roto i ngā tāke ātete-waikura, he mea whakau i te nuinga o te wā ki ngā aukati polymerization pēnei i te phenol hei tiaki i ngā tauhohenga kino e tīmatahia ana e te tangata.
Ngā Huarahi Matua mō te Hanga VCM
E rua ngā ara ahumahi matua mō te hanga VCM: te whakapūkara tika me te whakapūkara oxychlorine. Ko ngā mea e rua e aro ana ki te whakaputa me te whakawhiti i te ethylene dichloride (EDC), te takawaenga matua ka pakaruhia hei whakaputa i te VCM.
I te ara whakapūkara tika, ka tauhohe te ethylene ki te hau chlorine i roto i tētahi tukanga wai-whakawera tino wera, i te nuinga o te wā i runga i te ferric chloride, i tētahi whakakorikori rite rānei hei whakaputa i te EDC mā:
C₂H₄ + Cl₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂
Heoi anō, mā te tukanga whakakōkōhauroira ka whakakotahi i te etilena, te hauwai pūhaumāota, me te hāora mā te whakamahi i te whakakōkōhau konupora(II) pūhaumāota, ka puta te EDC me te wai:
C₂H₄ + 2HCl + ½O₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂ + H₂O
Ka tukuna e tēnei tikanga he painga ōhanga me te ngāwari o ngā rauemi whāngai mā te hangarua i te HCl i puta i te wā hanga VCM, ki te kore ka puta he raruraru ki te whakakore para.
Kia oti te hanga o te EDC, ka pakaruhia ki te pāmahana wera i te 500°C pea, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te āhua kohu i runga i te pumice, i te takai uku rānei, hei whakaputa i te VCM me te hauwai pūhaumāota:
C₂H₄Cl₂ → CH₂=CHCl (VCM) + HCl
Ka konatunatua te hua VCM e puta mai ana i te oumu pakaru ki tētahi ranunga matatini o ngā hua taha me ngā rauemi whāngai kāore anō kia tauhohe. He maha ngā wāhanga purenga—te nuingawhakahorohoro—e whakamahia ana mō te wehenga, me te aro nui ki te tukanga purenga monomer vinyl chloride. Ko te whakahaere o te pourewa whakahoro VCM me ngā kaupapa whakauru wera e pā ana ka arotauhia kia nui ake te parakore (te nuinga o te wā >99.9%), he mea nui mō te polymerization PVC kounga teitei. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter ka whakamahia pinepine hei aroturuki i te mātotoru wai VCM i ngā pāmahana rerekē, hei āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te kite wawe i ngā puranga kore-motuhake, i ngā huihuinga poke rānei.
Ko ngā whare whakaputa e pai ana ki ngā whakatakotoranga whakauru e whakakotahi ana i ngā tauhohenga chlorination tika me te oxychlorination, te hangarua taurite o te hauwai chloride, me ngā rautaki whakaora pūngao. Ka tautokohia e ēnei hoahoa ranu ngā utu whāngai iti me te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pūngao. Ko te hangarau tukatuka monomer vinyl chloride hou e whai ana kia nui te hua, te haumaru, me te ngāwari ki te whakahaere i ngā momo kounga rauemi mata, i te mea ko te aroturukitanga pakari o ngā āhuatanga matua (tae atu ki te kiato me te parakore) i ngā pūnga tukanga rerekē ka whakarite i te kounga PVC me te tutuki i ngā ture mō te hauora, te haumaru, me te taiao.
Te Rerenga Tukanga Taipitopito o te Hanganga Monomer Vinyl Chloride
Kauwhata Rere o te Tukanga Hanga Wainiora Wainaira
Ko te hanga o te monomer vinyl chloride (VCM) hou e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi rere tukanga kua tino whakaurua, e whakaatuhia ana mā te hoahoa whānui e mahere ana i ia taahiraa nui. Ka tīmata te tukanga me ngā whakaurunga rauemi mata—ko te ethylene, te chlorine, te hauwai chloride, me te hāora te nuinga. I roto i te hoahoa tipu monomer vinyl chloride, ka tukuna ēnei rauemi mā roto i ngā tauhohenga chlorination me te oxychlorination tika hei hanga i te ethylene dichloride (EDC), te takawaenga matua.
