He mea nui te whakahaere i te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua hei arotau i ngā tukanga kukū ultrafiltration i roto i te hanga koiora-rongoā. Ko te matotoru teitei i roto i ngā otinga pūmua—ina koa i ngā kukū pūmua teitei—ka pā tika ki te mahi a te membrane, te whai huatanga o te tukanga, me te ōhanga i roto i ngā tono kukū pūmua ultrafiltration. Ka piki ake te matotoru o te otinga me te ihirangi pūmua nā te whakarōpūtanga o te paturopi me ngā taunekeneke hiko-pūmau, e whakanui ana i te ātete ki te rere me te hekenga pēhanga puta noa i te membrane ultrafiltration. Ko te hua o tēnei he iti ake ngā rerenga permeat me te roa ake o ngā wā mahi, inā koa i roto i ngā tukanga tātari rere whakawhiti (TFF).
Ko te pēhanga whakawhiti-membrane (TMP), te kaha akiaki i muri i te ultrafiltration, he hononga tata ki te matotoru. Ko te mahi i waho o te awhe pēhanga whakawhiti-membrane noa ka whakatere i te poke o te membrane, ka whakanui ake i te polarization kukū—te kohikohinga o ngā pūmua tata ki te membrane e whakanui tonu ana i te matotoru ā-rohe. Ko te polarization kukū me te poke o te membrane ka hua ake he ngoikore te mahi a te membrane ultrafiltration, ā, ka taea te whakapoto i te roa o te ora o te membrane mena kāore e tirohia. E whakaatu ana ngā mahi whakamātautau he nui ake te kitea o te poke o te membrane me te polarization kukū i roto i te ultrafiltration i ngā uara TMP teitei ake me ngā whāngai matotoru ake, e mea nui ai te whakahaere TMP wā-tūturu hei whakanui ake i te putanga me te whakaiti i te auau horoi.
Ko te arotau i te kukū tātaritanga ultra me whai rautaki whakauru:
- Te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmuaAromatawai matotoru auau—mā te whakamahi ingā ine tirohanga ā-roto—āwhina ki te matapae i ngā tere tātari me te matapae i ngā aukati tukanga, hei tautoko i ngā whakarerekētanga tukanga tere.
- Te whakatikatika whāngaiMā te whakarerekē i te pH, te kaha katote, me te pāmahana ka taea te whakaiti i te matotoru me te whakaiti i te paru. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i ngā katote konutai ka whakanui ake i te ātete wai i waenga i ngā pūmua, ka whakaiti i te whakakotahitanga me te paru, engari ko ngā katote konupūmā ka whakatairanga i te hononga me te paru o te pūmua.
- Te whakamahinga o ngā mea tāpiriMā te whakauru i ngā mea tāpiri whakaheke matotoru ki roto i ngā otinga pūmua tino kukū ka whakapai ake i te uruhanga o te membrane me te whakaiti i te pēhanga transmembrane i roto i te ultrafiltration, ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga whānui.
- Ngā tikanga rere matatauMā te whakanui ake i te tere o te rere whakawhiti, te whakamahi i te rere whakawhiti tauutuutu, te whakamahi rānei i te werohanga hau ka whakararu i ngā paparanga paru. Ka āwhina ēnei tikanga ki te pupuri i te rere o te wai me te whakaiti i te auau whakakapinga kiriuhi mā te whakaiti i te hanganga o ngā putunga.
- Te whiriwhiri me te horoi i te membraneHe mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā kiriuhi pakari matū (hei tauira, te SiC, ngā momo ranu thermosalient rānei) me te arotau i te auau horoi kiriuhi me ngā tikanga tika (hei tauira, te horoinga konutai hypochlorite) hei whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.
I te nuinga, ko te whakahaere matotoru whai hua me te whakahaere TMP ngā tūāpapa o te angitu o te mahi kukū tātaritanga ultra, e pā tika ana ki te hua o te hua, te auau horoinga membrane, me te roa o te ora o ngā rawa membrane utu nui.
Te Mārama ki te Matotoru o te Otinga Pūmua i roto i te Ultrafiltration
1.1. He aha te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua?
Ko te matotoru e whakaatu ana i te ātete o te wai ki te rere; i roto i ngā otinga pūmua, e tohu ana i te nui o te waku ngota e aukati ana i te nekehanga. Ko te waeine SI mō te matotoru ko te Pascal-hēkona (Pa·s), engari ko te centipoise (cP) e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā wai koiora. Ka pā tika te matotoru ki te ngāwari o te papu, te tātari rānei i ngā otinga pūmua i te wā e hangaia ana, ā, ka pā ki te tuku rongoā, inā koa mō ngā rongoā koiora kukū-teitei.
Ko te kukū pūmua te mea nui e pā ana ki te matotoru. I te pikinga ake o ngā taumata pūmua, ka piki ake ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota me te piripono, ka piki ake te matotoru, he maha ngā wā kāore i te raina. I runga ake i tētahi paepae, ka pehia ake e ngā taunekeneke pūmua-pūmua te horapa i roto i te otinga. Hei tauira, ko ngā otinga paturopi monoclonal kukū e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rongoā ka eke ki ngā taumata matotoru e wero ana i te werohanga kiri raro, e whakawhāiti ana rānei i ngā tere tukatuka.
Ko ngā tauira e matapae ana i te matotorutanga i roto i ngā otinga pūmua kukū kei te whakauru i ngā āhua ngota ngota me ngā ia o te whakakotahitanga. Ko te āhua o te pūmua—ahakoa he roa, he porowhita, he ngāwari rānei ki te whakakotahi—he pānga nui ki te matotorutanga i ngā kukū tiketike. Ko ngā whanaketanga hou o te aromatawai moroiti ka taea te ine tika i te matotorutanga mai i ngā rahinga tauira iti, ka āwhina i te tirotiro tere i ngā hanganga pūmua hou.
1.2. Te Hurihanga o te Matatini i te Wā o te Ultrafiltration
I te wā o te tātaritanga tino-rahi, ka tere te kohikohi o ngā pūmua i te atanga o te membrane-wairewa nā te pōraruraru kukū. Ka hangaia he pikinga kukū ā-rohe, ā, ka piki ake te matotoru tata ki te membrane. Ka aukati te matotoru teitei i tēnei rohe i te whakawhiti papatipu, ā, ka whakaiti i te rere o te wai.
He rerekē te whakapūmautanga kukū mai i te paru o te kiriuhi. He hihiri, he whakahurihuri te whakapūmautanga, ka puta i roto i ngā meneti i te haere tonu o te tātari. Hei whakataurite, ka puta te paru i roto i te wā, ā, he maha ngā wā ka uru atu te whakatakotoranga kore e taea te huri, te huringa matū rānei ki te mata o te kiriuhi. Mā te tātaritanga tika ka taea te aroturuki i te paparanga whakapūmautanga kukū i te wā tūturu, e whakaatu ana i tōna aro ki te tere rere-whiti me te pēhanga whakawhiti-kiriuhi. Hei tauira, mā te whakanui ake i te tere, te whakaiti rānei i te pēhanga whakawhiti-kiriuhi (TMP) ka āwhina i te whakararuraru i te paparanga rohe matotoru, ka whakahokia mai te rere.
