Ko te whakahaere whai hua o ngā puna werohanga wai i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tika i te kōtaha me te whakamahinga rautaki o ngā kaihoko mono. Ko ēnei kaihoko—pērā i ngā kirikiri matū, ngā porowhita iti o te polyacrylamide (PAM), me te polyethylene glycol (PEG)—kua hangaia hei aukati i ngā rohe uruhanga teitei, me te whakarite i te nekehanga taurite o te wai werohanga puta noa i te puna wai. He mea tino nui tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā mara kua kaha ake ngā rerekētanga uruhanga nā te whakaputanga roa, ka hua ake he rere kore taurite o te wai, ā, ka heke te tere whakaora warowaihā.
He mea nui te āheinga ki te aroturuki me te whakahaere i te mātotoru o ngā mono mono i te wā tūturu hei whakapai ake i tā rātou mahi me te tohatoha. Mā te ine mātotoru ā-roto ka tukuna he raraunga tonu mō ngā āhuatanga wai i roto tonu i te paipa werohanga, ka taea ai te whakarerekē tere me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea whakahaere. Ka tautoko te aroturuki wā tūturu i te urupare hihiri ki ngā āhuatanga o te puna wai e rerekē haere ana, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā mono whakahaere kōtaha matū mō ngā puna werohanga wai.
I roto i ngā mahi o te mara hinu, he mea nui te whakarite kia tika te matotoru o ngā matū mono - pērā i ngā pūnaha PAM hei whakarei ake i te whakaora hinu. Ka pā te whakatutukitanga o te matotoru tino pai ki te whai huatanga o te mono me te pumau mō te wā roa i roto i te puna, engari ko ngā matotoru hē ka arahi ki te ngoikore o te hanganga me te heke o te whai huatanga o te horoi. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau arotake-a-hoa tata nei he mea nui ngā pūnaha ine matotoru ā-roto hou mō te arotau i te matotoru o ngā matū mono, te whakaiti i te para hua, me te whakapai ake i ngā putanga whakaora hinu.
Hangarau Whakawhanake Werohanga Wai
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Te Mārama ki ngā Puna Werohanga Wai me ngā Puna Wai Rerekē
He mea nui te mahi a ngā poka werohanga wai i roto i te whakaora hinu tuarua mā te pupuri i te pēhanga o te puna wai me te akiaki i te hinu ki ngā puna whakaputa. Ina heke te kaha o te taraiwa taiao, ka tāpirihia te pēhanga e te waipuke wai, ka roa ake te whakaora hinu, ā, ka whakanuia te tauwehenga whakaora tae atu ki te 50% o te hinu taketake kei te wāhi. Ko ngā tauira whakanoho me te werohanga tino pai—pēnei i ngā whakaritenga e rima-ira, raina-taraiwa rānei—ka whakaritea ki ngā āhuahanga puna wai motuhake me ngā rohe pēhanga capillary, ka whakamahi i ngā whai huatanga poutū me te horapa ā-rohe hei whakanui ake i te putanga.
He rerekē ngā wero o ngā puna wai rerekē e whakararuraru ana i te tohatoha ōrite o te wai werohanga. He maha ngā rerekētanga o te urunga wai i roto i ngā paparanga me ngā paparanga i waenga i ēnei hanganga. Hei tauira, ko ngā paparanga urunga wai teitei ka hanga i ngā ara pai mō te rere o te wai, engari ko ngā rohe urunga wai iti ka taea te karo. Ko te hua o ēnei rerekētanga ko te rerenga wai kore ōrite, te tere o te pakaru o te wai i ngā rohe matua, me te hinu e noho pūmau ana i ngā rohe kāore i horoia.
Ko ngā take tino kitea i roto i ēnei puna wai ko te werohanga wai kore-taurite, te whakapūtanga o te wai, me te ngaronga o te pai o te horomitanga. Ko te werohanga kore-taurite ka hua ake he nekehanga wai kore-taurite, ka pai ake te wai werohanga ki ngā paparanga honohono pai, he nui te uruhanga, ki ngā pakaru rānei. Ka puta te whakapūtanga o te wai ina pai ake te haere o te wai mā roto i ngā rohe tahae, i ngā awaawa matua rānei, ka karo i ngā rahinga nui kua kī tonu i te hinu—ahakoa te āhua o te werohanga he pai. He mea noa tēnei i roto i ngā mara he uaua te whakapūtanga o te wai, he pakaru poutū, he hononga kaha rānei ki te puna wai.
Ko te ngaronga o te pai o te horoi he hua tika, nā te mea ka tae pea te nui haere o te wai werohanga ki ngā puna whakaputa me te kore e pā ki ngā rohe hinu kāore anō kia horoia i mua. Hei tauira, ka tere te neke o te wai i roto i te rohe tahae, e whakaatu ana i te pakaru wawe o te wai me te whakaiti i te whakaora hinu mai i ngā wā tata. Ka whakaahuahia ēnei āhuatanga mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira e hono ana i ngā tere werohanga wai, ngā kōtaha uruhanga, me ngā raraunga rere hihiri o te puna wai.
Ko ngā rautaki whakaiti whai hua mō ēnei raruraru e whakakotahi ana i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu, ngā maimoatanga matū, me te whakahaere werohanga urutau. Ka rangahauhia ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha, ngā kaihoko mono, me te werohanga wai wāhanga, pāorooro rānei hei ārai i te tohatoha me te hongere kore-ōrite. Ko te ine i te mātotoru wā-tūturu—mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu e hototahi ana ki ngā kaihoko mono, ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei rānei mai i ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Lonnmeter—ka taea te whakarerekē tika me te arotau i ngā kukū matū i roto i te awa werohanga. Mā tēnei ka mau tonu ngā kaihoko mono i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana, ka whakarei ake i te ōritetanga me te horapa i roto i ngā taiao uaua, rerekē.
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o te Polyacrylamide (PAM) me ētahi atu taputapu mono matatau mō te whakahaere kōtaha i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē. Ko tōna whai huatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ine tika i te kiato me te tohatoha i roto i ngā raina werohanga, ka taea te aroturuki i roto i te raina mō ngā whakatikatika wā-tūturu. Mā te whakamahi i aua hangarau, ka arohia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā take matua e pā ana ki te werohanga wai i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē—e whakarato ana i te whakaora pai ake, te whakaiti i te whakaputanga wai, me te whai huatanga whakahaere tino pai.