I roto i te whakakōroira tika, ka tauhohe te ethylene ki te chlorine i raro i ngā pāmahana whakahaeretia (40–90°C) hei whakaputa i te EDC. I te taha kotahi, ka whakakotahi te wae whakakōroira oxychlorination i te hauwai kōroira (he maha ngā wā ka hangarua mai i ngā mahi tukanga o muri mai), te ethylene, me te hāora—mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakakorikori parahi i ngā pāmahana teitei ake (200–250°C) hei whakaputa i te EDC me te wai. Ka whakaritea ngā ara tauhohenga e rua hei hangarua i ngā hau kāore i tauhohe me te arotau i ngā reiti whakamahinga, ka hanga i te uho o te tukanga whakaputa monomer vinyl chloride taurite.
Ko te purenga o te EDC mata ko ngā pou whakahoro e tango ana i te wai, ngā hua taha hauwai kua whakakōkōhia ki te chlorine, me ētahi atu poke. Kātahi ka whāngaihia e te EDC kua whakakōkōhia te oumu whakakorikori, te oumu pakaru rānei—he tukanga e whakahaerehia ana i te 480–520°C me te pēhanga ngawari. I konei, ka puta te VCM i te wetewete wera, ā, ka tukuna te hauwai chloride, e whakahokia ana ki te koropiko oxychlorination. Mā te tineia me te whakamatao tere i ngā hau pakaru ka ārai i ngā tauhohenga taha kāore e hiahiatia, ka whakaiti hoki i te hanganga o ngā hua taha kino.
Ka wehea te rerenga hau e puta mai ana, ā, ka purea mā te whakamahi i ngā pou whakatō me ngā wehewehe ā-wāhanga anō. Mā ngā tikanga purenga VCM motuhake, tae atu ki te whakatō me te mimiti maha-wāhanga, ka whakarite kia neke atu i te 99.9% te parakore o te hua. Ka hangarua te EDC kore-tauhohenga, ka whakanui ake i te huringa me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga. Mā ngā pūnaha pupuri pakari me te aroturukitanga tukanga auau ka tiaki i ngā turuturu me te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā kawa haumaru mō te wai vinyl chloride mura, ka puta he mate pukupuku.
I roto i te tukanga hanga o te monomer vinyl chloride, he mea nui te whakahaere pūngao me te whakaora wera mō te pumau. Ka whakahokia mai ngā wera exothermic mai i te chlorination me te oxychlorination, ka whakamahana i ngā rauemi kai o muri mai, ka whakaputa rānei i te mamaoa tukanga. Ka whakamahia ngā rautaki tātari paku me te whakauru wera puta noa i ngā whatunga whakawhiti wera, hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie me te pānga ki te taiao.
He mea nui ngā tūāpapa whakatauira tukanga—tērā ko Aspen Plus—mō te hoahoa, te whakanui ake, me te arotau. Ka whakatauirahia e ēnei tauira matihiko ngā toenga rauemi, te tere o te tauhohenga, te whanonga wāhanga, me ngā rere pūngao i ia taahiraa, ka taea ai te whakamana tere i te mahi a te tipu i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ka whakatikatikahia te whai huatanga o te pūngao, ngā hua EDC-ki-VCM, me ngā kawenga taiao mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga whakatauira, hei tautoko i ngā whāinga ōhanga me ngā whāinga ture mō te hangarau tukanga monomer vinyl chloride matatau.
Ngā Mahi Matua o te Wāhanga i roto i te Whare Hanga VCM
Te Hanganga me te Whakamaemaetanga EDC
E rua ngā ara tauhohenga tautoko e whakamahia ana e te hanganga EDC—te whakakōroira tika me te whakakōroira oxy—he rerekē ngā whakaritenga whakahaere o ia ara. I roto i te whakakōroira tika, ka puta te ranunga pai o te ethylene me te chlorine i roto i te tauhohenga wai-āhuatanga, me te whakahaere pāmahana hei karo i te hanganga hua taha nui. Ina whakamahanahia mā te werawera, me whakauru te whakamatao me te wehenga hau-āhuatanga ki tēnei tauhohenga hei tiaki i te whai huatanga o te huringa.
Ka whakamahia e te whakapūkara oxychlorination he tauhohenga moenga-pūmau, he moenga-wai rānei, mā te whakamahi i te whakakōkī konupora parahi e tautokona ana i runga i te alumina. Ka whakaranua te ethylene, te hauwai konupora hangarua, me te hāora, ka tauhohe ki te 200–250°C. Ka puta te EDC me te mamaoa wai i roto i te tukanga. Mā te āta whakahaere i te pāmahana me te taurite stoichiometric ka whakaitihia ngā hua taha kino kua whakapūkarahia.