Ka pā tika ngā tawhā whakahaere ki te whanonga matotoru:
- Te pēhanga whakawhiti-kiri (TMP): Ka whakanuia e te TMP teitei ake te pōraihana, ka piki ake te matotoru ā-rohe, ka whakaitihia hoki te rere.
- Te tere whakawhiti-rere: Ka whakawhāitihia te kohikohinga e te tere nui ake, ka whakaitihia te matotoru tata ki te kiriuhi.
- Auautanga horoi kiriuhiMā te horoi pinepine ka whakaiti i te hangai mō te wā roa, ā, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga o te mahi nā te matotoru.
Me arotau ngā wāhanga kukū tātaritanga ultrafinance i ēnei tawhā hei whakaiti i ngā pānga matotoru kino, hei pupuri hoki i te kaha whakaputa.
1.3. Ngā Āhuatanga o te Wairewa Pūmua e Pā Ana ki te Matatini
Taumaha ngotamehangangaKo te mea nui ko te whakatau i te matotoru. Ko ngā pūmua, ngā mea whakahiato rānei he nui ake, he matatini ake, ka nui ake te matotoru nā te mea ka āraihia te nekehanga me ngā kaha nui ake i waenga i ngā ngota ngota. Ko te āhua o ngā pūmua ka whakatikatika anō i te rere—ko ngā mekameka roa, he mekameka ngāwari rānei ki te whakahiato ka nui ake te ātete i ngā pūmua porowhita kiato.
pHHe tino pānga nui tēnei ki te utu pūmua me te wairewatanga. Mā te whakarerekē i te pH o te otinga tata ki te pūwāhi isoelectric o te pūmua ka whakaiti i te utu kupenga, ka whakaiti i te ātete a te pūmua-pūmua, ā, ka whakaiti i te matotoru mō te wā poto, ka whakahaere i te tātari. Hei tauira, mā te whakahaere i te ultrafiltration tata ki te pūwāhi isoelectric o te BSA, o te IgG rānei ka taea te whakanui ake i te rere o te permeation me te whiriwhiringa wehenga.
Kaha ionicKa pā ki te matotoru mā te whakarerekē i te paparanga hiko takirua huri noa i ngā pūmua. Ka āraihia e te kaha katote te pikinga o ngā taunekeneke hiko, ka whakatairanga i te tuku pūmua mā roto i ngā kiriuhi engari ka whakapiki ake hoki i te mōrearea o te whakakotahitanga me ngā pikinga matotoru e rite ana. Ko te tauwhitinga i waenga i te pai o te tuku me te whiriwhiringa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakatikatika pai i ngā kukū tote me te hanganga parepare.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tāpiringa ngota iti—pērā i te arginine hydrochloride, te guanidine rānei—hei whakaiti i te matotoru. Ka whakakorengia e ēnei matū ngā kukume wai-whakahāwea, hiko-pūmau rānei, ka whakaitihia te whakakotahitanga, ka whakapai ake hoki i ngā āhuatanga rere o te otinga. He taurangi whakahaere anō te pāmahana; ka whakanuia e ngā pāmahana iti te matotoru, ā, ka whakaitihia e te wera tāpiri.
Me whai whakaaro te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua ki:
- Ngā tohatoha taumaha ngota
- Te hanganga o te otinga (tote, ngā mea tāpiri, ngā tāpiringa)
- Kōwhiringa pūnaha pH me te pūnaha ārai
- Tautuhinga kaha ā-ionic
He mea nui ēnei āhuatanga mō te arotau i te mahi a te kiriuhi tātaritanga-rahi, me te whakarite kia ōrite puta noa i ngā wāhanga kukū me ngā tukanga TFF.
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Kukū Pūmua Ultrafiltration
Ngā Mātāpono o te Wāhanga Kukū Ultrafiltration
Ka mahi te kukū pūmua tātari-ira-rahi mā te whakamahi i te pēhanga whakawhiti-membrane (TMP) puta noa i te kiriuhi haurua-permeable, ka panaia te whakarewa me ngā matū iti kia uru, me te pupuri i ngā pūmua me ngā ngota nui ake. Ka whakamahia e te tukanga te urunga whiriwhiri i runga i te rahi ngota, me te tapahi taumaha ngota o te kiriuhi (MWCO) e whakatau ana i te rahi mōrahi o ngā ngota e puta ana. Ka kohia ngā pūmua e nui ake ana i te MWCO ki te taha pupuri, ka piki ake tō rātou kukū i te tangohia o te permeability.
Ko te wāhanga kukū tātaritanga ultra e aro ana ki te whakaiti i te rōrahi me te whakarei ake i te otinga pūmua. I te haere tonu o te tātaritanga, ka piki ake te matotoru o te otinga pūmua, ka pā ki ngā whakaritenga rerenga me te TMP. Ka taunekeneke pea ngā pūmua e puritia ana tetahi ki tetahi me te kiriuhi, ka uaua ake te tukanga o te ao tūturu i te tango noa i te rahi. Ko ngā taunekeneke hiko-pūmau, te whakakotahitanga pūmua, me ngā āhuatanga otinga pēnei i te pH me te kaha ionic ka pā ki ngā putanga pupuri me te wehenga. I ētahi wā, ko te kawe advective te mea nui ake i te horapa, inā koa i roto i ngā kiriuhi he nui ake ngā pore, ka uaua ake ngā tumanakohanga e hangai ana ki te kōwhiringa MWCO anake [tirohia te whakarāpopototanga rangahau].
Te Whakamārama mō te Tātari Rere Whakawhiti (TFF)
Ko te tātari rere whakawhiti, e kiia ana ko te tātari rere whakarara (TFF), ka arahi i te otinga pūmua mā te whakarara puta noa i te mata o te membrane. He rerekē tēnei huarahi ki te tātari mutunga kore, arā, ko te rere e poutū ana ki te membrane, ka pana tika ngā matūriki ki runga, ki roto hoki i te tātari.
Ngā rerekētanga matua me ngā pānga:
- Te Whakahaere i te Para:Ka whakaitihia e te TFF te kohikohinga o ngā paparanga pūmua me ngā paparanga matūriki, e mōhiotia ana ko te hanganga keke, mā te tango tonu i ngā poke pea mai i te kiriuhi. Ka hua ake tēnei he rere pumau ake, ā, he māmā ake te tiaki.
- Te Pupuri Pūmua:Ka tautoko te TFF i te whakahaere pai ake o te pōraitanga kukū—he paparanga o ngā ngota ngota e puritia ana e tata ana ki te kiriuhi—ki te kore e whakahaeretia, ka taea te whakaiti i te whiriwhiringa wehenga me te whakanui ake i te poke. Ka whakaitihia e te rere hihiri i roto i te TFF tēnei pānga, ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te pupuri pūmua me te whai huatanga o te wehenga.
