ContinuousKo te ine i te mātotoru o te propylene wai he tūāpapa mō te mahi haumaru, whai hua, me te kounga teitei o ngā whare e mahi ana i te purenga, te rokiroki, me te whakahaere propylene. Koinei te pūtake mō te whakahaere rawa, ngā toenga rauemi, me te whakarite kia tutuki pono ngā whakaritenga tukanga me te hua whakamutunga—pērā i ērā mō te propylene karaehe polymer. Mō ngā matū pupuhi me ngā matū pēhanga pērā i te propylene, ehara i te mea he mea hangarau noa iho ngā raraunga mātotoru tika engari he tawhā haumaru matua hoki e pā ana ki ngā tataunga whakakī tāke, te whakatau i te wāhi mamaoa, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea i roto i ngā āhuatanga rokiroki me te whakawhiti.
Kupu Whakataki
Ko te propylene polymer-grade teitei (PGP) he mea nui ki te umanga matū hou, inā koa i roto i te hanga polypropylene. Me te parakore neke atu i te 99.5%, ka whakarite te PGP i ngā tauhohenga polymerization whai hua, te mahi whakakorikori tino pai, me te hanga polypropylene me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū ōrite. Ka pā tika te kounga o te PGP ki ngā umanga mai i te takai me ngā wāhanga motuka ki ngā hikohiko me ngā taputapu hauora, ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga polymer, te kaha miihini rānei, ka pā kino ki te hekenga.
Te Hanganga Propylene
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Ko te purenga o te propylene kia eke ki ngā paerewa polymer-grade ko te tango i ngā toenga o te propane, dienes, oxygenates, me ētahi atu poke pea. Ahakoa kei ngā taumata ppm ēnei poke, ka taea e rātou te tino paitini i ngā whakakorikori tairongo pērā i ngā pūnaha Ziegler-Natta me Metallocene, ka arahi ki te whakakorenga o ngā whakakorikori, te whakaiti i ngā hua, te whānui ake o ngā tohatoha taumaha ngota, me ngā āhuatanga hua mutunga kua whakarerekētia. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tipu polypropylene ki ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakahoro matatau, te mimiti e ngā anga whakarewa-organic (MOF), me te wehenga membrane hei whakaiti i ēnei poke me te pupuri i te pumau o te tukanga.
He mea nui te penapena haumaru me te whakahaere tupato i te propylene wai nā ōna āhuatanga morearea. He tino mura te propylene, ka rongoatia i raro i te pēhanga teitei, ā, ka puta he ranunga pahū me te hau. Me whai tikanga pakari: me rongoa i roto i ngā taiao hauhautanga pai mā te whakamahi i ngā ipu pēhanga teitei kua whakamanahia me ngā taputapu whakaiti pēhanga me te aroturuki kohu. Ko ngā kaimahi whakangungu anake me whakahaere ngā mahi whakawhiti me te tauira i raro i te piripono ki ngā ture haumaru mahi, me te whakarite i te pono o te hua me te haumaru o te wāhi mahi.
Ko tētahi atu poutokomanawa o te tuku propylene pono ko te ine tika i te mātotoru o te propylene wai—he āhuatanga e hono tata ana ki te whakahaere tukanga, te whakahaere taonga, me te kounga hua. He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru o ngā wai, inā koa ko te propylene, hei whakatau i te parakore me te whakataurite i te rere me te ine papatipu i te wā rokiroki, whakawhiti, me te whāngai polymerization. Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho pēnei i te pauna hydrostatic e tuku ana i ngā uara tohutoro engari kāore i te pai mō te whakamahi tonu i roto i ngā tautuhinga ahumahi. Ko ngā otinga matatau—ngā mita mātotoru momo oscillation, tae atu ki ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter—ka taea te aroturuki ā-roto, wā-tūturu, e tautoko ana i te whakapumautanga kounga me te whai huatanga o te mahi. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu te tika teitei, ā, kua hangaia kia mahi i raro i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga uaua e tūtaki ana ki ngā mahi kawe propylene me te hanga polypropylene, e whakarite ana i te ōritetanga me te whai i te mekameka tuku puta noa i te mekameka tuku.
He mea nui te mārama ki te hononga i waenga i te purenga o te propylene, te pono o te whāngai tauhohenga, ngā tikanga rokiroki haumaru, me te ine pakari i te mātotorutanga hei tuku i te propylene kounga teitei, ōrite ki ngā tipu polypropylene o te ao, me te pupuri i ngā paerewa mahi me te haumaru e hiahiatia ana e te umanga.
Propylene Taumata-Polymer: Whakamāramatanga, Ngā Āhuatanga, me te Whakaputa
He aha te Propylene Pae-Polymer?
