Parai Wai Waro
I. Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Mahi ā-Tinana
Ko te para waro-wai he para i hangaia mai i te waro, te wai me te iti o ngā tāpiringa matū. E ai ki te kaupapa, ka wehea te para waro-wai ki te wahie para waro-wai kukū-teitei me te para waro-wai mō te whakapūngao oumu Texaco. Ka taea te papu, te whakaātomo, te penapena me te whakakā me te tahu i te para waro-wai i roto i te āhua pumau. Tata ki te 2 tana o te para waro-wai ka taea te whakakapi i te 1 tana o te hinu wahie.
He pai ake te mahi a te para waro-wai mō te tahu i roto i te pai o te tahunga, te penapena pūngao me ngā painga taiao, koinei tētahi wāhanga nui o te hangarau waro ma. Ka taea te kawe i te para waro-wai i ngā tawhiti roa mā te kawe paipa me te iti o te haumi me te iti o ngā utu whakahaere. Ka taea te tahu tika me te kore e maroke i muri i te taenga ki te taunga, ā, kua kati katoa te tukanga rokiroki me te kawe.
Ka ngaro te wera i te wai, ā, kāore e taea te whakaputa wera i roto i te tukanga tahu. Nō reira, me eke te kukū o te waro ki te taumata teitei -- 65 ~70% i te nuinga o te wā. Ko ngā tāpiringa matū he tata ki te 1%. Ko te ngaronga wera i puta mai i te wai e 4% o te uara karori o te para waro-wai. He rauemi mata te wai i roto i te whakapūngao hau. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ka taea te whakaiti i te kukū o te waro ki te 62% ~ 65%, ka piki ake pea te mura o te hāora.
Hei whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga tahunga me te hauhautanga, he whakaritenga motuhake kei te para waro-wai mō te pai o te waro. Ko te rohenga o runga o te rahi matūriki o te para waro-wai mō te wahie (ko te rahi matūriki me te tere paahitanga kāore i raro i te 98%) he 300μm, ā, ko te ihirangi iti iho i te 74μm (200 mata) kāore i raro i te 75%. Ko te pai o te para waro-wai mō te hauhautanga he paku matotoru ake i te para waro-wai mō te wahie. Ko te rohenga o runga o te rahi matūriki ka taea te eke ki te 1410μm (14 mata), ā, ko te ihirangi iti iho i te 74μm (200 mata) he 32% ki te 60%. Hei ngāwari te papu me te whakakorikori i te para waro-wai, he whakaritenga anō hoki kei te para waro-wai mō te rere.
I te pāmahana rūma me te tere kutikuti o te 100s, ko te matotoru kitea me kaua e neke ake i te 1000-1500mPas. Ko te paru waro-wai e whakamahia ana i roto i te kawe paipa tawhiti me kaua e neke ake i te 800mPa·s i raro i te pāmahana iti (te pāmahana iti rawa o te tau mō ngā paipa tanumia i raro i te whenua) me te tere kutikuti o te 10s-1. Hei tāpiri, me iti ake te matotoru o te paru waro-wai ina rere ana, he mea watea mō te whakamahi; ina mutu te rere, ā, kei te āhua tūmau, ka taea te whakaatu i te matotoru teitei mō te penapena ngāwari.
He mea tino nui te pumau o te paru waro-wai i te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawetia ana hoki, nā te mea he ranunga o ngā āhua totoka me ngā āhua wai te paru waro-wai, ā, he ngāwari ki te wehewehe i te totoka me te wai, nō reira me kore e puta he "whakahekenga mārō" i te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawetia ana hoki. Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te "whakahekenga mārō" e pā ana ki te maturuturunga kāore e taea te whakahoki ki tōna āhua taketake mā te whakaoho i te paru waro-wai. Ko te kaha o te paru waro-wai ki te pupuri i te mahi o te kore whakaputa maturuturunga mārō e kiia nei ko te "pūmautanga" o te paru waro-wai. Ko te paru waro-wai kāore i te pumau ka pā kino ki te whakaputanga ina puta he maturuturunga i te wā e rongoatia ana, e kawetia ana hoki.