- Te Pūmautanga o te Rerenga:Mā te TFF ka roa ake ngā wā mahi me te rere tonu, ka whakapiki ake i te pai o ngā tukanga me ngā whāngai nui-pūmua, whai-matūriki rānei. He rerekē, ka tere te whakararuraru i te tātari mutunga kore e te poke, te whakaheke i te kaha whakaputa me te hiahia kia maha ngā wā horoi.
Ko ngā momo TFF matatau, pērā i te rere ā-tāwhiti (ATF), ka whakararuraru ake i te poke me te hanganga keke mā te huri i ngā tere ā-tāwhiti i ia wā, te whakaroa i te roa o te wā tātari me te whakapai ake i te putanga pūmua [tirohia te whakarāpopototanga rangahau]. I roto i ngā whakatakotoranga TFF tawhito me ngā whakatakotoranga TFF matatau, me whakarite ngā tautuhinga mahi—pērā i te TMP, te tere rere whakawhiti, me te auau horoi—ki te pūnaha pūmua motuhake, te momo kiriuhi, me te kukū ūnga hei arotau i te mahi me te whakaiti i te poke.
Te Pēhanga Transmembrane (TMP) i roto i te Ultrafiltration
3.1. He aha te Pēhanga Transmembrane?
Ko te pēhanga whakawhiti-membrane (TMP) te rerekētanga pēhanga puta noa i te kiriuhi tātari, e akiaki ana i te whakarewa mai i te taha whāngai ki te taha permeable. Ko te TMP te kaha matua i muri i te tukanga wehenga i roto i te ultrafiltration, e tuku ana i te whakarewa kia haere mā roto i te kiriuhi me te pupuri i ngā pūmua me ētahi atu macromolecules.
Tātai TMP:
- Rerekētanga māmā: TMP = P_whāngai − P_permeate
- Tikanga hangarau: TMP = [(P_whāngai + P_retentate)/2] − P_permeate
I konei, ko te P_whāngai te pēhanga tomo, ko te P_retentate te pēhanga putanga i te taha retentate, ā, ko te P_permeate te pēhanga taha permeate. Mā te tāpiri i te pēhanga retentate (te pēhanga kukū rānei) ka puta he uara tika ake i te mata o te membrane, e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā pikinga pēhanga i puta mai i te ātete rere me te paru. - Te pēhanga whāngai me te tere rere
- Pēhanga pupuri (mēnā e tika ana)
- Te pēhanga uru (he maha ngā wā i roto i te hau)
- Ātete kiriuhi
Ka rerekē te TMP i runga i te momo membrane, te hoahoa pūnaha, me ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga.
Te Whakahaere i ngā Taurangi:
3.2. TMP me te Tukanga Tātari-Ultra
He mahi nui tā te TMP i roto i te kukū pūmua tātari-rahi, e akiaki ana i ngā otinga pūmua mā roto i te kiriuhi. Me teitei te pēhanga hei wikitoria i te ātete mai i te kiriuhi me tetahi rauemi kua kohia engari kaua e tino teitei rawa kia tere ake ai te poke.
Te Pānga o te Matotoru o te Wairewa me te Kukū o te Pūmua
- Te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua:Ka whakanui ake te ātete rere i te matotoru teitei, ka hiahiatia he TMP teitei ake hei pupuri i te rere o te wai. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i te glycerol ki te whāngai, te whakamahi rānei i ngā pūmua kukū ka whakanui ake i te matotoru, ā, nō reira ka hiahiatia te TMP whakahaere.
- Te kukū o te pūmua:I te pikinga ake o te kukū i te wā kukū o te tātaritanga ultra, ka piki ake te matotoru o te otinga, ka piki ake te TMP, ā, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te poke o te kiriuhi, o te pōraruraru kukū rānei.
- Te Ture a Darcy:E pā ana te TMP, te rere o te wai (J), me te matotoru (μ) mā te TMP = J × μ × R_m (ātete kiriuhi). Mō ngā otinga pūmua matotoru-teitei, he mea nui te whakatikatika tupato i te TMP mō te tātaritanga tino pai.
Ngā tauira:
- Me mātua whakahaere āta te TMP hei ārai i te pikinga o te matotoru o te tātaritanga-rahi o ngā otinga paturopi matotoru.
- Ka whakarerekē te PEGylation me ētahi atu whakarerekētanga pūmua i te taunekeneke ki te membrane, ka pā ki te TMP e hiahiatia ana mō te rerenga e hiahiatia ana.
3.3. Te Aroturuki me te Whakapai Ake i te TMP
Te pupuri i te TMP i roto i tete awhe pēhanga transmembrane noaHe mea nui tēnei mō te pumau o te mahi a te kiriuhi tātari-rahi me te kounga o te hua. I roto i te wā, i te haere tonu o te tātari-rahi, ka taea e te pōraruraru kukū me te poke te whakanui ake i te TMP, i ētahi wā ka tere.
Ngā Tikanga Aroturuki:
- Aroturuki wā-tūturu:Ka aroturukihia te TMP mā te tomokanga, te retentate, me te permeatengā tuku pēhanga.
- Te Matawai Raman:Whakamahia mō te aroturuki kore-whakaekenga o ngā kukū pūmua me ngā matū tāpiri, hei whakahaere i te whakahaere TMP urutau i te wā o te ultrafiltration me te diafiltration.
- Mana whakahaere matatau:Ka taea e ngā Tātari Kalman Whakawhanui (EKF) te tukatuka i ngā raraunga pūoko, me te whakarerekē aunoa i te TMP kia kore ai e nui rawa te paru.
- Whakatakotoria te TMP tīmatanga ki roto i te awhe noa:Kaua e iti rawa hei whakaiti i te rere, kaua hoki e teitei rawa hei karo i te tere o te poke.
- Whakatikatikahia te TMP i te pikinga o te matotoru:I te wā kukū o te tātaritanga tino nui, whakapiki ake i te TMP i runga i te hiahia anake.
- Whakahaerehia te rere o te whāngai me te pH:Mā te whakanui ake i te rerenga whāngai, te whakaiti rānei i te TMP ka whakaiti i te pōraruraru kukū me te poke.
- Te horoi me te whakakapi i ngā membrane:Ko ngā TMP teitei ake e pā ana ki te horoinga auau ake me te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi.
Ngā Rautaki Arotau:
Ngā tauira:
- Nā te poke o te waikura i roto i ngā raina tukatuka pūmua ka piki ake te TMP me te heke o te rere o te wai, ā, me horoi, me whakakapi rānei te kiriuhi kia whakahokia mai ai te mahi noa.
- Ka taea e te maimoatanga whākōkī i mua (hei tauira, te tāpiri pectinase) te whakaiti i te TMP me te whakaroa i te roanga o te ora o te membrane i te wā e tino tātarihia ana te pūmua rapeseed matotoru-tiketike.
3.4. TMP i roto i ngā Pūnaha TFF
Ko te mahi a te tātari rere whakarara (whakapae) (TFF) mā te whakawhiti i te otinga whāngai puta noa i te kiriuhi, kaua mā roto tika atu, ā, he nui te awe ki te whanaketanga o te TMP.
