Te Ine i te Matatini Wā-Tūturu i roto i te Whakaora Wera

Te Awe o ngā Tawhā Mamao

He mea nui ngā āhuatanga o te mamaoa ki ngā tikanga whai hua mō te whakaiti i te matotoru o te hinu taumaha. Ko te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te tere werohanga ngā taurangi whakahaere matua.

• Te pāmahana o te mamaoa:Ko ngā pāmahana teitei ake (i waenga i te 200–300 °C te nuinga) ka tino whakararuraru i ngā taunekeneke ngota, ka tere ake te whakahekenga o te matotoru. I ngā āhuatanga mamaoa tata-tino, ka pakaru ake ngā ngota matatini e te wai wera iti-tino, te pakaru rānei, ā, i ētahi wā ka hua ake he whakahekenga matotoru tuturu mā te whakarerekētanga ngota me te pana hau.
• Pēhanga Kohu:Mā te pēhanga werohanga teitei ake ka whakarei ake i te urunga o te mamaoa me te whakawhiti wera ōrite ki roto i te puna, ka whakapai ake i te nekehanga o te hinu me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea o te ngaronga me te whakawhiti wera. Mā te whakarerekē i ngā pēhanga i waenga i ngā puna whakaputa me ngā puna werohanga ka taea te whakatikatika i te tohatoha mamaoa me te ārai i te pakaru wawe.
• Te Auau Werohanga:Ko ngā reiti werohanga mamaoa whai hua, pērā i ērā e neke atu ana i te 700 bbl/rā i roto i ngā tukanga SAGD, e pā tika ana ki ngā āhuatanga whakaora hinu whakamutunga teitei ake (tae atu ki te 52–53%). I tetahi atu taha, ko te korenga o ngā reiti ka whakawhāiti i te horapa me te tohatoha o te wera, ka iti ake te nekehanga āwhina-mamae.

Me arotau te whakamahinga o te mamaoa kia taurite ai te utu whakahaere, te whai huatanga o te pūngao, me te whai huatanga o te whakaora hinu. Mā ngā tauira tātari me ngā tauira whakatauira—tae atu ki ngā mōkihi whakatauira puna wai—ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau i ngā ōwehenga tino pai o te mamaoa-hinu (SOR) mō te putanga mōrahi. Ka whakaarohia e ēnei whārite ngā kōtaha matotoru-pāmahana, te enthalpy mamaoa, me te nekehanga wai hei arotau i ngā wātaka werohanga me te whakawhāiti i te whakamahinga wai me te wahie.

Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te arotau i ngā tawhā mamaoa mai i te whakahaere whānui o te tukanga whakaora wera o te hinu taumaha, inā koa mō ngā tikanga pēnei i te rerenga wai ā-kaha āwhina-mamao (SAGD) me te whakaoho mamaoa hurihuri (CSS). Ina honoa ki te arotau inenga emulsifier whai hua me te ine matotoru wā-tūturu tonu, ka hangaia e ēnei tikanga te pou tuara o ngā tikanga whakaora hinu whakarei ake i roto i te hanga hinu taumaha o nāianei.

Ngā Hangarau Ine i te Matotoru Wā-Tūturu

Ngā Mātāpono me ngā Huarahi Ine

I roto i te whakaoranga wera o te hinu taumaha,ngā mita tirohanga ā-rotohe mea nui kia tutuki ai te whakahaere tika i ngāte tukanga whakaemulsification hinume te arotau i te pai o te whakaora hinu. Ka ine tika ngā mita viscometer ā-roto i te rere me te whanonga whakarerekētanga o ngā ranunga hinu-whakarewa taumaha i a rātou e whakawhiti ana i ngā paipa me ngā taputapu tukatuka. Mā tēnei ka taea te aroturuki tonu, i te wā tūturu me te kore e hiahiatia he tauira ā-ringa, ka puhoi pea, ka kore hoki e whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga ora.