Ka whakamāoritia ngā awa EDC mata mai i ngā huarahi e rua. Ka tangohia e ngā mahi tuatahi te wai i hangaia i te wā o te whakakōkōwai mā te wehenga wāhanga me te whakatōtō. Ka tangohia e ngā pou tuarua ngā matū māmā ake (pērā i te chloroform) me ngā pito taumaha, ka hua ake he parakore EDC e tika ana mō te whakakōkōwai tino whai hua. Ka whakahokia mai e ngā koropiko hangarua ngā rauemi me ngā hua taha kāore anō kia hurihia, ka arotau i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata i roto i tēnei whirihoranga koropiko kati.
Te Pakaru Wera ki te Wainira Wainira
Ko te pakaru wera, te pyrolysis rānei, te aukati i te hanga VCM. I konei, ka whakamahanahia te kohu EDC tino parakore ki te 480–520°C i roto i te oumu ngongo, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahanahia ā-korekore hei whakau i ngā pikinga pāmahana me te karo i ngā wāhi wera. Mā tēnei tauhohenga tino werawera ka tapatapahia te EDC hei hanga i te monomer vinyl chloride me te hauwai chloride mā te tikanga rauropi kore utu.
Ko ngā taurangi tukanga matua—te pāmahana, te wā noho, me te pēhanga—ka arotauhia mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga matatau me ngā tauira whakatauira. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana nui rawa te whakatairanga i te poke polymeric me te hanganga hua taha pērā i te tar, i ngā matū taumaha kua whakakīia ki te chlorine. Mā te tinei tere i muri tonu i te pakaru ka aukati i ngā tauhohenga taha, ā, ka whakapoto i ngā wāhanga hua whai hua. Ka aroturukihia e ngā tātari tukanga te whakaputanga HCl, e whakahokia ana, ka whakahokia ki te whakakīia ki te chlorine.
Te Whakama me te Whakatōtō VCM
He mea nui te purenga o raro hei whakatutuki i te parakore o te monomer vinyl chloride. Ka tangohia e te wehenga hau-wai te wai me ngā toenga taumaha i mua i ngā pou whakatōtō matua. Ka whakahaerehia te tukanga whakatōtō monomer vinyl chloride i raro i te mana pēhanga me te pāmahana tupato, kia wehea ai mai i te EDC, HCl, me ngā azeotropes kāore i tauhohe me ētahi atu mea koiora kua whakatōtōhia ki te chlorine.
Kua arotauhia ngā ōwehenga pēhanga pou me te reflux kia taurite ai te whakamahinga pūngao ki ngā whāinga parakore—ka pai ake te wehenga mā te reflux teitei ake, engari ka nui ake te kaha o te mamaoa me te whakamatao. Ka pai ake te whai huatanga o ngā pūnaha whakapūhaumaha me te whakahou-whakarewa maha-pānga, inā koa ka honoa ki te whakaora wera whakauru.
Haunga te wehenga ā-tinana, ka taea e ngā rautaki whakahaere tukanga matatau te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te pou i te wā tūturu, me te urupare ki te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi whāngai, ki ngā huihuinga rerekē rānei. Ko te aromatawai mōrearea tauanga te pou mō te haumaru mahi, e tautoko ana i te kimi turuturu me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga he mea nui mō tēnei matū pūngāwerewere. Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā otinga ine ipurangi, pērā i ngā mita kiato me te matotoru ā-roto mai i Lonnmeter, e whakarato ana i te aroturukitanga tika, wā tūturu e tika ana mō te kounga hua me te mahi haumaru.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana me te Matū e Pā Ana ki te Hanga VCM
Te Kiato Wai VCM me te Whakahaere Wai VCM
He rerekē te mātotoru o te wai o te VCM i runga i te pāmahana me te pēhanga—he taurangi mahi matua i roto i te whakahaere me te rokiroki i te monomer vinyl chloride. I ngā āhuatanga paerewa (20°C), ko te mātotoru o te monomer vinyl chloride e whakaatuhia ana ko te 0.911–0.913 g/cm³. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te mātotoru, ka pā ki ngā tere rere rōrahi me ngā tataunga rokiroki tāke.