Te Whakahaere me te Taurite o te TMP
- Te pēhanga whakawhiti-kiri TFF (TFF TMP):Ka whakahaerehia mā te whakahaere i te tere rere o te whāngai me te pēhanga papu hei karo i te TMP nui rawa me te whakanui ake i te rere o te wai permeat.
- Ngā tawhā arotau:Mā te whakanui ake i te rere o te whāngai ka whakaiti i te whakatakotoranga ā-rohe o ngā pūmua, ka whakau i te TMP, ā, ka whakaiti hoki i te poke o te kiriuhi.
- Te whakatauira rorohiko:Ka matapaetia, ka arotauhia hoki e ngā tauira CFD te TFF TMP mō te whakaora hua nui rawa atu, te parakore, me te hua—he mea tino nui mō ngā tukanga pēnei i te mRNA, te wehenga vesicle waho rānei.
Ngā tauira:
- I roto i te tukatuka koiora, ka puta he whakaoranga mRNA >70% i te TFF TMP tino pai, me te kore e pakaru, he pai ake i ngā tikanga ultracentrifugation.
- Mā te mana whakahaere TMP urutau, e whakamāramahia ana e ngā tauira pāngarau me te urupare a te pūoko, ka whakaitihia te auau whakakapinga kiriuhi, ā, ka whakapai ake i te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi mā te whakaiti i te paru.
Ngā kōrero matua hei whakaaroaro:
- Me whakahaere kaha te pehanga transmembrane TMP i roto i te TFF kia mau tonu ai te whai huatanga o te tukanga, te rere, me te hauora o te membrane.
- Mā te arotautanga pūnaha o te TMP ka whakaitihia ngā utu whakahaere, ka tautoko i te whakaora hua parakore-teitei, ā, ka roa ake te roa o te ora o te membrane i roto i te ultrafiltration pūmua me ngā tukanga e pā ana.
Ngā Tikanga Whakakino me ō Rātou Hononga ki te Matatini
Ngā Huarahi Whakakino Matua i roto i te Whakatātaritanga Pūmua
He maha ngā ara poke e pāngia ana e te ultrafiltration pūmua:
Te Parahanga Waikura:Ka puta mai ina kohia ngā hua waikura—ko ngā waikura rino te nuinga—ki runga i ngā mata o te kiriuhi. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei te rere o te wai, ā, he uaua ki te tango atu mā te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi paerewa. Ka hua ake te paru waikura i te ngaronga tonu o te mahi a te kiriuhi, ā, ka piki ake te auau o te whakakapinga kiriuhi i roto i te wā. He tino kino tōna pānga ki ngā kiriuhi PVDF me PES e whakamahia ana i roto i te maimoatanga wai me ngā tono pūmua.
Parahanga Waro:Ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta mai i ngā pūmua pēnei i te albumin toto kau (BSA), ā, ka kaha ake pea i te aroaro o ētahi atu mea rauropi pēnei i te polysaccharides (hei tauira, te konutai alginate). Ko ngā tikanga ko te piri ki ngā pūwero kiriuhi, te purunga o ngā pūwero, me te hanganga o te paparanga keke. Ka puta ngā pānga mahi tahi ina he maha ngā wāhanga rauropi kei roto, me ngā pūnaha whakaranu-whakakore e pāngia ana e te paru kino atu i ngā whāngai pūmua-kotahi.
Te Whakapūngao Kukū:I te haere tonu o te tātaritanga-rahi, ka kohikohi ngā pūmua e mau tonu ana i te taha o te mata o te kiriuhi, ka piki ake te kukū me te matotoru o te rohe. Ka hangaia he paparanga pōraritanga e whakarei ake ana i te āhua poke me te whakaiti i te rere. Ka tere ake te tukanga i te haere tonu o te wāhanga kukū tātaritanga-rahi, e pāngia tika ana e te pēhanga transmembrane me ngā nekehanga rere.
Te poke o te waikura me te poke whakaranu:Tērā pea ka taunekeneke ngā mea korōra (hei tauira, te silica, ngā kohuke kore-waro) me ngā pūmua, ka hanga he paparanga matatini e whakanui ake ana i te poke o te kiriuhi. Hei tauira, ko te noho mai o te silica korōra ka tino whakaiti i ngā tere rere, inā koa ka honoa ki ngā mea waro, i raro rānei i ngā āhuatanga pH iti rawa.
Te Pānga o te Matotoru o te Otinga ki te Whanaketanga o te Para
He kaha te pānga o te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua ki te nekehanga paru me te whakakīkī o te kiriuhi:
Te Whakapōrearea Tere:Mā te matotoru o te otinga pūmua ka nui ake te ātete ki te kawe whakamuri o ngā matū wairewa e puritia ana, ka tere ake te hanganga o te paparanga keke. Ka whakanui ake tēnei i te pēhanga whakawhiti-membrane (TMP), ka tere ake te whakakīkī me te poke o te membrane.
Ngā Pānga o te Hanganga Otinga:Ka whakarerekē te momo pūmua i te matotoru; he rerekē te whanonga o ngā pūmua porowhita (hei tauira, te BSA) me ngā pūmua whānui e pā ana ki te rere me te pōraitanga. Ka nui ake te matotoru o te tāpiri i ngā matū pēnei i te polysaccharides, te glycerol rānei, ka whakatairanga i te pirau. Ko ngā tāpiringa me te whakakotahitanga pūmua i ngā kukū tiketike ka kaha ake te tere o te aukati o ngā kiriuhi, ka whakaiti tika i te rere me te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi.
Ngā Huanga Whakahaere:Ko te matotoru teitei ake me whakanui ake i te TMP kia mau tonu ai ngā tere tātari i roto i ngā tukanga tātari rere whakawhiti. Ko te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e te TMP teitei ka whakanui ake i te paru kore e taea te whakakore, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he horoinga kiriuhi maha ake, he whakakapinga kiriuhi wawe ake rānei.
Te Tūranga o ngā Āhuatanga Whāngai
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te whāngai—arā, ko ngā āhuatanga pūmua me te matū wai—e whakatau ana i te kaha o te poke:
Rahi me te Tohatoha o te Pūmua:He nui ake te āhua o ngā pūmua nui ake, ngā pūmua kua kohikohia rānei, ki te aukati i ngā pore me te hanga keke, ka piki ake ai te matotoru me te kaha kikī i te wā e kukū ana te pūmua tātari-ultra.
pH:Ka whakanuia e te pH teitei te ātete hiko, ka ārai i ngā pūmua ki te kohikohi tata ki te kiriuhi, ā, ka whakaitihia te poke. He rerekē, ka whakaitihia e ngā āhuatanga waikawa te ātete, inā koa mō te silica colloidal, ka whakanuia ake te poke o te kiriuhi me te whakaiti i ngā tere rere.
Te pāmahana:Ko te iti o ngā pāmahana tukanga ka whakaiti i te kaha nekeneke, ka taea te whakaroa i te tere o te poke engari ka whakapiki ake hoki i te matotoru o te otinga. Ko te teitei o ngā pāmahana ka whakatere i te poke engari ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te horoi.