Ko tētahi hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te ine ine ultrasonic. Ka mahi mā te tuku ngaru ultrasonic mā roto i te ranunga hinu-emulsifier me te ine i te taunekeneke o te ngaru ki te reo—e whakarato ana i ngā pānui matotoru tika, tere ahakoa i raro i te pāmahana me ngā tere rere rerekē. Hei tauira, ka tukuna e te pūtau ultrasonic me ngā transducers piezoelectric te ine matotoru tino tika i roto i ngā ranunga kei roto tae atu ki te 40% te wai, e tautoko ana i te aroturuki i te pumau o te emulsion me te tauhohenga tere, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā raraunga ki ngā huringa tukanga. He tino pai tēnei huarahi mō ngā mahi whakaora hinu wera, kei reira te matotoru ka rerekē haere me te pāmahana me te ine matū. Ko te tika me te wā tika o ēnei inenga e tautoko tika ana i ngā tikanga whakaiti matotoru hinu taumaha, e arotau ana i ngā tawhā pēnei i ngā tere werohanga mamaoa me te inenga emulsifier hei pupuri i te rere o te reo pumau me te whakaiti i te kai mamaoa.

He mea nui te tūnga o te pūoko. Me tāuta ngā ine tirohanga ā-roto me ngā ine reima ki ngā wāhi rautaki:

• PūahaHei aroturuki i ngā pānga tonu o te whakahekenga o te matotoru o te whakapūkara o te pane puna.
• Ngā wāhanga paipaHei kite i ngā huringa ā-rohe e puta mai ana i te inenga o te emulsifier, i ngā pikinga pāmahana rānei.
• Ngā waeine o mua me muri i te tukatuka: Te tuku i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te aromatawai i te pānga o te werohanga mamaoa, o ētahi atu tikanga whakaora hinu whakarei ake rānei.

Ka whakamahia e ngā anga tātari matatau te whakatauira pūnaha me ngā paearu tino pai hei whakatau i te tūnga, kia mōhio ai ka tukuna e ngā pūoko ngā raraunga mahi i te wāhi e nui rawa atu ai te rerekētanga mahi. I roto i ngā whatunga paipa hurihuri, uaua rānei, ka whakarite ngā rauropi tūnga e ahu mai ana i te kauwhata tauine me te tātari pūnaha kore-raina kia kapi whānuitia ai te whakatauranga matotoru tika.

Kia hopukina, ka whāngaihia tonutia ngā raraunga matotoru ki ngā pūnaha tirotiro pērā i te SCADA (Mana Tirotiro me te Kohi Raraunga) me te APC (Mana Tukanga Matatau). Ka kohikohia e ēnei tūāpapa ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā pūoko ā-roto, ka whakauruhia ki ngā huānga whakahaere whakaputa me ngā pātengi raraunga hītori tukanga. Ko ngā kawa tuwhera, tae atu ki te OPC-UA me ngā API RESTful, ka tukutahi i ngā raraunga puta noa i ngā paparanga me ngā pūnaha rerekē, kia pai ai te tohatoha me te whakaaturanga puta noa i te mahi mara.

Te Kohi Raraunga me te Urupare Tukanga

Ko te whiwhinga o ngā raraunga matotoru o te wā tūturu te tūāpapa o te urupare tukanga i roto i te whakaora hinu whakarei ake i te wera. Mā te hono tika i ngā putanga pūoko ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i ngā taurangi tukanga matua i te wā tūturu.

Mana whakahaere porowhita-katingā huangangā inenga matotoruhei whakatikatika i te horopeta o te emulsifier. Ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere atamai—mai i ngā koropiko PID pakari ki ngā arorau whanoke urutau me ngā hoahoa ranu—ka whakarerekē i ngā tere werohanga matū kia mau tonu te matotoru pai mō te kawe paipa, me te ārai i te whakamahinga nui o ngā matū utu nui. Hei tauira, ki te piki ake te matotoru—e tohu ana i te korenga o te emulsification—ka whakanui aunoa ngā kaiwhakahaere i te whāngai emulsifier; ki te heke iho i raro i te ūnga, ka whakaitihia te horopeta. He mea tino nui tēnei taumata urupare i roto i te rerenga wai ā-papatipu āwhina-mamae (SAGD) me te waipuke mamaoa mō te hinu taumaha, he mea nui te arotautanga o te whakamahinga mamaoa me te pumau o te pane puna.