Ngā Kaihoko Whakahaere Kōtaha: Ngā Momo, Ngā Mahi, me ngā Paearu Kōwhiringa
He mahi nui tā ngā kaiārahi whakahaere kōtaha (PCA) ki te whakahaere i ngā puna weronga wai, inā koa i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē, ka taea e ngā awaawa uruhanga teitei te tapahi i te wai nui me te karo i ngā rohe hinu. Ko ngā kaiārahi te nuinga o te wā he kirikiri—ko te Polyacrylamide (PAM) te mea nui, he porowhita iti, he rauemi PEG, me ngā pūnaha hiato, ngā pūnaha whakakotahi rānei, ia mea i hangaia mō ngā wero motuhake o te puna wai.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kirikiri polyacrylamide nā te kaha o te mono. Ka taea te hanga PAM hei kirikiri in situ, hei kirikiri matūriki kua oti te hanga (PPG) rānei, ka pupuhi i roto i te wai tote, ka taea te whakahaere i te rahi me te pumau. Ko ngā kirikiri PAM kua whakarerekētia kei roto ko te nano silica, te cellulose, te graphite, me ētahi atu tāpiri hei whakanui ake i te kaha miihini me te ātete ki te pirau i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei me te tote. Kua whakaatuhia e ēnei whanaketanga te pai o te mono, me te ekenga o ngā marara kirikiri ki runga ake i te 86% i roto i ngā whakatauira onepū me te tuku i ngā pikinga whakaora hinu tae atu ki te 35%, he mea tino whai hua mō ngā mara hinu rerekē.
He mea hanga ngā moroiti mō te aukati ā-tinana me te aukati ngāwari. Ka heke rātou mai i ngā mokowā nui ki ngā mokowā iti, ka ārai tonu, ka whakarerekē i te āhua, ka neke haere i roto i ngā korokoro o ngā mokowā. Ka tahuri ke tēnei huringa aukati-whakarerekētanga-hekenga-whakaurunga anō i te wai mai i ngā rohe uruhanga teitei, ā, ka whakarei ake i te pai o te nekehanga. Kua whakaūtia e ngā whakamātautau me te whakaahua NMR me te CT tō rātou whai huatanga ki te whakaiti i te tapahi wai me te whakapai ake i te pai o te horo mā te arotahi ki ngā awaawa tino kawe i roto i te puna wai.
E whakanuia ana ngā kaihoko PEG mō tō rātou pumau me te pupuhi, inā koa i raro i ngā momo matū o te puna wai. He maha ngā wā ka whakaritea tō rātou mahi mono mā roto i ngā tikanga honohono, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā hanganga paparanga, pakaru rānei. Ko ngā kaihoko whakakotahi, e whakauru ana i ngā huānga o ngā kirikiri, ngā porowhita iti, me te PEG, ka tuku huarahi maha-ahu ki te whakahaere i te hanganga, inā koa ka aukati te rerekētanga o te puna wai i te whakaora hinu.
Ko ngā tikanga whakahaere kōtaha ko te aukati whiriwhiri i ngā rohe uruhanga-teitei, te huri i te wai werohanga kia matara atu i ngā ara matua o mua, me te whakanui ake i te nekehanga o te hinu kua mau. Ko ngā kirikiri polymer, pērā i te PAM, ka hangaia he hanganga in situ, he matūriki rānei kua whakanohoia e ārai ana, e whakau ana hoki i ngā rohe kua tohua. Ka whakamahia e ngā moroiti te ngāwari me te rerekētanga ki te heke me te mono pai, ko ngā rauemi PEG ia e whakarato ana i te āhua pumau nā te mea he pakari matū me te wera.
Ko ngā paearu whiriwhiri mō ngā PCA ka whakatauhia e te hototahitanga ki ngā wai puna, te pumau i raro i ngā ahotea wera me te matū, te mahi aukati e pā ana ki te kōtaha uruhanga o te puna, me te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga werohanga hihiri. Mā te hototahitanga ka pai te taunekeneke a te kaihoko me ngā wai tote puna me te kore e taupatupatu, e pakaru rānei. He mea nui te pumau—matū me te wera hoki—hei ātete ki ngā taiao uaua, e whakaatuhia ana e ngā whakarei ake i te PAM me ngā tāpiringa nano me te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi e ātete ana ki te wera me te tote.
Ka aromatawaihia te whai huatanga o te mono mā roto i ngā whakamātautau waipuke taiwhanga, ngā inenga pēhanga pakaru, me te aroturukitanga mātotoru wā-tūturu. Ka whai wāhi ngā taputapu ine mātotoru me ngā pūnaha ā-roto a Lonnmeter ki te arotau i te mātotoru o ngā kaihoko mono matū, ka taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i ngā hanganga i te wā-tūturu mō te pānga nui rawa atu. He hononga tata te urutau ki te kaha o te kaihoko ki te pupuri i te mono i raro i te ahotea o te puna, ngā hanganga pore rerekē, me ngā tere werohanga hurihuri.
Ko te whakahaere kōtaha whai hua mō ngā puna weronga wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tātaritanga hōhonu o te rerekētanga o ngā puna wai, te taurite o te momo kaihoko me te rautaki whakatinanatanga, mete ine i te mātotoru tonumō te werohanga matū hei arotau i te kōwhiringa me ngā hua mō te wā roa. Kei te whanake tonu ngā tono PAM i roto i ngā puna wai kanorau, ngā otinga PEG, me ngā hangarau moroiti, e tautokona ana e ngā pūnaha aroturuki me te aroturuki i te kiato kaihoko wā-tūturu i roto i ngā tono mara hinu.
Ngā Ākena Mono me te Tūranga o te Mātotoru ki te Whai Hua o te Taupānga
He mea nui ngā ākena mono hei whakahaere i te kōtaha mō ngā puna weronga wai, inā koa i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē. Ko ā rātou mahi matua ko te whakahaere i te whakawhiti hau, te whakahaere i te pēhanga weronga me te puna wai, me te whakanui ake i ngā tere whakaora hinu. Mā te arotahi ki ngā rohe uruhanga teitei, ki ngā rohe "tahae" rānei, ka tukuna e ēnei ākena te wai, te hau rānei i werongahia mai i ngā awa rere matua ki ngā rohe kore e horoia, he iti ake te uruhanga, ka whakanui ake i te pai o te rerenga me te neke atu i te hinu toenga. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā porowhita iti o te polymer ātete-waikawa te whakatutuki i te tere mono ki te 95% me te whakapai ake i te whakaora hinu neke atu i te 21%, ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga CO₂ waikawa me te tino hiranga. Ka āraihia e ngā ākena mono i hangaia ki te gel ngā pakaru me te nui o te hanga wai, hau rānei, me te waiho i ngā wāhi momona hinu kia iti ake te pānga, e tautoko ana i te hanga pumau me te hauora o te puna wai.