Ko te propylene karaehe-polymer he momo propylene tino parakore (C₃H₆) he mea nui mō te hanga polypropylene me ētahi atu polymer. Ko tōna hiranga i ahu mai i ngā whakaritenga kounga tino pakari o ngā whakakorikori polymerization pērā i a Ziegler-Natta me ngā pūnaha metallocene. He tino tairongo ēnei whakakorikori ki ngā poke pērā i te whanariki, te phosphorus, te wai, me ngā oxygenates, ka taea te whakakore i te whakakorikori me te whakaheke i te kounga o te hua polymer. Mō tēnei take, me neke ake te propylene karaehe-polymer i te paepae parakore o te 99.5%, me ngā whakaritenga ahumahi noa e eke ana ki te 99.7%. Ko te ihirangi whanariki he iti iho i te 0.1–0.2 ppm, ko te phosphorus he iti iho i te 0.1 ppm te nuinga, me te wai kei raro iho i te 5 ppm hei tiaki i te mahi whakakorikori me te roa o te ora. Ko ngā hangarau whakakorikori whakataetae, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i te nuinga, te otinga, me te polymerizations hau-āhuatanga, he rerekē i roto i ō rātou manawanui poke, engari me tino parakore katoa ngā rauemi kai mō te mahi tino pai me te mahi ōhanga. He mea nui te pupuri i tēnei parakore hei ārai i te whakakapinga whakakōkī utu nui me te wā kore mahi e puta mai ana i te whakakorenga, te poke rānei o te whāngai tauhohenga mō te hanga propylene.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o te Tinana
He hau kore tae te propylene, he tino pūngāwerewere i ngā āhuatanga paerewa, he uaua ki te whakahaere me te penapena. Ko tōna pāmahana kohua he –47.6 °C, ā, ko tōna pāmahana rewa he –185 °C. Ina rongoatia, ina kawehia rānei hei wai i raro i te pēhanga, he mea nui te mārama ki te matotoru o te propylene wai me te pūngāwerewere mō te mahi haumaru me te whai hua. I te –48°C me te pēhanga hauhautanga, ko te matotoru o te propylene wai he tata ki te 0.51 g/cm³. I raro i te rokiroki pēhanga noa (hei tauira, 8–10 pae, 20°C), ka taea e te matotoru te piki ki te tata ki te 0.49–0.52 g/cm³. He mea nui ēnei tawhā matotoru mō ngā taurite papatipu tukanga, te rahi o te tāke, me te ine taumata. Ko te propylene he tata ki te 1.5 ngā wā he matotoru ake i te hau i roto i te āhua o te kohu, ka whai wāhi ki te ia o te kohikohi o ngā kohu i puta ki ngā wāhi papaku, ka tūpono he tūponotanga pahū. Ka tutuki te ine tika i te mātotoru o te propylene wai mā roto i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto tika, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te aroturuki me te whakahaere tika i ngā taonga me te arotau i ngā āhuatanga rokiroki. Ko te āhua hurihuri me te whanonga ā-wāhanga e hiahia ana ki ngā otinga hangarau mō te wehenga ā-wāhanga, te whakahaere mura, me te kimi turuturu i te wā e whakahaeretia ana me te rokiroki.
Ngā Tikanga Whakaputa Tuatahi
Ko ngā huarahi ahumahi matua mō te hanga propylene taumata-polymer ko te pakaru mamaoa, te pakaru catalytic, me te disproportionation olefin (tērā pea ko te metathesis).
Pakaru Mamao:Ko te pakaru mamaoa o ngā warowaihā (naphtha, LPG, ethane rānei) ka puta te ethylene engari ka puta hoki he hua taha propylene nui. Kei roto i ngā hua tuatahi he ranunga o ngā warowaihā e hiahia ana kia purea i ngā taahiraa maha, tae atu ki te whakatōtō cryogenic me te hydrogenation, kia eke ki ngā paerewa polymer-grade. Ko tētahi wero ko te tata o te kohua o te propylene me te propane, e uaua ai te wehenga me te whakapiki ake i ngā utu pūngao me ngā taputapu.
Te Pakaru Whakakorikori:Ka hurihia e ngā waeine pakaru wai (FCC) ngā hinu hau hei alkene māmā ake, ka puta he propylene hei hua matua. Ka puta hoki i te FCC me ngā tukanga e pā ana he olefin teitei ake (C₄–C₈), ā, mā te pakaru o muri mai ka nui ake te hua propylene engari ka uaua ake ngā mahi wehewehe.
Te Tauritekore o te Olefin (Metatesis):Mā ngā hangarau metathesis, pērā i te tauhohenga o te ethylene me te butene, ka taea te whakaputa propylene i runga i te kaupapa. He mea ātaahua ēnei tikanga mō te ngāwari o ngā rauemi whāngai, ā, ka taea te whakaputa tika i ngā awa parakore teitei me te iti ake o ngā hua taha taumaha, ka whakaiti i ngā tono purenga o raro. Heoi, kei te whai pānga tonu te kounga o ngā rauemi whāngai me ngā kōtaha hua taha ki te hoahoa pūnaha purenga.
Ko ngā tukanga whakaputa ka puta he hua taha—mai i te hauwai, te methane, me ngā momo hauwaiwai C₄+ tae atu ki ngā poke iti—me wehe pai kia wehea ai te propylene i te parakore o te polymer. Ko te papa hua taha o ia huarahi e whakatau ana i te kaha me te āhua o te purenga o raro, inā koa i roto i te tango whiriwhiri i te propane, ngā mea kore-mākū, me ngā paitini iti. Ko ngā mahi purenga, tae atu ki te hauwai whiriwhiri, te whakatō, te mimiti, me ngā pūnaha membrane matatau, kua whakaritea mō ia tukanga kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga purenga propylene tino kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā mahi polymerization.
Ko te aroturukitanga tonu me te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā ā-tinana matua, pērā i te matotoru me te pāmahana wai o te propylene, i te wā e whakaputa ana, e rongoa ana hoki, ka tutuki mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau ine ā-roto matatau pērā i ngā mea nā Lonnmeter. He mea nui tēnei raraunga mō ngā tataunga taurite papatipu me te whakarite kia tutukihia ngā paerewa haumaru, inā koa i te whakahaere me te rokiroki i te propylene wai i ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere tika.
Kei raro nei he tūtohi whakatairite e whakaatu ana i te matotoru o te propylene wai noa i ngā āhuatanga rerekē:
| Te pāmahana (°C) | Pēhanga (pae) | Te Matotoru o te Propylene Wai (g/cm³) |
| -48 | 1 | 0.51 |
| 0 | 5 | 0.52 |
| 20 | 9 | 0.49 |
| 40 | 15 | 0.47 |
Mā te ine tika i te mātotoru ka mōhiotia ngā tikanga haumaru me te whai huatanga o te mahi i roto i tētahi whare e whakahaere ana i te rokiroki me te whakahaere i te propylene.
Ngā Rautaki Whakamaemae Propylene mō te Tukunga Paerewa Polymer
Ngā Tikanga Whakamaarama Ahumahi
Ko te whakahorohoro tonu te tūāpapa mō te purenga propylene, e wehewehe ana i te propylene mai i te propane me ētahi atu hauwaiwai māmā kia tutuki ai te paepae parakore >99.5% e hiahiatia ana mō te propylene karaehe polymer. Ka whakamahia e te tukanga ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā pūwāhi kohua—propylene i te -47.6 °C me te propane i te -42.1 °C—e hiahiatia ana he pou teitei, he nui te reflux me te whakauru kaha nui. Nā te nui o te tono pūngao ka nui te utu o te whakahorohoro tikanga, inā koa ka whakawhāitihia ngā whakaritenga parakore me te piki haere o ngā whāinga whakahaere. Ko ngā herenga ko ngā ngaronga propylene (tae atu ki te 2,900 tana ia tau i roto i ngā whare whakahorohoro kotahi-wāhanga) me te heke haere o ngā hokinga mai i te mea he nui ake ngā paepae, he nui ake rānei te reflux e whakamahia ana ki ngā whakapainga parakore taha.