Hei tauira, i te 0°C, ka piki te mātotoru ki te 0.930 g/cm³, i te 50°C ka tata ki te 0.880 g/cm³. Me whakatikatika anō ngā taputapu whakawhiti me te aroturuki tupato i ngā tukanga mō ēnei huringa, nā te mea ka pā ngā rerekētanga ki ngā mahi o te tukanga whakapūhui PVC i raro iho. Ko ngā mita mātotoru wai ā-roto o Lonnmeter e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ēnei ara iahiko mō te manatoko tonu, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere rawa me ngā whakawhiti tiaki mā te whakarato i ngā pānui tata-inamata puta noa i ngā āhuatanga tukanga e huri haere ana.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga wairewa o te wainira konupora wai. He iti noa te wairewa o te VCM ki te wai engari he tino whakaranua ki ngā whakarewa waro, ā, ka pā tēnei ki ngā kōwhiringa rauemi pupuri me ngā mahi whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga ohorere i te wā e whakahaeretia ana, e rongoatia ana hoki.
Ngā Mana Haumaru me te Taiao
He wai me te kohu mura rawa te winiramu konukōre, ā, ko tōna pae mura he iti iho i te –78°C, ā, he whānui te awhe pahū. Nā tōna paitini tere me te mōhiotia he kaha ki te whakaputa mate pukupuku, me tino whai tikanga haumaru te monomer winiramu konukōre. I roto i te hoahoa tukanga, ka whakamahia ngā paipa pakitara-rua, te hipoki hauota, me ngā whatunga kimi turuturu whānui puta noa i te tukanga hanga monomer winiramu konukōre.
Ka whakamahia e te kawe me te rokiroki ngā oko kua whakatauria te pēhanga me ngā pūnaha whakaora me ngā taiao pouaka whakamātao hei whakaiti i te pēhanga kohu, ā, hei tuku i te mōrearea. Ka whai hua ngā kawa aroturuki me te pupuri tukunga wā-tūturu mō te haumaru o te wāhi mahi me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao. Mō ngā awa kua whakapūngahia, ka whakaitihia e ngā pūnaha horoi me ngā oumu tahu te tukunga o ngā warowaihā kua whakapūngahia ki te hauota, me te piri ki ngā paerewa ture e whanake haere ana i roto i ngā mahi matū ahumahi. Ko te whakamahere ohorere me ngā whakangungu auau he mahi whakahau tonu i roto i ngā tipu VCM hou katoa, i te mea ka pā mai pea ngā mōrearea whakaraerae tere me te roa e pā ana ki tēnei matū.
Te Arotautanga Tukanga me ngā Whakapainga Whai Hua
Arotautanga me te Whakaurunga Pūngao
Kua noho te whakaurunga wera hei rautaki matua i roto i te hoahoa tukanga whakaputa monomer vinyl chloride. Ko te tātaritanga pakupaku te huarahi taketake mō te mahere i ngā awa tukanga wera me te makariri, e whakaatu ana i te pūwāhi pakupaku—te arai wera e whakanuia ai te whakaora wera. I roto i tētahi tipu monomer vinyl chloride noa, ko ngā awa nui e hiahia ana kia whakamatao, pērā i te parahanga pyrolysis EDC, ka whakatauritea ki ngā awa e hiahia ana kia whakamahana, pērā i ngā kohua hou i roto i ngā mahi purenga VCM. Ka āwhina ngā pihi hiato hua ki te whakatau i ngā whakaritenga iti rawa o te whakamahinga wera me te makariri, me te whakarite kia tata te tukanga ki ōna rohe whai hua thermodynamic.
Ko ngā whatunga whakawhiti wera kua arotauhia (HEN) ka whakaora i te wera mai i ngā awa wera e puta ana hei whakamahana i ngā whāngai makariri e haere mai ana. Mā tēnei whakamahinga pūnaha o te pūngao ka whakaitihia ngā utu o te mamaoa me te whakamatao mā te 10–30% ina whakamahia kaha, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā rangahau o ngā tipu VCM tauine-katoa. He mea noa ngā tono whakahou, e whakauru ana i ngā taputapu o nāianei mā te tāpiri i ngā whakawhiti whakarara, te whirihora anō rānei i te rere me te kore e roa te wā whakatā. Mā tēnei whakatinanatanga ā-wāhanga, i manatokohia mā te whakatauira āhua pumau, ka whakarite kia kitea ngā penapena pūngao me te pupuri tonu i ngā utu whakapaipai kia taurite.
