He mea nui te ine i te kukū waikawa whanariki ā-roto mō te whakamātautau kounga waikawa whanariki wā-tūturu i roto i ngā ahumahiwaikawa whanarikite hanga. Ka tukuna e ngā raraunga kukū ā-roto tonu0.1% te rerekētanga i roto i te whakahaere parakore waikawa, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere tukanga waikawa whanariki tino pakari puta noa i ngā tikanga whakaputa waikawa whanariki katoa. Mā ngā pānuitanga tika ā-roto ka whakakorea ngā ira matapo i roto i te tauira ā-ringa, ā, ka whakanuia ake ngā reiti whakaora parahi tae atu ki te 7% i roto i te hydrometallurgy o te konganuku parahi.
Ka pai ake te pono o te tukanga i te mea ka tere te whakarerekētanga o te horopeta waikawa ki ngā huringa rere, ki ngā huringa rauemi rānei, ka karo i te iti rawa, i te nui rawa rānei o te horopeta i te wā o te tukanga tangohanga parahi. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te whakaputanga para waikawa tae atu ki te 12% me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere e pā ana ki te whakahaere me te whakakorenga matū. Mā te aroturuki ā-roto ka ārai i te poke o ngā taputapu me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā turuturu e pā ana ki te waikawa, e tiaki ana i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā ture.
Mā te ine tika i te kukū o te waikawa whanariki ā-roto ka arotau tika i te tono pūngao i roto i ngā tikanga tangohanga parahi, ka whakaitihia te whakaurunga me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te tauhohenga me te hua parahi. Ko ngā tono waikawa whanariki ahumahi pēnei i te tongi me te hanga pākahiko e hiahia ana kia 98%+ te parakore o te waikawa, ka puritia tonutia i te wā tūturu me ngā mita ā-roto. Ko ia o ēnei painga ka akiaki i te hanga waikawa whanariki me ngā mahi tangohanga parahi me te whai hua, haumaru, me te pumau.
Te Whakarewatanga o te Kohatu Parahi
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Te Hanga Waikawa Whāriki me te Whakarewatanga o te Kohatu Parahi
Ko te hanga waikawa whanariki ahumahi hou e whakamahi ana i te tukanga whakapā, he mea hanga mō te whai huatanga me te parakore. Ka tahuna te whanariki i te hau maroke, ka puta te SO₂. Ka purea tēnei hau, ā, ka whakakōkōhia mā te whakamahi i te vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) i te 400–600 °C hei whakaputa i te SO₃. Ka rewa te SO₃ ki roto i te waikawa whanariki kukū, ka puta te oleum, ka whakakōkōhia kia tutuki ai te kaha waikawa kua whakaritea. Neke atu i te 97% te huringa, ā, ko te parakore o te hua e neke atu ana i te 98% H₂SO₄.
Ko ngā tikanga tango i te konganuku parahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te waikawa whanariki hei matū matua. I roto i te tukanga tango konganuku parahi, ko te nuinga o te wā ka rerekē ngā kukū waikawa mai i te 0.5–2.0 M, me te pH e puritia ana i te 1.5–2.0. He mea nui te whakahaere pāmahana, me te whakatakoto i waenga i te 25–55 °C hei whakapai ake i te whakarewanga parahi me te whakawhāiti i ngā poke. Ka tautokohia e ngā mita kukū waikawa whanariki kua whakatikatikaina pai te whakahaere tukanga, kia pai ai te mahi whakarewanga wai konganuku parahi me te whakaiti i te para. Ka eke ngā reiti whakaora parahi ka taea te whakatutuki ki te 90–93% mō ngā rauemi iti-warowaihā, me te āwhina a te whakapai ake tukanga me te ine tonu i te kukū waikawa whanariki.
Ngā Wero o te Ine i te Kukū o te Waikawa Whāriki ā-Rārangi
He tino waikura ngā taiao whakaputa waikawa whanariki ahumahi. Ka tere te pirau o ngā wāhanga kua mākūhia e te pūoko, inā koa neke atu i te 70% te waikawa whanariki me ngā pāmahana teitei ake. Ahakoa ngā paninga koranu pēnei i te titanium, PTFE rānei, ka pāngia e te poka me te ngatata mai i ngā poke, me tiaki, me whakakapi rānei i ia wā. Ka pāngia anō hoki ngā ine tika i roto i te raina i ngā huringa kukū tere—he mea noa i roto i ngā tikanga horoinga kohuke parahi—ina rerekē te matotoru waikawa me te taupū whakaata kore-raina, inā koa i waenga i te 90–97% w/w. Ka tūpono te nekeneke me te whakaroa o te pūoko ki te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
Ko te kohi mai i ngā matū horoi rino whanariki, silica, parahi rānei ka puta te pirau, te paru rānei i runga i ngā probe inline, ka whakaiti i te tika o te tohu. Ko te pirau auau i runga i ngā mata o te pūoko ka tere ake te horoi, ā, ka whakaiti i te hua o te whakamātautau kounga waikawa whanariki.