Mā ngā rautaki whakatōtō matatau ka aro atu ki ētahi o ēnei wero. Hei tauira, mā te whakatinana i te whakatōtō tere o raro ka taea te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga propylene mā te neke atu i te 70%, ka puta he penapena nui mō ngā whakapaunga whakahaere mō ngā whare e hiahia ana ki te haumi ki ngā whirihoranga pou hou, ki ngā whakarerekētanga rānei. Ka whakarei ake ngā waeine whakatōtō kiriuhi-whakaranu ranu i te whai huatanga me te ngāwari o te pūngao, inā koa ka whakahaere i ngā rauemi whāngai rerekē. Ka whakaatuhia e ēnei momo ranu he whakahekenga 12.6% i roto i ngā utu ā-tau mā te tango i ētahi mahi wehenga ki ngā kiriuhi polymeric, inorganic rānei kua tohua i mua i te whakatikatika whakamutunga mā te whakatōtō. Mā ngā huarahi whakatōtō tango e whakamahi ana i ngā wai ionic kua tohua motuhake hei whakauru, pērā i te [BMIM][TFA], ka taea te whakaheke i te pūngao tae atu ki te 82% i runga i ngā tikanga tuku iho. Mā ēnei auahatanga ka nekehia te umanga ki te purenga propylene pumau ake, tauine ake, me te whai hua ake.
Ko te purenga e ahu mai ana i te adsorption he huarahi kē atu, he tāpiri rānei ki te distillation. Kua whakamātauhia he tino whai hua ngā rauemi pēnei i te Cu-MOF-74 (ngā anga whakarewa-organic e ahu mai ana i te parahi) nā te mea he āta hangaia te microporosity me ngā wāhi whakarewa tuwhera. Mā ēnei anga ka taea te tino whiriwhiri i te physiosorption o te propylene mā te sieving ngota me ngā taunekeneke pai i waenga i ngā warowaihā kore-mākū me ngā pona parahi. E whakaū ana ngā whakamātautau moenga-pūmau ka taea e te Cu-MOF-74 te whakaputa i te propylene me te parakore neke atu i te 99.5%, e tutuki tika ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi polymer. He mea nui, ka mahi ēnei pūnaha adsorption i ngā pēhanga iti me ngā pāmahana tata-awhiowhio, ka whakaiti tere i te whakaurunga pūngao ki te whakataurite ki ngā tukanga wera, ā, ka taea te whakahou ake mō te whakamahinga tonu.
Ko ngā hoahoa purenga hou ake nei e whakauru ana i ngā hangarau maha. Ko ngā kaupapa ranu e whakamahi ana i te adsorption wāhanga tuatahi mā te whakamahi i ngā anga ultra-microporous (pērā i ngā sorbents e ahu mai ana i te azolate) hei whakakī i te propylene, ā, muri iho ka whakakanapahia te whakatō hei whakarite i te tango i ngā poke. Mā ēnei tikanga ka mau te putanga tino-teitei, ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao, ka whakahaere i ngā mahi. Hei tauira, kua pūrongohia ko ngā huringa adsorption-desorption kotahi ka tukuna he >99.7% propylene i roto i ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau whakamātautau. Ko ngā membrane muka-rua ranu me ngā tere whakatō ka tautoko ake i te pumau o te tukanga me te urutau tere ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata, ka tukuna he hua polymer-grade rite tonu me te whakaiti i ngā tapuwae waro.
Te Whakatutuki i te Parakore Tino-Tiketike
Ko te propylene karaehe-polymer e hiahia ana ki ngā taumata poke i raro iho i te 30 ppm propane, 1 ppm ethylene, 1 ppm wai, me ngā taumata ppt o ngā paitini whakakorikori (hei tauira, O₂, CO, amines, pūhui whanariki) hei tiaki i ngā whakakorikori whakakorikori polymerization kaha-teitei me te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga polymer ōrite. Ko te whakatutuki me te pupuri i aua taumata parakore e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tereina purenga kua whakauruhia pai, te whakakotahi i te wehenga papatipu tuatahi me ngā mahi whakaoti i raro iho me te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu.
He mea nui te whakaurunga tukanga. Kua hangaia ngā pūnaha purenga hei pūnga i roto i te mekameka uara whakaputa propylene whānui, e hono tata ana ki ngā waeine pakaru, tango hauwai rānei o runga me ngā tauhohenga polymerization o raro. Ka mau tonu te mana kounga mai i te whāngai rauemi mata ki te rokiroki hua whakamutunga. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā tātaritanga ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru me te matotoru matatau—pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter—ka taea te ine tere me te tika o ngā āhuatanga matua o te wai propylene, pērā i te matotoru wai, he tawhā nui mō te rarangi taonga, te whakawhiti tiaki, me te whakahaere whāngai tauhohenga.
Hei tauira mō te huarahi whakauru tukanga, ko:
- Te whakahoro tuatahi mō te wehenga papatipu me te whakaiti i te poke,
- Cu-MOF-74, ngā moenga mimiti rite rānei mō te purenga pai whiriwhiri,
- Te whakahoro whakamutunga, te whakakanapa rānei i te kiriuhi kia eke ki te <10 ppm te tapeke o ngā poke hauwai.
Ka whakaitihia e tēnei hoahoa ngā utu whakapaipai me ngā utu whakahaere, me te whakarite hoki kia tutuki, kia hipa rānei te whāngai propylene i ngā paerewa parakore o te ahumahi.