Ehara i te mea ko te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere anake te mahi a te whakaurunga e hangai ana ki te pinch. Ka huri anō hoki i te mahi taiao whānui—ko te iti o te wahie e tahuna ana he iti ake ngā tukunga CO₂, e tautoko ana i te tutuki i ngā ture whakakaha ake i ngā tukunga. He rite tonu te penapena tukunga ki te pūngao e tiakina ana; e whakaatu ana ngā tipu i te hekenga o te CO₂ tae atu ki te 25% mai i te wāhanga VCM anake whai muri i te whakahoutanga HEN i whakamanahia e te tātaritanga pihi hiato.
Ngā Tikanga Arotau Tukanga Matatau
Ko ngā whakatauira tukanga te poutokomanawa mō te arotau i ngā rere o ngā tukanga hanga monomer vinyl chloride. Mā te whakamahi i te whakatauira āhua pumau, ka hoahoahia, ka whakawhanuitia hoki e ngā miihini ngā waeine hou, ka whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere maha, ā, ka whakarite kia taurite te kaha me te rauemi. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia pakari te mahi puta noa i ngā rerekētanga tukanga me ngā tere whakaputa e matapaetia ana.
Mā te arotautanga maha-whāinga, e whakamahi ana i ngā huarahi pēnei i ngā rauropi ira, ka whakataurite i ngā kaupapa matua whakataetae. I roto i ngā mahi VCM, ko ngā whāinga matua ko te hua o te hua, te whakamahinga iti o te pūngao, me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. Ka whakakotahi ngā tikanga hou i te hōtaka pāngarau me te mōhiotanga tukanga heuristic hei whakaputa i ngā tahora tipu pono me te ngāwari ki te whakahaere. He maha ngā wā ka tukuna e ēnei tikanga ngā otinga me te whakaora wera pai ake me te pupuri tonu i te putanga me ngā paerewa parakore o te hua e tino hira ana mō ngā mahi tukanga polymerization PVC o muri.
He mea nui te whakatikatika auau. Whai muri i te whiriwhiringa o te whirihoranga HEN tuatahi mā te whakatauira, ka whakaratohia e ngā tātaritanga raraunga tipu me te aroturuki mamati he aromatawai mahi wā-tūturu. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te mahi whakatikatika iti—pēnei i te whakarerekē i ngā tere rere o te tukanga, i ngā tohatoha mahi whakawhiti wera rānei—i runga i ngā raraunga pāmahana me te hanganga tuturu. Mā tēnei porowhita urupare ka whakarite kia rite tonu te mahi tata ki ngā pūwāhi hoahoa kua arotauhia ahakoa te neke haere o te tono rauemi whāngai, te tono whakaputa rānei.
Mā ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru mai i Lonnmeter ka taea te ine tika i ngā āhuatanga wai i te wā tūturu. Mā ēnei inenga ka kitea ngā rerekētanga ka puta mai i te poke, ngā raruraru tukanga, ngā rauemi whāngai kore-tautuhinga rānei. Mā te raraunga matotoru me te matotoru tika, wā tūturu, ka mau tonu ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā whāinga mahi kua whakatakotoria i ngā wā hoahoa me te whakatūnga.
Aromatawai Ōhanga me ngā Inenga Tauwhiro
Mā te aromatawai ōhanga whānui mō tētahi tipu VCM ka ine i te haumitanga whakapaipai, ngā whakapaunga whakahaere, me te wā tika mō te whakahokinga. Kei roto i ngā whakapaunga whakapaipai tuatahi te utu mō ngā whakawhiti hou, ngā paipa, me ngā pūnaha tukurua e hiahiatia ana hei whakatinana, hei whakahou rānei i tētahi whatunga whakawhiti wera. Mō ngā whakahounga, he iti tonu ngā utu whakapaipai tāpiri nā te mea ka whakamahia anō, ka whakamahia anō rānei ngā taputapu tukatuka nui. Ko ngā penapena utu whakahaere—ko te nuinga ko te pūngao—he maha ngā wā ka whakakore i te haumitanga i roto i te 1–3 tau, inā koa i ngā rohe he nui te utu o te hau maori, te mamaoa rānei.