Ko te mātotoru o ngā matū mono—e whakaatuhia ana hei kukū, hei papatipu rānei mō ia rōrahi—he mahi tika ki te mahi werohanga me te whakahaere i te horomitanga. Ko te matū mono kiato teitei ake mō te whakahaere i te kōtaha puna wai ka whakarei ake i te kaha o te matū ki te uru me te aukati i ngā rohe uruhanga teitei, me te whakarite kia kore te rauemi e tino whakararu i ngā paparanga uruhanga iti-hinu. Hei tauira, kua whakaatuhia ngā matū polymer me ngā kōtaha matotoru kua whakaritea (e pā ana ki ngā pānga angiangi kutikuti i ngā tere werohanga teitei) ka pā ki te whakatakotoranga, te hohonu o te hekenga, me te whai huatanga whiriwhiri. He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō ngā matū mono i roto i ngā mahi; ka taea te aroturuki i te mātotoru matū matū wā-tūturu, me te whakarite i te horopeta tika me ngā āhuatanga rheological ōrite hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga horomitanga me te karo i te kino o te hanganga. Ka whakaratohia e te taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto a Lonnmeter mō te werohanga matū he urupare raraunga tonu i te wā e whakatinanahia ana te matū, e tautoko ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere e hiahia ana ki te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te matū whakahaere kōtaha mara hinu mō ngā puna werohanga wai.
Kua whanake haere ngā huinga o ngā kaiāwhina mono hei whakaputa i ngā pānga mahi tahi, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao uaua o te puna wai. He maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ngā kirikiri polima, ngā porowhita iti, me ngā polima honohono-whakawhiti pēnei i te Polyacrylamide (PAM) hei whakamahi i ngā tikanga maha—te aukati ā-tinana, te hononga viscoelastic, me te whakaora-ā-ake. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha hydrogel/porowhita iti whakakotahi te PAM hei whakakotahi i te pupuhi, te mimiti wai, me te whakatika-ā-ake; ka āwhina ēnei āhuatanga ki te pupuri i te pono o te mono me te urutau ki ngā kapiti, ki ngā awaawa rānei kua hangaia hou. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia e ngā pūnaha matū mahi tahi ngā nanoemulsion, ngā whatunga polima atamai rānei ka taea te whakarerekē i te matotoru me te mātotoru i runga i ngā āhuatanga rere o te puna wai. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mara ko ngā kaiāwhina whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei e whirihorahia ana hei ranunga maha-wāhanga ka whakaputa i te mono pai ake, te whakahaere wai pakari, me te horoi hohonu ake, inā koa i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua e whakaatuhia ana e ngā tautuhinga whenua pakaru, whai warowaihā rānei.
Mā te aroturuki tonu i te wā-tūturu mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha ine kiato ā-roto o te mara hinu, kua arotauhia te whakamahinga o ngā kaihoko mono whai hua mō ngā puna weronga wai mō ngā wero uaua, rerekē hoki o te puna wai. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei hangarau he whakapumautanga mahi, ka whakawhāiti i ngā para rauemi, ā, ka whakapiki ake i ngā tere whakaora hinu mā te whakamahi i te arotau kiato me te hoahoa whakatakotoranga atamai mō ngā kaihoko mono matū i roto i ngā tono mara hinu.
Te Ine i te Kīanga o te Āwhina Mono: Te Mea Matua ki ngā Mahi Arotau
He mea nui te ine tika i te mātotoru o te mono i roto i te whakarite, te whakaranu, me te werohanga o te mono, inā koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua o ngā puna wai hohonu, rerekē. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā puna weronga wai ki ngā mono whai hua—pērā i te polyacrylamide (PAM), ngā kirikiri māngaro kua whakarerekētia, me ngā matūriki ka taea te whakawhānui—hei whakahaere i ngā kōtaha wai me te arotau i te whakaora hinu kua whakarei ake. Ka pāngia e ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru o te mono ehara i te mea ko te whai huatanga tonu o te whakatakotoranga engari ko te ōritetanga roa o ngā mono i werohangahia ki roto i ngā whāriki puna wai uaua.
I roto i ngā puna wai hohonu, rerekē hoki, mā te pupuri i te kiato tika o ngā kaihoko mono ka whakarite kia ōrite ngā āhuatanga rere o te kaihoko ki ngā rohe ūnga, ka ārai i te pakaru wawe, i te tohatoha koretake rānei. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha PAM ngā whakarerekētanga kiato hei whakarite i te kaha o te mono me te hohonu o te hekenga, inā koa ka puta he tere o te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā momo rerekētanga uruhanga. I roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei—kua whakarōpūtia e te kiato me te kukū—te hurihanga tika ake, nā te mea ka tukuna he mono pakari e ngā putorino kiato tata ki te poka wai, ko ngā kaihoko kua whakaranua ka haere hohonu ake mō te whai huatanga whānui o te horoi.
He nui ngā tono hangarau e pā ana ki te taiao mahi. Ko ngā matū mono pērā i ngā kirikiri māngaro kua whakarerekētia me te ethylenediamine, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā rangahau taiwhanga tata nei, ka tere te whakanui ake i te pēhanga hanganga me te whakaiti i te tapahi wai ina tika te horopeta kia rite ki tō rātou matotoru ine. Waihoki, ko ngā matūriki karāpeti ka taea te whakawhānui, i hangaia mō ngā puna warowaihā pāmahana teitei, tote teitei, ka pāngia e ngā huringa rōrahi nui—3 ki te 8 ngā wā whakawhānui—ka whakarerekē i tō rātou matotoru whakatārewatanga, nō reira ko tō rātou pai o te mono. He mea nui te ine i te matotoru ā-roto hei utu mō ēnei nekehanga tere o te āhuatanga, inā koa i ngā wā werohanga nui-whakaputa.
He arai nui ngā huarahi tauira tuku iho me te ine i te mātotoru tuimotu. Nā te āhua ā-wā o te tauira ā-ringa, kāore e pai mō te kite i ngā piki me ngā heke tere o te kukū o te kaihoko i ngā mahi mara hihiri. Ka taea e ngā whakaroa i waenga i te kohikohinga tauira, te tātari taiwhanga, me te urupare ki te rūma whakahaere te neke atu i ngā wā urupare tukanga, ka tūpono ka werohia te kaihoko kore-motuhake me te whakararu i ngā mehua whakahaere kōtaha puna wai. Ka whakararu te whakahekenga tauira, ngā nekehanga pāmahana, me te rerekētanga o te kaiwhakahaere i te pono o ngā raraunga mātotoru tuimotu, ka ārai i te arotau tika o te mātotoru o te kaihoko mono matū i roto i ngā tono mara hinu.