He mea nui te tuku pono o te propylene tino-parakore mō ngā raina whakaputa polypropylene me te copolymer, nā te mea ko te aro o te kaiwhakaoho ki ngā poke iti ka pā tika ki te hua, te kounga hua, me te whai huatanga o te mahi. Mā te pupuri i te mana whakahaere pakari mō te matotoru wai propylene—e inehia ana i roto i ngā tāke me te whāngai tauhohenga—ka ārai i ngā rerekētanga whāngai ohorere, ā, ka tautoko i ngā āhuatanga polymer ōrite. Ko ngā tikanga mō te ine i te matotoru wai, pērā i ngā mita matotoru wiri ā-roto me ngā pycnometer taiwhanga kua whakatikatikaina, kua whakauruhia puta noa i ngā mahi rokiroki me te whakahaere propylene. Ko ngā hangarau Lonnmeter, i hangaia mō te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu, tino tika, ka āwhina i te kati i te porowhita whakahaere mō te whakapumautanga kounga, te whakahaere, me te rokiroki o te propylene wai hei whāngai tauhohenga kua rite.
Ko te whakahaere me te rokiroki haumaru o te propylene e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakakotahitanga o te pupuri ā-tinana, te tātari tukanga, me te urupare mai i ngā taputapu ā-roto. Mā ēnei mahi, me te whakauru atu ki ngā rautaki purenga, ka whakarite kia kore noa te hua whakamutunga e tukuna ki te hanga polymer he tino parakore engari ka tutuki pono hoki i ngā whakaritenga ā-tinana me te matū katoa e pā ana ki te kiato, te hanganga, me ngā paepae poke.
Te Rokiroki me te Whakahaere i te Propylene: Ngā Mahi Pai me ngā Wero
Rokiroki Haumaru me te Whai Hua
Ko te whiriwhiri i te otinga rokiroki tino pai mō te propylene me arotake i ngā oko pēhanga, ngā tāke pouaka whakamātao, me ngā ana i raro i te whenua. Ko ngā oko pēhanga te tikanga tino noa mō te kaha taurite, e whakamahi ana i ngā tāke maitai i hangaia i raro i ngā paerewa ASME. Ka mahi ēnei pūnaha i te pāmahana taiao, ka pupuri i te propylene hei wai mā te pupuri i ngā pēhanga ki runga ake i tōna pāmahana kohua. Ko tōna whai huatanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te piri ki ngā whakaritenga turanga pakari, te tiaki i te waikura, me te whakakakahu ki ngā taputapu whakaiti pēhanga. Me tirotirohia i ia wā kia mau tonu ai te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru.
He pai ngā tāke pouaka whakamātao mō te rokiroki propylene nui, mō te rokiroki roa rānei. Ka pupuri ēnei tāke i ngā pāmahana i raro i te taiao, i te pāmahana cryogenic rānei, me te whakamarumaru pakari, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea me te ngaronga o te mimiti. Ka whakarei ake te haumaru o ngā hoahoa pupuri katoa, ngā hoahoa pakitara-rua rānei mā te tuku i te tāruaruatanga mēnā ka rahua te pupuri tuatahi. Ko ngā tono whakahaere mō te rokiroki pouaka whakamātao ko te aroturuki tupato i te pono me te hanganga o te whakamarumaru nā te ahotea huringa wera. Ka taea e ngā rahunga i roto i te pupuri turuturu, i te whakamarumaru rānei te tere haere ki ngā āhuatanga tukunga mamaoa me te pēhanga nui.
Ko ngā ana o raro whenua, e hangaia ana i roto i ngā kōhao tote, i ngā hanganga toka rānei e tika ana, ka whakamahia ina me penapena he taonga nui rawa. Ka whai hua ēnei ana i te whakamarumaru wera me te pupuri i te wai, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki ngā ahi mata, ki ngā pahūtanga rānei. Heoi, ka piki ake te uaua o te hangarau me te hiahia kia kore e turuturu te wai, kia whakahaere i ngā mahi tango/wero, me te ārai i ngā take wai whenua, i ngā take poke rānei.
Ko te rokiroki tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere pakari i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te whakamarumaru. Me penapena te propylene i roto i ngā rohe whāiti o te wera me te pēhanga hei ārai i ngā huringa āhua kino. Ka taea e te pēhanga nui rawa, te wera nui rānei te whakamomona tere, ka puta ai ngā take haumaru me te parakore. Ka whakamahia e ngā whare rokiroki matatau ngā taputapu tirotiro pāmahana me te pēhanga tonu me ngā takirere whakahaere aunoa me ngā whakawhiti wera hei pupuri i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga. Me tutuki ngā whakaritenga ārai ahi me ngā rohenga raarangi ture mō ngā rawa rokiroki katoa.
He mea nui te mātotoru o te propylene wai i roto i te hoahoa rokiroki me te whakahaere mahi. Ka rerekē te mātotoru o te propylene wai i runga i te pāmahana me te pēhanga, ka pā tika ki te rahi o te tāke me te whakahaere taonga. Hei tauira, mā te panoni iti i te pāmahana rokiroki ka taea te neke i te mātotoru kia nui ai te pānga ki te taonga kua tatauhia. Hei whakahaere i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā whare ngā tikanga ine wā-tūturu—pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto, ngā tuku taumata radar, me ngā ripanga whakatikatika—hei huri i ngā rahinga kua inehia hei taonga papatipu tika. He mea nui tēnei mō te pūrongo ture me te whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga taonga. Mā te whakamahi i te whakahaere papatipu kaua ki te aroturuki i te rahinga anake, inā koa me te propylene wai, ka puta te tika e hiahiatia ana mō te whakawhiti pupuri me te aukati i te ngaronga.
Kei raro nei he tūtohi e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga o te mātotoru o te propylene wai i runga i te pāmahana, e whakaatu ana i tōna pānga tika ki ngā tataunga taonga tāke:
| Pāmahana (°C) | Te Matotoru o te Propylene Wai (kg/m³) |
|------------------|----------------------------------|
| -40 | 636 |
| -20 | 608 |
| 0 | 579 |
| 20 | 550 |
| 40 | 520 |
E ai ki te whakaaturanga, ka heke te mātotoru wai i te pikinga o te pāmahana mai i te -40°C ki te 40°C mā te neke atu i te 100 kg/m³, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te rokiroki kua pumau te pāmahana me te ine tika i te mātotoru i roto i te whakahaere rawa.