Ko ngā inenga pumau i roto i te tukanga whakaputa monomer vinyl chloride e hipoki ana i te nui atu i te whakapaunga pūngao anake. Ko ngā inenga matua ko te whai huatanga whānui o ngā rauemi, ngā tukunga CO₂ mō ia tana o te hua, me te whakapaunga wai i roto i ngā ara iahiko whakamatao. Ko te tātari i ngā rangahau take hou e whakaū ana ko te angitu o te arotakenga HEN e akiaki tonu ana i ngā whakapainga i roto i ēnei inenga. Ka heke te tapeke o ngā whakaurunga rauemi mō ia tana o te VCM, ka heke ngā tukunga, ā, ka pai ake te tutuki i ngā anga pūrongo pumau.
Ko ngā āhuatanga utu whakahoki he mea nui ki ngā penapena ratonga tika me ngā painga ā-korekore pēnei i te iti o ngā nama taake waro me te iti o ngā utu whakaaetanga tukunga. I ngā rohe e piki haere ana te pēhanga ture, ko te kaha o te tipu monomer vinyl chloride ki te whakaatu i te whakapainga tonu i runga i ēnei inenga he tino awe i te oranga me te whakataetae mō te wā roa.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te arotakenga tukanga me te whakaurunga pūngao—e tautokona ana e te whakatauira matatau, te arotakenga maha-whāinga, me te ine tika ā-roto (pērā i ngā mea e whakahohea ana e te hangarau Lonnmeter)—koinei te kaupapa matua o te hoahoa tipu monomer vinyl chloride hou, whai hua, me te pumau.
Te Whakapūhuitanga Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) mā te Whakamahi i te VCM
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Tukanga Whakapūhui PVC
Ko te vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) te poraka hanga matua mō te hanga polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Mā te tauhohenga polymerization vinyl chloride ka hurihia tēnei wai pūngāwerewere, kore tae hei tētahi o ngā kirihou e whakamahia nuitia ana o te ao. Ko te polymerization PVC te nuinga o te wā e mahia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatārewatanga me te emulsion.
I roto i tete tukanga whakapūhui whakatārewatanga, ka whakamararatia te VCM ki roto i te wai mā te āwhina o ngā matū whakatārewatanga pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te methyl cellulose rānei. Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te whakaohooho kutikuti-teitei hei whakaputa i ngā pata VCM pai e iri ana i roto i te wāhanga wai. Kātahi ka whakaurua ngā kaiwhakaoho polymerization, he maha ngā peroxides organic, ngā matū azo rānei. I raro i ngā pāmahana e whakahaeretia ana (i te nuinga o te wā 40–70°C), ka polymerize ngā pata VCM, ka hanga he pirepire, he matūriki rānei o te PVC. Ka puritia te puranga i raro i te whakaohooho, ā, ko te tere tauhohenga ka whakatauhia e te momo kaiwhakaoho, te kukū, me te kōtaha pāmahana. He mea nui te whakatikatika tupato o ēnei tawhā kia pai ai te tohatoha rahi matūriki whaiti me te ōrite. Kia oti, ka whakamataohia te ranunga tauhohenga, ka tangohia te VCM kāore i tauhohe, ā, ka taea te whakauru i ngā matūriki whakau, i ngā whakarerekētanga rānei i mua i ngā wāhanga tātari, horoi, me te whakamaroke.
Teara whakapūhui emulsionHe rerekē ngā whakaritenga e whakahaerehia ana e te VCM. I konei, ka whakaemulsified te VCM ki te wai mā te whakamahi i ngā surfactants (ngota rite ki te hopi), ka hangaia he iti ake te rahi o te pata i te tukanga whakatārewatanga. Ka puta mai i tēnei tikanga te PVC latex—he marara colloidal e pai ana mō ngā tono motuhake, pērā i ngā paninga, i ngā hiako hangai rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūnaha tīmatanga ki ngā takirua redox, e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana iti ake. Ka taea e te emulsion polymerization te whakahaere pai ake i ngā āhuatanga matūriki, pērā i te morphology me te porosity, ahakoa he uaua ake ngā mahi whakaora hua o muri.
He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia e te hangarau whakapūhui PVC hou ngā taputapu aroturuki ā-tūturu, pērā i ngā tātari rahi matūriki, ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto rānei (i hangaia e Lonnmeter), ki roto i te tukanga. Ka tukuna e ēnei taputapu he urupare wā-tūturu, e āhei ai te whakarerekē tonu i te tere whakaoho, te pāmahana, me te whāngai tīmatanga, kia pai ake ai te ōritetanga o te hua me te whakaiti i te para.