He rerekē, ko ngā taputapu ine kiato ā-roto e honoa tika ana ki ngā tūnga werohanga matū, ki ngā manifold whakaranu rānei, ka tukuna he uara kiato kaihoko wā-tūturu. He mea nui tēnei urupare tonu mō te aroturuki i te kiato o ngā kaihoko mono i roto i ngā paipa mara hinu i te mea ka huri ngā āhuatanga me ngā hanganga, kia mau ai te whakatakotoranga ōrite me te whai hua. Mō ngā pūnaha e whakahaere ana i ngā kaihoko maha-wāhanga me ngā kaihoko whakawhanui-totoka pērā i te WMEG, ka taea e ngā taputapu kiato ā-roto te aroturuki i ngā kiato katoa me ngā kiato wāhanga puta noa i te whakawhanui me te whakaranu, e tuku ana ki ngā kaihanga tukanga he tirohanga tonu ki te kounga mahi me te tohu i ngā rerekētanga i mua i te pānga ki te mahi mono.
Ka tautokohia e tēnei āheinga wā-tūturu te inenga pai, ngā whakarerekētanga tere o te tātai, me ngā mahi whakatikatika tonu, inā koa ka whakamahia ngā pūwero polymer kua whakarōpūhia matatau i roto i ngā hanganga poka uaua. Mā te whakaurunga o te ine kiato ā-roto mō ngā kaihoko mono ka whakamōhio tika i ngā whakataunga i roto i te weronga wai, te whakahaere kōtaha, me te whakahaere i ngā puna wai rerekē.
Mō ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā mara hinu, mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha aroturuki kiato ā-roto—pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter—ka taea ai te arotau tonu i te werohanga matū, ka whakatika i ngā ngoikoretanga o te ine tawhito, ā, ka hanga i te tūāpapa mō te whakahaere tukanga ā-muri i roto i ngā taiao uaua o te puna hinu.
Te Ine i te Kiato Ā-Rārangi: Ngā Mātāpono, Ngā Painga, me Ngā Whakamahinga
Ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto ko te kitenga tika, ā-wā-tūturu o te mātotoru o ngā wai i a rātou e neke ana i roto i ngā paipa, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he tauira ā-ringa. Mō ngā puna weronga wai me ngā mara hinu e whakamahi ana i te kaihoko mono hei whakahaere i te kōtaha o te puna wai me ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei, mā tēnei mātāpono ka taea te mārama tonu, te mārama tonu ki te hanganga me te whanonga o ngā kaihoko.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Ine i te Kiato ā-Rārangi
Ko te tikanga matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā taputapu matua e rua: te mita rere Coriolis me te ine matotoru ngongo wiri. Ka kitea e ngā mita Coriolis te nekehanga āhua i roto i ngā ngongo wiri, e hono ana i tēnei nekehanga ki te tere rere papatipu me te auau wiri ki te mātotoru wai. Ka mahi ngā ine matotoru ngongo wiri mā te aroturuki i ngā huringa o te auau haruru; ka rite te hekenga o te auau ki te pikinga o te mātotoru wai i roto i te ngongo.
Ngā Painga o te Ine i te Kiato ā-Rārangi
- Mā te aroturuki i te kiato o ngā matū i te wā tūturu ka puta ngā painga o te tukanga e whai ake nei:Arotautanga Tukanga:Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tiro tonu i te kukū me te hanganga o ngā matū mono, ka taea ai te whakarerekē i te inenga me te whakaiti i te moumou matū. Mā te ine i te kiato ā-roto mō ngā matū mono ka whakarite kia tika te arotahi ki ngā rohe uruhanga-teitei i roto i ngā puna wai kanorau, ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te matū whakahaere kōtaha mō ngā puna weronga wai.
- Mana Whakarei Ake:Mā te urupare tonu ki te mātotoru o te mana whakahaere kōtaha me ngā kaihoko mono ka taea e ngā kaihangarau parae te whakarerekē i ngā tere werohanga hei urupare ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te puna wai, kia nui ake ai te whai huatanga o te horomitanga.
- Te Whakatau Rapanga Tonu:Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru te tohu i ngā raruraru mīhini, te ranunga hē o te kaihoko, te hapa rānei o ngā taputapu i te wā e werohia ana, ka taea ai te wawaotanga tere me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi.
Te Whakamahinga Kaihoko Whakapai Ake:Mā te arotau i te mātotoru o te ākena mono i roto i ngā tono mara hinu me te aroturuki ā-roto ka whakaiti i te nui me te iti o te werohanga—ka hua ake tēnei i te mahi mono pai ake, te whakaiti i te para polymer, me ngā painga ōhanga me te taiao.
Ngā Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Taupānga Mara Hinu
Te Aroturuki Tonu i te Wā Werohanga o te Māngai
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto mō te werohanga matū i te wā e werohanga ana i te kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha me te PAM i roto i ngā puna werohanga wai. I roto i tētahi whakamātautau mara kua tuhia, i pupuri tonu te pūnaha Lonnmeter i ngā kōtaha mātotoru tonu o te PAM i werohangahia ki roto i te hanganga, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga i ngā wā poto-meneti. I whakatika tonu ngā kaiwhakahaere i te rerekētanga kukū, i arotau i te whakamahinga matū, me te whakatutuki i te aukati wai pai ake i roto i ngā paparanga puna wai ūnga.
Te Whakatinanatanga o te Marae Nui i roto i ngā Puna Wai Rerekē
I roto i ngā puna wai rerekē, mā te aroturuki i te mātotorutanga wā-tūturu mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu Lonnmeter ka taea te urutau hihiri ki ngā ara rere uaua. Mā te ine tika i te mātotorutanga i roto i te awa werohanga, ka manatokohia e ngā miihini te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā kaihoko mono whai hua mō ngā puna werohanga wai—he mea nui rawa atu i ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana te tika mō ngā momo whenua. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau whakamana taiwhanga ka taea e ngā ine mātotoru ngongo wiri te whai i ngā huringa mātotorutanga i raro i te rere hihiri, te rere wāhanga-whakauru, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere tukanga i ngā tauine paerata me te mara-katoa.
Mā ngā kōtaha mātotoru kua kohia ka āwhina i te arotau i te ranunga me te tuku o ngā matū, te whakahaere i ngā tataunga taurite papatipu, me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga hangarau. Ehara i te mea ko te whakaurunga ki ngā taputapu ine mātotoru anake te tautoko i te whakapūmautanga kounga engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā tātaritanga mahi hei whakapai tonu i te mahi o te puna wai.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto te poutokomanawa o te arotautanga mātotoru me te whakahaere tukanga mō te werohanga matū i roto i ngā mara hinu. Ka whakaratohia e ngā taputapu mita roa te whakataunga, te pono, me te tere e tika ana mō ngā mahi mara hinu o ēnei rā, e whakarite ana i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te whakamahinga whai hua o ngā kaihoko puta noa i ngā kaupapa werohanga wai me te whakaora hinu whakarei ake.