Ngā Mea Kororā/Koreora:Ka whakanuia ake te poke e te noho mai o te silica colloidal, ngā konganuku rānei, inā koa i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa. Ka whakanuia e ngā matūriki silica te matotoru katoa o te otinga, ā, ka āraia ngā pūwero, ka iti ake te whai huatanga o te kukū tātaritanga ultra, ā, ka whakaitihia te roa me te mahi o te membrane whānui.
Te Hanganga o te Iōnika:Mā te tāpiri i ētahi momo ionic (Na⁺, Zn²⁺, K⁺) ka whakaiti i te poke mā te whakarerekē i ngā kaha hiko me te wai i waenga i ngā pūmua me ngā kiriuhi. Heoi, ko ngā ion pēnei i te Ca²⁺ ka whakatairanga i te whakakotahitanga me te whakanui ake i te kaha poke.
Ngā tauira:
- I te wā tātari rere whakawhiti, ka tere te hekenga o te rere o te whāngai he nui ngā pūmua taumaha-ngota me te matotoru teitei, ka piki haere hoki ngā mahi horoi me te whakakapinga.
- Ina kei roto i te wai whāngai te silica colloidal, ā, ka waikawahia, ka kaha ake te kohikohinga me te whakatakotoranga o te silica, ka nui ake te tere o te poke me te whakaiti i te mahi a te membrane.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mea nui te mārama ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te matotoru o te otinga, ngā momo poke, me ngā āhuatanga whāngai hei arotau i te kukū tātaritanga ultra, hei whakaiti i te poke o te membrane, me te whakanui ake i te roa o te ora o te membrane.
Te Whakapūmautanga Kukū me Tōna Whakahaere
He aha te Whakapolarization Kukū?
Ko te whakapūmautanga kukū ko te kohikohinga ā-rohe o te matū wairewa e puritia ana—pērā i ngā pūmua—ki te atanga o te membrane/otinga i te wā o te ultrafiltration. I roto i te horopaki o ngā otinga pūmua, i te rere o te wai ki te membrane haurua-permeable, ka puranga ngā pūmua i peia e te membrane ki roto i tētahi paparanga rohe angiangi e tata ana ki te mata. Ko te hua o tēnei kohikohinga he pikinga kukū: he kukū pūmua teitei i te membrane tonu, he iti ake i roto i te otinga papatipu. Ka taea te whakahuri i tēnei āhuatanga, ā, ka whakahaerehia e ngā kaha hydrodynamic. He rerekē tēnei ki te poke o te membrane, e uru ana ki te whakatakotoranga pumau, te mimiti rānei ki roto, ki runga rānei i te membrane.
Te Whakarei ake o te Pōraruraru Kukū i te Matatini me te Parahanga
I te mata o te kiriuhi, ka hangaia he paparanga rohe e te kohikohinga tonu o ngā pūmua e whakanui ana i te kukū o te matū wairewa ā-rohe. E rua ngā pānga nui o tēnei:
Te Pikinga ā-Rohe o te Matatini:I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te pūmua tata ki te kiriuhi, ka piki ake anō hoki te matotoru o te otinga pūmua i roto i tēnei rohe iti. Ka ārai te matotoru teitei i te kawe whakamuri o te matū whakarewa mai i te kiriuhi, ka piki ake te pikinga o te kukū me te hanga i tētahi porowhita urupare e piki haere ana te ātete ki te rere. Ka hua ake tēnei i te hekenga o te rere o te wai, ā, ka nui ake te hiahia pūngao mō te tātari tonu.
Te Whakangāwari i te Para o te Membrane:Ko te nui o te kukū pūmua e tata ana ki te kiriuhi ka whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te whakakotahitanga pūmua, ā, i roto i ētahi pūnaha, ka hangaia he paparanga tiēre. Ka āraihia e tēnei paparanga ngā pūwero kiriuhi, ā, ka whakanuia ake te ātete ki te rere. Kua rite ēnei āhuatanga mō te tīmatanga o te poke kore e taea te whakakore, te wā e whakakotahi ai te pūmua me te herea ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei ngā poke ki te hanganga kiriuhi.
Mā te whakaahua whakamātautau (hei tauira, te karu hikohiko) ka whakaū te tere o te kohikohinga o ngā tautau pūmua nano-rahi i te kiriuhi, ka taea te tipu hei putunga nui mena kāore i te tika te whakahaere i ngā tautuhinga whakahaere.
Ngā Rautaki hei Whakaiti i te Whakapūtanga o te Arotahi
Ko te whakahaere i te pōraitanga kukū i roto i te kukū pūmua ultrafiltration, i te tātari rere whakawhiti rānei, me whai huarahi rua: te whakarerekē i te waiora me te whakarite i ngā tawhā whakahaere.
Te Arotau i te Tere Rere-Whanui:
Mā te whakanui ake i te tere o te rere whakawhiti ka piki ake te rere o te wai puta noa i te kiriuhi, ka whakatairanga i te kutikuti me te whakangawari i te paparanga rohe kukū. Ka horoia e te kutikuti kaha ake ngā pūmua kua kohia mai i te mata o te kiriuhi, ka whakaiti i te pōraritanga me te mōrearea o te poke. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaranu pūmau, te whakauru rānei i te hau e whakakorikori ana i te paparanga solute, ka whakapai ake i te rere o te wai me te whai huatanga o te tukanga tātari rere whakawhiti.
Te Whakarerekē i ngā Tawhā Whakahaere:
Pēhanga Whakawhiti-kiri (TMP):Ko te TMP te rerekētanga pēhanga puta noa i te kiriuhi me te kaha akiaki mō te tātaritanga-rahi. Heoi, mā te pana i te TMP ki runga ake hei whakatere i te tātari ka hoki whakamuri mā te whakanui ake i te pōraruraru kukū. Mā te piri ki te awhe pēhanga transmembrane noa—kaua e neke atu i ngā rohe kua whakatakotoria mō te tātaritanga-rahi pūmua—ka āwhina ki te aukati i te nui rawa o te kohuke me te pikinga e pā ana ki te matotoru ā-rohe.
Tere Kutikuti:Ko te tere kutikuti, he mahi nā te tere whakawhiti-rere me te hoahoa awa, he mea nui ki te kawe i te matūriki. Mā te kutikuti teitei ka noho angiangi, ka nekeneke hoki te paparanga pōraritanga, ka taea ai te whakahou pinepine i te rohe kua pau te matūriki tata ki te kiriuhi. Mā te whakanui ake i te tere kutikuti ka whakaitihia te wā e kohikohi ai ngā pūmua, ā, ka whakaitihia te pikinga matotoru i te atanga.
Ngā Āhuatanga Whāngai:Mā te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te otinga pūmua e tomo mai ana—pērā i te whakaheke i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua, te whakaiti i te ihirangi matū, te whakahaere rānei i te pH me te kaha ionic—ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te whānuitanga me te pānga o te pōraruraru kukū. Mā te maimoatanga whāngai me ngā whakarerekētanga hanganga ka whakarei ake i te mahi a te membrane ultrafiltration me te whakaroa i te roanga o te ora o te membrane mā te whakaiti i te auau o te horoinga membrane.