Ngā Tukanga Whakahaere
He mea nui te whakahaere tika i te propylene wai me te hau mō te haumaru me te tuku pono o te tipu. Ka tīmata ngā tukanga me ngā tikanga motuhake mō te whakawhiti haumaru, te uta, me te tango. Me hototahi ngā raina whakawhiti me ngā ngongo katoa ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te propylene hei ārai i te pupuhi, te pirau rānei. Ka whakamatautauria ngā hononga ki te pēhanga, ā, ka aroturukitia ngā whakawhiti katoa mai i tētahi rūma whakahaere matua. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere he kākahu ātete mura, he taputapu kite hau whaiaro, me ngā taputapu ārai-pūmau hei whakakore i ngā pūtake mura.
Ka piri ngā mahi whakawhiti ki tētahi raupapa mahi pai rawa atu: te manatoko i te wehenga o te tāke me te raina, ngā taputapu whakapūmau me te here, te whakanui mārire i te pēhanga raina, me te taurite tonu o te kohu hei karo i te pēhanga nui. He rite ngā pūnaha tohatoha paipa ki ngā takirere e whakahaerehia ana mai i tawhiti me ngā tikanga whakaiti pēhanga. I te wā e utaina ana, e tangohia ana rānei, ka whakamahia ngā pūnaha neke kohu, ngā pūnaha whakaora kohu porowhita kati rānei hei whakaiti i te tukunga o ngā kohu mura me te karo i te urunga mai o te hau, ka puta ai he ranunga pahū.
I te mea he ngāwari te huri me te mura o te propylene, ko te whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga he kaupapa matua o te whakahaere. Ka whakamanahia ngā tikanga mō ngā āhuatanga noa me ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Ka manatokohia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā hononga katoa mō ngā turuturu mā te whakamahi i te wai hopi, i ngā taputapu tirotiro turuturu hau motuhake rānei. Ka noho matara atu i te wāhi mahi ngā kaimahi me ngā pūtake mura e kore e hiahiatia, ā, ka whakanohoia ngā takirere kati ohorere ki ngā wāhi e taea atu ana. Ko ngā āhuatanga rahunga—pērā i ngā ngongo pakaru, ngā tāke kī rawa, ngā hapa taputapu rānei—ka whakatikahia mā te kati aunoa i te pūnaha me te pupuri i te kohu tino pono.
He mea nui te whakaora i te kohu me te ārai i te turuturu hei pupuri i te haumaru me te pono o te mahi. Ko ngā pūnaha whakaora kohu hou—pērā i ngā waeine mura raro, ngā waeine pēhi kohu rānei—ka whakaiti i te whakaputanga hau, ā, ka whakarato i ngā kōwhiringa hangarua mō ngā awa tukanga. Ko ngā whare me ēnei pūnaha e whakaatu ana i te whakahekenga nui o ngā ngaronga mura me te whakapai ake i te mahi ōhanga. Kua whakauruhia ngā rarangi kitenga turuturu me ngā pūoko hau me ngā whakaoho ki roto i te hanganga haumaru o te tipu, e āhei ai te urupare tere mēnā ka tukuna he mea tūpono. Ka whakanuia te kitenga turuturu e ngā pūnaha kati ohorere e wehe ana i ngā wāhanga pakaru o te pūnaha, ā, ka whakahohe i te horoi kohu tere, i ngā ārai wai waipuke rānei.
Ko tētahi o ngā mea matua o te whakahaere haumaru i te propylene ko te pupuri i te aroturuki pakari o ngā taonga. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, e tautoko ana i te ine tika i te mātotoru o te propylene wai i te wā tūturu. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei mita ngā raraunga nui ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere, e āwhina ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te manatoko kāore ngā tukanga whakawhiti me te rokiroki e hua ake i te nui rawa, i te iti rawa rānei o te whakakī, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā mōrearea maringi me te mimiti. Ko te ine tika i te mātotoru, me ngā pānui pēhanga me te pāmahana, te tūāpapa o ngā mahi pupuri taonga me te pono, inā koa me ngā āhuatanga wera me te pēhanga e rerekē haere ana.
I te katoa, ko ngā mahi pai rawa atu mō te rokiroki me te whakahaere i te propylene e whakakotahi ana i ngā otinga hangarau, te aroturuki tonu, me ngā tikanga tino whakatinanahia hei aro atu ki ngā wero ahurei e puta mai ana i tēnei matū tino pūngāwerewere. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te whakatinanatanga ngātahi mō te mahi haumaru, tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te whai hua i roto i te hanga, te rokiroki, me te tohatoha i te propylene kounga polymer.
Te Ine i te Matotoru o te Propylene Wai: Ngā Mātāpono me ngā Otinga
Te Hiranga o te Ine i te Mātotoru
Mō te whakahaere taonga, mā te whakatau i te matotoru o te propylene wai tika ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te huri i waenga i te rōrahi me te papatipu me te iti o te hapa, he mea nui tēnei mō te kaute, te whakawhiti tiaki, me te aukati i te ngaronga. I roto i te whakahaere tukanga, ka whakamahia ngā ine matotoru wā-tūturu hei whakarite i te hanganga whāngai ōrite mō ngā waeine tauhohenga, tae atu ki ērā e whakarato ana i ngā whāngai tauhohenga mō te hanga polypropylene. Ahakoa ngā rerekētanga iti i roto i ngā āhuatanga propylene wai ka pā ki te mahi whakakorikori me te kounga o te hua mutunga. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tīma whakapūmau kounga ki te matotoru hei tohu tika mō te ōritetanga me te parakore o te hua, inā koa hei whakamana i te rauemi hei propylene karaehe polymer. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui te mōhio ki te matotoru tika mō te haumaru, e awe ana i ngā whakataunga mō ngā taumata tāke, ngā tautuhinga whakaiti pēhanga, me ngā rautaki urupare ohorere i raro i ngā āhuatanga mura me te hurihuri e kitea ana i roto i te ratonga propylene.