II. Tirohanga Whānui mō te Hangarau Whakarite Parapara Wai-Waro
Ko te wai waro me nui te kukū o te waro, te rahi o te matūriki, te rere pai, me te pumau pai kia kore ai e puta he ua mārō. Ka uaua ki te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga katoa o runga ake nei i te wā kotahi, nā te mea he here tetahi ki tetahi o ēnei. Hei tauira, mā te whakanui ake i te kukū ka piki ake te matotoru, ka heke hoki te rere. Mā te rere pai me te iti o te matotoru ka kino ake te pumau. Nō reira, me aroturuki te kukū i te wā tonu. Ko teMita Ronamita mātotoru ringaringahe tika tae atu ki te 0.003 g/ml, e taea ai te ine tika i te mātotoru me te whakahaere tika i te mātotoru o te paru.
1. Kōwhiria tika te waro mata mō te whakapūpū
Haunga te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga a ngā kaiwhakamahi o raro, me aro hoki te kounga o te waro mō te whakapūpū ki ōna āhuatanga whakapūpū - te uauatanga o te whakapūpū. He ngāwari ki ētahi waro te hanga i te para waro-wai-kukū teitei i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Mō ētahi atu waro, he uaua, he uaua ake rānei te tukanga whakapūpū me te utu nui ake hei hanga i te para waro-wai-kukū teitei. He nui te pānga o ngā āhuatanga whakapūpū o ngā rauemi mata mō te whakapūpū ki te haumitanga, te utu whakaputa me te kounga o te para waro-wai o te tipu whakapūpū. Nō reira, me mātau te ture o ngā āhuatanga whakapūpū waro, ā, me whiriwhiri te waro mata mō te whakapūpū i runga i ngā hiahia tūturu me ngā mātāpono o te whaihua hangarau me te whakaaro ōhanga.
2. Te Whakarōpūtanga
Ehara i te mea ko te rahi o te matūriki waro anake te mea e hiahiatia ana kia eke ki te matotoru kua tohua mō te para waro-wai, engari me pai hoki te tohatoha o te rahi o te matūriki, kia taea ai e ngā matūriki waro rerekē te whakakī tetahi i tetahi, kia whakaitihia ngā āputa i waenga i ngā matūriki waro, kia eke ai ki te "pai o te whakarārangi". Mā te iti o ngā āputa ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te wai e whakamahia ana, ā, he māmā noa iho te hanga para waro-wai kukū-teitei. I ētahi wā ka kiia tēnei hangarau ko te "whakarōpūtanga".
3. Te tukanga me ngā taputapu whakapūpū
I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te rahi o te matūriki waro mata me ngā tikanga mō te huri, me pēhea te whakapiki i te "pai o te whakarārangi" o te hua whakamutunga o te para waro-wai me te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu huri me te tukanga penupenu e tika ana.
4. Te Kōwhiri i ngā Tāpiringa e Taurite ana ki te Mahi
Hei whakatutuki i te kukū tiketike, te matotoru iti, me te pai o te rheology me te pumau o te ranunga waro-wai, me whakamahi he iti noa o ngā matū, e kiia nei ko ngā "tāpiri". Ka mahi ngā ngota o te tāpiri ki te hononga i waenga i ngā matūriki waro me te wai, ka taea te whakaiti i te matotoru, te whakapai ake i te marara o ngā matūriki waro i roto i te wai, me te whakapai ake i te pumau o te ranunga waro-wai. Ko te nui o ngā tāpiri he 0.5% ki te 1% o te nui o te waro. He maha ngā momo tāpiri, ā, kāore te tauira i te pumau, me whakatau mā te rangahau whakamātautau.
Te wā tuku: 13-Pepuere-2025