Tauira Taupānga:
Ko te tipu e whakamahi ana i te tātari rere tangential (TFF) hei whakapūmau i ngā paturopi monoclonal ka whakamahi i ngā tere whakawhiti-rere kua tino arotauhia, ā, ka pupuri i te TMP i roto i tētahi matapihi tino pakari. Mā te mahi pera, ka whakaitihia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te pōraruraru kukū me te paru o te membrane, ka whakaitihia te auau whakakapinga membrane me ngā huringa horoi—ka whakaiti tika i ngā utu whakahaere me te whakapai ake i te hua hua.
Ko te whakarerekētanga me te aroturukitanga tika o ēnei taurangi—tae atu ki te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua i te wā tūturu—he mea nui ki te arotau i te mahi kukū tātaritanga ultra me te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino e pā ana ki te pōraruraru kukū i roto i te tukatuka pūmua.
Te Arotau i te Ultrafiltration mō ngā Otinga Pūmua Tino-Matū
6.1. Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Whakahaere
Ko te pupuri i te mahi tātaritanga tino pai me ngā otinga pūmua matotoru-teitei me whai taurite ātaahua i waenga i te pēhanga transmembrane (TMP), te kukū pūmua, me te matotoru o te otinga. Ko te TMP—te rerekētanga o te pēhanga puta noa i te membrane—ka pā tika ki te tere kukū pūmua tātaritanga-rahi me te nui o te poke o te membrane. I te tukatuka i ngā otinga matotoru pēnei i ngā paturopi monoclonal, i ngā pūmua serum kukū-teitei rānei, ko te pikinga nui o te TMP ka whakanui ake i te rere i te tīmatanga, engari ka tere ake te poke me te kohikohi pūmua i te mata o te membrane. Ka arahi tēnei ki tētahi tukanga tātaritanga ngoikore me te kore pumau, i whakaūhia e ngā rangahau whakaahua e whakaatu ana i ngā paparanga pūmua matotoru e hanga ana i te TMP teitei me ngā kukū pūmua neke atu i te 200 mg/mL.
Ko te huarahi tino pai ko te whakahaere i te pūnaha tata ki te TMP matua, engari kaua e neke atu i te TMP matua. I tēnei wā, ka tino hua te hua engari he iti tonu te tūponotanga o te poke kore e taea te whakakore. Mō ngā matotoru tino teitei, e kī ana ngā kitenga hou ko te whakaiti i te TMP me te whakanui i te rere o te whāngai i te wā kotahi (tātari rere whakawhiti) hei āwhina i te whakaiti i te pōraruraru kukū me te whakatakotoranga pūmua. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i roto i te kukū pūmua Fc-fusion i ngā tautuhinga TMP iti ka āwhina i te pupuri i te rere pumau me te whakaiti i te ngaronga hua.
He mea nui te piki haere āta haere o te kukū pūmua i te wā o te tātaritanga nui. Mā ngā mahi kukū ohorere ka tere rawa te akiaki i te otinga ki tētahi tikanga matotoru, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te whakakotahitanga me te kaha o te poke. Engari, mā te piki haere i ngā taumata pūmua ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā tukanga pēnei i te TMP, te tere rere-whiti, me te pH i te wā kotahi, hei āwhina i te pupuri i te pumau o te pūnaha. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau take tātaritanga nui whākōkī ko te pupuri i ngā pēhanga whakahaere iti i roto i ēnei wāhanga ka whakarite kia piki ake te kukū, ka whakaiti i te hekenga o te rere me te tiaki i te kounga o te hua.
6.2. Te Auautanga me te Tiaki i te Whakakapinga o te Kiriuhi
Ko te auau o te whakakapinga o te kiriuhi i roto i te tātaritanga ultra e hono tata ana ki ngā tohu o te poke me te hekenga o te rerenga. Engari i te whakawhirinaki noa ki te hekenga o te rerenga whanaunga hei tohu mutunga o te oranga, ko te aroturuki i te ātete poke motuhake—he ine tauanga e tohu ana i te ātete i whakatakotoria e te rauemi kua kohia—kua whakamātauhia he pono ake, inā koa i roto i ngā whāngai pūmua-whakaranu, pūmua-polysaccharide rānei, i reira ka tere ake, ka nui ake te poke.
He mea nui anō hoki te aroturuki i ngā tohu paru tāpiri. Ko ngā tohu kitea o te whakatakotoranga o te mata, te rere koretake o te wai, te pikinga tonu rānei o te TMP (ahakoa te horoinga) he tohu whakatūpato katoa mō te paru matatau e puta mai ana i mua i te pakaru o te membrane. Mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te aroturuki i te taupū paru kua whakarerekētia (MFI-UF) me te hono atu ki te mahi membrane ka taea te whakarite matapae i te whakakapinga kaua ki ngā huringa tauhohe, kia whakaitihia ai te wā kore mahi me te whakahaere i ngā utu tiaki.
Ehara i te mea ko te hanga paru rauropi anake ka whakararu i te kounga o te kiriuhi engari ko te waikura anō hoki, inā koa i roto i ngā tukanga e rere ana i te pH tino nui, i te nui rānei o te tote. Me whakahaere ngā tirotiro me ngā tikanga horoi matū i ia wā hei whakahaere i te waikura me te whakatakotoranga paru. Ina kitea he paru e pā ana ki te waikura, me whakarerekē te auau horoi kiriuhi me ngā wā whakakapinga kia mau tonu ai te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi me te mahi tonu o te kiriuhi tātari-rahi. He mea nui te tiaki tino pai, kua whakaritea kia whakaitihia ai te pānga o ēnei take me te whakaroa i te mahi whai hua.
6.3. Te Whakahaere Tukanga me te Ine i te Matotoru ā-Rāina
He mea nui te ine tika, ā-wā tonu i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua mō te whakahaere tukanga i roto i te tātaritanga tino-rahi, inā koa ka piki haere ngā kukū me ngā matotoru. Ka whakaratohia e ngā pūnaha ine matotoru ā-roto te aroturuki tonu, e āhei ai te urupare tonu me te āhei hoki ki ngā whakarerekētanga hihiri ki ngā tawhā pūnaha.
Kua hurihia e ngā hangarau hou te āhua o te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua:
Te Matawai Raman me te Tātari KalmanMā te tātari Raman wā-tūturu, e tautokona ana e ngā tātari Kalman whānui, ka taea te aroturuki pakari i te kukū pūmua me te hanganga pūmua. Ka whakanui ake tēnei huarahi i te aro me te tika, ka tautoko i te aunoatanga o te tukanga mō te kukū tātaritanga ultra me te tātaritanga dia.
Te Ine Matawai Ā-pūtau AunoaMā te whakamahi i te tirohanga rorohiko, ka ine aunoa tēnei hangarau i te matotoru o te otinga, ka whakakore i ngā hapa ā-ringa, ā, ka tuku aroturuki maha-whakapūmau puta noa i ngā awa tukanga maha. Ka whakamanahia mō ngā hanganga pūmua paerewa me ngā hanganga pūmua matatini, ā, ka whakaiti i te wawaotanga i te wā o te wāhanga kukū ultrafiltration.