Ngā Tikanga mō te Ine i te Kiato Wai
He maha ngā tikanga e wātea ana hei ine i te mātotoru o tētahi wai pērā i te propylene, he rerekē ngā mātāpono, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga.
Ko te huarahi tuku iho rawa ko teine wai, he pōtae karāhe kua whakatikatikaina e rumakina ana ki roto i te wai, ko tōna taumata pūmau e pā tika ana ki te mātotoru. Ahakoa e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te māmā noa iho, kāore pea i te tika ngā hydrometer e hiahiatia ana mō te mahi propylene, ā, he nui ngā hua o ngā rerekētanga iti.
He matatau ake teine ine ine ngongo-U e wiri anaHe ngongo kōhao, he wiriwiri tēnei taputapu matihiko, e rere ai te tauira. Ka rerekē te auau o te wiriwiri i runga i te taumaha o te ngongo me te wai i roto, e āhei ai te whakatau tika me te tino tika o te mātotoru, mena ka pai te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te pēhanga.
Ngā mita mātotoru mamati—ko ētahi e ahu mai ana i te hangarau ngongo-U e wiri ana—e whakauru ana i ngā pānui tika, te utu pāmahana aunoa, me te rokiroki raraunga. He tino pai ēnei mō ngā taiao uaua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakatinanahia i roto i ngā taiwhanga me te aroturuki tukanga ā-ipurangi hoki. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-ipurangi i hangaia e Lonnmeter he mea whakarite mō ngā tono propylene ahumahi, e tuku ana i te mahi pakari i raro i ngā āhuatanga tukanga wero.
Ngā Take e Whakarerekē ana i ngā Inenga Matū Wai
He maha ngā taurangi ka pā ki te tika o te ine i te mātotoru o te propylene wai:
- Rerekētanga o te pāmahana:I te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka whakaitihia te mātotoru o te propylene e te whānui wera. Ka pāngia pea te whānui o te propylene e ngā rerekētanga iti; nō reira, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te whakahaere pāmahana me te utu.
- Ngā Huringa Pēhanga:Kāore i rite ki ngā hau, ko ngā wai, tae atu ki te propylene, ka whakaatu i te pikinga iti o te mātotoru engari he mea nui i runga i te pēhanga, inā koa i raro i ngā pēhanga tukatuka, rokiroki rānei e rite ana ki ngā hau wai. Me arotake ngā pūnaha ine mō ēnei āhuatanga, ā, me whakamahi i ngā whakatikatika tika.
- Ngā poke me ngā mea poke:Ka whakarerekē tika te mātotorutanga i te noho mai o ētahi atu warowaihā, ngā hau rewa rānei, ā, ka pā ki te tiwhikete parakore mō ngā awa utu nui pērā i te propylene karaehe polymer. Me whakakore, me whai whakaaro rānei ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga mō ēnei pānga.
Te tono ki ngā mahi Propylene
Ko ngā raraunga ine mō te matotoru o te propylene wai te poutoko mō ngā mahi matua i roto i ngā whare rokiroki me te whakahaere propylene. I roto i te whakahaere rokiroki, ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia te kī o te tāke anake, engari ko te nui o te taumaha e mau ana i roto—he rerekētanga nui ina whakaatuhia e ngā ine taumata tāke te rahinga, engari ka hokona ngā taonga mā te taumaha. Mō ngā toenga rauemi, ka whakarite kia tika te tatau i ngā rere o te tukanga, he mea nui i roto i ngā mahi tonu me ngā mahi puranga.
I roto i te whakarite rauemi whāngai mō ngā waeine tauhohenga, pērā i ngā mea i roto i ngā tipu purenga propylene, polymerization rānei, mā te mōhio ki te matotoru tika ka tika te hanganga whāngai me te pumau o te tukanga, ka pā tika ki te kounga o te putanga. Ka taea e ngā hapa i roto i te ine matotoru te hua i waho o te whakaritenga, te whakamahinga koretake o te whakakorikori, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga morearea nā te nui rawa o ngā oko i roto i te ratonga pēhanga.
Mai i te tirohanga ture, ka whakahaua e ngā whakahaere ture te ine me te tuhi i ngā matū pūngāwerewere kia pakari, kia pai ai te haumaru o te marea, kia rite ai hoki ngā whakawhitiwhitinga mākete. Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi ahumahi e whai ana kia hiranga te mahi anake, engari ko te arotau i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu, te whakanui ake i te hua, me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i whakaritea—ko ēnei katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whai uara pūngāwerewere wai pono, tika hoki e wātea ana i ia wā o te tukanga.
Nō reira, ehara te ine tika i te mātotorutanga mō ngā wai pēnei i te propylene i te mahi noa, engari he taputapu rautaki hei whakatairanga i te whai huatanga, te kounga, me te haumaru puta noa i te huringa ora o te rokiroki, te kawe, me te whakamahinga o te propylene.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Hiahia Kounga o te Propylene Pae-Polymer
Ko te propylene karaehe-polymer, me ngā taumata parakore e neke atu ana i te 99.5%, te whāngai matua mō te hanga polypropylene me te whānuitanga o ngā polymer matatau. Ehara tōna whakatakotoranga parakore i te mea tūpono noa engari he whakaritenga tika e whakatauhia ana e te aro o ngā whakakorikori polymerization hou, inā koa ko ngā pūnaha Ziegler-Natta me te metallocene. Ahakoa ngā poke iti—acetylene, ngā matū kei roto he whanariki, he hauota rānei, ngā oxygenates, me ngā warowaihā motuhake—ka taea te paitini i ngā whakakorikori, te whakaoho i te poke kore e taea te whakakore, me te whakaiti tere i te hua polymer me te whai huatanga o te tukanga.