Taputapu Ine Matotoru: Ngā Otinga mō ngā Taupānga Whakahaere Kōtaha
He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru tino tika mō te arotau i ngā puna weronga wai, inā koa i roto i te whakahaere i ngā puna wai rerekē me te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha, ngā kaihoko mono rānei. Ka tautoko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i te horopeta tika o ngā kaihoko matū pēnei i te Polyacrylamide (PAM), kia pai ai te mahi i roto i ngā tono mara hinu me tino whakahaere te mātotoru o ngā kaihoko mono.
Ko ngā otinga hou mō te ine i te mātotoru i roto i ēnei horopaki e whakamahi ana i ngā mita rere Coriolis me ngā mita mātotoru ngongo wiri. He mea nui ngā mita rere Coriolis mō ā rātou rerenga papatipu tika me ngā pānui mātotoru. Ka mahi ēnei taputapu mā te ine i te kaha Coriolis i puta i te wa e haere ana te wai i roto i ngā ngongo wiri, kei reira te auau me te nekehanga ā-wāhanga e pā ana ki te mātotoru me te rere papatipu o te wai. Mā tēnei mātāpono ka taea te aroturuki tika i ngā huringa mātotoru wā-tūturu, he mea pai mō ngā puna weronga wai e whakamahi ana i ngā matū rerekē.
Ko te tika o ngā mita rere Coriolis ka eke ki te ±0.001 g/cm³, neke atu rānei, he mea nui tēnei ina aroturukihia te mātotoru o tētahi kaihoko mono mō te whakahaere kōtaha puna wai. Hei tauira, ina werohia ana ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha PAM, ētahi atu kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei rānei ki roto i ngā puna wai rerekē, ahakoa ngā rerekētanga mātotoru iti ka pā ki te whakahaere hanganga, te whai huatanga o te horoi, ā, i te mutunga, ki ngā reiti whakaora hinu. Mā te kaha ki te tuku ine mātotoru wā-tūturu i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te mara hinu ka taea te urupare tere me te whakatikatika tonu i ngā reiti werohanga matū, ka ārai i te maimoatanga iti, te maimoatanga nui rānei.
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tika mō ngā tono werohanga matū me whai whakaaro ki ētahi āhuatanga. Me uru te whānuitanga ine ki ngā mātotoru rerekē o te wai werohanga me ngā matū, i ētahi wā mai i ngā wai tote māmā ki ngā otinga PAM kukū. He mea nui te tika, nā te mea ka taea e te pānui hē i ngā kukū matū te arahi ki te aukati i te pai, tae atu ki te kino o te puna wai. Ko te hototahi matū te mea nui; Ka whakamahia e ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto a Lonnmeter ngā rauemi maku i hangaia hei ātete ki te waikura me te tauine, ka taea ai te mahi i roto i te wai tote, i ngā taiao matū kino rānei.
He mea nui ngā whakaritenga tāutanga i roto i te whiriwhiri taputapu. He pai ngā mita rere Coriolis nā te ngāwari o te hanganga paipa—he ātete ki ngā raruraru o te kōtaha rere, ā, he iti noa ngā rere paipa tika e hiahiatia ana, e whakahaere ana i te whakaurunga ki ngā pane puna me ngā paheke uaua. Heoi, me whakaiti te whakairinga i ngā wiri taiao hei pupuri i te pono o te ine, inā koa i roto i ngā wae weronga wai mamao, i waho, i ngā wae weronga wai nekeneke rānei.
Ko ngā whakaaro tiaki e aro ana ki te korenga o ngā wāhanga nekeneke i roto i ngā mita Coriolis me ngā mita ngongo wiri, e whakaiti ana i te pakaru me te mōrearea o te nekenekehanga, te pakaru rānei o te pūoko. Ahakoa rā, me whai tonu te whakatikatika kua whakaritea ki ngā wai paerewa, inā koa mēnā ka huri te hanganga o ngā wai werohanga i roto i te wā nā ngā huringa whakaputa, nā ngā wawaotanga puna rānei.
He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ēnei otinga ine kiato ki ngā pūnaha aunoa o te mara hinu. Mā te kohikohi raraunga kiato wā-tūturu ka tautoko i te urupare tukanga tonu, ka taea ai te whakahaere porowhita kati o te inenga o te kaiwhakahaere kōtaha, te whakaranu rānei i te mono i te kaihoko. Ka aroturukihia e tēnei whakaurunga te kiato o ngā kaihoko matū i a rātou e werohia ana, ka kitea he rerekētanga ka whakararu i te hanganga o te puna wai, ā, ka whakarerekē aunoa i ngā tawhā pūnaha kia mau tonu ai te maimoatanga pai. Ko te hua he ine tika i te kiato ā-roto mō ngā kaihoko mono me te inenga PAM i roto i ngā puna werohanga wai rerekē—he wāhanga matua o ngā rautaki whakaora hinu whakarei ake hou.
Mā te pupuri i te aroturukitanga kiato tino tika, pono hoki me ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita kiato ā-roto Lonnmeter ka whakarite kia whai hua te whakatinanatanga o te mono, ka whakaitihia te para matū, ā, ka mau tonu te mahi a te puna. Kei roto i ngā tono mai i ngā wawaotanga poka kotahi ngāwari ki ngā whatunga werohanga aunoa maha-rohe matatini, e tautoko tika ana te aroturukitanga kiato o te matū wā-tūturu i ngā whāinga whakahaere o te mara hinu.
Ngā Mahi Pai mō te Ine i te Kiato ā-Rārangi Wā-tūturu
Ko ngā aratohu mō te whakatakotoranga, te whakatikatika, me te tiaki i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto he tūāpapa mō te ine pumau, tika hoki—ina koa i roto i ngā tono mara hinu pēnei i ngā puna weronga wai me ngā puna wai rerekē. Me whakanoho ngā taputapu pēnei i ērā mai i Lonnmeter ki ngā wāhanga o ngā paipa kei reira te rere ōrite me te papatahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei me whakanoho ngā mita kia tawhiti atu i ngā piko, i ngā takirere, i ngā papu, me ngā pūtake o te aueue hei ārai i te paparanga, i te urunga hau rānei, ka pā pea ki te tika tae atu ki te 5% mēnā kāore e whaihia. Ko te tikanga paerewa e kī ana kia 10 ngā wā te iti rawa o te diameter o te paipa hei rere tika ki runga, ā, kia rima ngā wā ki raro mai i te pūoko, hei tautoko i te ine pai rawa atu o ngā kaihoko mono, ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha rānei i werohia mō te whakahaere puna wai.