He mea nui te aroturuki tonu i te matotoru hei ārai i ngā aukatinga o ngā paipa. Ka taea e te hinu matotoru teitei, ngā whakapūtanga kore pumau rānei te whakararu i te rere, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te whakatakotoranga me te aukati. Mā te pupuri i tētahi kōtaha matotoru hou puta noa i te pūnaha whakaputa, ka taea te whakaoho i ngā whakaoho, i ngā mahi whakaiti aunoa rānei ina tae atu ki ngā paepae. Mā te whakaurunga ki te SCADA me ngā kaituhi hītori tukanga ka taea te tātari roa—te hono i ngā au matotoru ki ngā aituā aukati, te mahi werohanga mamaoa, te tīmatanga rānei o ngā wero whakakorenga.

I roto i ngā mara whakaora wera, ka whakarite ngā tūāpapa whakauru raraunga matatau kia kaua ngā pānui matotoru e noho motuhake engari ka honoa ki ngā raraunga tere rere, pāmahana, me te pēhanga. Mā ēnei ka taea te whakarerekē i te matapae tauira—pērā i te whakatikatika hihiri i te werohanga mamaoa, te arotautanga tukanga whakakorenga rānei—e whakatairanga ana i ngā whakapainga i te pai o te whakaora hinu me te pumau o te tukanga.

Ngā tauira o te arotautanga e whakahohea ana e te urupare:

• Mena ka kitea e ngā mita matotoru ā-roto te pikinga matotoru i te wā e werohia ana te mamaoa, ka taea e te pūnaha te whakanui ake i te horopeta o te emulsifier, te whakarerekē rānei i ngā tawhā mamaoa, kia mau tonu ai te hinu taumaha i roto i ngā whakaritenga rere e hiahiatia ana.
• Mena ka iti iho te matotoru o ngā pūoko i muri i te huringa mahi, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā matū whakakore matū, ka whakaiti i ngā utu me te kore e whakaiti i te mahi wehenga.
• Ka honoa e te tātari hītori whakauru ngā pikinga matotoru ki ngā rātaka tiaki hei tautuhi i ngā take papu, tukanga rānei.

Mā tēnei huarahi urupare-ā-wā tonu e tautoko te aukati wawe i ngā take whakapūmau rere—pērā i te aukati i te paipa—me te arotautanga roa o te whakaora wera hinu taumaha. Ka hāngai ngā mahi whakahaere ki ngā tono tukanga hei pupuri i te whakaputanga hinu whai hua, pono, me te whai hua.

Ngā Rautaki Arotau mō te Tukanga Whakaemulsification

Te Whakapūmau Rere me te Ārai i te Ārai

He mea nui te pupuri i te pumau o te rere o ngā hinu taumaha i roto i ngā paipa me ngā poka wai kia pai ai te whakaora i te hinu wera. Ka hurihia e te emulsification te hinu taumaha matotoru hei wai ka taea te kawe, engari me ata whakahaere te pumau kia kore ai e aukati. Ko ngā pikinga matotoru i puta mai i ngā huringa pāmahana, te horopeta hē o te emulsifier, te ōwehenga wai-hinu rānei kāore i te whakaarohia ka tere te arahi ki ngā āhua rite ki te tiēre me ngā aukati rere, inā koa i te wā e werohia ana te mamaoa mō te hinu taumaha.