Te Tūranga hei Whāngai Tauhohenga mō te Polypropylene me ngā Polymers Matatau
Ko te hanga polypropylene e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tuku tonu o te propylene taumata-polymer, kei reira ngā poke e pupurihia ana i raro iho i ngā wāhanga-mō-ia-miriona, ā, mō ētahi paitini, i raro iho i ngā taumata wāhanga-mō-ia-piriona. Ko ngā pūnaha whakakorikori Ziegler-Natta, te tūāpapa mō te hanga polypropylene isotactic, he tino ngoikore ki ngā kukū iti o ngā paitini pērā i te wai, te hāora, te haukini waro, te methylacetylene rānei. Ehara i te mea ka whakakore noa iho ēnei poke i ngā pae hohe o te whakakorikori engari ka pā kino ki te tioata, te tohatoha taumaha ngota, me te stereospecificity o te polymer kua whakaputaina.
Ko te hononga tika i waenga i te kawenga poke me te whakamahinga o te matū whakatere ka hua ake he pānga nui ki te utu. Ko te whakakapinga matū whakatere maha, te aukati tukanga kore i whakamaheretia, me te whakaputanga hua nui-kore e rite ana ki te whakaritenga ka puta katoa mai i ngā ngoikoretanga o te kounga whakauru. Nō reira, ehara te purenga propylene tonu i te mea papai engari he mea nui mō te mahi pono me te whai hua.
Ngā Whakamahinga Tāpiri i roto i ngā Takawaenga Matū me ngā Hanganga Motuhake
Haunga te polypropylene, he mea nui te propylene kounga-polymer ki ētahi ara whakaputa matū utu nui. Ka tautoko i te hanga waikawa kiriaku mā te whakahāngaitanga catalytic e rua-wāhanga me te whakaputa cumene mā te alkylation o te benzene. Ka whakawhirinaki hoki ngā tukanga e rua ki ngā whāngai parakore teitei:
- I roto i te hanga waikawa kiriaku, ahakoa ngā poke iti o te whanariki, o te hāora rānei, ka taea te whakakore i ngā whakakorikori waikura motuhake, ka whakaheke i ngā hua, ka whakatairanga rānei i ngā hua taha kāore e hiahiatia.
- Waihoki, ko te hanganga cumene e whakawhirinaki ana ki te parakore o te propylene hei whakarite i te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana te whakakorikori zeolite me te whiriwhiringa tahuritanga, me ngā tipu ahumahi kua tuhia kua eke ki te >99.999% o ngā tahuritanga me te >99.97% o te parakore o te hua ina whakamahia ngā whāngai kua tino purea.
Ko ngā tono motuhake, pērā i te polyol, te plasticizer, me te hanga surfactant, e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga parakore propylene, ā, ka waiho ngā whāngai kāore i te tino hiahiatia hei mōrearea hangarau me te mōrearea ōhanga.
Te Uara Pakihi o te Pupuri i te Parakore o te Pae Polymer i roto i te Rokiroki me te Tohatoha
Ka horapa te whakaritenga arumoni puta noa i te mekameka uara propylene. I te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawehia ana hoki—i roto i ngā oko, i ngā porowhita rānei kua pēhia—ka noho ngoikore tonu te propylene kounga-polymer ki te poke mai i te makuku o te taiao, te rerenga mai i ngā rauemi oko, ngā hauwaiwai, me te hāora. Ahakoa te poke taha ka kitea i te wā e whakamahia ana mā te chromatography hau-spectrometry papatipu (GC-MS, GC-ICP-MS rānei), ka puta ai te whakakorenga puranga, te purenga whakatikatika rānei.
Ko ngā paerewa ahumahi (hei tauira, ASTM D5273) e whakahau ana kia tirohia whānuitia te paru i ngā wāhi whakawhiti tiaki nui katoa. Ka whakamahia e ngā rautaki whakahaere ngā hangarau whakahaere tauira pakari, te chromatography hau ipurangi, me te ine i te mātotoru tonu hei aroturuki i te kounga o te hua. Hei tauira, he mea nui te ine i te mātotoru wai propylene ehara i te mea mō te whakawhiti tiaki anake engari hei tikanga whakahaere kounga ā-kore: ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru wai e tumanakohia ana te tohu i te urunga mai o te paru, te rerekētanga hanganga rānei. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ērā a Lonnmeter, ka whakarato i te manatoko wā-tūturu o te mātotoru propylene wai puta noa i te whakawhiti me te rokiroki.
E whakarāpopoto ana te tūtohi i raro nei i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te parakore o te propylene, te roa o te ora o te whakakōkī, me te tūponotanga o ngā kati kore i whakaritea:
Mā te whakanui ake i te parakore o te propylene ka roa ake te oma o te whakakorikori me te whakaiti i te auau o ngā whakamutu tukanga (ngā raraunga i ahu mai i ngā rangahau arotake-ā-hoa tata nei).
Mā te whakahaere me te penapena whai hua o te propylene wai—e whakarite ana i te kiato o te propylene wai me te parakore o te matū—e tautoko ana i te pono o te tipu, ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki, me te hua whānui o te pakihi. Mā te whakahaere pakari i te wā rokiroki me te tohatoha, e whakamāramahia ana e ngā tikanga tika hei ine i te kiato o ngā wai me te kimi paru tātari matatau, ka tiakina te pono o te hua puta noa i te mekameka tuku.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te tukanga mō te purenga propylene kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa taumata polymer?
Me neke atu i te 99.5% te parakore o te propylene karaehe polymer, me te iti rawa o te propane me ngā poke iti. I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakatōtōtanga wāhanga e nui ana te kaha te pūtake o te purenga, e wehe ana i te propylene mai i ngā warowaihā rite pērā i te propane. Nā te tata o ngā ira kohua, ka pāngia tēnei tukanga e ngā wero thermodynamic me ngā utu whakahaere teitei.
Ko ngā whanaketanga hou e whakatairanga ana i ngā hangarau mimiti me ngā hangarau e hangai ana ki te kiriuhi hei whakanui ake i te whiriwhiri me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao. Ko ngā mea mimiti pēnei i te Cu-MOF-74 e whakamahi ana i ngā rahi o ngā pore kua hangaia me ngā wāhi whakarewa tuwhera hei hopu i ngā poke - ko te nuinga ko te propane me ngā alkane iti - e āhei ai te purenga kotahi-taahiraa. Ko te whai huatanga o ēnei pūnaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tupato i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te tere rere. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau tauine-whakamātautau ka taea te whakahou i ēnei mea mimiti i ngā wā maha me te kore e ngaro te mahi, e tautoko ana i te tauine ahumahi. Ko ngā hanganga mimiti kua whakatikatikaina inaianei ka tango i te whānuitanga o ngā poke tae atu ki ngā pūhui whanariki me ngā alkynes, e rite ana ki ngā whakaritenga whakakorikori polymerization.