He mea nui te wātea me te haumaru o te taiao. Tāutahia ngā taputapu ki ngā wāhi ka taea te tirotiro me te whakatikatika i ia wā me te haumaru, me te iti rawa o te pānga ki te wiri, ki te pāmahana tino kino rānei. Me whai te whakatakotoranga o te taputapu—whakapae, poutū rānei—i ngā aratohu motuhake a Lonnmeter hei pupuri i te pono me te roa o te ora o te pūoko.
Me tīmata te whakatikatika i te wā tāutanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā wai tohutoro whaimana pēnei i te wai whakakore iona, i ētahi atu paerewa kua whakatikatikahia e te umanga e rite ana ki te awhe matotoru o te kaihoko mono e hiahiatia ana. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia tika ngā pānui tuatahi, ā, ka whakatū he turanga mō te aroturuki tonu. I roto i ngā taiao mahi, whakaritea he whakatikatika auau—i ngā wā e ono marama, i ia tau rānei—kia rite ki te pumau o te taputapu me ngā tono mahi. Me uru ki te whakatikatika te utu mō ngā huringa pāmahana me te pēhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko whakauru me te telemetry, nā te mea he tino tairongo ngā pānui matotoru mō te PAM, mō ētahi atu kaihoko matū rānei kua whakamahia mō te whakaora hinu whakarei ake ki ēnei huringa.
Me whakahaere te manatoko i ngā inenga ā-roto mā te tango tauira wai i ia wā, me te tātari i te mātotoru i roto i te taiwhanga, me te whakataurite i ngā hua ki ngā pānui ā-roto. Mā tēnei mahi, e tautokona ana e ngā taunakitanga kua whakapumautia pērā i te API RP 13B-2, ka āwhina i te whakamana i te tika o te mahi me te whai huatanga o te whakatikatika tonu.
Ko ngā rerengamahi tonu mō te aroturuki i te kiato o ngā kaihoko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakauru i ngā raraunga ine ā-roto me ngā pūnaha tirotiro. Mā te aroturuki i te kiato o ngā kaihoko mono i te wā-tūturu mō te whakahaere kōtaha puna wai ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te urupare tonu ki ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga, te kukū rānei, me te arotau i ngā rautaki werohanga mō ngā puna wai rerekē. Hei tauira, ka whakaatuhia te ine i te kiato i te wā-tūturu ina rerekē te hanganga o te kaihoko mono matū mai i te whakatakotoranga, ka taea ai te mahi whakatika tonu.
He mea nui te whakahaere raraunga kiato. Me hopu aunoa e ngā pūnaha ine ā-roto ia pūwāhi raraunga, me tohu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, me te tuhi i ngā kaupapa whakatikatika. Mā te tātari raraunga whai hua—mā roto i ngā kauwhata iahiko whakairoiro me ngā pūrongo tatauranga—ka tautoko i te whakatau tere, ka taea te arotau i ngā tukanga, ā, ka whakarato i ngā tuhinga tutuki mō ngā kaupapa weronga wai. Me whakamahi e ngā kaiwhakahaere ēnei raraunga kiato hei whakarei ake i te whakaora hinu mai i ngā puna wai rerekē, hei whakarerekē i ngā kukū kaihoko, me te whakamana i te mahi a ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei.
Mā te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu Lonnmeter matatau mō te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto e tautoko ana i te arotautanga mātotoru o ngā kaihoko mono matū, e āhei ai ngā tīma mara hinu ki te pupuri i te whai huatanga o ngā kaihoko mono me ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi poka wai weronga uaua. Ko te arotake me te tiaki i ngā taputapu ine, me te whakataurite pakari me ngā mahi raraunga, ka whakarite i te pono tonu o ngā pūnaha aroturuki mātotoru ā-roto o te mara hinu mō te Polyacrylamide (PAM) me ngā tono kaihoko e pā ana.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) me Ētahi Atu Matū Whakahaere Kōtaha: Te Aroturuki me te Ine
Ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i roto i ngā wai kei roto ko te polyacrylamide (PAM) me ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mō ngā puna weronga wai me whai rautaki e hāngai ana ki ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ēnei rauemi. Ko te PAM—he polymer e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kaihoko mono mō te whakahaere kōtaha puna me te whakaora hinu whakarei ake—e whakaatu ana i te teiteimatotorume te whanonga wāhanga uaua, e uaua ai te aroturuki tika me te aroturuki i te kiato i te wā tūturu.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Matotoru Teitei me ngā Pāpāho Tauhohe
Ko ngā otinga PAM, inā koa ka konatunatua ki ngā hononga whakawhiti pēnei i te polyethylenimine (PEI), ka huri tere mai i te wai ki te tiēre, ka hua ake he matotoru me te mātotoru rerekē. Me uru te ine matotoru ā-roto mō ngā kaihoko mono i roto i ngā tono mara hinu ki ngā tiēre, te rere thixotropic, me ngā rohe maha-wāhanga. I te tauhohenga a te PAM, te tiēre rānei hei whakautu ki te pāmahana me te taiao matū, ka taea e ngā wāhi i roto i te awa tukanga kotahi te whakaatu i ngā matotoru me ngā matotoru rerekē i te wā kotahi, ka uaua ai te ine ōrite. Ka whakanuia e te matotoru ohorere te urupare a te pūoko damp, ā, ka pokanoa te wehenga wāhanga (mai i te wai ki te haurua-totoka) ki ngā mātāpono pūoko paerewa pēnei i te Coriolis, i ngā tikanga ngongo wiri rānei, ka puta he maha ngā wā ka neke, ka ngaro rānei te tohu.
Ka taea e ngā pāmahana tukanga i roto i ngā horopaki werohanga wai me ngā puna wai rerekē te eke ki te 150°C, ka kaha ake ngā wero ine. Ehara i te mea ka tere ake te hanganga tiēre anake te pāmahana teitei engari ka piki ake hoki te tere o te pirau o te polymer, ka pā ki te matotoru me te mātotoru. Ko te noho mai o te wai tote, te glycerol mata, me ētahi atu tāpiringa ka whakarerekē ake i te whanonga rheological, nō reira me pakari ngā taputapu ine mātotoru mō te werohanga matū ki ngā nekehanga tonu o te taiao ā-tinana me te taiao matū. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mara me whakatikatika anō, me tiaki rānei ngā pūoko mātotoru ā-roto hei whakaiti i te poke o te pūoko me te ngaronga o te aro nā te rerekētanga o te ihirangi totoka me te whakakotahitanga tiēre.