Ngā Tawhā Kounga VCM mō te Hanga PVC Whai Hua
E pā tata ana te whai huatanga me te kounga o te hanga PVC ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te VCM. He mea nui te VCM tino parakore mō te angitu o te polymerization me te mahi polymer pai ake i muri mai.
Ka taea e ngā poke kei roto i te VCM—pērā i te wai toenga, te acetylene, ngā mea rauropi kua whakapūkarahia, ngā iona whakarewa rānei—te whakapōrearea i ngā kaiwhakaoho, te whakaroa i ngā tere polymerization, me te whakauru i ngā hapa ki roto i te kapia PVC. Hei tauira, ko te noho mai o ngā warowaihā whakapūkarahia iti, ahakoa i roto i ngā kukū wāhanga-ia-miriona, ka whakarerekē pea i te tere o te tauhohenga, ka hua ake rānei he hua rerekē te tae. Ka whakatinanahia ngā tukanga purenga monomer vinyl chloride whai hua i runga ake, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakatōtō maha-wāhanga (e whakahaerehia ana i roto i ngā pourewa whakatōtō VCM motuhake) hei whakaiti i ngā poke ki ngā paepae e whakaaetia ana.
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana—ina koa ko te mātotorutanga o te VCM me tōna mana whakahaere—he pānga tika ki te whakahaere me te whakaputa anō i te tukanga i raro iho. Ka rerekē te mātotorutanga wai o te VCM i runga i te pāmahana, ka pā ki te tika o te inenga, te whanonga wāhanga i te wā o te polymerization, me te whai huatanga o te whakaoho. Hei tauira, i te 0°C, ko te mātotorutanga o te VCM he tata ki te 1.140 g/cm³, ka heke iho i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ko te aroturuki pono, wā-tūturu o te mātotorutanga wai o te VCM (mā te whakamahi i ngā mita mātotorutanga ā-roto pērā i ngā mea mai i Lonnmeter) ka whakarite i ngā ōwehenga whāngai tika, ka taea te tatau tika i te whakawhiti wera, ā, ka tautoko i te ōritetanga pakari o te hua puranga-ki-puranga.
Ka taea e ngā paru toenga, inā koa ko te VCM kāore i tauhohe, te whakararu i te haumaru me te kounga o te hua. Ko te nui o te VCM kore utu i roto i te PVC kua oti te hanga he tūponotanga paitini, ā, ka pā kino ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te porosity, te kaha miihini, me te pumau o te tae. Ko te tikanga, ka whakahauhia e ngā ture kia tangohia katoatia ngā VCM me te aroturuki tonu i te huringa whakaputa kia pai ai te whakaputa hua, kia tutuki ai hoki ngā whakaritenga.
Ko te pānga o te kounga o te VCM ki te PVC ka whakarapopototia paitia ki te tūtohi e whai ake nei:
| Huanga Kounga VCM | Pānga ki te Tukanga me te Hua PVC |
| Te parakore (te hanganga matū) | He pānga tika ki te tere o te whakapūhui, te tohatoha taumaha ngota, te tae, me te pumau wera |
| Āhua ā-tinana (kiato wai) | He pānga ki te tika o te inenga, te pai o te whakaranu, me te āhua o te pūmua |
| Te nui o te poke | Ka arahi ki te whakakorenga o te tīmatanga, te aukati i te tauhohenga, me ngā āhuatanga miihini/whakamahinga mutunga kore. |
| Ngā toenga (hei tauira, te wai, ngā mea rauropi) | Tērā pea ka puta he hapa porous, he āhua koretake o te matūriki, me ngā raruraru tukatuka i raro iho |
He mea nui te whakarite kia tino kaha te whakahaere i te kounga o te VCM mā te purenga matatau, te rokiroki tika, me ngā hangarau ine mātotoru i te wā-tūturu mō te hoahoa whai hua o te tipu monomer vinyl chloride, me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru e hiahiatia ana i roto i te hangarau tukanga monomer vinyl chloride hou.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te tukanga o te monomer vinyl chloride?
Ko te tukanga whakaputa monomer vinyl chloride he raupapa ahumahi e huri ana i te ethylene ki te monomer vinyl chloride (VCM), te rauemi matua mō te hanga kapia PVC. Ka tīmata mā te whakakōroiroi i te ethylene, ka hanga i te ethylene dichloride (EDC), mā te whakakōroiroi tika, te whakakōroiroi rānei. Muri iho, ka pakaruhia te EDC parakore teitei i roto i ngā oumu i te 480–520°C, ka puta te VCM me te hauwai kōroiroi (HCl). I raro iho, ka purea e ngā pourewa whakatō maha te VCM, ka tangohia ngā paru me te wai hei tuku i te parakore >99.9% e tika ana mō te whakapūhui. Ko te uaua me te whirihoranga o te tūtohi rere whakaputa monomer vinyl chloride e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa o te tipu, ngā whāinga whai hua, me te whakaurunga o ngā para.