Ko te whakapūmau rere e whai wāhi ana ki ngā rautaki ārai me ngā rautaki urupare:

• Te Aroturukitanga Tonu o te MatotorutangaMā ngā pūnaha ine wā-tūturu, pērā i ngā ine matotoru o te uaua kinematic aunoa e honoa ana ki te tirohanga rorohiko, ka tukuna he urupare matotoru tonu. Ka kitea e ēnei pūnaha ngā rerekētanga i te wā tonu e puta ai, ka taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te wawao—te whakarerekē i te pāmahana, ngā tere rere, ngā kukū emulsifier rānei hei ārai i te kohikohinga o ngā aukati, ngā putunga ware pi rānei.
• Ngā Whakarerekētanga Tukanga TereMā te whakaurunga o ngā raraunga pūoko ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere ka taea te whakarerekē aunoa, te whakarerekē rānei i ngā tawhā tukanga e te kaiwhakahaere. Ko ētahi tauira ko te whakanui ake i te horopeta o te surfactant mēnā ka kitea he pikinga matotoru, te whakarerekē rānei i ngā tikanga werohanga mamaoa hei whakau i te rheology emulsion.
• Ngā Wawaotanga Tinana me te Whakamahana PaipaI ētahi mahi, ka tāpirihia ngā tikanga matū ki te whakamahana tika o ngā paipa, te whakamahana hiko rānei, hei whakaora i te rere o te wai mō te wā poto, inā koa i ngā wā makariri, i ngā wā rānei e kati ohorere ana ngā taputapu.

Mā te huarahi maha-mata e whakakotahi ana i ngā raraunga matotoru wā-tūturu me ngā wawaotanga ngāwari ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā aukati rere puta noa i te tukanga whakaemulsification hinu.

Te Whakataurite i te Whai Huatanga o te Whakaora Hinu me te Whakamahinga Mamao

Ko te whakatutukitanga o te taurite tino pai i waenga i te whai huatanga o te whakaora hinu me te whakamahinga mamaoa te mea nui ki te whakaora wera hinu taumaha. Mā te whakaiti i te matotoru mā te whakaemulsification o te pane puna ka taea te rere pai ake o te hinu taumaha, ā, ka taea te horapa hohonu ake o te mamaoa i roto i ngā puna wai. Heoi, mā te whakamahi nui i te emulsifier ka taea te hanga i ngā emulsions tino pumau, ka uaua ake ngā wāhanga wehenga o muri mai, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu whakahaere.

Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te arotautanga ko:

• Mana Matatini Wā-TūturuMā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga tukanga ora hei pupuri i te matotoru i roto i te awhe ūnga—he nui te tiketike hei pupuri i te kaha wehewehe, engari he iti te iti mō te hiki me te kawe whakaputa whai hua. Kua whakamanahia e te tauira takawaenga me ngā whakamātautau mara te painga o te whakatikatika i te horopeta emulsifier i runga i te rere hei whakauru i ngā nekehanga o te pāmahana me ngā tere whakaputa.
• Arotautanga Inenga WhakapūhuiE tautokona ana e ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā kēhi mara ko te inenga tika o te emulsifier ka whakaiti i ngā rahinga mamaoa e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaora hinu wera me ngā maimoatanga matū i muri i te whakaora. Ko te tāpiritanga kua tohua ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga koretake o te surfactant, ka whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakaiti i te kawenga taiao me te whakanui ake i te hua hinu taumaha.
• Werohanga Ngātahi o te Whakarewa-KohuMā te tāpiri i te werohanga mamaoa ki ngā whakarewa tika ka whakaitihia te matotoru o te hinu taumaha, ā, ka whakarei ake i te pai o te horoi. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā kēhi o te mara, pērā i ngā mea i roto i ngā mara hinu warowaihā, te hekenga o te whakamahinga mamaoa me te whakapai ake i te putanga hinu—e hono tika ana i te arotautanga tukanga ki ngā hua whakahaere me te taiao.

He tauira tauira: I roto i tētahi mara hinu taumaha kua pakeke, i whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te ine matao wā-tūturu me te whakahaere hihiri o te werohanga emulsifier hei pupuri tonu i te matao matao i waenga i te 200 me te 320 mPa·s. Nā reira, i heke te tere werohanga mamaoa mā te 8–12%, me te kore he ngaronga o te whakaora hinu.

Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Tukanga Whakakorenga

Ko te whakaputa hinu taumaha whai hua me whakahaere te hanganga me te pakaru o ngā emulsions mō te wehenga hinu-wai. Ko te whakaurunga i waenga i te emulsification mō te nekenekehanga me te demulsification mō te tukatuka ka whakarite i te whai huatanga o te pūnaha me te kounga o te hua.

Ngā mahi whakahaere whakauru:

• Te Whakarite i te Whakapūtanga me te WhakakorengaKa pā te āhua matū o ngā emulsifier e whakamahia ana hei whakaiti i te matotoru ki te mahi a te demulsifier i muri iho. Mā te whiriwhiri me te arotau i te horopeta—ngā emulsifier ka taea te whakakore, te whakakore rānei i muri mai e ngā matū demulsification—ka māmā ake te wehenga hinu-wai i muri i te whakaoranga.
• Ngā Tikanga Whakakorenga MatatauKo ngā hangarau hou pēnei i ngā matūriki nano arotau, ngā ranunga demulsifier synergistic (hei tauira, te kete BDTXI), me ngā wehewehe miihini motuhake (ngā taputapu tangen porowhita takirua) ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga me te tere o te wehenga wai. Hei tauira, i tutuki i ngā matūriki nano TiO₂ te whai huatanga demulsification tae atu ki te 90% i roto i ngā whakamātautau honohono tata nei; he taputapu demulsification hoahoa pai i whakapai ake i te wehenga i tua atu i ngā tikanga paerewa.
• Mana Whakawhiti PūnahaMā te whakaurunga tata o te aroturukitanga matotoru me te inenga aunoa o ngā emulsifier me ngā demulsifier ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te neke mai i te whakarei ake i te nekenekehanga ki te wehenga pumau. Mā tēnei whakaritenga ka mau tonu te putanga pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā aukati tukanga, inā koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga tapahi wai nui, i te wā rānei ka puta he huringa tere o te tikanga rere i te wā e mimiti ana te wai mā te kaha o te mamaoa.

Mō te whakahaere, ka aroturukihia e ngā pūnaha whakaora hinu taumaha kua arotauhia ngā āhuatanga o te whakaemulsion mā te tātari wā-tūturu, ā, ka whakarerekētia ngā mahi whakaemulsion me te demulsification kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia whakaputa me te wehenga e huri haere ana—kia mau tonu ai te rere o te hinu, kia pai ai te arotau i te whakamahinga o te mamaoa, me te pai o te whakaora hinu i roto i te anga whakaora hinu whakarei ake i te wera.

Pānga ki ngā Mahi o te Mara Hinu me ngā Inenga Whakaora

Te Whakapai Ake i te Pai o te Whakaora Hinu

He mea nui te ine i te matotoru o te hinu i roto i te wā tūturu me ngā tikanga whakaiti matotoru tika hei whakanui ake i te pai o te whakaora hinu i roto i te whakaora wera o te hinu taumaha. Ka whakawhāitihia te rere o te wai e te matotoru hinu teitei, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o te hinu ka taea te whakaora. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mara me ngā rangahau taiwhanga ko te whakamahi i ngā matū whakaiti matotoru—pērā i te DG Reducer, te silane-modified nanosilica (NRV) rānei—ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakaiti matotoru tae atu ki te 99% i roto i ngā hinu taumaha rawa, ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te puna wai. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga whakatauira tekau tau i roto i ngā puna wai nui, ka taea e ngā rautaki whakaiti matotoru kua arotau te whakanui ake i ngā reiti whakaora hinu tāpiri tae atu ki te 6.75%.