Te Whakatika i ngā Wero o te Matotoru me te Ihirangi Totoka
Ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō ngā mono ka pāngia tika e te kawenga matūriki totoka i roto i ngā wai PAM/PEI. I te hanganga me te taunga o ngā totoka, o ngā floc rānei i roto i ngā āhuatanga keri, i ngā mara hinu rānei, ka rerekē te mātotoru ā-rohe—me te matotoru—i roto i te wā, ka uaua ake te mahi a ngā pūnaha aroturuki mātotoru ā-roto o te mara hinu. Hei tauira: i te wā e werohia ana ngā mono whakahaere kōtaha PAM ki roto i ngā puna wai rerekē, ko te hanganga hihiri o ngā tiēre totoka me ngā tiēre haurua-totoka ka tere te wehenga o te wāhanga. Ka taea e tēnei te aukati, te whakararu rānei i ngā pūoko mātotoru kei roto i te awa, ka pā ki te pono o ngā raraunga.
Me whai pūnaha ine te aroturuki i te kiato o ngā matū tūturu ka taea te whakatau i ēnei huringa tere. Ka taea e ngā pūoko matatau te whakamahi i te ultrasound, i ngā tikanga karihi rānei hei wikitoria i ngā herenga o ngā hangarau tuku iho, ahakoa he wāhi tonu hei whakapai ake i te pono o te mara i roto i ngā rerenga PAM maha-wāhanga, pāmahana teitei.
Ngā Pānga mō te Mono, te Whakahaere Kōtaha, me te Whakanuia o te Horoi
Mō te whakahaere whai hua i ngā kōtaha i roto i ngā puna weronga wai mā te whakamahi i te PAM me ētahi atu matū ārai matū, he mea nui te pupuri i te kiato tika hei matapae i te hohonutanga o te ārai me te whai huatanga o te horoi. Ko te arotautanga kiato o te matū ārai e whakatau ana i tōna nekehanga i roto i te matrix puna rerekē, ka pā ki te hanganga me te whakaoranga whānui. Mā te whakahaere kiato kore e ranea ka hua ake he whakapūtanga wawe i roto i ngā raina weronga, he kore rānei e ranea te urunga ki roto i te hanganga hinu.
I te wā e whakanui ana i te ruku me te whakahaere i te hanganga, ka whai hua ngā tono PAM i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē mai i te urupare tonu me te tika ki te mātotoru wai. Mēnā kāore e aro ki te rerekētanga mātotoru nā te matotoru me ngā totoka, ka whakaitihia te whai huatanga o ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha mahi-teitei. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha ine mātotoru ā-roto te whakahohe i ngā wawaotanga wā-roa—pērā i te whakatikatika i te tere werohanga, te whakarerekētanga hanganga rānei—i runga i ngā pānui wā-tūturu. Nō reira, ka noho te mātotoru o te kaihoko mono i roto i ngā tono mara hinu hei tawhā matua mō te angitu o te werohanga wai me te whakahaere puna wai.
E whakaatu ana ngā tatauranga whakarāpopototanga mai i ngā whakamātautau ka neke atu pea te hapa pānui kiato i te 15% i te wā e tere ana te whakakī, e piki haere ana rānei te ihirangi totoka, e tohu ana i te hiahia mō te whakatikatika ā-wā me te tiaki i te pūoko kia pono ai. He mea nui te arotau i te hangarau me ngā kawa ine kiato ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaihoko mono whai hua mō ngā puna weronga wai me ngā tono PAM pakari i roto i te whakahaere kōtaha mara hinu.
Te Arotau i te Hanganga o ngā Māngai me ngā Rautaki Werohanga mā te Whakamahi i ngā Raraunga Kiato
Ko te ine i te mātotorutanga wā-tūturu te mea nui ki te whakahaere i te hanganga me te rautaki werohanga mō te whakahaere kōtaha me ngā kaihoko mono i roto i ngā puna werohanga wai, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao puna wai rerekē. Mā ngā raraunga mātotorutanga ā-roto mai i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te arotau i te kukū o ngā kaihoko matū pēnei i te Polyacrylamide (PAM) me ngā moroiti polymer matatau i a rātou e werohangahia ana, kia tika ai te tuku i whakaritea ki ngā āhuatanga o te puna wai o nāianei.
He tawhā nui te urupare mātotoru mō ngā whakatikatika hanganga. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i te kukū o te kaihoko me te horopeta matū mā te aroturuki tonu i te mātotoru o ngā kaihoko mono i mua atu, ā, i te wā e werohia ana. Hei tauira, mēnā ka kitea he waimeha ohorere i roto i te awa kaihoko mono i te ine mātotoru ā-roto, ka taea e te pūnaha whakahaere te whakanui ake i te kukū, te whakarerekē rānei i te ranunga kaihoko kia hoki ki ngā whakaritenga ūnga. Mā tēnei huarahi ka mau tonu te whai huatanga o ngā hanganga PAM, o ngā hanganga moroiti polymer maha-tauine rānei, ka whakanui ake i tā rātou mahi mono i roto i ngā puna weronga wai, ā, ka whakaiti i te rere o te wai kāore e whakahaeretia i roto i ngā rohe uruhanga iti.
Mā te ine i te kiato kua arotauhia ka whakarei ake i ngā rautaki waipuke maha-wāhanga. Mā te aroturuki i ngā huringa tūturu o te kiato o te kaihoko i ngā huringa werohanga ā-wāhanga, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te whakatikatika i ia wāhanga—te whakaiti i te iti o te maimoatanga, te nui rawa rānei o te maimoatanga o ngā wāhanga puna wai motuhake. Mō te waipuke whakakotahi, pērā i ngā tono ā-wāhanga o ngā moroiti polymer e whai ake nei me ngā kaihoko gel, ka tautuhia e te aroturukitanga kiato te whai huatanga o te ranunga, ā, ka whakaoho i ngā whakatikatika i runga i te rere mō te whakahaere i te hanganga mōrahi.
E whakaatu ana te tūtohi i raro nei i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātotoru o te kaihoko, te pēhanga werohanga, me te tere whakaora hinu puta noa i ngā tono maha-wāhanga:
Te Tere Whakaora vs. Te Kiato o te Kaihoko me te Pēhanga Werohanga | Te Kiato o te Kaihoko (g/cm³) | Te Pēhanga Werohanga (MPa) | Te Tere Whakaora (%) |
|-----------------------|-------------------------|--------------------|
| 1.05 | 12 | 47 |
| 1.07 | 13 | 52 |
| 1.09 | 14 | 56 |
| 1.11 | 15 | 59 |
Mā te tika me te arotautanga teitei ake i roto i te ine i te mātotoru, pērā i te mea kua tutukihia me ngā pūnaha aroturuki mātotoru ā-roto mai i Lonnmeter, ka ārai tika i te whakawhiti i ngā awa. Mā te aroturuki mātotoru wā-tūturu ka whakarite kia nui te kukū o te kaihoko mono, ka aukati i te whanaketanga o ngā awa wai pai ake ka taea te whakararu i te whai huatanga o te horomitanga. Mā te pūrongo tonu o te mātotoru ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakanui ake i te pēhanga werohanga, te whakatikatika anō rānei i te hanganga, ka mau tonu te mono ōrite me te tiaki i ngā rohe puna wai ngoikore.