Me pēhea te whakarite a te wheketere monomer vinyl chloride i te haumaru me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao?
Nā te mea he mura te VCM, he mate pukupuku, he morearea hoki ki te taiao, ko te hoahoa o te tipu monomer vinyl chloride he mea nui ki te aukati me te whakaiti i te kino. Ka whakatinanahia e ngā whare ngā otinga whakahaere tukunga maha-paparanga hei aukati i ngā kohu organochlorine. Ka āraihia e ngā pūnaha kimi turuturu aunoa me ngā tikanga kati tukanga ngā tukunga tūpono. Ka whakamahia e ngā wāhi nui ngā hiri hau-ātete me ngā waeine whakaiti hau motuhake. Ka hangarua, ka tukatukahia rānei te hua taha HCl hei whakaiti i te para. Ka mutu te hanga dioxin mā te tineia i muri i te pakaru o te EDC. Ka whakaritea te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mā te aroturuki wā-tūturu me te piri ki ngā here ture mō ngā tukunga hau me te wai.
He aha te wainira pūhaumāota, ā, he aha te hiranga o tōna mātotorutanga?
Ko te wainira konupūmā te momo VCM kua whakakōpikopikotia, kua pēhia—ka rongoatia, ka haria hoki i te pāmahana iti, i te pēhanga teitei rānei hei ārai i te mimiti. Ko te mātotoru o te wainira konupūmā, i waenga i te 0.910 ki te 0.970 g/cm³ i runga i te pāmahana me te pēhanga, he tawhā nui mō te hoahoa i ngā oko rokiroki, ngā waka tāke rori, me ngā raina whakawhiti. He mea nui hoki ngā raraunga mātotoru wai VCM mō te aroturuki i ngā taonga, ngā mahi whakaranu, ngā taurite papatipu tika, me te manatoko i ngā hua tukanga puta noa i te rerenga mahi hanga. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka tuku aroturuki tonu e hiahiatia ana mō te haumaru me te whai hua o te mahi.
He aha te hiranga o te pourewa whakahoromata i roto i te tukanga purenga VCM?
Ko ngā pourewa whakatōtō te mea nui ki te tukanga purenga monomer vinyl chloride. Ka wehea e rātou te VCM mai i te toenga EDC, ngā poke chlorine iti-te-kohua, me ngā "pito taumaha" i hangaia i te wā whakaputa. Mā te whakahaere tika o te pourewa whakatōtō VCM ka tutuki te monomer whāngai polymerization i ngā paerewa kounga tino pakari. Ko tetahi poke, pērā i ngā matū kore-mākū, te makuku rānei, ka ārai i ngā mahi tukanga polymerization PVC, ka puta he kapia kore-motuhake, ka kino rānei ngā whakakorikori o raro. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga purenga VCM matatau ngā whakatikatika maha-pānga me ngā paepae motuhake hei arotau i te wehenga, te whakaora i ngā hua taha, me te whakaiti i te paru o te reboiler.
He aha te hononga o te tukanga whakapūhui PVC ki te hanga monomer vinyl chloride?
Ko te parakore me te pumau o te VCM ngā whakaritenga matua mō ngā kapia polyvinyl chloride kounga teitei. Ka pau tika te VCM i roto i ngā tauhohenga polymerization i roto i te tukanga polymerization PVC (mā te whakatārewatanga, te emulsion, te hangarau papatipu rānei). Ka pā te whakahaere tika o te hanganga VCM ki te hanganga ngota ngota, ngā kōtaha poke, me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā hua PVC whakamutunga. Ko te hononga tata i waenga i te tukanga hanga monomer vinyl chloride me te hangarau polymerization PVC ko te tikanga ka taea e ngā huringa tukanga katoa i roto i te VCM—pēnei i te rerekētanga o te mātotoru, te iti o ngā poke, te pikinga pāmahana rānei—te horapa ki te wāhanga polymerization, ka pā ki te whai huatanga me te mahi a te hua.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-18-2025