Ko te wehenga e ahu mai ana i te membrane he huarahi kē atu, me ngā hanganga organosilica hou e whakatutuki ana i te whiriwhiringa teitei me te pumau pakari. Ka wehea te propylene e ngā tikanga membrane mā te whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga ngawari o te rahi ngota me ngā āhuatanga uruhanga, e tino pai ai ina hiahiatia te parakore tino teitei.
He aha te hiranga o te kounga o te whāngai tauhohenga i roto i te hanga polypropylene?
He mea nui te whakatutuki me te pupuri i te parakore teitei i roto i te whāngai tauhohenga mō te hanga polypropylene. He tairongo ngā kaiwhakakōkī e whakamahia ana i roto i te polymerization ki ngā poke pērā i te whanariki, ngā konganuku, ngā oxygenates, me ētahi atu warowaihā. Ahakoa ngā poke iti ka taea te paitini i ngā pae whakakōkī hohe, ka heke te mahi, ka piki ake ngā tere hua taha, ka poto ake te roa o te oranga o te whakakōkī. Mā te whāngai tauhohenga parakore teitei ka whakarite i te pai o te whakakōkī, ngā āhuatanga polymer pumau, me te hua pumau. Ka whakahaua hoki e ngā paerewa ture ngā herenga poke hei tiaki i te haumaru tukanga me te kounga polymer, ka waiho te purenga me te aroturuki tupato o te rauemi kai hei mea nui.
Me pēhea te whakahaere haumaru i te rokiroki me te whakahaere i te propylene?
Ka rongoatia te propylene ki roto i ngā tāke pēhanga, pouaka whakamātao rānei, i hangaia mō ngā hau mura. Me whakauru ēnei tāke ki ngā takirere whakaiti pēhanga, ki ngā mana whakahaere pāmahana, me ngā tikanga hei kimi me te whakahaere i ngā turuturu. Me whai hauhautanga pakari ngā wāhi rokiroki me te aukati i ngā pūtake mura. Mā ngā tirotiro me ngā tiaki auau ka whakaitihia ngā tūponotanga turuturu me te pakaru. Mā te whakangungu i ngā kaiwhakahaere mō te whakahaere me te whakawhiti i te propylene polymer, tae atu ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro, ka whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me ngā rawa o te tipu. Me whai tonu i ngā ture ture ā-rohe mō te rokiroki rauemi morearea.
He aha te mea e whakatau ana i te mātotoru o te propylene wai, ā, he aha i hiranga ai?
Ko te mātotoru o te propylene wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana me te pēhanga. I te nekehanga o ngā mea rerekē, ka rerekē anō hoki te mātotoru ine—he āhuatanga nui mō te rahi o te tāke, te tatau i te taurite papatipu, te whakawhiti tiaki, me te whakatauira tukanga. Mā ngā hapa iti i te ine i te mātotoru wai propylene ka arahi pea ki ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te whakahaere taonga, te whakahaere rere rānei, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia mō te aroturuki tika, tonu i te wā whakaputa me te rokiroki.
Me pēhea te ine i te mātotoru o tētahi wai pērā i te propylene?
Ko te tikanga tino tika mō te ine i te mātotoru o ngā wai, tae atu ki te propylene, ko te ine ine matotoru o te ngongo-U. Ka wiriwirihia e tēnei taputapu tētahi ngongo kua kī tonu i te wai tauira, ā, ka ine i ngā huringa o te auau wiri, e pā tika ana ki te mātotoru. Me tika te whakatikatika me te whakahaere pakari i te pāmahana me te pēhanga kia pono ai. Ko ētahi atu huarahi ko ngā ine hauwai me ngā ine piko, engari he pai ēnei mō ngā tono kei reira ngā whakaritenga whakaputanga, ngā whakaritenga tika rānei. Ka taea te tāuta i ngā ine matotoru matihiko ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, mō te aroturuki wā-tūturu me te whakahaere tukanga. Mā te whakarite i te tauira—kia tangohia te hau me te pāmahana taurite—ka whakarei ake i te tika o te ine.
He aha ngā mōrearea me ngā mahi whakatūpato e tika ana ina whakamahi ana i te propylene kounga-polymer?
He tino mura te propylene polymer-grade. Ka mura pea i te tukunga pateko, i ngā mura tuwhera, i ngā mata wera rānei. Me tutuki katoa ngā aratohu taputapu tiaki whaiaro, me te kati tukanga pakari, me te aukati i ngā pūtake mura mō te whakahaere. Me mahi ngā mahi rokiroki me te whakawhiti i roto i ngā wāhi e pai ana te hau. He mea nui ngā pūnaha kimi turuturu me ngā kawa whakaoho mō te tautuhi wawe i ngā tūponotanga. Me tirotirohia tonutia ngā paipa me ngā tāke katoa mō te ahotea me te waikura. Me tuhi mārama, me keri hoki ngā tikanga ohorere mō ngā turuturu, tae atu ki ngā mahere pupuri me te whakakorenga.
He aha i pai ake ai te whakamahi i te propylene kounga-polymer i roto i ētahi awa whakaputa matū?
He painga motuhake te parakore o te propylene kounga-polymer i roto i te hanga i raro iho. Ka whakarei ake te parakore teitei i te pai o te tauhohenga, ka whakaiti i te hanganga o ngā hua taha kāore e hiahiatia, ā, ka tautoko i te hanga polymer kounga teitei, pumau. Nā te mea he ngawari ngā whakakorikori hou ki te poke, ko te propylene tino-parakore anake ka whakarite i te mahi pono o te tukanga me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga hua tino kaha e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā tono nui pēnei i te takai kai me ngā waahanga motuka.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-18-2025