Ko ngā tikanga whakakotahitanga matatau, inā koa ko te Whakaiti i te Whakakotahitanga o te Waipuke (V-RCF), ka whakakotahi i ngā polymer, ngā emulsifier surfactant, me ngā kaihoko kukū ā-mata tino iti hei pupuri i te rere pai me te wehenga hinu-wai. Ko ngā werohanga maha-slug i roto i ngā whakamātautau whakakotahitanga onepū ka whakaū ake i te whai huatanga o ēnei tikanga, e whakaatu ana i te nekenekehanga hinu nui ake i te whakakotahitanga tikanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā pae mahi e whakamahi ana i te whakahaere wā-tūturu o te horopeta emulsifier me te ine matotoru tonu ka pai ake te pupuri i te nekenekehanga wai whainga, ka hua ake he tere tango pumau, he tere matapae ake, me te whakaiti i te koretake o te whakaputa.

Ngā Penapena Mamao me te Whakaiti Utu

Ko te whakamahinga o te mamaoa te pūtake o te pūngao me te utu i roto i te whakaora hinu wera. Ko te arotau i te matotoru mā roto i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu me ngā wawaotanga matū, ā-tinana rānei kua arotahihia he pānga ine ki te whakamahinga mamaoa. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau mara SAGD me ngā paearu taiwhanga tata nei ko te whakapai ake i te whakahaere matotoru mā roto i te inenga emulsifier kua arotauhia, i ngā ranunga nano-matū matatau rānei ka whakaiti tika i te ōwehenga mamaoa-ki-hinu—ko te tikanga he iti ake te mamaoa e hiahiatia ana mō ia oko hinu e whakaputaina ana. He ōrite tēnei pānga: i te mea ka tika ake, ka whai hua ake te whakahaere matotoru, ka heke te whakamahinga mamaoa, ka puta he penapena utu whakahaere me te pūngao.

E whakaatu ana ngā tauira o te mara i ngā hekenga ka taea te ine i roto i ngā rahinga mamaoa me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai. I roto i tētahi tauira whakatauira, i whakaitihia te werohanga wai mā te neke atu i te 2,000 m³ ia rā mā te whakamahi i ngā mono tiēre iti-matao hei whakahaere wai, ā, ka kitea he whakahekenga nui o ngā utu whakahaere. Mā te ine matao ā-roto ka taea te whakarerekē tonu i ngā mahi, te whakaiti i te moumou pūngao mai i te werohanga nui, me te ārai i te koretake o te pūnaha.

Te Whakapai Ake i te Pono o ngā Paipa me te Whakaiti i te Tiaki

Ko te aukati me te rahunga o ngā paipa he tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te haere tonu me te haumaru o te mahi a te mara hinu, ā, ka nui ake te kino o te matotoru wai kāore i te whakahaeretia me ngā tukanga whakapūkara koretake. Ka whakaitihia ēnei mōrearea e te whakahaere matotoru wā-tūturu. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau mara tata nei ka taea e ngā ine tirohanga ā-roto me te pūoko muka-whatu tohatoha te pupuri i te rere i roto i ngā tawhā tino pai, ka whakaitihia te auau o ngā aukati me te whakaiti i te ahotea miihini i runga i ngā paipa.

Ko ngā pūnaha e hangai ana ki te hiko-whakaaro pēnei i te AOT (Hangarau Hinu Whakamahinga) ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te matotoru o te hinu i te wā e whakawhiti ana i ngā paipa—mā reira ka whakanui ake i te tere o te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu pūngao papu—engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te hauora whānui o ngā paipa mā te aukati i te hanganga o te ngaru matotoru teitei. Ko ngā whanaketanga i roto i te kōwhiringa rauemi paipa, pēnei i te PVC mahi-teitei kua whakamanahia mō te whakaora hinu wera, ka whakaiti ake i te utu tiaki mā te ātete ki te waikura me te pirau ā-tinana.

I roto i ngā mahi whakahaere, ko te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i whakaritea, ngā whakatikatika ohorere, me te auau tiaki ka hua tika ki te whakaiti i ngā tahua tiaki me te kawe hinu pumau, matapaetia. Ka tautokohia e ēnei whakapainga hangarau te weronga mamaoa kua arotauhia, te whakahaere i ngā tukanga whakakorenga hinu kia maeneene ake, me te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te mara hinu katoa mā te whakarite i te rere pumau, te whakahaere hoki mai i te puna ki te whare tukatuka.