Ngā Pūrere Rheology MaikorowaiKa tukuna e ngā pūnaha moroiti-wai ngā kōtaha rheological taipitopito, tonu, ahakoa mō ngā otinga pūmua matotoru-teitei ehara i te Newtonian. He tino whai hua ēnei i roto i te hanga rongoā, te tautoko i ngā rautaki hangarau tātari tukanga (PAT) me te whakaurunga ki ngā koropiko urupare.
Mā te whakahaere tukanga mā te whakamahi i ēnei taputapu ka taea te whakatinana i ngā takahuri urupare mō te whakatikatika wā-tūturu o te TMP, te tere whāngai, te tere rere whakawhiti rānei hei whakautu i ngā huringa matotoru. Hei tauira, mēnā ka kitea e te pūoko ā-roto he pikinga ohorere o te matotoru (nā te pikinga kukū, te whakakotahitanga rānei), ka taea te whakaiti aunoa i te TMP, te whakanui rānei i te tere rere whakawhiti hei whakawhāiti i te tīmatanga o te pōraruraru kukū i roto i te ultrafiltration. Ehara i te mea ka roa ake te roa o te membrane i tēnei huarahi, engari ka tautoko hoki i te kounga hua pumau mā te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua i runga i te hihiri.
Ko te whiriwhiri i te hangarau aroturuki matotoru tino tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakaritenga motuhake o te tono tātaritanga-rahi, tae atu ki te whānuitanga matotoru e tumanakohia ana, te uauatanga o te hanganga pūmua, ngā hiahia whakauru, me te utu. Nā ēnei whanaketanga i roto i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te whakahaere tukanga hihiri kua tino whakapai ake i te kaha ki te arotau i te tātaritanga-rahi mō ngā otinga pūmua matotoru-teitei, e whakarite ana i te pumau mahi me te hua hua teitei.
Te Whakatau Rapanga me ngā Raru Noa i roto i te Pūmua Ultrafiltration
7.1. Ngā Tohu, Ngā Take, me Ngā Rongoā
Te Pēhanga Transmembrane kua Whakanuia
Ko te pikinga o te pēhanga transmembrane (TMP) i te wā o te ultrafiltration e tohu ana i te pikinga o te ātete puta noa i te membrane. He tika ngā pānga o te pēhanga transmembrane ki te ultrafiltration: ko te awhe pēhanga transmembrane noa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tukanga, engari me haere tonu te pikinga o te tika o te rangahau. E rua ngā take noa e kitea ana:
- Te matotoru teitei ake o te otinga pūmua:I te pikinga ake o te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua—i te nuinga o te wā i te kukū teitei o te pūmua tātari-rahi—ka piki ake te pēhanga e hiahiatia ana mō te rere. Ka kitea tēnei i ngā mahi kukū whakamutunga me ngā mahi tātari-kore i te wā e tino matotoru ana ngā otinga.
- Te poke o te kiriuhi:Ka taea e ngā mea poke pēnei i ngā kohikohinga pūmua, ngā ranunga polysaccharide-pūmua rānei te piri, te aukati rānei i ngā pūwero o te kiriuhi, ka hua ake he pikinga tere o te TMP.
Ngā rongoā:
- Whakaitihia te TMP me te whakanui ake i te rerenga whāngaiMā te whakaiti i te TMP me te whakanui ake i te tere whāngai ka whakaiti i te pōraitanga kukū me te hanganga paparanga ira, ka whakatairanga i te rerenga pumau.
- Te horoinga kiriuhi auauWhakatūria he auau horoinga kiriuhi tino pai hei tango i ngā poke kua kohia. Aroturukihia te whai huatanga mā te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua i muri i te horoinga.
- Whakakapia ngā kiriuhi kua koroheke: Tērā pea e tika ana kia nui ake te auau o te whakakapinga kiriuhi mena kāore i te rawaka te horoi, kua eke rānei te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi.
Te Hekenga o te Rerenga: Te Rākau Tātaritanga
Ko te hekenga tonu o te rere i te wā o te kukū tātaritanga ultra e tohu ana i ngā āwangawanga hua. Whāia tēnei huarahi tātaritanga:
- Aroturuki i te TMP me te matotoru:Mena kua piki ake ngā mea e rua, tirohia mēnā he paru, he paparanga tiēre rānei.
- Tirohia te hanganga me te pH o te whāngai:Ka taea e ngā panonitanga ki konei te whakarerekē i te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua me te whakatairanga i te poke.
- Aromatawai i te mahi a te kiriuhi:Ahakoa te horoinga, he tohu te hekenga o te rere o te wai uruhanga, tera pea he kino te kiriuhi, he poke rānei e kore e taea te whakatika.
Ngā otinga:
- Arotauhia te pāmahana, te pH, me te kaha katote i roto i te whāngai hei whakaiti i te poke me te pōraruraru kukū i roto i te ultrafiltration.
- Whakamahia ngā kōwae kiriuhi kua whakarerekētia te mata, kua hurihurihia rānei hei whakararuraru i ngā paparanga ira me te whakahoki mai i te rere.
- Whakahaerehia te ine i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua i ia wā hei matapae i ngā huringa ka pā ki te rere.
Te Whakakino Tere, te Hanganga Papanga Kirikiri rānei
Ko te tere o te hanganga o te paparanga tiēre ka hua mai i te nui rawa o te porotiti i te mata o te membrane. He tino pāngia te pēhanga transverse flow filtration (TFF) transmembrane i raro i ngā āhuatanga whāngai matotoru, nui rānei te pūmua.
Ngā Rautaki Whakaiti:
- Tāpirihia ngā mata kiriuhi wai-aroha, he kino te utu (hei tauira, ngā kiriuhi Polyvinylidene fluoride [PVDF]) hei whakaiti i te herenga me te piri o te pūmua.
- Whakamaaramahia te whāngai i mua i te whakamahi i te tauhohenga matū, te tauhohenga hiko rānei hei tango i ngā matū poke nui i mua i te tātaritanga ultra.
- Whakauruhia ngā taputapu miihini pēnei i ngā kōwae hurihuri ki roto i te tukanga tātari rere whakawhiti hei whakaiti i te matotoru o te paparanga keke me te whakaroa i te hanganga o te paparanga tiēre.
7.2. Te Whakatikatika ki te Rerekētanga Whāngai
Me urutau ngā pūnaha tātaritanga pūmua ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga me te hanganga o te pūmua whāngai. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua—pērā i te hanganga pūmua, te kukū pūmua, me te āhua whakahiato—te whakarerekē i te whanonga o te pūnaha.
Ngā Rautaki Whakautu
- Te aroturuki i te matotoru me te hanganga i te wā tūturu:Whakatakotoria ngā pūoko tātari ā-roto (Raman spectroscopy + Kalman filtering) hei tere kite i ngā huringa whāngai, kia pai ake ai te mahi i ngā tikanga UV, IR rānei tawhito.