Mā te whakamahi pai i ngā raraunga tohu kiato ka pai ake te whakahaere i te pēhanga werohanga. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te urupare ki ngā huringa o te kiato e pā ana ki te matotoru me te pēhanga wai, kia mau tonu ai ngā tautuhinga papu tino pai, kia kore ai hoki e nui rawa te pēhanga, e ngoikore rānei te mahi. Mā tēnei huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga ka nui ake te whakaora hinu whānui, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere e pā ana ki te whakamahinga nui o ngā matū, te kore rānei e tika te mono.
Mō ngā tono i roto i ngā puna wai kanorau, ko te arotautanga tika o te kiato o ngā matū - inā koa ko te PAM, ko ngā porowhita iti polymer maha-tauine rānei - ka whakarite i te āhua ā-pūkaha me te matū o te matū mono ki te kanorau o ngā hanganga pore i roto i te toka. Ko te hua he whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te horoi me te whakapainga roa i roto i te whakaora hinu mō ngā puna weronga wai. Ko te ine kiato ā-roto tonu te hangarau taketake mō te mahi a ngā matū, te whakatikatika wā-tūturu, me te whakahaere rautaki i roto i ngā mahi mara hinu hou.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te hiranga o te ine i te kiato ā-roto mō ngā kaiwhakahaere kōtaha?
He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i roto i te whakahaere i ngā puna weronga wai mā te āhei i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te aroturuki i te hanganga me te whai huatanga o ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha i te wā tūturu. Mā te rere tonu o ngā raraunga, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau mara te manatoko mēnā kei te whakaranua, kei te werongahia rānei ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha, pērā i ngā kaihoko mono matū, ki ngā kukū e tika ana. Ka tautoko tēnei i te whakarerekētanga tonu o ngā tawhā weronga, ka whakaiti i te nui rawa o te horopeta, ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi. Ka taea hoki e ngā tirohanga mātotoru ā-roto te tautuhi tere i tetahi rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga wai, ka taea ai te wawaotanga tere ki te pupuri i te pumau o te tukanga me te whakatutuki i te horapa pai i roto i te puna wai. Ka āwhina ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto ki te aukati i ngā take pēnei i te hongere mā te whakarite kia tukuna tonutia ngā kaihoko ki ngā rohe e tika ana, ka whakapai ake i te whakahaere puna wai me ngā tere whakaora hinu.
He pēhea te pānga o te mātotoru o ngā matū whakapūmau ki tōna whai huatanga i roto i ngā puna wai kanorau?
Ka pā tika te mātotoru o te kaihopu mono ki tana whanonga i roto i ngā puna wai uaua, kanorau. He mea nui te whakahaere mātotoru tika kia tino eke te kaihopu ki ngā rohe ūnga, nā te mea ka tūpono ngā kaihopu iti te mātotoru ki te karo i ngā ara uruhanga teitei, engari ka taea e ngā kaihopu tino mātotoru te tau wawe me te aukati i ngā rohe kāore i te whakaarohia. Mā tēnei taurite mātotoru ka whakarite kia pai te hekenga o te kaihopu mono, ka whakaiti i te rere o te wai kāore e hiahiatia, ka whakapai ake hoki i te pai o te horoi. Mō te tono whai hua, mā te ine mātotoru wā-tūturu ka taea te kite me te whakatika tonu i ngā rerekētanga mātotoru, kia nui ake ai te kaha aukati o te kaihopu me te whakarei ake i te whakaora hinu mā te whakarite kia rite ki te hoahoa i roto i ngā momo paparanga.
He aha ngā taputapu e tika ana mō te ine i te mātotorutanga wā-tūturu i roto i ngā puna weronga wai?
Ko ngā inenga mātotoru pono i roto i te taiao uaua o ngā puna weronga wai me whai taputapu pakari, ātete hoki ki ngā matū. He mea whakamahi noa ngā mita rere Coriolis me ngā mita densitometer ngongo wiri nā te mea kua whakamātauhia te tika me te pai mō te whakamahi ā-roto. Ka ātete ēnei taputapu ki ngā pēhanga teitei, ki ngā pāmahana rerekē, me ngā taiao matū kaha e kitea ana i roto i ngā mahi weronga, e whakarato ana i te aroturukitanga tonu o ngā kaihoko mono me ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha me te kore e whakatikatikahia anō. He mea nui ngā raraunga e whakaputaina ana e ēnei mita mō te aroturuki tukanga me te whakatikatika tonu, te whakarite i te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea whakahaere i te mara.
He aha te uaua o te ine i te mātotoru o te Polyacrylamide (PAM) i roto i ngā tono whakahaere kōtaha?
Ko te ine i te mātotoru o te Polyacrylamide (PAM), he mea whakahaere whānuitia mō ngā puna weronga wai, he wero whakahaere ahurei. Ko te matotoru teitei o te PAM me tōna āhua ki te wehenga ā-wāhanga me te whakakīkī i raro i ētahi tikanga ka taea te whakararuraru i ngā tikanga densitometric tuku iho. He maha ngā wā ka puta he pānui kore pumau. Hei pupuri i te tika, me whakamahi ngā taputapu motuhake me ngā hoahoa whakarei ake—pēnei i ngā densitometer ngongo wiri horoi-ake—me ngā mahi tiaki auau. Ko te whakatikatika ā-wā me te mataara ki te poke, ki te mau rānei i ngā mirumiru hau ka whakarite kia pono tonu ngā raraunga mātotoru, hei tautoko i te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā otinga PAM i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā raraunga kiato hei arotau i ngā rautaki werohanga mō ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha?
Ae, mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga matotoru wā-tūturu ki te whakahaere werohanga ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i te horopeta, te kukū, me ngā tere rere o ngā kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha me ngā kaihoko mono. Mā tēnei aroturukitanga matotoru ka taea te whakanoho tika i ngā kaihoko me te aukati whai hua i ngā awa uruhanga-teitei i roto i ngā puna wai kanorau. Mā ngā rautaki urutau e hangai ana ki ngā pānui matotoru ā-roto ka whakapai ake i te hanganga o te puna wai, ka pupuri i ngā tohatoha pēhanga e hiahiatia ana, ka whakaiti i te maumau matū. Ko te hua he huarahi whai hua ake, he urupare ake ki te whakaora hinu whakarei ake—he mea nui rawa atu i roto i ngā mara hinu uaua, kua pakeke rānei—kia whakarite kia whiwhi ia rohe i te maimoatanga kaihoko kua arotauhia i te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga puta noa i te tukanga werohanga.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-12-2025