Te rerekētanga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga i roto i te hanga waikawa whanariki ahumahi,te hanga whakarewa wai o te konganuku parahiKa pā tika te pānga ki te pumau o te ine. Ko te mātotoru o te waikawa whanariki, te matotoru, me te taupū whakaata katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana. Me whakatikatika tika ngā mita kukū waikawa whanariki pono mō te utu pāmahana puta noa i ngā āhuatanga tukanga hihiri. Ka whakanui ake te kohi tauira ā-ringa mō te whakahaere tukanga waikawa whanariki i te mōrearea o te tūponotanga o te kaiwhakahaere, ā, ka whakaroa i ngā whakatikatika tukanga nui.
Te Whakarewa i te Puranga Parahi
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Ngā Painga o ngā Mita Kukū ā-Rāina Lonnmeter
Ka tukuna e ngā mita kukū me te matotoru ā-roto o te mita Lonnmeter ngā putanga wā-tūturu mō te ine kukū waikawa whanariki, ka taea ai te whakahaere tonu i ngā tukanga waikawa whanariki i roto i te hanga waikawa whanariki ahumahi me ngā tikanga tangohanga konganuku parahi. Ka eke te tika ki te ±0.1% i roto i te kukū, ka whakakore i te tauira ā-ringa me te pa tika a te kaiwhakahaere ki ngā waikawa kino. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā mōrearea o te pānga, ā, ka tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru tino pakari mō ngā tono waikawa whanariki ahumahi.
Mā te whakarewa pakari, ātete-waikura—pērā i te arai PTFE me ngā wāhanga Hastelloy—ka whakarite kia pono, kia roa hoki te ora o te taputapu, ahakoa ngā matū horoi parahi kaha me te pā ki ngā awa waikawa kukū. Ka whakaitihia e te whakatinanatanga ā-roto ngā wā tiaki neke atu i te 60% ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga ā-wā, ka whakaitihia te wā kore mahi me te mōrearea tauine.
Mā ngā mita mita roa ka taea te ine i te horopeta waikawa whanariki tino pai mō te hydrometallurgy o te konganuku parahi, ka taurite ngā taumata kukū me te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te tukanga. Mā te aroturuki aunoa, kore-rere e tautoko i te ranunga waikawa rite tonu, te mimiti whakahaeretia, me te whakamātautau kounga waikawa whanariki tika i roto i te tukanga whakaputa waikawa whanariki. Mā ngā raraunga wā-tūturu rite tonu ka whakangawari i te whanariki.mita kukū waikawangā huringa whakatikatika mō ngā tikanga whakaputa waikawa whanariki pono, ka taea te tukurua.
Ngā Taupānga me te Whakaurunga Ahumahi
Ko te ine i te kukū o te waikawa whanariki ā-roto te poutokomanawa mō te whakahaere tonu i ngā tukanga hanga waikawa whanariki ā-ahumahi mō ngā tongi, pākahiko, me ngā rāngai matū. I roto i te hanga tongi, neke atu i te 60% o te putanga waikawa whanariki o te ao e akiaki ana i te hanga waikawa phosphoric me te hanga tongi phosphate. Ka whakamanahia e ngā mita kukū ā-roto te parakore o te waikawa ≥98%, e tiaki ana i te whai huatanga o te tauhohenga me te kounga o te hua o muri mai.
Ko te hanga pākahiko waikawa-mata e hiahia ana kia pakupaku te awhe matotoru o te waikawa whanariki (1.285–1.300 g/cm³); ka whakarite ngā mita matotoru ā-roto i ngā whakaritenga electrolyte me te whakateretere i te whakamātautau kounga waikawa whanariki. Ko ngā tukanga hangarua pākahiko me te whakaora whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ine kukū ā-roto tika mō te tango pai o te konganuku me te whakaiti i te moumou matū.
Ko ngā tikanga tango i te konganuku parahi mō te hydrometallurgy e whakamahi ana i ngā mita kukū waikawa whanariki ā-roto hei whakahaere i te inenga waikawa—e āhei ai te tango tika i te konganuku parahi, te whakaiti i te kai waikawa, me te pupuri i te hua parahi. Mā te whakaurunga aunoa o te tukanga me te Lonnmeter inline kukū, te mātotoru, me ngā tuku pāmahana ka whakau i ngā tikanga whakaputa waikawa whanariki, ngā utu tapahi me te rerekētanga o te mahi tonu.
Mā ngā ara iahiko hydrometallurgy mō te whakaora parahi ka whakamahia ngā mita Lonnmeter hei aroturuki i ngā matū tātā, hei whakaiti i te tauira ā-ringa me te mōrearea o te kaiwhakahaere. Ko te whakatikatika auau i ngā mita kukū waikawa whanariki ka whakarite kia pono te ine puta noa i ngā tono waikawa whanariki ahumahi katoa.
Tonoa he Whakatau/Wāhanga Whakapā
Whakatutukihia te ine tika i te kukū waikawa whanariki i roto i te hanga waikawa whanariki ahumahi me ngā tikanga tango parahi mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ā-roto a Lonnmeter. Tauwhāitihia ō tawhā tukanga whakaputa waikawa whanariki, ngā tikanga tukanga tango parahi, me te whānuitanga ine kukū waikawa whanariki ūnga. Whakapā atu ki a Lonnmeter mō te kōrero hangarau ka whiwhi i tētahi whakatau utu ritenga kua whakaritea mō ō whakaritenga whakahaere tukanga waikawa whanariki me te tango parahi.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-22-2026