- Mana whakahaere tukanga urutau:Whakatikatikahia ngā tautuhinga tawhā (tere rere, TMP, kōwhiringa kiriuhi) hei whakautu ki ngā huringa kua kitea. Hei tauira, ko te whakapiki ake i te matotoru o te otinga pūmua ka hiahia pea ki te TMP iti ake me ngā reiti kutikuti teitei.
- Kōwhiringa kiriuhi:Whakamahia ngā kiriuhi kua arotauhia te rahi o ngā pore me te matū o te mata kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te whāngai o nāianei, kia taurite ai te pupuri me te rere o te pūmua.
- Te maimoatanga o mua i te whāngai:Mena ka puta te poke i ngā panoni ohorere o te āhua o te whāngai, whakauruhia ngā mahi taupatupatu, tātari rānei i mua i te tātaritanga ultra.
Ngā tauira:
- I roto i te tukatuka koiora, mā ngā pana arai, ngā huringa rānei o ngā whakahiato paturopi ka whakaoho i te TMP me ngā whakarerekētanga rere mā te pūnaha whakahaere.
- Mō te ultrafiltration e hono ana ki te chromatography, ka taea e ngā rauropi arotautanga tauoti-ranu urutau te whakaiti i te rerekētanga me ngā utu whakahaere me te pupuri tonu i te mahi a te membrane ultrafiltration.
Mā te aroturuki auau i te ine matotoru o te otinga pūmua me te whakarerekē tonu ki ngā āhuatanga tukatuka ka āwhina i te arotau i te kukū tātaritanga ultra, te pupuri i te putanga, me te whakaiti i te poke o te kiriuhi me te pōraruraru kukū.
Ngā Pātai Auau
8.1. He aha te awhe noa mō te pēhanga transmembrane i roto i te ultrafiltration o ngā otinga pūmua?
Ko te awhe pēhanga transmembrane noa (TMP) i roto i ngā pūnaha kukū pūmua ultrafiltration e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo membrane, te hoahoa kōwae, me ngā āhuatanga whāngai. Mō te nuinga o ngā tukanga ultrafiltration pūmua, ka puritia te TMP i waenga i te 1 ki te 3 pae (15–45 psi). Ko ngā uara TMP i runga ake i te 0.2 MPa (tata ki te 29 psi) ka tūpono ki te kino o te membrane, te tere o te poke, me te poto o te roa o te ora o te membrane. I roto i ngā tono biomedical me te bioprocessing, ko te TMP e taunakitia ana kaua e neke ake i te 0.8 pae (~12 psi) hei karo i te pakaru o te membrane. Mō ngā tukanga pēnei i te tātari rere whakawhiti, ko te noho i roto i tēnei awhe TMP ka tiaki i te hua me te pumau o te pūmua.
8.2. He aha te pānga o te matotoru o ngā otinga pūmua ki te mahi tātaritanga-rahi?
Ka pā tika te matotoru o te otinga pūmua ki te mahi o te kukū ultrafiltration. Ka whakanui ake te matotoru teitei i te ātete rere me te whakanui ake i te TMP, ka hua ake te hekenga o te rere permeat me te tere o te poke o te membrane. Ka kitea tēnei pānga me ngā paturopi monoclonal, ngā pūmua Fc-fusion rānei i te kukū teitei, ka piki ake te matotoru nā te taunekeneke pūmua-pūmua me ngā pānga utu. Mā te whakahaere me te arotau i te matotoru me ngā excipients, ngā maimoatanga enzymatic rānei ka whakapai ake i te rere, ka whakaiti i te poke, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā kukū teitei ake i te wā kukū ultrafiltration. He mea nui te aroturuki i te ine matotoru otinga pūmua hei pupuri i te tukatuka whai hua.
8.3. He aha te whakapūmautanga kukū, ā, he aha i hiranga ai i roto i te TFF?
Ko te whakapūmautanga kukū i roto i te tātaritanga ultra ko te kohikohinga o ngā pūmua i te mata o te membrane, ka puta he pikinga i waenga i te otinga papatipu me te atanga membrane. I roto i te tātari rere whakawhiti, ka hua ake tēnei i te pikinga o te matotoru ā-rohe me te hekenga pea o te rere. Ki te kore e whakahaerea, ka whakatairanga pea i te poke o te membrane me te whakaiti i te pai o te pūnaha. Ko te aro atu ki te whakapūmautanga kukū i roto i te tātaritanga ultra ko te arotau i ngā tere rere-whiti, te TMP, me te kōwhiringa membrane kia mau tonu ai te paparanga whakapūmautanga angiangi. Mā te whakahaere tika ka noho teitei te putanga, ka iti hoki te mōrearea poke.
8.4. Me pēhea taku whakatau āhea me whakakapi taku kiriuhi tātaritanga-rahi?
Whakakapia te kiriuhi tātari-rahi ina kite koe i te hekenga nui o te rere (rerenga), te pikinga tonu o te TMP e kore e taea te whakatau i te horoinga paerewa, te paru kitea rānei e toe ana i muri i te horoinga. Ko ētahi atu tohu ko te ngaronga o te whiriwhiringa (te korenga e whakakore i ngā pūmua ūnga e ai ki te tumanako) me te korenga e eke ki ngā whakaritenga mahi. Ko te aroturuki i te auau whakakapinga kiriuhi me te whakamātautau rere me te whiriwhiringa auau te tūāpapa mō te whakanui ake i te roa o te ora o te kiriuhi i roto i ngā tukanga kukū tātari-rahi otinga pūmua.
8.5. He aha ngā tawhā whakahaere ka taea e au te whakarerekē hei whakaiti i te paru o te pūmua i roto i te TFF?
Ko ngā tawhā whakahaere matua hei whakaiti i te paru o te pūmua i roto i te tātari rere whakawhiti ko:
- Kia mau tonu te tere whakawhiti-rerenga e tika ana hei whakaiti i te hanga pūmua ā-rohe me te whakahaere i te pōraruraru kukū.
- Whakahaerehia i roto i te awhe TMP kua tūtohutia, arā, 3–5 psi (0.2–0.35 pae) te nuinga, hei ārai i te turuturu nui o te hua me te kino o te kiriuhi.
- Whakamahia ngā tikanga horoi kiriuhi i ia wā hei whakaiti i te paru e kore e taea te whakakore.
- Aroturukihia, ā, ki te tika, tukatukahia i mua te otinga whāngai hei whakahaere i te matotoru (hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā maimoatanga whākōkī pēnei i te pectinase).
- Tīpakohia ngā rauemi kiriuhi me ngā rahi o ngā pūwero (MWCO) e tika ana mō te rahi pūmua me ngā whāinga tukanga e hiahiatia ana.
Mā te whakauru i te tātari-mua o te hydrocyclone, te maimoatanga-mua rānei o te whākōkī ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi a te pūnaha, inā koa mō ngā whāngai matotoru. Aroturukihia te hanganga o te whāngai me te whakarerekē i ngā tautuhinga kia iti ake te poke o te kiriuhi me te arotau i te wāhanga kukū tātari-rahi.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-03-2025
